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Page 1: Apocalypticism in the Synoptic Sayings Source€¦ · Apocalypticism in the Synoptic Sayings Source A Reassessment of Q’s Stratigraphy Mohr Siebeck. Olegs Andrejevs, born 1982;

Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament middot 2 Reihe

Herausgeber Editor

Joumlrg Frey (Zuumlrich)

MitherausgeberAssociate EditorsMarkus Bockmuehl (Oxford) middot James A Kelhoffer (Uppsala)

Tobias Nicklas (Regensburg) middot Janet Spittler (Charlottesville VA) J Ross Wagner (Durham NC)

499

Olegs Andrejevs

Apocalypticism in the Synoptic Sayings Source

A Reassessment of Qrsquos Stratigraphy

Mohr Siebeck

Olegs Andrejevs born 1982 2013 PhD Loyola University Chicago currently Instructor in the Religion Department at Carthage College and the Department of Theology at Loyola University Chicago

ISBN 978-3-16-157639-3 eISBN 978-3-16-157640-9 DOI 101628 978-3-16-157640-9

ISSN 0340-9570 eISSN 2568-7484 (Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament 2 Reihe)

The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliographie detailed bibliographic data are available on the Internet at httpdnbdnbde

copy 2019 Mohr Siebeck Tuumlbingen Germany wwwmohrsiebeckcom

This book may not be reproduced in whole or in part in any form (beyond that permitted by copyright law) without the publisherrsquos written permission This applies particularly to repro-ductions translations and storage and processing in electronic systems

The book was printed by Laupp amp Goumlbel in Gomaringen on non-aging paper and bound by Buchbinderei Naumldele in Nehren

Printed in Germany

Preface

Writing this book has been an immensely satisfying and joyful journey It rep-resents the hopefully more mature fruit of my thinking about Q and its compo-sition several years following the completion of my dissertation in 2013 It is not a rewrite or revision of the dissertation but a totally new composition that devel-ops some of the ideas firs t articulated in that work A good portion of the time following the dissertation was spent elaborating the s tratigraphic analysis that underlies the current project My concern has been to advance and sharpen the diachronic s tudy of Q pointing up its advantages over the synchronic approach and its contribution to the s tudy of formative Jewish Chris tianity As the bookrsquos title indicates the principal objective of the s tudy is to highlight the presence of the apocalyptic worldview in all of Qrsquos compositional s tages

Easily the mos t challenging aspect of this process was the inevitable neces-sity to take some time away from my family ndash S tella Josie Natasha Mary and S teve To them this work is therefore dedicated firs t and foremos t Without their love and support I simply could not have done it I am also grateful to my pas t teachers and present colleagues especially Professors Wendy J Cotter Robert A Di Vito Jim Lochtefeld and Rom Mazcka Toward the end of this journey at Mohr Siebeck I have had the pleasure of having the transition of my man-uscript from its acceptance to its print-ready form overseen by a phenomenal team who have expertly guided me through every s tep of the process Katharina Gutekuns t Elena Muumlller Tobias S taumlbler and Rebekka Zech Mr Wesley Ding-man has kindly rectified some nagging issues in preparing the final PDF file Of course I take full responsibility for any errors that remain

Finally I would like to thank Professor Joumlrg Frey and the board of editors for accepting this work for publication

Table of Contents

Preface v

Lis t of Abbreviations xii

Chapter One Prolegomena 1

1 Introduction Recent Methodological Ques tions in Q S tudies 1

2 The S tudy of Q as a Recons tructed Text 3

3 Possible Independent Witnesses to Qrsquos Sayings and S tories 11

31 Q and its Possible Autonomous Parallels1132 Contes ted Case no 1 Q and Did 13bndash5b 1333 Contes ted Case no 2 Q and the Gospel of Thomas 17

4 Q and the His torical Jesus 21

Chapter Two Q An Apocalyptic Wisdom Ins truction 23

1 Introduction The Necessity of a Renewed Inquiry into Qrsquos Apocalypticism 23

2 Q and the Son of Man 25

21 The Semitic Background of ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου 2522 From Fiebig to Vermes by way of Kahle 26

221 From Fiebig to Vermes 26222 The Targumic Evidence and the Kahle School 30

23 From Vermes to Modern Q Research by Way of Colpe 32231 Vermesrsquos Corpus of Evidence The Problem of the Aphaeresis 32232 The Ques tion of Determination 34233 Colpe and the New Tes tament Son of Man S tudies

pos t-Kittel 3624 The Use of בר אנשאנשא in Official and Middle Aramaic 40

Table of ContentsVIII

25 Q and its Apocalyptic Predecessors Case no 1 The Son of Man in the Parables of Enoch 41

3 Q and the Apocalyptic Worldview 48

31 Apocalypse and Apocalypticism 4832 Deuteronomis tic Business as Usual ndash in Q John S Kloppenborgrsquos

ldquoSymbolic Eschatologyrdquo 5333 Q and its Apocalyptic Predecessors Case no 2 4QIns truction 55

Chapter Three Recent Compositional S tudies of Q (1987ndashPresent) 59

1 Introduction The Necessity of Returning to the Issues of the Composition and S tratigraphy of Q 59

2 John S Kloppenborg and ldquoThe Formation of Qrdquo (1987) 62

21 Theory 6222 Analysis of Kloppenborgrsquos Q3 s tratum 6523 Analysis of Kloppenborgrsquos Q2 s tratum 6624 Analysis of Kloppenborgrsquos Q1 s tratum 7025 Conclusion 73

3 Migaku Sato and ldquoQ und Prophetierdquo (1988) 74

31 Prophetisierung ndash in Q 7432 Prophecy and Apocalypticism 76

4 Arland D Jacobson and ldquoThe Firs t Gospelrdquo (1992) 77

5 Dale C Allison and ldquoThe Jesus Tradition in Qrdquo (1997) 80

6 The Synchronic Models of Alan Kirk and HT Fleddermann 83

61 Alan Kirk and ldquoThe Composition of the Sayings Sourcerdquo (1998) 8362 HT Fleddermann and ldquoQ A Recons truction

and Commentaryrdquo (2005) 8463 Conflicting Timelines and the Synchronic Approach to Q 86

7 Moving Forward 87

IXTable of Contents

Chapter Four Recons truction 89

1 Introduction 89

2 Recons truction of Qrsquos Sequence 90

Chapter Five Macro Compositions in Q 101

1 Introduction 101

2 The Compositional S tructure of Q 32bndash960 103

3 The Compositional S tructure of Q 102ndash1240 105

4 The Compositional S tructure of Q 1235ndash2230 108

Chapter Six The Temptation S tory 111

1 Introduction 111

2 Q 41ndash13 Genre Interpretation and S tratigraphy 112

21 The S toryrsquos Genre A Cosmic Journey 11222 Q 41ndash13 as an Angelic Disputation 11423 The Firs t Sequence (Q 41ndash4) 11624 The Second Sequence (Q 45ndash8) 11925 The Third Sequence (Q 49ndash13) 123

3 Summary S tratigraphic Provenance of Q 41ndash13 126

Chapter Seven Q 416 620ndash49 129

1 Introduction 129

2 Ναζαρά (Q 416 ) 130

3 The Beatitudes (Q 620bndash23) 131

31 Recons truction and the Main Issues 13132 Is Mourning a Socioeconomic Index LXX Isa 611ndash3 as

the Intertextual Background of Q 620bndash2113233 The Q Beatitudes and their Thomasine Parallels 13734 Q 622ndash23 and 1 Pet 314 414 139

Table of ContentsX

35 Ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου in Q 622c 14036 The Prophets in Q 623c14337 Conclusion Q 620bndash23 as a Q2 Composition 143

4 ldquoWhy do you call me lsquoκύριε κύριεrsquordquo Q 646 and the Chris tological Bookends of the Sermon 144

5 The Sectio Evangelica (Q 627ndash635) and Q 636 147

51 The Shared Vorlage of Q 627ndash35 and Did 13bndash5b 14752 Q 627ndash36 Imitatio Dei and Divine Adoption 152

6 Summary S tratigraphic Provenance of Q 416 620ndash49 153

Chapter Eight Q 71ndash960 155

1 Introduction 155

2 Q and the Gentile Mission in Q 71ndash10 155

3 ldquoGo and Tell Johnrdquo (Q 718ndash23) 159

4 Σὺ εἶ ὁ ἐρχόμενος The Son of Manrsquos Earthly Mission in Q 734 and 958 165

41 Ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου in Q 73416542 Ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου in Q 95816943 Q 959ndash60 as a Q2 Text 172

5 Summary Compositional Unity of Q 71ndash35 957ndash60 173

Chapter Nine Q 102ndash1240 175

1 Introduction 175

2 S tratigraphic Provenance of Q 128ndash10 176

21 S tructural Similarity of Q 124ndash7 to Q 112bndash4 9ndash13 1222bndash34 17622 Q 122ndash12 as a Q1 ldquoPersecution Speechrdquo 18123 Ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου in Q 128ndash10184

231 Recons truction and the Main Issues 184232 Ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου in Q 128 185233 Ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου ndash in Q 129 188

XITable of Contents

234 Ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου in Q 1210 188235 Conclusion Q 128ndash10 as a Q1 Text 190

3 S tratigraphic Provenance of Q 1239ndash40 190

31 Q 1239-40 and Q 1233ndash34 19032 Q 1239-40 and Gos Thom 215ndash8192

4 Summary 194

Chapter 10 Q 1235ndash2230 197

1 Introduction 197

2 Ten Los t Tribes or Gentiles in Q 1328ndash29 198

3 Q and its Opponents200

31 Jesus and the Temple in Q 1149ndash51 1334ndash35 20032 Q2 and the Wicked Slaves 203

4 The Halakhic Compendium in Q 1617ndash172 206

5 S tratigraphic Provenance of Q 1723ndash37 210

51 Q 1723ndash37 as an Apocalyptic Discourse 21052 Ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου in Q 1723ndash37212

Chapter 11 Conclusion 213

Bibliography 217

Index of Ancient Sources 245

Index of Modern Authors 261

Index of Subjects 267

Lis t of Abbreviations

AASF Annales Academiae Scientiarum FennicaeAB Anchor BibleABD Anchor Bible DictionaryABRL Anchor Bible Reference LibraryAcOr Acta OrientaliaAGJU Arbeiten zur Geschichte des antiken Judentums und des Urchris tentumsAnBib Analecta BiblicaANTC Abingdon New Tes tament CommentariesBBB Bonner Biblische BeitraumlgeBeO Biblica et OrientaliaBETL Bibliotheca Ephemeridum Theologicarum LovaniensiumBib BiblicaBJRL Bulletin of the John Rylands University Library of Manches terBNTC Blackrsquos New Tes tament CommentaryBR Biblical ResearchBSR Bulletin for the S tudy of ReligionBTB Biblical Theology BulletinBTS Biblical Tools and S tudiesBWANT Beitraumlge zur Wissenschaft vom Alten und Neuen Tes tamentBZ Biblische ZeitschriftBZNW Beihefte zur Zeitschrift fuumlr die neutes tamentliche WissenschaftCBR Currents in Biblical ResearchCC Concordia CommentaryCEQ The Critical Edition of Q Synopsis Including the Gospels of Matthew

and Luke Mark and Thomas with English German and French Translations of Q and Thomas

CBQ Catholic Biblical Quarterly CRINT Compendia Rerum Iudaicarum ad Novum Tes tamentumDJD Discoveries in the Judean DesertDSD Dead Sea DiscoveriesECC Eerdmans Critical CommentaryEs tBib Es tudios BiblicosETL Ephemerides Theologicae LovaniensesEvT Evangelische TheologieExpT The Expository TimesFB Forschung zur BibelFFRS Foundations and Facets Reference SeriesFRLANT Forschungen zur Religion und Literatur des Alten und Neuen Tes tamentsGTJ Grace Theological JournalHNT Handbuch zum Neuen Tes tamentHR His tory of ReligionsHTCNT Herderrsquos Theological Commentary on the New Tes tament

XIV Lis t of Abbreviations

HTR Harvard Theological ReviewHTS Harvard Theological S tudiesIBS Irish Biblical S tudiesICC The International Critical CommentaryIQP The International Q ProjectJAOS Journal of the American Oriental SocietyJBL Journal of Biblical LiteratureJCTCRS Jewish and Chris tian Texts in Contexts and Related S tudiesJECH Journal of Early Chris tian His toryJJS Journal of Jewish S tudiesJQR Jewish Quarterly ReviewJR Journal of ReligionJSJ Journal for the S tudy of JudaismJSJSup Journal for the S tudy of Judaism Supplement SeriesJSNT Journal for the S tudy of the New Tes tamentJSNTSup Journal for the S tudy of the New Tes tament Supplement SeriesJSOT Journal for the S tudy of the Old Tes tamentJSOTSup Journal for the S tudy of the Old Tes tament Supplement SeriesJSP Journal for the S tudy of the PseudepigraphaJSPSup Journal for the S tudy of the Pseudepigrapha Supplement SeriesJTC Journal for Theology and the ChurchJTS Journal of Theological S tudiesLingBibl Linguis tica BiblicaLNTS Library of New Tes tament S tudiesLS TS Library of Second Temple S tudiesLUA Lunds Universitets ArsskriftMTS Marburger theologische S tudienMThA Muumlns teraner theologische AbhandlungenNA Neutes tamentliche ArbeitenNHS Nag Hammadi S tudiesNHMS Nag Hammadi and Manichaean S tudiesNIBC The New International Biblical CommentaryNIGTC The New International Greek Tes tament Commentary NovT Novum Tes tamentumNovTSup Novum Tes tamentum SupplementsNTL The New Tes tament LibraryNTR New Tes tament ReadingsNTS New Tes tament S tudiesNTTS New Tes tament Tools and S tudiesOTL The Old Tes tament LibraryPBM Paternos ter Biblical MonographsPFES Publications of the Finnish Exegetical SocietyRB Revue bibliqueRevQ Revue de QumranSAC S tudies in Antiquity and Chris tianity SBL S tudies in Biblical LiteratureSBLECL Society of Biblical Literature Early Chris tianity and its LiteratureSBLEJL Society of Biblical Literature Early Judaism and its LiteratureSBLMS Society of Biblical Literature Monograph SeriesSBLSBS Society of Biblical Literature Sources for Biblical S tudySBLSP Society of Biblical Literature Seminar PapersSNTSMS Society for New Tes tament S tudies Monograph Series

XVLis t of Abbreviations

ScrHier Scripta HierosolymitanaSPhiloA S tudia Philonica AnnualS TDJ S tudies on the Texts of the Desert of JudahS tJ S tudia JudaicaSVTP S tudia in Veteris Tes tamenti PseudepigraphaSVTQ S t Vladimirrsquos Theological QuarterlyTAZ Texte und Arbeiten zum neutes tamentlichen ZeitalterTDNT Theological Dictionary of the New Tes tamentTENT Texts and Editions for New Tes tament S tudyTJT Toronto Journal of TheologyTS Theological S tudiesTTZ Trierer theologische ZeitschriftUNDCSJCA University of Notre Dame Center for the S tudy of Judaism and

Chris tianity in AntiquityVCSup Vigiliae Chris tianae Supplement SeriesVT Vetus Tes tamentumVTSup Vetus Tes tamentum Supplement SeriesWBC Word Biblical CommentaryWUNT Wissenchaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Tes tamentZDMG Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenlaumlndischen GesellschaftZKT Zeitschrift fuumlr katholische TheologieZNW Zeitschrift fuumlr die neutes tamentliche WissenschaftZTK Zeitschrift fuumlr Theologie und Kirche

Chapter One

Prolegomena

1 Introduction Recent Methodological Questions in Q Studies

A survey of the current trends in New Testament and Q studies reveals a some-what uncertain environment While the Two-Document Hypothesis (hereafter 2DH) continues to hold its own occasional skepticism with regard to Qrsquos ex-istence has by no means dissipated1 Within the ranks of those scholars who work with or trend toward the 2DH the written character of Q is not universally accepted2 Among those who accept the premise of a written Q there remain

1 For recent arguments against the 2DH see eg Mark S Goodacre The Case Against Q

Studies in Markan Priority and the Synoptic Problem (Harrisburg PA Trinity Press Interna-tional 2002) Francis Watson Gospel Writing A Canonical Perspective (Grand Rapids MI Eerdmans 2013) For responses to these scholars see eg Paul Foster ldquoIs It Possible to Dis-pense with Qrdquo NovT 45 (2003) 313ndash37 John S Kloppenborg ldquoOn Dispensing with Q Goodacre on the Relation of Luke to Matthewrdquo NTS 49 (2003) 210ndash36 Christopher M Tuck-ett ldquoWatson Q and LMrdquo in Gospel Interpretation and the Q-Hypothesis (ed Mogens Muumlller and Heike Omerzu LNTS 573 London TampT Clark 2018) 115ndash38 (for Watsonrsquos rejoinder see ldquoSeven Theses on the Synoptic Problem in Disagreement with Christopher Tuckettrdquo in Idem 139ndash47) For classic comprehensive cases in support of the 2DH see Joseph A Fitzmyer ldquoThe Priority of Mark and the lsquoQrsquo Source in Lukerdquo in Jesus and Manrsquos Hope (ed Donald G Miller Pittsburgh PA Pittsburgh Theological Seminary 1970) 131ndash70 W D Davies and Dale C Allison The Gospel According to Saint Matthew (ICC 26 3 vols Edinburgh TampT Clark 1988ndash97) 1115ndash21 John S Kloppenborg Verbin Excavating Q The History and Set-ting of the Sayings Gospel (Minneapolis MN Fortress Press 2000) 11ndash54 For recent investi-gations demonstrating the viability of the 2DH see Robert A Derrenbacker Ancient Composi-tional Practices and the Synoptic Problem (BETL 186 Leuven Leuven University Press 2005) Alan Kirk Q in Matthew Ancient Media Memory and Early Scribal Transmission of the Jesus Tradition (LNTS 564 London TampT Clark 2016) For additional recent statements by Q scholars see Simon J Joseph The Nonviolent Messiah Jesus Q and the Enochic Tradi-tion (Minneapolis MN Fortress Press 2014) 8ndash10 Giovanni B Bazzana Kingdom of Bureau-cracy The Political Ideology of Village Scribes in the Sayings Gospel Q (BETL 274 Leuven Peeters 2015) 2ndash3 While a close discussion of the synoptic problem lies outside the scope of this monograph it is perhaps worth emphasizing that the solutions of Goodacre and Watson are equally if not more so hypothetical than the 2DH

2 Eg Terence C Mournet Oral Tradition and Literary Dependency Variability and Sta-bility in the Synoptic Tradition and Q (WUNT 2195 Tuumlbingen Mohr Siebeck 2005) Armin D Baum Der muumlndliche Faktor und seine Bedeutung fuumlr die synoptische Frage (TAZ 49 Tuuml-bingen Francke 2008) James D G Dunn The Oral Gospel Tradition (Grand Rapids MI Eerdmans 2013) For responses to the arguments made by these and other scholars see John

2 Chapter One Prolegomena

important disagreements regarding the attainability of Qrsquos word-level recon-struction3 Additionally questions about the provenance of portions of two sec-ond-century documents the Didache and the pseudepigraphal Gospel of Thomas continue to affect the study of Qrsquos sources and redaction If the Q parallels contained in those documents derive from the canonical gospels ndash as some scholars have argued ndash then such parallels obviously have no bearing on Qrsquos compositional history If however certain sayings or combinations of say-ings reach the Didache and Thomas via autonomous channels apart from the canonical gospels and can be shown to not depend on Q then the hypothesis of a Vorlage shared by the parallels in question and Q becomes logical It is not difficult to see how these matters are critical to the study of Qrsquos stratigraphy After all one of its fundamental tasks is to identify possible modifications of traditional material thereby acquiring a better understanding of the documentrsquos redactional interests

This chapter will discuss two of the aforementioned issues While we pre-suppose the validity of the 2DH and Qrsquos written character in what follows we shall engage the feasibility of Qrsquos reconstruction and the attainability of the documentrsquos wording The former has recently been dismissed by a number of scholars who have pointed out the inferiority of the reconstructed Mark4 to the canonical version of the gospel while Qrsquos wording has come under renewed scrutiny This will be followed by arguments in support of the autonomy of Did 13bndash21 and portions of the Gospel of Thomas both contested subjects in recent academic discussion Some of the observations included in the treatment of these matters will cover familiar terrain However their configuration is de-signed to highlight the problematic nature of a number of current claims and to lay the methodological foundation for the present investigation as well as for a fresh treatment of the Sayings Source and related documents5

S Kloppenborg ldquoVariation and Reproduction of the Double Tradition and an Oral Qrdquo ETL 83 (2007) 53ndash80 Alan Kirk ldquoOrality Writing and Phantom Sources Appeals to Ancient Media in Some Recent Challenges to the Two Document Hypothesisrdquo NTS 58 (2011) 1ndash22 Idem Q in Matthew 151ndash66 220ndash24 293ndash97 Sarah E Rollens Framing Social Criticism in the Jesus Movement The Ideological Project in the Sayings Gospel Q (WUNT 2374 Tuumlbingen Mohr Siebeck 2014) 81ndash90 See also the earlier discussion in eg Joseph A Fitzmyer The Gospel According to Luke (AB 28 and 28A 2 vols New York NY Doubleday 1981ndash85) 75ndash81 John S Kloppenborg Formation of Q Trajectories in Ancient Wisdom Collections (SAC Phil-adelphia PA Fortress Press 1987) 42ndash51 Davies and Allison Matthew 1116 H T Fledder-mann Q A Reconstruction and Commentary (BTS 1 Leuven Peeters 2005) 41ndash68 Based on the case made collectively by the above scholars it will be a presupposition of this study that Q was a written document

3 Eg Dieter T Roth The Parables in Q (LNTS 582 London TampT Clark 2018) 30ndash44 See the discussion below in this chapter

4 Viz Markrsquos gospel as reconstructed from its reception by Matthew and Luke 5 It is necessary also to address the frequent identification of Q as a gospel Frans Neirynck

(ldquoQ From Source to Gospelrdquo ETL 71 [1995] 421) notes that ldquothe use of the term originated in the SBL Q Seminar and was strongly promoted by its presidents James M Robinson and John

2 The Study of Q as a Reconstructed Text 3

2 The Study of Q as a Reconstructed Text 2 The Study of Q as a Reconstructed Text It is one thing to assert based on the synoptic evidence that Q was a written document with a single recension of the finished text6 It is another matter to

S Kloppenborgrdquo For the rationale see eg John S Kloppenborg ldquoIntroductionrdquo in The Shape of Q Signal Essays on the Sayings Gospel (ed Idem Minneapolis MN Fortress Press 1994) 1 n 1 I am sympathetic with Neirynckrsquos view (ldquoQ From Source to Gospelrdquo 429) it is ldquoan advantage of the full designation lsquo(Synoptic) Sayings Source Qrsquo that it reminds us of the fact that we have no direct access to the text of Q it remains a hypothetical source text that we are to reconstruct from Matthew and Lukerdquo Furthermore there is ldquoa difference between recogniz-ing that the sayings of Jesus contain the gospel and designating the Sayings collection as a Gospelrdquo Edwin K Broadhead ldquoOn the (Mis)Definition of Qrdquo JSNT 68 (1999) 9

6 The alternative premise ndash of two separate recensions (QMatt and QLk) ndash is quite venerable Eg Rudolph Bultmann The History of the Synoptic Tradition (New York NY Harper amp Row 1963) 328 (originally published in 1921) In modern research it has continued to be accepted with a varying degree of certainty by a number of New Testament and Q scholars eg I Howard Marshall The Gospel of Luke A Commentary on the Greek Text (NIGTC Grand Rap-ids MI Eerdmans 1978) 30ndash1 Davies and Allison Matthew 1121 Migaku Sato Q und Prophetie Studien zur Gattungs- und Traditionsgeschichte der Quelle Q (WUNT 229 Tuuml-bingen Mohr Siebeck 1988) 18ndash19 Hans Dieter Betz The Sermon on the Mount (Hermeneia Minneapolis MI Fortress Press 1995) 7ndash9 Ulrich Luz Matthew 8ndash20 (Hermeneia Minne-apolis MN Fortress Press 2001) Idem Matthew 21ndash28 (Hermeneia Minneapolis MN For-tress Press 2005) Idem ldquoMatthew and Qrdquo in Studies in Matthew (Grand Rapids MI Eerd-mans 2005) 39ndash53 Idem Matthew 1ndash7 (Hermeneia Minneapolis MN Fortress Press 2007) Idem ldquoLooking at Q through the Eyes of Matthewrdquo in New Studies in the Synoptic Problem Oxford Conference April 2008 Essays in Honour of Christopher M Tuckett (ed Paul Foster Andrew Gregory John S Kloppenborg Joseph Verheyden BETL 239 Leuven Leuven Uni-versity Press 2011) 571ndash89 John T Carroll Luke A Commentary (NTL Louisville KY Westminster John Knox Press 2012) 8 Rollens Framing Social Criticism 86 n 10 Bazzana Kingdom of Bureaucracy 4ndash5 John S Kloppenborg ldquoA lsquoParting of the Waysrsquo in Qrdquo in Q in Context I The Separation between the Just and the Unjust in Early Judaism and in the Sayings Source (ed Markus Tiwald BBB 172 Goumlttingen Vandenhoeck amp Ruprecht 2015) 123 Klop-penborg (ibid) has recently stated ldquoIn what follows I will assume the still-dominant view of Q that it is a document that came to Matthew and Luke in approximately the same form I say lsquoapproximatelyrsquo because we must allow for some variation at least in wording of Q and perhaps even expansions ndash the kind of elaboration that Ulrich Luz and his students have proposedrdquo In my view the drawbacks of this hypothesis significantly outweigh its potential benefits Klop-penborg (Excavating Q 109) and Bazzana (Kingdom of Bureaucracy 4ndash5) appeal to the diver-sity of the NT manuscripts and their circulation patterns but this is an argument from analogy rather than a demonstration The only way of demonstrating the existence of such recensions would be by showing (preferably on multiple occasions) that Matthewrsquos or Lukersquos Sondergut text adjacent to or interpolated in a Q block of material is traditional coheres with the content of that Q block and of the Q document and is unlikely to have been omitted by the other evan-gelist This is virtually impossible to demonstrate conclusively and so the hypothesis enters the realm of speculation (eg Fitzmyer Luke 80) where ldquoin every case there are other possible explanationsrdquo (Luz ldquoLooking at Qrdquo 579) Further red flags lurk in the occasional connection between the multiple recension hypothesis and the sub-literary (Kleinliteratur) view of Q (eg ibid 578 584) Thus Luz (Matthew 1ndash7 19) and Sato (Q und Prophetie 72ndash77) envision Q as

4 Chapter One Prolegomena

produce a reliable reconstruction of that text The point of departure rests with Matthewrsquos and Lukersquos redaction of Mark Luke preserves the Markan order with only minor exceptions The implications of this naturally carry over to the reconstruction of Qrsquos sequence7 Based on the conclusions reached by Heinrich Julius Holtzmann in 18638 confirmed by Burnett Hillman Streeter and George DeWitt Castor in the first half of the twentieth century9 and reaffirmed by the

a notebook to which new sheets could be added at any time Some such approach to Q has formed the dominant paradigm in 2DH based synoptic studies until only recently See the sur-vey of scholarship in Alan Kirk The Composition of the Sayings Source Genre Synchrony and Wisdom Redaction in Q (NovTSup 91 Leiden Brill 1998) 2ndash64 As the discussion in chapters three and five of this study will suggest (in continuity with Kirkrsquos view) the Kleinlit-eratur paradigm constitutes a mischaracterization of Q This still leaves the option of Q receiv-ing further editing from its own tradents which essentially amounts to an additional layer of redaction (eg one would have to envision a Q4 stratum in Kloppenborgrsquos stratigraphy) The outline and profile of such a redaction (or in the case of QMatt and QLk redactions) remains to be demonstrated however Meanwhile the documentrsquos eventual disappearance and complete lack of attestation in the Church Fathers suggests caution in imagining any kind of significant textual proliferation Could multiple autonomous copies of Q go from being in possession by and being normative for some of the early Christianityrsquos most prominent communities to van-ishing not only from existence but also from subsequent memory It seems that the possibility of a single circulating copy at least deserves further consideration Finally Neirynckrsquos objection remains pertinent ldquothe need for positing an intermediate stage is it not a logical consequence of their too restrictive notion of Matthean and Lukan redactionrdquo Frans Neirynck ldquoQMt and QLk and the Reconstruction of Qrdquo ETL 66 (1990) 390 In other words Qrsquos putative textual fluidity has much to do with a restriction of Matthean andor Lukan redactorial freedom and derives logically from a view of Matthew andor Luke as conservative traditionalists Syreenirsquos obser-vations made with regard to the thesis of a QMatt offer an alternative ldquoInstead of such a literary evolution it would be quite natural to reckon with oral usage and application of Q sayings and sequences in Matthewrsquos community Oral variants and new combinations of various Q passages as well as combinations of Q and special material were to be expected if Q was used for pur-poses of community teaching and paraenesis Also ecclesiastical material which was affected or even inspired by Q sayings was likely to emerge Some literary reworking may have been made what I doubt however is the existence of a massively expanded QMt editionrdquo Kari Syreeni The Making of the Sermon on the Mount A Procedural Analysis of Matthewrsquos Redac-torial Activity (AASF 44 Helsinki Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia 1987) 161 Because the ex-istence of scribes other than the gospelrsquos author in Matthewrsquos community has not been demon-strated I hesitate to imagine a literary reworking of Q by that community prior to the gospelrsquos composition (a similar situation obtains on the Lukan side) With this minor adjustment Syreenirsquos statement describes the optimal alternative to the multiple recension hypothesis

7 It should be noted however that although Matthewrsquos approach to Q (when reconstructed based on its Lukan sequence) can be described as liberal Matthewrsquos ldquoappropriative movement through Q is consistently forwardrdquo indicating memory competence and ldquocognitive operations that follow the schematic organizational linesrdquo of the source Kirk Q in Matthew 166

8 Heinrich Julius Holtzmann Die synoptischen Evangelien Ihr Uhrsprung und geschicht-licher Charakter (Leipzig Wilhelm Engelmann 1986) 142ndash43

9 Burnett Hillman Streeter ldquoOn the Original Order of Qrdquo in Oxford Studies in the Synoptic Problem (ed William Sanday Oxford At the Clarendon Press 1911) 141ndash64 George DeWitt

2 The Study of Q as a Reconstructed Text 5

ensuing Q scholarship as well as a number of Matthean and Lukan scholars10 today it is possible to assert with ldquoa near unanimity that Luke best preserved the sequence of Q sayingsrdquo11

Q attained what currently remains its definitive reconstruction by the end of the twentieth century in the form of The Critical Edition of Q (hereafter CEQ)12 To call the CEQ ldquodefinitiverdquo of course is to neither imply its infalli-bility nor to expect it to produce the final say on the matter13 As noted by James M Robinson in the introduction to the CEQ it was a product ldquoof a team of scholars who have been working together since 1985 as the International Q Projectrdquo (hereafter IQP)14 The text and sequence of Q published in the CEQ

Castor Matthewrsquos Sayings of Jesus The Non-Marcan Common Source of Matthew and Luke (PhD diss University of Chicago 1918) 120ndash39

10 Eg T W Manson The Sayings of Jesus as recorded in the Gospels according to St Matthew and St Luke arranged with introduction and commentary (London SCM Press 1949 reprint 1971) 39ndash148 James M Robinson ldquoThe Sermon on the Mount Plain Work Sheets for the Reconstruction of Qrdquo SBLSP 22 (1983) 451ndash54 Arland D Jacobson The First Gospel An Introduction to Q (FFRS Sonoma CA Polebridge Press 1992) 45 Dale C Allison The Jesus Tradition in Q (Harrisburg PA Trinity Press International 1997) 2 n 6 Franҫois Bovon Luke 1 A Commentary on the Gospel of Luke 11ndash950 (Hermeneia Minneapolis MN Fortress Press 2002) 6ndash8 Kirk Q in Matthew 163ndash66

11 Kloppenborg Verbin Excavating Q 88 Noting that ldquomost recent reconstructions of Q include both (a) the double tradition and (b) items triply attested where the degree of agreement against Mark is substantial and where the agreements are not likely to be merely coincidentalrdquo Kloppenborg (ibid 92) uses these criteria to assign the following texts to Q (by Lukan versifi-cation) Q 37bndash9 16bndash17 41ndash13 620bndash23 27ndash33 35c 36ndash37b 38c 39ndash49 71bndash2 6bndash10 18ndash19 22ndash23 24ndash28 31ndash35 957ndash60 102ndash16 21ndash22 23bndash24 112ndash4 9ndash13 14ndash20 23 24ndash26 29ndash35 39ndash44 46ndash52 122ndash12 22bndash31 33ndash34 39ndash40 42bndash46 51ndash53 54bndash56 58ndash59 1318ndash19 20ndash21 24 26ndash27 28ndash30 34ndash35 14111814 1416ndash24 26ndash27 34ndash35 154ndash7 1613 16 17 18 171bndash2 3bndash4 6b 23ndash24 26ndash27 30 33 34ndash35 37b 1912ndash13 15bndash26 2228bndash30 Kloppenborg also assigns to Q some Sondergut materials which involve a different set of methodological considerations See the discussion in chapter four

12 James M Robinson Paul Hoffmann and John S Kloppenborg eds The Critical Edition of Q Synopsis including the Gospels of Matthew and Luke Mark and Thomas with English German and French Translations of Q and Thomas (Hermeneia Supplement Series Minneap-olis MN Fortress Press 2000)

13 It may suffice here to quote the editors James M Robinson ldquoHistory of Q Researchrdquo in The Critical Edition of Q lxxi ldquoIt is not to be assumed that the present critical text is a last wordrdquo John S Kloppenborg ldquoThe Use of the Synoptics or Q in Did 13bndash21rdquo in Matthew and the Didache Two Documents from the Same Jewish-Christian Milieu (ed Huub van de Sandt Minneapolis MN Fortress Press 2005) 115 ldquoWhile the Critical Edition should hardly be taken as the definitive reconstruction of Q it does provide a benchmark and a useful point of referencerdquo

14 Robinson ldquoHistory of Q Researchrdquo xix For a survey of IQPrsquos methodology and results as assessed at the time of the CEQrsquos publication see Christoph Heil ldquoDie Q-Rekonstruktion des Internationalen Q-Projekts Einfuumlhrung in Methodik und Resultaterdquo NovT 43 (2001) 128ndash43 For IQP work sessions see James M Robinson ldquoThe International Q Project Work Session 17 November 1989rdquo JBL 109 (1990) 499ndash501 Idem ldquoThe International Q Project Work

6 Chapter One Prolegomena

therefore represent a consensus among a group of scholars reflecting the pre-suppositions held by those scholars at a particular juncture in the history of Qrsquos research15 That it is only a necessary first step and demands continued reeval-uation becomes evident from the fact that some of the IQP members whose preferences were occasionally not reflected in the CEQ proceeded to release their own alternative reconstructions of Q either shortly before or after the CEQrsquos seminal publication16 Indeed the present study also makes several emendations of both the CEQrsquos reconstruction of the documentrsquos sequence and of its wording Overall however it is clear that the CEQ will continue to pro-vide the baseline for compositional studies of Q for years to come

The availability of the reconstructed text enables the literary analysis of Q A number of scholars however have recently expressed doubts regarding the attainability of not only Qrsquos wording but in fact of the documentrsquos full extent Cyril S Rodd has declared it ldquosheer conjecturerdquo to imagine ldquothat the passages which are common to Matthew and Luke comprise this Q document in its en-tiretyrdquo17 Joseph Allen Weaks has similarly called the text of Q ldquospeculativerdquo claiming that to rely on it as though it were ldquoan extant gospel textrdquo is ldquosimply not possiblerdquo18 Both scholars have tied the bulk of their objections to the ob-servation (called a ldquothought experimentrdquo by Dieter T Roth)19 that the text of Markrsquos gospel cannot be accurately reconstructed from its Matthean and Lukan reception While this argument has already been engaged by some scholars20 the deficiency of its logic appears to not have been sufficiently exposed as Rothrsquos renewed deployment of it in 2018 demonstrates ndash in a Q monograph21 It is therefore important to allow the reader to assess the difficulties

Session 16 November 1990rdquo JBL 110 (1991) 494ndash98 Idem ldquoThe International Q Project Work Sessions 12ndash14 July 22 November 1991rdquo JBL 111 (1992) 500ndash08 Idem ldquoThe Interna-tional Q Project Work Sessions 31 Julyndash2 August 20 November 1992rdquo JBL 112 (1993) 500ndash06 Idem ldquoThe International Q Project Work Sessions 6ndash8 August 18ndash19 November 1993rdquo JBL 113 (1994) 495ndash99 Idem ldquoThe International Q Project Work Sessions 23ndash27 May 22ndash26 August 17ndash18 November 1994rdquo JBL 114 (1995) 475ndash85 Idem ldquoThe International Q Pro-ject Editorial Board Meetings 1ndash10 June 16 November 1995 16ndash23 August 22 November 1996 Work Sessions 17 November 1995 23 November 1996rdquo JBL 116 (1997) 521ndash25

15 The full list of the IQPrsquos members may be found in The Critical Edition xvii 16 Kirk Composition 152ndash403 Fleddermann Commentary 874ndash913 17 Cyril S Rodd ldquoThe End of the Theology of Qrdquo ExpT 113 (2001) 12 Idem ldquoThe The-

ology of Q Yet Again A Reply to the Responses of Christopher Tuckett and Paul Fosterrdquo ExpT 114 (2002) 80ndash85

18 Joseph Allen Weaks ldquoMark without Mark Problematizing the Reliability of a Recon-structed Text of Qrdquo (PhD diss Brite Divinity School 2010) 344ndash45

19 Roth Parables 36 20 Eg Christopher M Tuckett ldquoThe Search for a Theology of Q A Dead Endrdquo ExpT 113

(2002) 291ndash94 Paul Foster ldquoIn Defense of the Study of Qrdquo ExpT 113 (2002) 295ndash300 21 Roth Parables 36ndash37 It should be noted of course that Roth does not wish to com-

pletely dismiss the accessibility of Qrsquos text His intention is to argue that ldquoscholarship should be rather more skeptical about the wording of Qrdquo (ibid 39)

2 The Study of Q as a Reconstructed Text 7

compromising the case that Rodd Weaks and Roth have found rather persua-sive Three observations stand to be made in this regard

First of all because it is a sayings collection Q does not lend itself to the same type of editorial abridgements as Mark The two documents are very dif-ferent Not nearly enough attention is given to this by Rodd Weaks and Roth all of whom hang their case to some degree on the fragmentary product that is the reconstructed Mark as though Q similarly contains a plot or even a remotely compatible story to saying ratio The abridgement of Markan pericopes by Luke and Matthew reflects editorial strategies appropriate to rewriting a biography viz a document exhibiting a large concentration of narrative material22 The Markan words of Jesus are omitted at a vastly different rate with the majority of those words preserved by both Matthew and Luke with minimal rephrasing23

22 Rodd (ldquoThe End of the Theology of Qrdquo 6) notes that ldquoalmost always each pericope in

[the reconstructed] lsquoMarkrsquo will be shorter than in the canonical gospelrdquo citing as examples the abridgements of Mk 21ndash12 (= Matt 91ndash8 Lk 517ndash26) and Mk 121ndash12 (= Matt 2133ndash46 Lk 209ndash19) However the healing of a man with the palsy (Mk 21ndash12) is a good example of a story whose narrative details welcome abridgements while the words of Jesus (Mk 25b 8bndash11) ndash notably including the key statements in Mk 25b 10 ndash are preserved correctly by both Matthew and Luke (Matt 92c 4bndash6 Lk 520b 22bndash24) As for the parable of the wicked tenants (Mk 121ndash12) this can be reliably reconstructed from its MatthewLuke reproduction missing only minor details The omitted details scarcely seem to affect the interpretation of the source text viz the intention of the parable as it was deployed in Markrsquos gospel

23 Mk 141 44 (= Matt 83ndash4 Lk 513ndash14) Mk 25 8ndash11 (= Matt 92 4ndash6 Lk 520 22ndash24) Mk 214 (= Matt 99 Lk 527) Mk 217 (= Matt 912ndash13 Lk 531ndash32) Mk 219ndash22 (= Matt 915ndash17 Lk 534ndash38) Mk 225ndash28 (= Matt 123ndash4 8 Lk 63ndash5) Mk 34ndash5 (= Matt 1212ndash13 Lk 69ndash10) Mk 335 (= Matt 1250 Lk 821) Mk 42ndash9 (= Matt 133ndash9 Lk 85ndash8) Mk 411ndash12 (= Matt 1311 13 Lk 810) Mk 414ndash20 (= Matt 1318ndash23 Lk 811ndash15) Mk 421ndash22 (= MattQ 515 MattQ 1026 Lk 816ndash17) Mk 424c (= MattQ 72 LkQ 638) Mk 425 (= Matt 1312 Lk 818) Mk 440 (= Matt 826 Lk 825) Mk 534 (= Matt 922 Lk 848) Mk 539 (= Matt 923ndash24 Lk 852) Mk 64bc (= Matt 1357 Lk 424) Mk 637 (= Matt 1416 Lk 913) Mk 827 29 (= Matt 1613 15 Lk 918 20) Mk 834ndash36 (= Matt 1624ndash26 Lk 923ndash25) Mk 91 (= Matt 1628 Lk 927) Mk 919 (= Matt 1717 Lk 941) Mk 931 (= Matt 1722ndash23 Lk 944) Mk 935 (= Matt 2311 Lk 2226) Mk 937 (= Matt 185 Lk 948) Mk 940 (= MattQ 1230 Lk 950) Mk 1014ndash15 (= Matt 183 1914 Lk 1816ndash17) Mk 1018ndash19 21 23 25 27 29ndash30 (= Matt 1917ndash19 21 23ndash24 26 29 Lk 1819ndash20 22 24ndash25 27 29ndash30) Mk 1033ndash34 (= Matt 2018ndash19 Lk 1831ndash33) Mk 1042ndash45 (= Matt 2025ndash28 Lk 2225ndash27) Mk 1051 (= Matt 2032 Lk 1841) Mk 112ndash3 (= Matt 212ndash3 Lk 1930ndash31) Mk 1117 (= Matt 2113 Lk 1946) Mk 1129ndash30 33 (= Matt 2124ndash25 27 Lk 203ndash4 8) Mk 121ndash10 (= Matt 2133ndash42 Lk 209ndash17) Mk 1215dndash17 (= Matt 2219ndash21 Lk 2024ndash25) Mk 1225ndash27 (= Matt 2230ndash32 Lk 2034ndash38) Mk 1230ndash31 (= Matt 2237ndash39 Lk 1027) Mk 1235ndash37 (= Matt 2241ndash45 Lk 2041ndash44) Mk 132 (= Matt 242 Lk 216) Mk 135ndash13 (Matt 244ndash13 Lk 218ndash19) Mk 1314c 17 19 (= Matt 2416 19 21 Lk 2121 23) Mk 1324ndash31 (= Matt 2429ndash35 Lk 2125ndash33) Mk 1413ndash14 (= Matt 2618 Lk 2210ndash11) Mk 1418 20ndash21 (= Matt 2621 23ndash24 Lk 2221ndash22) Mk 1422ndash25 (= Matt 2626ndash29 Lk 2216ndash20) Mk 1430 (= Matt 2634 Lk 2234) Mk 1436 (= Matt 2639 Lk 2242) Mk 1437ndash38 (= Matt 2640ndash41 Lk 2246) Mk 1448ndash49a (= Matt 2655 Lk 2252ndash53a) Mk 1462 (= Matt 2664 Lk 2269ndash70) Mk 152 (= Matt 2711 Lk 233)

8 Chapter One Prolegomena

and the non-Q related omissions limited to (a) statements forming an integral part of a narrative24 (b) statements commands and questions that are redun-dant25 (c) statements that cast a potentially negative light on Jesusrsquo family26 or disciples27 both established Markan themes28 (d) statements that are poten-tially problematic theologically29 (e) statements falling under none of the above categories that are abridged expanded or reworked by one of the evan-gelists30 (f) statements occurring in pericopes that have been eliminated com-pletely by Matthew or Luke31 Of these six categories the first three are un-likely to have been present in Q due to its lack of a plot relative scarcity of stories and absence of any interest in Jesusrsquo family or disciples The remaining three categories include only a few sayings outside of the Great Omission (more on that below) Consequently it appears that Matthew and Luke already elim-inating a minor percentage of the Markan Jesusrsquo words that lack Q parallels had no clear reason to omit even that much from Q

Secondly on a number of occasions one or both evangelists preserve dou-blets of the Markan sayings of Jesus which on the 2DH are assigned to Q32 This development is surprising in Lukersquos case since his tendency to avoid dou-blets is well known33 What is really decisive however is that in instances

24 Mk 125 138 435 59 19 530 541 1243 (omitted by Matthew) Mk 1036 1432

34 41ndash42 (omitted by Luke) Mk 1114 (either omitted or reworked in Lk 136ndash9) Mk 439 58 631 638 916 21 25 933 939c 1049 1234 (omitted or reworked by both Matthew and Luke)

25 Mk 424bd 1238 40 (omitted by Matthew) Mk 334 837 941 1211 1215b 1224 1318 20 23 (omitted by Luke) Mk 1449b (reworked in Lk 2253b) Mk 949 1024 1229 (omitted by both Matthew and Luke)

26 Mk 333ndash34 Mk 64de (omitted by Luke) 27 Mk 413 (omitted by Matthew and Luke) Mk 833 1038ndash40 (omitted by Luke) Mk

1427ndash28 (reworked in Lk 2231ndash32) 28 Eg Joel Marcus Mark (AB 27 and 27A 2 vols New York NY and New Haven CT

Doubleday and Yale 2000ndash2009) 279ndash80 310ndash11 378ndash80 509ndash15 653 677ndash81 999ndash1000 29 Mk 939 (omitted by Matthew and Luke) Mk 943ndash48 (omitted by Luke) Mk 1534

(reworked in Lk 2346) 30 Mk 115 (reworked and expanded in Lk 416ndash21) Mk 536 (abridged in Matt 923ndash26)

Mk 1314ab (reworked in Lk 2120) Mk 146ndash9 (reworked in Lk 736ndash50) Mk 1413ndash15 (abridged in Matt 2618)

31 Mk 426ndash29 99ndash13 (omitted by Luke) everything that belongs to Mk 645ndash826 (the Great Omission of the Markan material by Luke)

32 Mk 421 (= Lk 816 LkQ 1133) Mk 422 (= Lk 817 LkQ 122) Mk 425 (= Matt 1312 MattQ 2529 Lk 818 LkQ 1926) Mk 68 10ndash11 (= Lk 93ndash5 LkQ 104ndash5 8 10ndash11) Mk 834 (= MattQ 1038 Matt 1624 Lk 923 LkQ 1427) Mk 835 (= MattQ 1039 Matt 1625 Lk 924 LkQ 1733) Mk 838 (= Lk 926 LkQ 128ndash9) Mk 937 (= Matt 185 MattQ 1040 Lk 948 LkQ 1016) Mk 940 (Lk 950 LkQ 1123) Mk 1011ndash12 (= Matt 199 MattQ 532) Mk 1238ndash39 (= Lk 2046 LkQ 1143) Mk 139 11 (= Lk 2112ndash15 LkQ 1211ndash12) See further Fitzmyer Luke 81ndash82

33 See eg H Schuumlrmann ldquoDie Dubletten im Lukasevangeliumrdquo ZKT 75 (1953) 339ndash445 Idem ldquoDie Dublettenvermeidungen im Lukasevangeliumrdquo ZKT 76 (1954) 83ndash93

2 The Study of Q as a Reconstructed Text 9

when Luke is faced with a choice between Mark and Q and does not opt to retain both the preference is overwhelmingly given to the Q location and word-ing of the text34 Consequently it seems overly simplistic to suggest as Rodd does that ldquoas [the reconstructed] lsquoMarkrsquo is not Mark so in all probability the lsquoQrsquo of the scholars is not the historical document Qrdquo35 The evangelistsrsquo ten-dency to either retain the MarkQ parallels or ndash especially in Lukersquos case ndash to favor Q its wording and location over the Markan parallels shows that the two documents were not treated equally as far as the words of Jesus were concerned with the approach to Q being more conservative36

Thirdly the verse and word count discrepancy between the reconstructed and canonical Mark has been somewhat inflated as the percentages cited by scholars are routinely bolstered by the inclusion of the Great Omission On the 2DH there are two possible solutions to this well-known source-critical anom-aly the absence of Mk 645ndash826 from Lukersquos gospel is either intentional or stems from inheriting a shorter copy of Mark which lacked that material In either scenario Lukersquos omission of Mk 645ndash826 complicates the analogy be-tween the reconstructed Mark and Q If the omission was unintentional it tells us something only about the compositional history or textual transmission of Markrsquos gospel If however Lukersquos decision to skip Mk 645ndash826 was inten-tional is it not likely to have been motivated by Lukersquos avoidance of dou-blets37 A similar development is unlikely to have occurred in Lukersquos reception of Q as we have noted when faced with MarkQ doublets Luke tends to favor Qrsquos version over an available Markan parallel38 Consequently due to the sheer size of the Great Omission and regardless of the Omissionrsquos intentionality or

34 LkQ 112 4 9 (= Mk 1124ndash25) LkQ 1115 17ndash18 21 (= Mk 323ndash27) Lk 1210 (=

Mk 328ndash29) LkQ 1240 (= Mk 1332) LkQ 1318ndash19 (= Mk 430ndash32) LkQ 1330 (= Mk 1031) Lk 1618 (= Mk 1011ndash12) LkQ 171ndash2 (= Mk 942) LkQ 176 (= Mk 1123) LkQ 1723 31 (= Mk 1315ndash16 21) All of these are deployed by Luke in clusters of Q material rather than in the Lukan parallels to the respective Markan pericopes Mk 950 (= LkQ 1434ndash35) is similarly deployed away from its Markan context and surrounded by Q and L material Both Matthew and Luke favor the wording of Q 1434ndash35 over its Markan parallel

35 Rodd ldquoThe End of the Theology of Qrdquo 12 36 See eg Christopher M Tuckett Q and the History of Early Christianity Studies on Q

(Edinburgh TampT Clark 1996) 94 Luz ldquoQ in Matthewrdquo 50 37 Mk 645ndash52 contains a sea miracle similar to Mk 435ndash41 Mk 71ndash23 was likely elim-

inated to shift the lifting of the dietary restrictions to the post-Easter stage in Lukersquos narrative (Acts 109ndash16) Mk 724ndash30 was probably (a) deemed redundant (see LkQ 71ndash10) (b) re-garded as problematic due to the conflict between the Markan Jesusrsquo reluctance to perform a miracle for a Gentile person (Mk 727) and the Lukan Jesusrsquo programmatic openness to such developments (Lk 425ndash27) Mk 81ndash10 14ndash21 and 822ndash26 are clearly redundant (see Mk 635ndash44 Lk 912ndash17 Mk 1046ndash52 Lk 1835ndash43) Mk 811ndash13 has a Q parallel (= LkQ 1129ndash32)

38 On the L-M Hypothesis this would mean that Luke tends to favor Matthewrsquos version over an available Markan parallel

10 Chapter One Prolegomena

lack thereof the reconstructed Mark presents an analogy to Q that is at best tenuous

In light of the above observations my contention is that methodologically virtually the entire Q is likely to be accounted for in terms of its content39 That still leaves the question of the documentrsquos precise wording and its recovery Here Roth has argued that

there is a fundamental difference between conceiving of the ldquotext of Qrdquo as a reconstruction of its original wording and approaching it as a metaphorical and narratival realm an intertext as it were accessible through Matthew and Luke40

Roth further states as one of his monographrsquos objectives (which is primarily dedicated to the study of Qrsquos parables) an attempt to

advance Q studies by pursuing insight into the parables of Q through a different set of meth-odological approaches than those present in the reigning paradigm focusing upon word-level reconstruction The resultant exegetical work is not therefore in the first instance focused upon vocabulary and syntax of a reconstructed text but rather upon the narratival elements and structures characters images metaphors and theological emphases of an ldquointertextrdquo41

I see no reason to contest Rothrsquos objections to an uncritical acceptance of the CEQ text (of course the CEQ editors have already noted that it is only a work-ing reconstruction)42 Pending the surfacing of an actual copy of Q any recon-struction of its wording is necessarily going to remain hypothetical and thus subject to continued analysis Still to suggest that the hypothetical nature of the enterprise undermines its results perhaps runs the risk ldquothat a methodologi-cal limitation becomes an ontological description of Q itselfrdquo43 Roth admits that his own study of narratival and metaphorical elements ldquocannot function on an entirely lsquowordlessrsquo levelrdquo proposing as a solution that Qrsquos text should be accessed exclusively through the wording of Matthew and Luke44 Such drastic restrictions are in my opinion unnecessary In light of the previous discussion it is possible to assert from a methodologically sound position that Qrsquos recon-structions are not ldquopotentially faultyrdquo to the degree suggested by Roth45 While a precise word-by-word recovery may not be possible or even necessary in every verse of the synoptic double tradition a reliable near-word-level recon-struction of Q appears consistently attainable This is suggested by Lukersquos (and frequently Matthewrsquos) aforementioned preference of Qrsquos wording in the MarkQ parallels Matthewrsquos and Lukersquos slightly superior degree of verbal

39 See further Fleddermann Commentary 73ndash74 Luz ldquoQ in Matthewrdquo 45 (while positing

the existence of QMatt Luz concludes that it ldquodid not differ substantiallyrdquo from the main body of the Q source)

40 Roth Parables 41 41 Ibid 44ndash45 42 Ibid 38ndash39 Roth (ibid) also critiques Fleddermannrsquos alternative reconstruction 43 Kirk Q in Matthew 152 44 Roth Parables 40ndash41 45 Ibid 44

Index of Ancient Sources

Hebrew Bible (LXX)

Genesis414 28 3361ndash4 5062 4 (LXX) 115723 (LXX) 981316 331417 36174ndash6 1991710ndash14 1591817ndash18 1991826 (LXX) 981917 (LXX) 982218 199264 199

Exodus161ndash36 117171ndash7 1181715 (LXX) 1242114 (LXX) 1242225ndash26 1502320ndash21 23 1632415ndash16 (LXX) 472520 (LXX) 124

Numbers111ndash9 1172319 40

Deuteronomy324 (LXX) 146612ndash15 118613 (LXX) 116616 (LXX) 116 11882ndash3 11783 (LXX) 116811ndash20 118812ndash15 (LXX) 117

926 (LXX) 146159 (LXX) 205241ndash4 79 208 2092410ndash17 1502918ndash20 207319 25ndash26 209328ndash9 (LXX) 1213211 201

Joshua2313 (LXX) 207

Ruth212 201

1 Samuel27 (LXX) 1371821 (LXX) 207

1 Kings627 (LXX) 12486 (LXX) 1241717ndash24 162191ndash18 116 118 119194 (LXX) 117195 (LXX) 118198 (LXX) 117 1181910 14 (LXX) 1182219ndash23 (LXX) 121

2 Kings216 (LXX) 112 116418ndash37 16251ndash14 163

2 Chronicles58 (LXX) 1242314 125

Index of Ancient Sources246

Ezra91ndash2 1371018ndash44 137

Job16 11521 1151621 40256 40358 40387 115

Psalms2 16869 (LXX) 19785 40102 9 137178 2013510 137367 201605 (LXX) 124614 2016923 (LXX) 207722ndash12 1378018 40813 (LXX) 137901ndash2 4 (LXX) 124906 (LXX) 1249011ndash12 (LXX) 123914 2011063 (LXX) 1981091 (LXX) 4110916 22 13611826 1061457ndash8 (LXX) 1611463 401476 137

Proverbs1ndash9 55236 (LXX) 205264ndash5 189

Isaiah1ndash39 13511 168253ndash4 (LXX) 137315 201355 (LXX) 16140ndash55 135

426 168427 18 (LXX) 161435 198491ndash8 1685112 4055ndash66 135562 40563ndash8 136585ndash7 13860ndash62 135611 (LXX) 160 161611ndash2 (LXX) 48 134611ndash3 (LXX) 132 135 136 137665 (LXX) 1376618ndash20 164 198

Jeremiah317ndash18 164 1984918 33 405040 405143 40

Ezekiel8ndash11 112 11382 11440ndash48 112 113402 113403 114

Daniel713 27 40 41 168 213817 40

Amos13 (LXX) 20413ndash28 7528 15035 (LXX) 18086 (LXX) 137

Haggai220ndash22 163

Zechariah315 13787 198

Malachi16ndash29 163210ndash16 163

247Index of Ancient Sources

31 163 164 322ndash23 (LXX) 163

Old Tes tament Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha

1 Enoch1ndash5 761ndash36 4621ndash54 1226ndash11 526ndash16 4766 4573ndash6 1221021 164 198123ndash4 46124 113 125137 45139 45148ndash164 76151 46152ndash4 125171 11417ndash19 112 11320ndash36 112 113215 114242ndash257 113261ndash275 113323ndash6 11337ndash71 41 45 186 213381ndash6 122384ndash5 45391ndash3 45396 108413ndash8 76418 44421ndash2 (3) 126 171 201422 170451ndash6 76455 4546 52461ndash8 141462ndash4 42464ndash6 45468 46471ndash4 14148ndash49 52481 202481ndash10 141482 42

483 202483ndash7 168488ndash9 (10) 45 122492 4 168493 202505 76513 (5a) 168 172 20251ndash52 5252ndash56 112526 9 168531ndash5 45 122536 46 168542 45543ndash4 76545ndash6 45547 210554 45 108561ndash4 45565ndash8 43 44 45571 198591ndash6023 766010 4261ndash63 46 52621ndash9 45622ndash3 122624ndash6312 122625ndash14 42631ndash12 45 122632ndash4 106637 1236311 426312 76651ndash663 52671ndash681 52678ndash13 43 44 45 1226926ndash29 42 52701 42715ndash17 447113(14)ndash17 42 1418215ndash20 7683ndash84 52891ndash9 528973ndash74 1139038 164

Index of Ancient Sources248

1006 1681049ndash13 47

2 Enoch31ndash221 113101ndash6 112

3 Baruch3ndash17 113163 204

3 Enoch11ndash12 113

Ascension of Isaiah610ndash15 113

Baruch437 19855 198

Bel and the Dragon36 112 114 116

Jubilees11ndash8 209120 12122 114727 52102 52105 52106 121108ndash11 52 114 121114 121115 521114ndash1214 321220 1211525ndash34 1591531ndash32 114 1211928 121492 52

Letter of Aris teas155 145

Psalms of Solomon219 159823 30 1591112 1981731 164 1981810ndash12 76

Sirach21ndash17 72 86212 87143ndash7 2051410ndash11 202241ndash12 125247ndash11 1262410ndash11 1592525ndash26 2072611 2053113 2053522ndash3622 723824ndash3911 17243 76501ndash24 125

The Sentences of the Syriac Menander340ndash46 189

Tes tament of Abraham81ndash12 113

Tes tament of Levi26ndash57 113

Tes tament of Moses51ndash62 126

Tobit145ndash7 164 198

Vita Adae et Evae61ndash103 116121ndash161 115

Wisdom of Solomon410ndash15 46418ndash513 46

249Index of Ancient Sources

New Tes tament

Q32ndash958 (59ndash60) 101 103 104 108

126 155 173 17537 5237ndash9 16ndash17 5 54 64 68 70 90

104 11637ndash735 78 80 81 83 85

101 102 103317 54 9141ndash13 5 51 52 53 64 65

66 78 91 104 111 112 113 114 115 118 119 126 152 153 155 156

41ndash4 116 11745ndash8 114 119 121 122

123 15949ndash12 (13) 47 51 65 96 123

157 200416 91 129 130 131

153620ndash49 16 63 82 91 104

105 129 130 131 153

620b 12 91 132620bndash21 48 132 133 134

135 136 137620bndash23 5 131 132 143621a 12 20 91 132622 12 17 24 25 26

38 71 140 141 153 167 170 194 205

622ndash23 17 20 52 53 54 96 132 133 134 136 139 140 141 142 206

623c 64 82 129 132 139 140 142 143

627ndash35 (36) 13 16 71 129 147 151 152 153 154

629 24 91 150630 24 150631 91 152637ndash38 12 92640 92 144646 92 104 144 145

146 153 154 203

647ndash49 12 92 14471ndash10 9 64 92 104 126

155 156 158 169 197 199

76 145 20379 87 96 104 156

157 158 167 173 194 198 199

718ndash19 159 167718ndash23 159718ndash28 64 166718ndash960 92722 16 54 134 135

161 163 164 172727 96 163731ndash35 64 70 92 165 166

169 170 171733 51 53734 24 26 52 165 167

169 170 172735 166 170957ndash58 (59ndash60) 92 105 111 155

169 170 171957ndash62 63959ndash60 172 173958 24 25 26 27 38

52 71 164 165 169 170 171 172

959 145102ndash16 5 56 63 70 86

158 170 175 182 215

102ndash24 92102ndash1240 101 105 107 108

175 205104 48 92109 73 931012 93 1751012ndash15 54 64 82 861013ndash15 47 56 70 80 81

82 86 87 96 107 126 175 199 212

1016 72 931021 56 81 87 93 96

173 2091021ndash22 54 56 78 79 81

82 145 1941021ndash24 64 107

Index of Ancient Sources250

1022 81 93 114 116 145 146 203 209

1023ndash24 17 93 106112ndash4 9ndash13 5 63 78 93 117

176 177 179 180112b 48 178 184114 24 178119ndash13 12 93 176 177

178 179 180 1811114 51 1761114ndash20 52 531114ndash32 931114ndash52 64 107 1791118 51 53 93 114 121

1591124ndash26 51 53 9311(16) 29ndash32 9 54 70 96 2121130 24 26 52 1861133ndash52 93 2051134 93 2051139ndash52 70 107 126 1691142c 64 66 1251149 521149ndash51 47 53 54 66 96

118 119 157 2001151 52 200 205122ndash12 5 70 94 107 155

180 181 182 183 184 194

123 72 94124ndash5 54 70 73 181 182

190124ndash7 94 121 122 176

179 180 181 194 214

125 181 204128 24 26 38 54 185

187 188 189128ndash9 52 69 94 167 184

186 187 188 189 214

128ndash10 54 64 69 71 82 175 176 183 184 187 189 190 194 212

129 184 185 1881210 24 26 94 185 187

188 1891211ndash12 54 70 72 73 94

181 182 214

1222ndash31 (33ndash34) 63 73 176 177 178 179 180 190 192

1222ndash40 941224 23 178 1801227 231231 48 94 1841233 12 48 1911233ndash34 69 94 191 1921235ndash38 94 108 190 2031235ndash46 1081235ndash59 94 1081235ndash2230 101 105 108 109

197 2031239 17 18 95 1911239ndash40 18 20 54 70 71

94 105 175 190 191 192 193 203 212

1239ndash59 64 1911240 24 52 69 95 167

186 191 1931242ndash46 52 53 54 69 70

95 191 192 197 203 204 205 206 212

1245 96 2051246 2041251 20 951251ndash59 1081252ndash53 201256 171258ndash59 24 951318ndash19 20ndash21 5 20 48 63 95

108 2071318ndash24 951324 63 951325ndash30 54 63 82 871325ndash1423 54 95 96 126 158

1991327 52 53 96 118 1981328ndash29 96 198 1991334 52 125 2061334ndash35 47 53 54 63 66

81 82 83 96 105 106 107 108 109 118 119 125 157 194 198 200 201 202

1335 51 54 96 106 202

251Index of Ancient Sources

1411 54 961416ndash23 (24) 63 82 971423 541426 72 97 2151426ndash27 1733 20 63 72 971426ndash176 971427 54 97 140 141

182 2141434ndash35 63 97154ndash5a 7 20 63 97 108 2091613 12 63 94 971616 64 97 207 2091616ndash18 2061617 17 63 64 66 79

97 125 206 207 208 209

1616(17)ndash172 197 206 2081618 24 63 79 97 206

207 208 209171ndash2 97 207 208171ndash6 63173ndash4 18 20 98176 18 20 78 98 108

2101720ndash21 17 981723 98 2101723ndash37 54 64 69 70 71

98 167 170 197 210 211 212

1723ndash2230 108 2111724 26 30 24 52 98 991733 54 97 182 2141734ndash35 98 991912ndash26 64 69 99 108 197

203 204 205 206 212

1912ndash2230 991922 2052228ndash30 5 54 64 99 108

212

Matthew37 52310 9542 11745 12448 119 120413 130 1315ndash7 94 10251 119

54 13458 138511 (12) 52 205512 142515 7539 149 150540 15 150541 15 89 91 149 150542 150 151544 148 149544ndash45 91 149545 20861ndash18 94612 177619ndash21 94620 191623 205624 94625ndash34 94626 178627 177630 178 17975 1877 17779 177711 178 179712 152723 52724 26 9185ndash13 199810 155811ndash12 198 199819 169820 27 142 171821 172822 173829 12191ndash8 7920ndash22 97922 7937 92107 731026 71029 1801032 184 1891032ndash33 91 1841034 951038 731039 141115 134 163

Index of Ancient Sources252

1119 1691122ndash45 931125 2081217 731232 1841239 52 2051243 1241311 13 71342 951416 71521ndash28 97162bndash3 951613ndash28 1401617ndash19 471625 141171 1191717 7186 208186ndash22 97188ndash9 951825 971928 991929 992030 130219 1062131 972133ndash41 (42ndash46) 7 19221ndash14 18236ndash7 206237 1662334 522334ndash36 962335 522337 52 1972337ndash39 81 105 201243ndash41 210 211244ndash14 72423 982443 1912443ndash44 1932445 2062448 (49) 52 205251ndash13 972514ndash30 992526 28 2052530 992531 992541 95 121266ndash13 972640ndash41 7

2669 71 1302669ndash75 1892732 912755 97285 130289ndash10 972816ndash18 1192818 120

Mark114 21 131123ndash26 121124 130129ndash31 18821ndash12 731 14937ndash12 188313 114327 93328 188328ndash29 18443ndash8 193411ndash12 7413 177430ndash32 20 193438 177421ndash22 7435ndash41 9525ndash34 97534 761ndash6a 188615 163635ndash44 9637 7645ndash52 9645ndash826 971ndash23 9724ndash30 9 9781ndash10 9811ndash13 9822ndash26 9827 140827ndash98 47828 163831ndash33 121834ndash35 20835 141838 184 19092 11492ndash8 47

253Index of Ancient Sources

919 7943ndash47 951028 73 1791029 201035ndash40 1831039 1881046ndash52 91047 130119 1061117 7 1771122ndash23 25ab 18 201124 1801129ndash30 7121ndash9 (10ndash12) 7 19129 191211 191226 177133ndash37 210 211135ndash13 71315ndash16 991321 98143ndash9 971437ndash38 71447 95 1491462 411466ndash72 1891467 130151ndash5 951521 911541 97166 130

Luke15ndash25 10237 5242 11745 12246b 7 12046cd 120 121416 130416ndash30 188425ndash27 9438ndash39 188517ndash26 766 149617ndash19 188621 134622 205623 142625 134

627 149627ndash28 148628 149629 15 150630 150 151634 151635 91 208642 18646 146647ndash49 9179 155722 163734 169735 166 208810 7816ndash17 7824 177831 121848 7912ndash17 9913 7924 141926 190941 7957 169958 171959 172960 173102 92109 731017ndash20 1211021 208114 177115ndash8 97 177119 1771111 1771112 1171113 178 1791120 511121ndash22 931124 124 2051124ndash26 931129 52 2051143 166 2061149 521150 521151 52124 73 179126 180128 184

Index of Ancient Sources254

128ndash9 911211 731213ndash21 971223a 1771224 177 1781228 1791233 1911235ndash38 89 941239 1911239ndash40 1931242 2061245 52 2051249 89 951254ndash56 95131ndash35 1021327 52 1971328ndash29 1981334 52 1971415ndash24 181427 73158ndash10 97172 2081711ndash19 981720 981721 981722 981728ndash29 89 98 991731 991732 991733 971835ndash43 91912ndash27 991922 24 2051927 991938 96 1061941ndash44 961946 177209ndash16 (17ndash19) 7 192018 192037 177218ndash19 7223 1212228ndash30 992246 72249ndash51 952250 1492254ndash62 188234 14 952413ndash33 102

John446 158446ndash54 157448 158631ndash58 117844 121123 1061225ndash26 201231 1211430 1211611 1211828ndash1916 102

Acts23 9521ndash4 18951ndash11 189109ndash16 9121ndash2 183123ndash19 183

Romans1214 149

1 Corinthians412 14963 121 192132 18 20

2 Corinthians41ndash6 19244 121

Galatians113ndash14 18343 8ndash9 121 192

Ephesians21ndash2 121 192612 121 192

1 Thessalonians214ndash16 183218 121 19251ndash11 19252 20 19255ndash6 192

2 Thessalonians21ndash12 210 211

255Index of Ancient Sources

2 Timothy211ndash13 190

Hebrews1137 204

James 315ndash17 12444ndash7 121

1 Peter314 132 139 143319ndash20 47414 132 139 141 14358 121

2 Peter24ndash5 47 121

Jude16ndash7 121

Revelation110ndash20 113113 18635 19041ndash11 113123ndash4 121171ndash3 114173ndash18 112 113219ndash27 112 1132110 113

New Tes tament Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha

Gospel of Thomas1ndash71 1731ndash3 2161ndash4 1710 19 95111 1713 21161ndash2 20 95163 2017 1720ndash21 71 193201ndash4 20 192215ndash8 18 19 20 192243 36ndash39 17261ndash2 18262ndash331 1731 21361ndash3 19 143 180473 2148 18 19 20

54 137 13855 2058 17 13864 18 1965 1968 20 132 138 139

14068ndash69 19 139 143691 17 138692 19 20 137 13877 2179 2186 169 170103 17106ndash107 19 201131ndash2 9

Pseudo-Clementine Homilies12313 180

Dead Sea Scrolls

CD214ndash41 125412ndash14 121 124 125419ndash52 208

51ndash5 2091316ndash17 207122ndash3 121161ndash2 125

Index of Ancient Sources256

1QapGen 29 30 31 33 35 36 37 40

1QH430 40

1QM11 1211310ndash12 121175ndash6 51

1QpHab 56 125

1QS25 121211ndash15 207 208321ndash25 11749 18258 125119ndash10 1821120 40

1Q27 (1Q4QMys teries)1 i 1ndash8 56 202

4Q299 (1Q4QMys teries)3andashb ii 2ndash8 563andashb ii 9ndash16 56

4Q416 (4QIns truction)1 10ndash13 56 2021 12 1822 i 21ndashiv 13 562 ii 6 17 178

4Q417 (4QIns truction)1 i 6ndash9 561 i 10(11)ndash12 56 2021 i 12ndash13 561 i 14 561 i 16 115 1821 i 17 1821 i 24 56 2022 i 17ndash24 562 i 19 21ndash22 178

4Q418 (4QIns truction)69 ii 6ndash9 56 202

69 ii 12ndash13 5681 1ndash2 18281 2ndash5 5681 4 11581 5 11581 20 56 20288 56103 56107 56123 5ndash8 56

4Q423 (4QIns truction)5 3 565 5ndash6 56

4Q503 115

4Q521 16 54 135 137 159 160 161 162

4Q525 57 133

4QDeut j 1214 121

4QIsa 135

4QMMTC 4ndash9 125

11Q11 124

11Q13 135 137

11QPsa 191ndash18 121

11QT545 2075715ndash19 208669ndash11 207

Targums4QtgJob 314QtgLev 3111QtgJob 31 33 35 40

257Index of Ancient Sources

Josephus

Ant14133ndash146 4415103 451982 123

Bell188 46

1131ndash11 441161ndash5 461213 461335 452101ndash5 1232116 183

Babylonian Texts

Gilgamesh 112

Greek and Latin Authors

Dio CassiusHis t59271 120

HomerOd10503ndash15 1121112ndash22 112

PlatoPhaed111cndash112e 112

Senecade Ben2121ndash2 120

Seneca the ElderControv9210 183

TacitusAnn632 120

His t59 183

Apos tolic and Church Fathers

1 Clement132 153292 121394ndash5 121

2 Clement32 190134 148

Apos tolic Cons titutions721 152

722 148 150 151722ndash6 147725 149 150726 148 153

AthanasiusFes t Let 3911 14

Canons of the Holy Apos tles4ndash5 152

Index of Ancient Sources258

Chrysos tomHom Mt342 180

Clement of AlexandriaS trom4641 139 143

Didache11ndash63 1412c 15213b 148 14913bndash5b 11 12 13 15 16

71 147 151 15413bndash21 5 11 14 15 15013c 15113cndash4a 1413d 15 14814 1414a 1614b 15 14914c 91 15014d 15 149 150 15115a 15015b 148 15381ndash2 1482 16103bndash122a 14113 16113ndash137 14153ndash4 16161ndash8 210 211 212

EusebiusHis t Eccl3254

IrenaeusAdv Haer1101 1214162 121

Jus tin Martyr1 Apol159 148

2 Apol25 121

OrigenC Cels870 180

PolycarpPhilippians22ndash3 153

Shepherd of HermasMandate 24ndash6 153

Similitude535ndash8 138

Rabbinic Literature

j Ber3b 5b 5c 31 37 38

j Ket35a 31 37

j Šab3a 38d 31 37

j Taʿan65b 4069ab 125

R Gen72 313813 31 37796 31

R Num193 31 38

TargumsCairo BGen 414 31 33 34 37 41

259Index of Ancient Sources

Cairo FExod 1913 37Deut 346 37

Neof I Gen 414 31 33 41Gen 95ndash6 37Gen 4922 36

Papyri Manuscripts and Inscriptions

Br Mus Or 9271 14P Oxy 1 17P Oxy 654 17

P Oxy 655 17 143 180P Oxy 1782 14 15 148 151Sf III 16ndash17 40

Index of Modern Authors

Achtemeier P 139 141Adams S L 56 72 202Alexander P S 31 32Allison D C 1 2 3 5 12 22 24 66

75 77 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 90 91 94 96 98 99 103 105 107 112 117 119 120 123 125 129 130 131 133 134 135 136 138 139 140 144 147 148 149 150 152 153 155 158 160 163 169 170 172 175 176 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 193 197 198 200 205

Anderson A A 124Anderson F I 113Andrejevs O 25 164 172 190Arcari L 44Argall R A 47 72 202Arnal W E 23 24 48 59 61 63 65

66 67 68 78 86 104 123 125 132 134 136 150 191 194 208 214

Attridge H W 17Audet J-P 14Avigad N 29 30

Bailey K 102Bauckham R 12Baum A D 1Bazzana G B 1 3 24 59 178 198Beasley-Murray G R 158Berger K 104Bergmeier R 159 160 162Betz D H 3 24 51 103 146 179 183de Begraveze T 27Bird M F 159 198 199Black C C 11Black M 26 28 30 31 32 35 36 37

40 168Blenkinsopp J 135 136 137Boccaccini G 32 43 44 50Boring M E 38 183 184 185 188

192 211

Borsch F H 185Bovon F 5 19 93 95 96 98 99 106

140 177 179 184 185 198Bowman J W 28 33Boyarin D 23Breuer Y 34Brin G 208Broadhead E K 3 89Brodie T L 163Brooke G J 43 160Brown R E 11 12 102 130 157 158Broyles C C 123Bultmann R 3 60 98 111 132 156

158 184 185 186 187 188 201Burkett D 27 213Bussmann W 26

Campbell J Y 28 46Caragounis C C 27 29 39Carroll J T 3Carruth S 119Casey P M 29 34 35 37 39 41Cas tor G D 4 5Catchpole D R 21 77 90 96 99 129

131 145 147 156 157 159 164 175 188 198 208

Chang A 199Charlesworth J H 31 42 43 44 45

46 47 72 160 171 185Chazon E G 115 202Cheung L L 12Childs B S 163Chilton B D 26 36 39 117 130Clark D J 109Collins A Y 39 41 47 50 51 52 103

114 188 193 211Collins J J 23 40 43 48 49 50 51

52 53 57 76 77 121 126 160 161 162 163 168 202

Colpe C 25 26 28 29 31 32 36 37 39 40 45 140

Index of Modern Authors262

Conzelmann H 96 97Cotter W J 61 104 132 156 163 165

166 170 191Cromhout M 61 145 191Crossan J D 39 89 94 98 134

Dalman G 27 29 30Damm A 171Davidson M J 114Davies W D 1 2 3 91 99 119 120

131 138 139 140 149 150 169 172 179 180 184 185 193 197 200

DeConick A D 11 17 20 21 138 139 192

Derrenbacker R A 1 24Di Lella A A 73Dibelius M 12Diacuteez Macho A 30Dimant D 160DiTommaso L 57Doering L 208Downing F G 23 64Draper J A 13 14 15 16 68 156Dundenberg I 11Dunn J D G 1 149 183Dupont J 97 116Durham J I 163

Eldridge M D 117Elgvin T 49 56 57 115 202Eshel H 44

Fiebig P 26 27 28 34 37 39Fitzmyer J A 1 2 3 8 19 26 28 30

31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 82 91 95 97 98 117 118 119 130 131 133 138 139 140 146 149 163 177 179 208

Fleddermann H T 2 6 10 11 59 62 69 83 84 85 86 87 90 91 93 95 97 98 101 103 104 105 109 129 130 134 140 144 148 150 152 156 157 163 166 170 176 177 179 184 185 189 199 200 203 205 211

Flusser D 14 15Fos ter P 1 3 6 12 26Freedman H 32Frenschkowski M 145Frey J 56Freyne S 159 199

Funk F X 14 147

Garciacutea Martiacutenez F 49 57 160 162 202 208

Garrow A 13Gathercole S 17 19 20 138 139 181Gerber C 203Gibson J B 116Gieschen C A 147Ginsburger M 30Glover R 13 16Goering G S 72 125Goff M J 55 56 57 79 84 115 178

202Goodacre M 1 17 19Greenfield J C 27Greeven H 12Gregg B H 90 97 186 198 204Grenfell B P 14 17Guelich R A 193Guenther H O 26Gundry R H 150 181 197

Haenchen E 12 139 157 158 201Hahn F 185Han K S 124 125 200Hannah D D 42 43 45 46Hare D R A 38 39 40 184 185Harrington D J 33 55 57 202 Hartin P J 12 61 119 166Hasitschka M 118Heil C 5 38 60 99 119 181Higgins A J B 184Hill A E 163Hindley J C 43Hoffmann P 5 38 55 67 70 75 77

80 96 99 112 145 167 170 184 185

Holtzmann H J 4Hooker M D 45Horsley R 68 156 198 199 200van der Hors t P W 73Hossfeld F L 124Howard G 146Howes L 26 39 43 61 65 77 81 133

140 141 142 166 167 170 185 188 190 212

Hubbard B J 38Hultgren S 160 162Hunt A S 14 17

263Index of Modern Authors

van Iersel B M F 102

Jacobson A D 5 26 39 49 54 60 61 64 75 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 85 87 90 94 96 97 98 106 129 132 140 144 152 156 157 167 170 171 184 185 187 201 207 210

Jefford C N 13 14 15Jeremias J 179 198 204Jervis L A 55Jewett R 149Johnson L A 178 208Johnson L T 12Johnson-DeBaufre M 66 103 163Jonas H 51de Jonge H J 24 185Jongeling B 35Joseph S J 1 21 23 24 45 46 47 48

51 52 68 103 125 132 134 136 142 144 153 156 159 160 161 162 164 178 180 181 182 184 185 187 190 191 200 201 202 206 208 214 215

Jus t A A 102

Kahle P 26 30 31 36Kampen J L 162 209Kaufman S A 31 32 36 40Keener C S 183Kirk A 2 4 5 6 10 15 24 55 59 60

61 62 66 67 68 69 71 72 73 75 76 77 78 79 83 84 85 86 87 88 90 94 96 98 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 111 114 129 152 155 156 166 177 179 184 189 190 197 203 207 208 214 215

Kloppenborg J S 1 2 3 4 5 11 12 13 14 15 17 19 21 22 23 24 25 26 38 39 50 51 53 54 55 57 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 86 87 88 89 90 95 97 98 99 103 104 107 108 111 112 121 122 123 124 125 126 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 139 140 141 142 143 144 147 148 150 151 155 156 157 158 160 162 163 164 165 166 167 170 171 172 175 176 180 181 182 183 184 187 189

190 191 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 208 210 211 212 213

Knibb M A 46 202Koes ter H 15 38 48 60 61 63 66

148Koumlhler W D 16Kraus H-J 124Kutscher E Y 30 35 36

Lang B 201Laurence R 41Leives tad R 43Levine A-J 208Lichtenberger H 124Lindars B 29 34 37 39 43 184 185

188Lohfink N 118Lukaszewski A 25 27Luz U 3 10 60 74 75 78 81 87 90

91 93 95 96 97 99 102 106 111 131 134 140 142 145 148 150 151 166 169 180 181 184 185 197 198 199 201 204 207

Luumldemann G 183Luumlhrmann D 61 64 78 111 140 157

158 165 180 184

Mack B L 23 38 43 61 133 135 170Magness J 160Malherbe A 192 211Manson T W 5 28 101Maori Y 32Marcus J 8 11 41 47 102 183 188

193 199 211Marshall I H 3Martiacutenez R 166 167Martyn J L 183Maumlrz C-P 90 94McDermott J M 185McNamara M J 31Meadors E P 62 66 67 72 74 76 77

166 168 201Meadors G T 137Menken M J J 116 117Meyer A 27Meyer P D 157Middleton P 182Milik J P 36 42 43 187Milikowsky C 181Miller R J 63 201

Index of Modern Authors264

Mitchell D C 124Moller H B 29Moreland M 23Moss C 182Mournet T C 1Muraoka T 35 38Muumlnch C 203

Neirynck F 2 3 4 11 22 26 90 98 99 116 130 140 149

Nickelsburg G 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 52 53 76 106 112 113 122 126 141 168 172 202 210 213

Niebuhr K W 159Niederwimmer K 13 14 15 16 148

151 152Nielsen K 114 115Nolland J 179Novakovic L 160 162

Odeberg H 36Oegema G S 116Owen P 25 29 35

Patterson S J 17 18 21 61 63Perrin N 186Pervo R I 183Pietersma A 146Piovanelli P 44 45Piper R A 61 82 112 176 190Ploeg J P M 35Pokornyacute P 11 17 19 117 139Polag A 62 73 89 90 94Porter S E 180 181Porton G G 38Pries t J 126Propp W H C 163Puech Eacute 133 160 162

Ra Y 39 132 145 155 170 184 185Reicke B 141Riesner R 183Robbins M C 51 103 113 115 117

121 125Robbins V K 104Robinson J M 2 5 24 26 34 38 39

41 43 55 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 77 96 103 119 129 131 132 134 135 140 142 143 144 145

156 160 165 166 167 180 181 184 185 186 187 188 190 200 201 202

Rodd C S 6 7 9Rollens S E 2 3 23 24 26 61 132

182 191Roth D T 2 6 7 10 11 54 90 145

165 191 192 203 204 205 206Rothschild C K 90 159 164Royse J R 146Roumlsel M 146

Sacchi P 43 44 45 47Sandt H 5 14 15Sato M 3 59 62 74 75 76 77 79 80

82 83 87 90 94 98 111 134 170 176 184

Schalit A 44Schenk W 62 73 89 90 103 170 176Schiavo L 104 112 113Schiffman L H 57 160Schnackenburg R 12 157 158Schniedewind W M 160Schroumlter J 180Schulz S 74 132 165 167 176 179

201 210Schuumlrmann H 8 130 167 170Seeley D 132 141 142Segal M 43 114 121Sellew P 193Sevenich-Bax E 103 105Shelton J 163Shepherd D 29 35Shinall M C 51Shirock R J 102Sjoumlberg E 28 29 35 39 45Skeat T C 180Skehan P W 73Smith D A 96 201 202 203So K-C 157Sokoloff M 35Somov A 181Spranger P P 204S taples J A 145 146 154S teck O H 61 64 132 201S tone M E 45S treeter B H 4 12 130S trugnell J 55S tuckenbruck L T 27 30 47 51 65

114 121Syreeni K 4 15 153

265Index of Modern Authors

Tabor J D 160Tannehil R C 178 208Taylor N H 120 123 183Theissen G 123Theophilos M P 126Tigchelaar E J C 56Tiwald M 3 23 160Toumldt H E 47 184 185 186 187Tuckett C M 1 3 6 9 11 13 14 15

17 23 26 49 50 53 54 61 62 63 66 68 72 76 77 84 86 90 94 95 98 112 114 119 121 125 130 134 140 150 154 156 157 158 160 166 170 184 193 199 205 206 207 208 210

Uhlig S 45Uro R 26 62 185

Vaage L E 23 24 26 39 61 133 165 167 170 171 190 191 210

VanderKam J C 43 46 57 168Vassiliadis P 89 94de Vaux R 56Vermes G 26 28 29 31 32 33 34 35

36 37 38 39 40 43 140 160 184

Wacholder B Z 209

von Wahlde U C 12 158Wahlen C 51Walck L W 46 52Watson F 1Weaks J A 6 7Weinfeld M 118 146 207 208Weiser A 124Weiss B 130Wellhausen J 26Welch J W 102Wernberg-Mѳller P 36Wes termann C 135 136Williams P J 35Wilson W T 149Wins ton D 46 72Wise M O 160Witetschek S 86 167Wolter M 90van der Woude A S 35Wright III B J 72 202

Xeravits G G 202

York A D 32

Zeller D 63 69 111 165 212Zenger E 124

Index of Subjects

Abel-Main (Tell Abl) 45Abraham 32 157Agrippa I 123 183Ahab 118 121angel of Yahweh 163angelicheavenly rebellion 121 125Antigonus 43aphaeresis 27 32 34 36 38apocalypse 48ndash as incorrectly applied to Mk 133ndash37

211ndash as incorrectly applied to Q 1723ndash37

210 211apocalypticndash Chris tianity 53ndash discourse 211ndash framework 57 121ndash inaccurately used as a noun 49ndash literature 47 53 54 135ndash language in Ben Sira 72ndash tradition 56 57 186ndash wisdom ins tructions other than Q 56

57 77 202ndash worldview (outside of Q see its at-

tes tation in Q referenced separately below) 24 49 50 51 55 57 87 121

apocalypticism 25 87 58 62ndash and apocalypse 48 49ndash and eschatology 48ndash as a literary category 48 79ndash as a dis tortion of Godrsquos intended

order 23ndash as compatible with wisdom in late

second temple literature 57 62 66 70 72 154 202

ndash as having a place outside the genre of an apocalypse 49

ndash as synonymous with apocalyptic worldview 49

ndash in Pauline thought 192ndash in sectarian environments 53

ndash in recent Q scholarship 48ndash methodological definitions of 50 54

186Aramaic 25 26 46 70 140 187 204

213ndash OfficialImperialBiblical 26 27 35

40ndash Middle 26 27 30 32 33 34 35 36

37 38 40 41 52 167 170 187 188ndash Late 26 27 28 32 33 34 35 36 37

38 41 140 187ndash Galilean 29 36 38ndash Qumran 31 32 35 38Athaliah 125Augus tus 45

Babylonian Exile 118Banias 45βασιλείαndash as a hypothetical metaphor reflecting

the social interes ts of Qrsquos author(s) 48

ndash as a political entity 120ndash of God 23 48 73 95 108 123 132

177 178 182 183 184 192 194 206 207

ndash of Satan 51 114ndash realized 142beatitude(s) 82 91 93 105 131 132

133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 153

Bethsaida 45 56 93

Caesarea Philippi 46(Cairo) Geniza fragments 28 29 30 32

36 37Capernaum 45 56 93chiasm 83 85 101 102 103 109 118

120chias tic 85 101 103 106 107 108 120

152 197

Index of Subjects268

Chorazin 56 93chreia(s) 63 71 104 105 120 211chreiic 65 86 104 105 111 156chris tology (see the Q discussion refer-

enced separately below)ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 17ndash in Luke 19ndash in Mark 131circumcision 159 209Claudius 183cosmic mountain 114 119Cynic(s) 23

Dan 45 47Darius I 163Deuteronomis t 118Deuteronomis tic His tory 146deuteronomis ticndash agenda 156ndash context(s) 143 153ndash framework 53 54ndash motifs 118 127ndash orientation 64ndash outlook 61 82 114ndash redaction 80ndash rhetoric 136ndash s tratums trata 78ndash theme 78ndash tradition 79ndash unders tanding 64devil 51 66 114 117 119 120 121 123

124

Elijah 96 116 118 126 162 163 164ElijahElisha cycle 162 163Enoch 44 45 47 51 76 112 113 157

172 202ndash as a scribe 46ndash Book of Watchers 45 113 125ndash sapiential content in Watchers 76ndash Book of Parables 24 41 47 157 167

171 213ndash sapiential content in Parables 76ndash Epis tle of Enoch 43ndash his torical incarnation of 202ndash Seminar 47Enochicndash author 122ndash corpus 52 73ndash formulation 52

ndash framework 121ndash literaturetext 43 46 56ndash movement 47 53 157 210ndash mythology 113 114 122 164ndash Son of Man 172ndash tradents 46ndash tradition 43 46 47 79 113 122 157

215ndash Watchers myth 45 53 121eschatological prophetndash in 4Q521 160 162ndash in Q 164 165 166eschatology (see the Q discussion refer-

enced separately below) 47 48 50ndash in 1 Enoch 42 47 76 122 141 142

168 169ndash in 4Q521 159 160 162ndash in 4QIns truction 56ndash in Ben Sira 72ndash in Malachi 163 164ndash in Psalms of Solomon 159ndash in Trito-Isaiah 136Exodusndash legendmyth 117ndash imagerymotifs 116 163

form (literary)ndash and meaning 82ndash and worldview 76ndash apocalypse 49ndash criticism 61 62 63 67 68 69 70

74 156 170 214ndash miracle s tory 156ndash wisdom 84ndash (wisdom) ins truction 70 71

Gaius (Caligula) 44 46 123Galilee 23 36 44 45 47 56 73 131

171 194 215ndash village scribes 48ndash villagestowns 24 93 199Gentile(s) 9 87 96 120 126 155 157

158 159 164 167 168 169 173 198 199 209 215

Great Omission 8 9

HasidicHasidim 79 162Hebrew 25 35 39 40 41 42 204Hebrew Biblescriptures 24 118 127

136 160

269Index of Subjects

Hermogenes 171mt Hermon 45 46 47Herod the Great and the Herodian era

43 44 45 46 126Herodians 45(holy) Spirit 72 94 178 189Hulah Valley 45

Isaiah (see the Index of Ancient Sources for specific passages)

ndash Deutero 46 135 136 168 169ndash firs t-century reader of 135ndash Trito 51 54 135 136 137 143 154

163 200Israelndash in Ben Sira 125ndash in Daniel 168ndash in Deuteronomy 118ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 139ndash in the Hebrew Bible 198 199ndash in Jubilees 121ndash in Malachi 163ndash in Q 53 64 78 80 87 96 104 118

127 155 156 158 198 199ndash pre-exilic 50ndash traditional wisdom of 58ndash wilderness myth 117

James (son of Zebedee) 183Jerusalem 44 72 96 106 108 113 119

125 159 166 199 200ndash culttemple 136 137 163 214ndash pries thood 45 47 127Jesusndash as an apocalyptic figure in Q 38ndash as a literary character in Q 21ndash floating traditions ascribed to 48ndash his torical 21 29 37 43 47 73 116

141 142 164 165 171 172 186 198ndash his torical greeting of in Jerusalem

106ndash movement 23ndash tradition 161Jewish Chris tianityndash as a movement in a contes ted envi-

ronment 43 183ndash as a proliferation of groups and

communities 183ndash on the use of the term 23

ndash possible connection to the Enochic movement 47

Jewish War 200John (the Baptis t) 68 78 80 83 85 90

91 92 97 103 104 105 116 159 163 164 165 166 167 169 172

ndash followers of 159 165 166ndash his torical 159 165Journeysndash cosmicterres trial 76 112 113 114

119 122 127ndash heavenly 45 112 113Judea 36 44 200 215

Kallirrhoeuml 45Kleinliteratur 3 4 59 60 73 215

Lordrsquos Prayer 93 94 177Lot 97 99

Maccabean era 126Mas tema 121Matthew and Luke as conservative

traditionalis ts 4Matthewrsquos and Lukersquos redactorial

freedom 4Matthewrsquos use of Q 4messiah 106 116 162 164 210messiahship 123messianic 116 210Migdal 46mimesis 114 141minor agreements 15 130Minor Prophets 146Moses 117

Nag Hammadi 17Nimrod 32

oralndash possible cross-influence on the Gos-

pel of Thomas from the canonical gospels 11 193

ndash harmonization of Matthew and Luke 16

ndash life of the primitive community 60ndash performance 15 16 161ndash source utilization 15ndash tradition 17 98 151ndash transmission 188

Index of Subjects270

ndash usage and application of Q 4ndash usage of Matthew 15ndash variants of Q 4Oxyrhynchus 17

Paneion 46Parousia 116 186 193Parthian invasion of 40 BCE 44 46Paulndash his torical 149 183ndash possible awareness of the Q tradition

by 192persecutionndash as an apocalyptic motif 54ndash because of someone 142ndash in authentic Pauline corpus 149 183ndash in Q 52 54 78 94 107 118 122

126 132 133 134 140 141 142 143 144 175 180 181 182 184 190 194 200 206

ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 138ndash in the Parables of Enoch 141ndash in Trito-Isaiah 137 200ndash plausibility of 182 183Pharisees 65 68 94 166 169 205 206

214pleroma 39prophecyndash pre-exilic and Persian era (classical)

50ndash mixture of with wisdom 77Prophetisierung 75

Qndash apocalypticism apocalyptic motifs

features imagination framework and worldview 23 25 46 53 57 58 63 69 70 71 73 76 79 84 87 88 111 114 121 127 141 175 190 194 197 202 210 211 213 214

ndash apocalyptic document 48 51ndash apocalyptic wisdom ins truction 23

55 70 73 74 77 79 214ndash (apocalyptic) communitymovement

55 107 122 194 195 206 209ndash Aramaic roots 26ndash chris tology 70 81 83 87 93 104

115 116 123 130 131 142 144 145 147 153 154 156 157 159 164 166 167 194 214

ndash demonology 51 53ndash eschatological (apocalyptic) dis-

course 64 83 97 98 170 210 211 212

ndash eschatology 48 51 54 56 69 73 75 87 94 95 101 104 105 108 133 141 142 143 144 147 159 164 165 166 167 169 172 180 192 193 194 198 199 202 203 210

ndash final (literary) form 59 62 69 78 178

ndash hypothetical mid- (lower) level or sub-elite scribal origin 24 59

ndash hypothetical recensions 3 4 59 60 90 98

ndash hypothetical segregation of wisdom and apocalyptic s trata 60 66 67 70 213 214

ndash mission speech 23 56 86 87 92 104 105 107 173 182 194

ndash Pales tinian character 24ndash possible authenticity of its content

22 81ndash prophetic content 61 63 67 70 74

75 76 77 79 80 82 83 142 143 176

ndash recons truction (CEQ) 5 6 10 90 (see also recons truction [in this s tudy] below as such frequently follows the CEQ)

ndash recons truction (feasibility) 2 3 4 10 11

ndash recons truction (in this s tudy) 60 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 111 116 119 120 123 130 131 134 144 147 148 149 151 152 165 169 170 172 175 176 177 178 179 181 184 191 193 199 204 207 213 215

ndash recons truction (methodology) 5 89 90

ndash recons truction (skepticism) 2 10 59 (see also recons tructed Mark below)

ndash sapiential content 12 62 63 67 77 79 80 82 130 154 175 191 202 214

ndash sermon 63 82 91 92 103 105 127 129 130 131 134 135 138 140 144 145 147 152 153 154 155 156

ndash sophis ticated scribal traditions 24ndash sub-literary view of 3 59 60 74

271Index of Subjects

ndash tradents 4 59 67 125 135 147 181 182 197 199 202 203 207 209 214

ndash tradition 13 17 87 161 163 164 186 187 192 202

Quintillian 171Qumran (see the Index of Ancient

Sources for specific documents)ndash apocalyptic worldview 50 135ndash Aramaic corpus 33ndash beatitude collection 133ndash communitymovementYahad 44 53

56 121 135 136 137 157 160 161 206 207 208 209

ndash demonology 124ndash discovery 29ndash fellowship with angels 115ndash fragments of 1 Enoch 44ndash library 43ndash manualsrules 82ndash sapiential literature 25 55 56 57

58 62 69ndash social setting 43

recons tructed Mark 2 6 7 8 9 10RomeRomans 44 91 121 126 159

199 207ndash occupation of Judea 44

sage(s) 55 56 79 84Samaria 44Satan 50 51 52 53 114 115 117 118

120 121 159 192scribe(s) 102 205ndash ancient reading practices of 102ndash as a Q opponent group 68 169 205ndash as advanced or elite readers of Q

102 103ndash Enochic 46 215ndash in Matthewrsquos community (other than

Matthew) 4ndash in the Q community 48 135 195

215ndash in the text of Q 169 172ndash memory competence of 4 102ndash responsible for 2 Enoch 112ndash responsible for Did 13bndash5b 15scriptorium 46Sefire 27 37Sepphoris 38 46Sermon on the Mount 15 16 87 94

Sermon on the Plain 15 16(Deutero-Isaianic) Servant 136 168 169Sidon 199Simeon II 125Son of Man 47 115ndash Aramaic background of the phrase

25 26 28 37 153ndash as a messianic title in the Parables of

Enoch 28 46ndash circumlocutional non-titular use of

the phrase in Late Aramaic 34ndash classifications of the phrasersquos Q

ins tances 26ndash designation of as Son of Humanity in

some recent research 39ndash his torical incarnation of as under-

s tood by some ancient authors 165 172

ndash hypothetical non-titular (circumlocu-tional or generic) use of the definite phrase in Middle Aramaic by the his torical Jesus and in Q 28 29 34 37 38 39 42 43 52 71 140 142 167 170 186 187

ndash in Daniel 41 42 186 213ndash in Luke 142 186ndash in Mark 41ndash in Matthew 99 142 186ndash in Q 25 26 34 38 39 42 43 46 47

52 53 64 67 69 70 71 96 98 104 106 115 116 123 141 142 147 164 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 176 185 186 187 188 189 191 194 201 203 210 212 213

ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 170ndash in the Parables of Enoch 25 28 41

42 43 44 45 46 47 122 141 142 146 147 153 155 164 165 168 169 172 173 202 213

ndash non-titular use of the indefinite phrase in Middle Aramaic 41

ndash titular (including but not limited to chris tological) use of the definite phrase in Q 34 38 52 53 64 70 104 123 142 143 147 167 168 172 173 185 186 187 189 191 194 201 203 210 212 213

Sondergut 89 90ndash Matthean 91ndash Lukan 94 95 97 98 177

Index of Subjects272

Sophiandash myth (Enochic tradition) 172 202ndash myth (synoptic tradition) 96 200

201ndash words of 96 201synopticndash gospels 11 150 151ndash material 16 151ndash parallels 18 19ndash problem 1ndash Sayings Source 3 216ndash s tudies 4ndash tradition 17 21 26 98 101 131 151

158 205 215Syria 215

Talmud 30 36 37 38Targum 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

38 40 41ndash recons truction of the Pales tinian Tar-

gum 32Taricheae 46Tell Dan 45templendash apparatusins titution 50 96 107

113 119 125 126 127 137 157 197 200 205

ndash eschatological 76

ndash purityholiness of 65 123 137ndash mitigatingprotective role 51 124ndash of Augus tus at Paneion 45ndash second temple era 25 41 44 48 56

62 70 71 72 79 82 84 121 124 136 137 154 163 186 201 209 213 216

ndash liturgy 124ndash mounthill 113ndash pollution of as perceived by some

ancient authors 113 125 136Theon of Alexandria 171Tiberias 38Torah 58 64 72 79 112 207 208 209transfiguration 47tree of knowledge 113Tyre 199

Vermes-Fitzmyer debate 28 38 39

Watchers 45 53 121Wicked Pries t 125

Yahweh 117 118

Zechariah (son of Jehoiada) 200mt Zion 113

  • Cover13
  • Titel13
  • Preface
  • Table of Contents13
  • List of Abbreviations
  • Chapter One Prolegomena
    • 1 Introduction Recent Methodological Questions in Q Studies
    • 2 The Study of Q as a Reconstructed Text
      • Index of Ancient Sources
      • Index of Modern Authors
      • Index of Subjects
Page 2: Apocalypticism in the Synoptic Sayings Source€¦ · Apocalypticism in the Synoptic Sayings Source A Reassessment of Q’s Stratigraphy Mohr Siebeck. Olegs Andrejevs, born 1982;

Olegs Andrejevs

Apocalypticism in the Synoptic Sayings Source

A Reassessment of Qrsquos Stratigraphy

Mohr Siebeck

Olegs Andrejevs born 1982 2013 PhD Loyola University Chicago currently Instructor in the Religion Department at Carthage College and the Department of Theology at Loyola University Chicago

ISBN 978-3-16-157639-3 eISBN 978-3-16-157640-9 DOI 101628 978-3-16-157640-9

ISSN 0340-9570 eISSN 2568-7484 (Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament 2 Reihe)

The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliographie detailed bibliographic data are available on the Internet at httpdnbdnbde

copy 2019 Mohr Siebeck Tuumlbingen Germany wwwmohrsiebeckcom

This book may not be reproduced in whole or in part in any form (beyond that permitted by copyright law) without the publisherrsquos written permission This applies particularly to repro-ductions translations and storage and processing in electronic systems

The book was printed by Laupp amp Goumlbel in Gomaringen on non-aging paper and bound by Buchbinderei Naumldele in Nehren

Printed in Germany

Preface

Writing this book has been an immensely satisfying and joyful journey It rep-resents the hopefully more mature fruit of my thinking about Q and its compo-sition several years following the completion of my dissertation in 2013 It is not a rewrite or revision of the dissertation but a totally new composition that devel-ops some of the ideas firs t articulated in that work A good portion of the time following the dissertation was spent elaborating the s tratigraphic analysis that underlies the current project My concern has been to advance and sharpen the diachronic s tudy of Q pointing up its advantages over the synchronic approach and its contribution to the s tudy of formative Jewish Chris tianity As the bookrsquos title indicates the principal objective of the s tudy is to highlight the presence of the apocalyptic worldview in all of Qrsquos compositional s tages

Easily the mos t challenging aspect of this process was the inevitable neces-sity to take some time away from my family ndash S tella Josie Natasha Mary and S teve To them this work is therefore dedicated firs t and foremos t Without their love and support I simply could not have done it I am also grateful to my pas t teachers and present colleagues especially Professors Wendy J Cotter Robert A Di Vito Jim Lochtefeld and Rom Mazcka Toward the end of this journey at Mohr Siebeck I have had the pleasure of having the transition of my man-uscript from its acceptance to its print-ready form overseen by a phenomenal team who have expertly guided me through every s tep of the process Katharina Gutekuns t Elena Muumlller Tobias S taumlbler and Rebekka Zech Mr Wesley Ding-man has kindly rectified some nagging issues in preparing the final PDF file Of course I take full responsibility for any errors that remain

Finally I would like to thank Professor Joumlrg Frey and the board of editors for accepting this work for publication

Table of Contents

Preface v

Lis t of Abbreviations xii

Chapter One Prolegomena 1

1 Introduction Recent Methodological Ques tions in Q S tudies 1

2 The S tudy of Q as a Recons tructed Text 3

3 Possible Independent Witnesses to Qrsquos Sayings and S tories 11

31 Q and its Possible Autonomous Parallels1132 Contes ted Case no 1 Q and Did 13bndash5b 1333 Contes ted Case no 2 Q and the Gospel of Thomas 17

4 Q and the His torical Jesus 21

Chapter Two Q An Apocalyptic Wisdom Ins truction 23

1 Introduction The Necessity of a Renewed Inquiry into Qrsquos Apocalypticism 23

2 Q and the Son of Man 25

21 The Semitic Background of ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου 2522 From Fiebig to Vermes by way of Kahle 26

221 From Fiebig to Vermes 26222 The Targumic Evidence and the Kahle School 30

23 From Vermes to Modern Q Research by Way of Colpe 32231 Vermesrsquos Corpus of Evidence The Problem of the Aphaeresis 32232 The Ques tion of Determination 34233 Colpe and the New Tes tament Son of Man S tudies

pos t-Kittel 3624 The Use of בר אנשאנשא in Official and Middle Aramaic 40

Table of ContentsVIII

25 Q and its Apocalyptic Predecessors Case no 1 The Son of Man in the Parables of Enoch 41

3 Q and the Apocalyptic Worldview 48

31 Apocalypse and Apocalypticism 4832 Deuteronomis tic Business as Usual ndash in Q John S Kloppenborgrsquos

ldquoSymbolic Eschatologyrdquo 5333 Q and its Apocalyptic Predecessors Case no 2 4QIns truction 55

Chapter Three Recent Compositional S tudies of Q (1987ndashPresent) 59

1 Introduction The Necessity of Returning to the Issues of the Composition and S tratigraphy of Q 59

2 John S Kloppenborg and ldquoThe Formation of Qrdquo (1987) 62

21 Theory 6222 Analysis of Kloppenborgrsquos Q3 s tratum 6523 Analysis of Kloppenborgrsquos Q2 s tratum 6624 Analysis of Kloppenborgrsquos Q1 s tratum 7025 Conclusion 73

3 Migaku Sato and ldquoQ und Prophetierdquo (1988) 74

31 Prophetisierung ndash in Q 7432 Prophecy and Apocalypticism 76

4 Arland D Jacobson and ldquoThe Firs t Gospelrdquo (1992) 77

5 Dale C Allison and ldquoThe Jesus Tradition in Qrdquo (1997) 80

6 The Synchronic Models of Alan Kirk and HT Fleddermann 83

61 Alan Kirk and ldquoThe Composition of the Sayings Sourcerdquo (1998) 8362 HT Fleddermann and ldquoQ A Recons truction

and Commentaryrdquo (2005) 8463 Conflicting Timelines and the Synchronic Approach to Q 86

7 Moving Forward 87

IXTable of Contents

Chapter Four Recons truction 89

1 Introduction 89

2 Recons truction of Qrsquos Sequence 90

Chapter Five Macro Compositions in Q 101

1 Introduction 101

2 The Compositional S tructure of Q 32bndash960 103

3 The Compositional S tructure of Q 102ndash1240 105

4 The Compositional S tructure of Q 1235ndash2230 108

Chapter Six The Temptation S tory 111

1 Introduction 111

2 Q 41ndash13 Genre Interpretation and S tratigraphy 112

21 The S toryrsquos Genre A Cosmic Journey 11222 Q 41ndash13 as an Angelic Disputation 11423 The Firs t Sequence (Q 41ndash4) 11624 The Second Sequence (Q 45ndash8) 11925 The Third Sequence (Q 49ndash13) 123

3 Summary S tratigraphic Provenance of Q 41ndash13 126

Chapter Seven Q 416 620ndash49 129

1 Introduction 129

2 Ναζαρά (Q 416 ) 130

3 The Beatitudes (Q 620bndash23) 131

31 Recons truction and the Main Issues 13132 Is Mourning a Socioeconomic Index LXX Isa 611ndash3 as

the Intertextual Background of Q 620bndash2113233 The Q Beatitudes and their Thomasine Parallels 13734 Q 622ndash23 and 1 Pet 314 414 139

Table of ContentsX

35 Ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου in Q 622c 14036 The Prophets in Q 623c14337 Conclusion Q 620bndash23 as a Q2 Composition 143

4 ldquoWhy do you call me lsquoκύριε κύριεrsquordquo Q 646 and the Chris tological Bookends of the Sermon 144

5 The Sectio Evangelica (Q 627ndash635) and Q 636 147

51 The Shared Vorlage of Q 627ndash35 and Did 13bndash5b 14752 Q 627ndash36 Imitatio Dei and Divine Adoption 152

6 Summary S tratigraphic Provenance of Q 416 620ndash49 153

Chapter Eight Q 71ndash960 155

1 Introduction 155

2 Q and the Gentile Mission in Q 71ndash10 155

3 ldquoGo and Tell Johnrdquo (Q 718ndash23) 159

4 Σὺ εἶ ὁ ἐρχόμενος The Son of Manrsquos Earthly Mission in Q 734 and 958 165

41 Ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου in Q 73416542 Ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου in Q 95816943 Q 959ndash60 as a Q2 Text 172

5 Summary Compositional Unity of Q 71ndash35 957ndash60 173

Chapter Nine Q 102ndash1240 175

1 Introduction 175

2 S tratigraphic Provenance of Q 128ndash10 176

21 S tructural Similarity of Q 124ndash7 to Q 112bndash4 9ndash13 1222bndash34 17622 Q 122ndash12 as a Q1 ldquoPersecution Speechrdquo 18123 Ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου in Q 128ndash10184

231 Recons truction and the Main Issues 184232 Ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου in Q 128 185233 Ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου ndash in Q 129 188

XITable of Contents

234 Ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου in Q 1210 188235 Conclusion Q 128ndash10 as a Q1 Text 190

3 S tratigraphic Provenance of Q 1239ndash40 190

31 Q 1239-40 and Q 1233ndash34 19032 Q 1239-40 and Gos Thom 215ndash8192

4 Summary 194

Chapter 10 Q 1235ndash2230 197

1 Introduction 197

2 Ten Los t Tribes or Gentiles in Q 1328ndash29 198

3 Q and its Opponents200

31 Jesus and the Temple in Q 1149ndash51 1334ndash35 20032 Q2 and the Wicked Slaves 203

4 The Halakhic Compendium in Q 1617ndash172 206

5 S tratigraphic Provenance of Q 1723ndash37 210

51 Q 1723ndash37 as an Apocalyptic Discourse 21052 Ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου in Q 1723ndash37212

Chapter 11 Conclusion 213

Bibliography 217

Index of Ancient Sources 245

Index of Modern Authors 261

Index of Subjects 267

Lis t of Abbreviations

AASF Annales Academiae Scientiarum FennicaeAB Anchor BibleABD Anchor Bible DictionaryABRL Anchor Bible Reference LibraryAcOr Acta OrientaliaAGJU Arbeiten zur Geschichte des antiken Judentums und des Urchris tentumsAnBib Analecta BiblicaANTC Abingdon New Tes tament CommentariesBBB Bonner Biblische BeitraumlgeBeO Biblica et OrientaliaBETL Bibliotheca Ephemeridum Theologicarum LovaniensiumBib BiblicaBJRL Bulletin of the John Rylands University Library of Manches terBNTC Blackrsquos New Tes tament CommentaryBR Biblical ResearchBSR Bulletin for the S tudy of ReligionBTB Biblical Theology BulletinBTS Biblical Tools and S tudiesBWANT Beitraumlge zur Wissenschaft vom Alten und Neuen Tes tamentBZ Biblische ZeitschriftBZNW Beihefte zur Zeitschrift fuumlr die neutes tamentliche WissenschaftCBR Currents in Biblical ResearchCC Concordia CommentaryCEQ The Critical Edition of Q Synopsis Including the Gospels of Matthew

and Luke Mark and Thomas with English German and French Translations of Q and Thomas

CBQ Catholic Biblical Quarterly CRINT Compendia Rerum Iudaicarum ad Novum Tes tamentumDJD Discoveries in the Judean DesertDSD Dead Sea DiscoveriesECC Eerdmans Critical CommentaryEs tBib Es tudios BiblicosETL Ephemerides Theologicae LovaniensesEvT Evangelische TheologieExpT The Expository TimesFB Forschung zur BibelFFRS Foundations and Facets Reference SeriesFRLANT Forschungen zur Religion und Literatur des Alten und Neuen Tes tamentsGTJ Grace Theological JournalHNT Handbuch zum Neuen Tes tamentHR His tory of ReligionsHTCNT Herderrsquos Theological Commentary on the New Tes tament

XIV Lis t of Abbreviations

HTR Harvard Theological ReviewHTS Harvard Theological S tudiesIBS Irish Biblical S tudiesICC The International Critical CommentaryIQP The International Q ProjectJAOS Journal of the American Oriental SocietyJBL Journal of Biblical LiteratureJCTCRS Jewish and Chris tian Texts in Contexts and Related S tudiesJECH Journal of Early Chris tian His toryJJS Journal of Jewish S tudiesJQR Jewish Quarterly ReviewJR Journal of ReligionJSJ Journal for the S tudy of JudaismJSJSup Journal for the S tudy of Judaism Supplement SeriesJSNT Journal for the S tudy of the New Tes tamentJSNTSup Journal for the S tudy of the New Tes tament Supplement SeriesJSOT Journal for the S tudy of the Old Tes tamentJSOTSup Journal for the S tudy of the Old Tes tament Supplement SeriesJSP Journal for the S tudy of the PseudepigraphaJSPSup Journal for the S tudy of the Pseudepigrapha Supplement SeriesJTC Journal for Theology and the ChurchJTS Journal of Theological S tudiesLingBibl Linguis tica BiblicaLNTS Library of New Tes tament S tudiesLS TS Library of Second Temple S tudiesLUA Lunds Universitets ArsskriftMTS Marburger theologische S tudienMThA Muumlns teraner theologische AbhandlungenNA Neutes tamentliche ArbeitenNHS Nag Hammadi S tudiesNHMS Nag Hammadi and Manichaean S tudiesNIBC The New International Biblical CommentaryNIGTC The New International Greek Tes tament Commentary NovT Novum Tes tamentumNovTSup Novum Tes tamentum SupplementsNTL The New Tes tament LibraryNTR New Tes tament ReadingsNTS New Tes tament S tudiesNTTS New Tes tament Tools and S tudiesOTL The Old Tes tament LibraryPBM Paternos ter Biblical MonographsPFES Publications of the Finnish Exegetical SocietyRB Revue bibliqueRevQ Revue de QumranSAC S tudies in Antiquity and Chris tianity SBL S tudies in Biblical LiteratureSBLECL Society of Biblical Literature Early Chris tianity and its LiteratureSBLEJL Society of Biblical Literature Early Judaism and its LiteratureSBLMS Society of Biblical Literature Monograph SeriesSBLSBS Society of Biblical Literature Sources for Biblical S tudySBLSP Society of Biblical Literature Seminar PapersSNTSMS Society for New Tes tament S tudies Monograph Series

XVLis t of Abbreviations

ScrHier Scripta HierosolymitanaSPhiloA S tudia Philonica AnnualS TDJ S tudies on the Texts of the Desert of JudahS tJ S tudia JudaicaSVTP S tudia in Veteris Tes tamenti PseudepigraphaSVTQ S t Vladimirrsquos Theological QuarterlyTAZ Texte und Arbeiten zum neutes tamentlichen ZeitalterTDNT Theological Dictionary of the New Tes tamentTENT Texts and Editions for New Tes tament S tudyTJT Toronto Journal of TheologyTS Theological S tudiesTTZ Trierer theologische ZeitschriftUNDCSJCA University of Notre Dame Center for the S tudy of Judaism and

Chris tianity in AntiquityVCSup Vigiliae Chris tianae Supplement SeriesVT Vetus Tes tamentumVTSup Vetus Tes tamentum Supplement SeriesWBC Word Biblical CommentaryWUNT Wissenchaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Tes tamentZDMG Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenlaumlndischen GesellschaftZKT Zeitschrift fuumlr katholische TheologieZNW Zeitschrift fuumlr die neutes tamentliche WissenschaftZTK Zeitschrift fuumlr Theologie und Kirche

Chapter One

Prolegomena

1 Introduction Recent Methodological Questions in Q Studies

A survey of the current trends in New Testament and Q studies reveals a some-what uncertain environment While the Two-Document Hypothesis (hereafter 2DH) continues to hold its own occasional skepticism with regard to Qrsquos ex-istence has by no means dissipated1 Within the ranks of those scholars who work with or trend toward the 2DH the written character of Q is not universally accepted2 Among those who accept the premise of a written Q there remain

1 For recent arguments against the 2DH see eg Mark S Goodacre The Case Against Q

Studies in Markan Priority and the Synoptic Problem (Harrisburg PA Trinity Press Interna-tional 2002) Francis Watson Gospel Writing A Canonical Perspective (Grand Rapids MI Eerdmans 2013) For responses to these scholars see eg Paul Foster ldquoIs It Possible to Dis-pense with Qrdquo NovT 45 (2003) 313ndash37 John S Kloppenborg ldquoOn Dispensing with Q Goodacre on the Relation of Luke to Matthewrdquo NTS 49 (2003) 210ndash36 Christopher M Tuck-ett ldquoWatson Q and LMrdquo in Gospel Interpretation and the Q-Hypothesis (ed Mogens Muumlller and Heike Omerzu LNTS 573 London TampT Clark 2018) 115ndash38 (for Watsonrsquos rejoinder see ldquoSeven Theses on the Synoptic Problem in Disagreement with Christopher Tuckettrdquo in Idem 139ndash47) For classic comprehensive cases in support of the 2DH see Joseph A Fitzmyer ldquoThe Priority of Mark and the lsquoQrsquo Source in Lukerdquo in Jesus and Manrsquos Hope (ed Donald G Miller Pittsburgh PA Pittsburgh Theological Seminary 1970) 131ndash70 W D Davies and Dale C Allison The Gospel According to Saint Matthew (ICC 26 3 vols Edinburgh TampT Clark 1988ndash97) 1115ndash21 John S Kloppenborg Verbin Excavating Q The History and Set-ting of the Sayings Gospel (Minneapolis MN Fortress Press 2000) 11ndash54 For recent investi-gations demonstrating the viability of the 2DH see Robert A Derrenbacker Ancient Composi-tional Practices and the Synoptic Problem (BETL 186 Leuven Leuven University Press 2005) Alan Kirk Q in Matthew Ancient Media Memory and Early Scribal Transmission of the Jesus Tradition (LNTS 564 London TampT Clark 2016) For additional recent statements by Q scholars see Simon J Joseph The Nonviolent Messiah Jesus Q and the Enochic Tradi-tion (Minneapolis MN Fortress Press 2014) 8ndash10 Giovanni B Bazzana Kingdom of Bureau-cracy The Political Ideology of Village Scribes in the Sayings Gospel Q (BETL 274 Leuven Peeters 2015) 2ndash3 While a close discussion of the synoptic problem lies outside the scope of this monograph it is perhaps worth emphasizing that the solutions of Goodacre and Watson are equally if not more so hypothetical than the 2DH

2 Eg Terence C Mournet Oral Tradition and Literary Dependency Variability and Sta-bility in the Synoptic Tradition and Q (WUNT 2195 Tuumlbingen Mohr Siebeck 2005) Armin D Baum Der muumlndliche Faktor und seine Bedeutung fuumlr die synoptische Frage (TAZ 49 Tuuml-bingen Francke 2008) James D G Dunn The Oral Gospel Tradition (Grand Rapids MI Eerdmans 2013) For responses to the arguments made by these and other scholars see John

2 Chapter One Prolegomena

important disagreements regarding the attainability of Qrsquos word-level recon-struction3 Additionally questions about the provenance of portions of two sec-ond-century documents the Didache and the pseudepigraphal Gospel of Thomas continue to affect the study of Qrsquos sources and redaction If the Q parallels contained in those documents derive from the canonical gospels ndash as some scholars have argued ndash then such parallels obviously have no bearing on Qrsquos compositional history If however certain sayings or combinations of say-ings reach the Didache and Thomas via autonomous channels apart from the canonical gospels and can be shown to not depend on Q then the hypothesis of a Vorlage shared by the parallels in question and Q becomes logical It is not difficult to see how these matters are critical to the study of Qrsquos stratigraphy After all one of its fundamental tasks is to identify possible modifications of traditional material thereby acquiring a better understanding of the documentrsquos redactional interests

This chapter will discuss two of the aforementioned issues While we pre-suppose the validity of the 2DH and Qrsquos written character in what follows we shall engage the feasibility of Qrsquos reconstruction and the attainability of the documentrsquos wording The former has recently been dismissed by a number of scholars who have pointed out the inferiority of the reconstructed Mark4 to the canonical version of the gospel while Qrsquos wording has come under renewed scrutiny This will be followed by arguments in support of the autonomy of Did 13bndash21 and portions of the Gospel of Thomas both contested subjects in recent academic discussion Some of the observations included in the treatment of these matters will cover familiar terrain However their configuration is de-signed to highlight the problematic nature of a number of current claims and to lay the methodological foundation for the present investigation as well as for a fresh treatment of the Sayings Source and related documents5

S Kloppenborg ldquoVariation and Reproduction of the Double Tradition and an Oral Qrdquo ETL 83 (2007) 53ndash80 Alan Kirk ldquoOrality Writing and Phantom Sources Appeals to Ancient Media in Some Recent Challenges to the Two Document Hypothesisrdquo NTS 58 (2011) 1ndash22 Idem Q in Matthew 151ndash66 220ndash24 293ndash97 Sarah E Rollens Framing Social Criticism in the Jesus Movement The Ideological Project in the Sayings Gospel Q (WUNT 2374 Tuumlbingen Mohr Siebeck 2014) 81ndash90 See also the earlier discussion in eg Joseph A Fitzmyer The Gospel According to Luke (AB 28 and 28A 2 vols New York NY Doubleday 1981ndash85) 75ndash81 John S Kloppenborg Formation of Q Trajectories in Ancient Wisdom Collections (SAC Phil-adelphia PA Fortress Press 1987) 42ndash51 Davies and Allison Matthew 1116 H T Fledder-mann Q A Reconstruction and Commentary (BTS 1 Leuven Peeters 2005) 41ndash68 Based on the case made collectively by the above scholars it will be a presupposition of this study that Q was a written document

3 Eg Dieter T Roth The Parables in Q (LNTS 582 London TampT Clark 2018) 30ndash44 See the discussion below in this chapter

4 Viz Markrsquos gospel as reconstructed from its reception by Matthew and Luke 5 It is necessary also to address the frequent identification of Q as a gospel Frans Neirynck

(ldquoQ From Source to Gospelrdquo ETL 71 [1995] 421) notes that ldquothe use of the term originated in the SBL Q Seminar and was strongly promoted by its presidents James M Robinson and John

2 The Study of Q as a Reconstructed Text 3

2 The Study of Q as a Reconstructed Text 2 The Study of Q as a Reconstructed Text It is one thing to assert based on the synoptic evidence that Q was a written document with a single recension of the finished text6 It is another matter to

S Kloppenborgrdquo For the rationale see eg John S Kloppenborg ldquoIntroductionrdquo in The Shape of Q Signal Essays on the Sayings Gospel (ed Idem Minneapolis MN Fortress Press 1994) 1 n 1 I am sympathetic with Neirynckrsquos view (ldquoQ From Source to Gospelrdquo 429) it is ldquoan advantage of the full designation lsquo(Synoptic) Sayings Source Qrsquo that it reminds us of the fact that we have no direct access to the text of Q it remains a hypothetical source text that we are to reconstruct from Matthew and Lukerdquo Furthermore there is ldquoa difference between recogniz-ing that the sayings of Jesus contain the gospel and designating the Sayings collection as a Gospelrdquo Edwin K Broadhead ldquoOn the (Mis)Definition of Qrdquo JSNT 68 (1999) 9

6 The alternative premise ndash of two separate recensions (QMatt and QLk) ndash is quite venerable Eg Rudolph Bultmann The History of the Synoptic Tradition (New York NY Harper amp Row 1963) 328 (originally published in 1921) In modern research it has continued to be accepted with a varying degree of certainty by a number of New Testament and Q scholars eg I Howard Marshall The Gospel of Luke A Commentary on the Greek Text (NIGTC Grand Rap-ids MI Eerdmans 1978) 30ndash1 Davies and Allison Matthew 1121 Migaku Sato Q und Prophetie Studien zur Gattungs- und Traditionsgeschichte der Quelle Q (WUNT 229 Tuuml-bingen Mohr Siebeck 1988) 18ndash19 Hans Dieter Betz The Sermon on the Mount (Hermeneia Minneapolis MI Fortress Press 1995) 7ndash9 Ulrich Luz Matthew 8ndash20 (Hermeneia Minne-apolis MN Fortress Press 2001) Idem Matthew 21ndash28 (Hermeneia Minneapolis MN For-tress Press 2005) Idem ldquoMatthew and Qrdquo in Studies in Matthew (Grand Rapids MI Eerd-mans 2005) 39ndash53 Idem Matthew 1ndash7 (Hermeneia Minneapolis MN Fortress Press 2007) Idem ldquoLooking at Q through the Eyes of Matthewrdquo in New Studies in the Synoptic Problem Oxford Conference April 2008 Essays in Honour of Christopher M Tuckett (ed Paul Foster Andrew Gregory John S Kloppenborg Joseph Verheyden BETL 239 Leuven Leuven Uni-versity Press 2011) 571ndash89 John T Carroll Luke A Commentary (NTL Louisville KY Westminster John Knox Press 2012) 8 Rollens Framing Social Criticism 86 n 10 Bazzana Kingdom of Bureaucracy 4ndash5 John S Kloppenborg ldquoA lsquoParting of the Waysrsquo in Qrdquo in Q in Context I The Separation between the Just and the Unjust in Early Judaism and in the Sayings Source (ed Markus Tiwald BBB 172 Goumlttingen Vandenhoeck amp Ruprecht 2015) 123 Klop-penborg (ibid) has recently stated ldquoIn what follows I will assume the still-dominant view of Q that it is a document that came to Matthew and Luke in approximately the same form I say lsquoapproximatelyrsquo because we must allow for some variation at least in wording of Q and perhaps even expansions ndash the kind of elaboration that Ulrich Luz and his students have proposedrdquo In my view the drawbacks of this hypothesis significantly outweigh its potential benefits Klop-penborg (Excavating Q 109) and Bazzana (Kingdom of Bureaucracy 4ndash5) appeal to the diver-sity of the NT manuscripts and their circulation patterns but this is an argument from analogy rather than a demonstration The only way of demonstrating the existence of such recensions would be by showing (preferably on multiple occasions) that Matthewrsquos or Lukersquos Sondergut text adjacent to or interpolated in a Q block of material is traditional coheres with the content of that Q block and of the Q document and is unlikely to have been omitted by the other evan-gelist This is virtually impossible to demonstrate conclusively and so the hypothesis enters the realm of speculation (eg Fitzmyer Luke 80) where ldquoin every case there are other possible explanationsrdquo (Luz ldquoLooking at Qrdquo 579) Further red flags lurk in the occasional connection between the multiple recension hypothesis and the sub-literary (Kleinliteratur) view of Q (eg ibid 578 584) Thus Luz (Matthew 1ndash7 19) and Sato (Q und Prophetie 72ndash77) envision Q as

4 Chapter One Prolegomena

produce a reliable reconstruction of that text The point of departure rests with Matthewrsquos and Lukersquos redaction of Mark Luke preserves the Markan order with only minor exceptions The implications of this naturally carry over to the reconstruction of Qrsquos sequence7 Based on the conclusions reached by Heinrich Julius Holtzmann in 18638 confirmed by Burnett Hillman Streeter and George DeWitt Castor in the first half of the twentieth century9 and reaffirmed by the

a notebook to which new sheets could be added at any time Some such approach to Q has formed the dominant paradigm in 2DH based synoptic studies until only recently See the sur-vey of scholarship in Alan Kirk The Composition of the Sayings Source Genre Synchrony and Wisdom Redaction in Q (NovTSup 91 Leiden Brill 1998) 2ndash64 As the discussion in chapters three and five of this study will suggest (in continuity with Kirkrsquos view) the Kleinlit-eratur paradigm constitutes a mischaracterization of Q This still leaves the option of Q receiv-ing further editing from its own tradents which essentially amounts to an additional layer of redaction (eg one would have to envision a Q4 stratum in Kloppenborgrsquos stratigraphy) The outline and profile of such a redaction (or in the case of QMatt and QLk redactions) remains to be demonstrated however Meanwhile the documentrsquos eventual disappearance and complete lack of attestation in the Church Fathers suggests caution in imagining any kind of significant textual proliferation Could multiple autonomous copies of Q go from being in possession by and being normative for some of the early Christianityrsquos most prominent communities to van-ishing not only from existence but also from subsequent memory It seems that the possibility of a single circulating copy at least deserves further consideration Finally Neirynckrsquos objection remains pertinent ldquothe need for positing an intermediate stage is it not a logical consequence of their too restrictive notion of Matthean and Lukan redactionrdquo Frans Neirynck ldquoQMt and QLk and the Reconstruction of Qrdquo ETL 66 (1990) 390 In other words Qrsquos putative textual fluidity has much to do with a restriction of Matthean andor Lukan redactorial freedom and derives logically from a view of Matthew andor Luke as conservative traditionalists Syreenirsquos obser-vations made with regard to the thesis of a QMatt offer an alternative ldquoInstead of such a literary evolution it would be quite natural to reckon with oral usage and application of Q sayings and sequences in Matthewrsquos community Oral variants and new combinations of various Q passages as well as combinations of Q and special material were to be expected if Q was used for pur-poses of community teaching and paraenesis Also ecclesiastical material which was affected or even inspired by Q sayings was likely to emerge Some literary reworking may have been made what I doubt however is the existence of a massively expanded QMt editionrdquo Kari Syreeni The Making of the Sermon on the Mount A Procedural Analysis of Matthewrsquos Redac-torial Activity (AASF 44 Helsinki Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia 1987) 161 Because the ex-istence of scribes other than the gospelrsquos author in Matthewrsquos community has not been demon-strated I hesitate to imagine a literary reworking of Q by that community prior to the gospelrsquos composition (a similar situation obtains on the Lukan side) With this minor adjustment Syreenirsquos statement describes the optimal alternative to the multiple recension hypothesis

7 It should be noted however that although Matthewrsquos approach to Q (when reconstructed based on its Lukan sequence) can be described as liberal Matthewrsquos ldquoappropriative movement through Q is consistently forwardrdquo indicating memory competence and ldquocognitive operations that follow the schematic organizational linesrdquo of the source Kirk Q in Matthew 166

8 Heinrich Julius Holtzmann Die synoptischen Evangelien Ihr Uhrsprung und geschicht-licher Charakter (Leipzig Wilhelm Engelmann 1986) 142ndash43

9 Burnett Hillman Streeter ldquoOn the Original Order of Qrdquo in Oxford Studies in the Synoptic Problem (ed William Sanday Oxford At the Clarendon Press 1911) 141ndash64 George DeWitt

2 The Study of Q as a Reconstructed Text 5

ensuing Q scholarship as well as a number of Matthean and Lukan scholars10 today it is possible to assert with ldquoa near unanimity that Luke best preserved the sequence of Q sayingsrdquo11

Q attained what currently remains its definitive reconstruction by the end of the twentieth century in the form of The Critical Edition of Q (hereafter CEQ)12 To call the CEQ ldquodefinitiverdquo of course is to neither imply its infalli-bility nor to expect it to produce the final say on the matter13 As noted by James M Robinson in the introduction to the CEQ it was a product ldquoof a team of scholars who have been working together since 1985 as the International Q Projectrdquo (hereafter IQP)14 The text and sequence of Q published in the CEQ

Castor Matthewrsquos Sayings of Jesus The Non-Marcan Common Source of Matthew and Luke (PhD diss University of Chicago 1918) 120ndash39

10 Eg T W Manson The Sayings of Jesus as recorded in the Gospels according to St Matthew and St Luke arranged with introduction and commentary (London SCM Press 1949 reprint 1971) 39ndash148 James M Robinson ldquoThe Sermon on the Mount Plain Work Sheets for the Reconstruction of Qrdquo SBLSP 22 (1983) 451ndash54 Arland D Jacobson The First Gospel An Introduction to Q (FFRS Sonoma CA Polebridge Press 1992) 45 Dale C Allison The Jesus Tradition in Q (Harrisburg PA Trinity Press International 1997) 2 n 6 Franҫois Bovon Luke 1 A Commentary on the Gospel of Luke 11ndash950 (Hermeneia Minneapolis MN Fortress Press 2002) 6ndash8 Kirk Q in Matthew 163ndash66

11 Kloppenborg Verbin Excavating Q 88 Noting that ldquomost recent reconstructions of Q include both (a) the double tradition and (b) items triply attested where the degree of agreement against Mark is substantial and where the agreements are not likely to be merely coincidentalrdquo Kloppenborg (ibid 92) uses these criteria to assign the following texts to Q (by Lukan versifi-cation) Q 37bndash9 16bndash17 41ndash13 620bndash23 27ndash33 35c 36ndash37b 38c 39ndash49 71bndash2 6bndash10 18ndash19 22ndash23 24ndash28 31ndash35 957ndash60 102ndash16 21ndash22 23bndash24 112ndash4 9ndash13 14ndash20 23 24ndash26 29ndash35 39ndash44 46ndash52 122ndash12 22bndash31 33ndash34 39ndash40 42bndash46 51ndash53 54bndash56 58ndash59 1318ndash19 20ndash21 24 26ndash27 28ndash30 34ndash35 14111814 1416ndash24 26ndash27 34ndash35 154ndash7 1613 16 17 18 171bndash2 3bndash4 6b 23ndash24 26ndash27 30 33 34ndash35 37b 1912ndash13 15bndash26 2228bndash30 Kloppenborg also assigns to Q some Sondergut materials which involve a different set of methodological considerations See the discussion in chapter four

12 James M Robinson Paul Hoffmann and John S Kloppenborg eds The Critical Edition of Q Synopsis including the Gospels of Matthew and Luke Mark and Thomas with English German and French Translations of Q and Thomas (Hermeneia Supplement Series Minneap-olis MN Fortress Press 2000)

13 It may suffice here to quote the editors James M Robinson ldquoHistory of Q Researchrdquo in The Critical Edition of Q lxxi ldquoIt is not to be assumed that the present critical text is a last wordrdquo John S Kloppenborg ldquoThe Use of the Synoptics or Q in Did 13bndash21rdquo in Matthew and the Didache Two Documents from the Same Jewish-Christian Milieu (ed Huub van de Sandt Minneapolis MN Fortress Press 2005) 115 ldquoWhile the Critical Edition should hardly be taken as the definitive reconstruction of Q it does provide a benchmark and a useful point of referencerdquo

14 Robinson ldquoHistory of Q Researchrdquo xix For a survey of IQPrsquos methodology and results as assessed at the time of the CEQrsquos publication see Christoph Heil ldquoDie Q-Rekonstruktion des Internationalen Q-Projekts Einfuumlhrung in Methodik und Resultaterdquo NovT 43 (2001) 128ndash43 For IQP work sessions see James M Robinson ldquoThe International Q Project Work Session 17 November 1989rdquo JBL 109 (1990) 499ndash501 Idem ldquoThe International Q Project Work

6 Chapter One Prolegomena

therefore represent a consensus among a group of scholars reflecting the pre-suppositions held by those scholars at a particular juncture in the history of Qrsquos research15 That it is only a necessary first step and demands continued reeval-uation becomes evident from the fact that some of the IQP members whose preferences were occasionally not reflected in the CEQ proceeded to release their own alternative reconstructions of Q either shortly before or after the CEQrsquos seminal publication16 Indeed the present study also makes several emendations of both the CEQrsquos reconstruction of the documentrsquos sequence and of its wording Overall however it is clear that the CEQ will continue to pro-vide the baseline for compositional studies of Q for years to come

The availability of the reconstructed text enables the literary analysis of Q A number of scholars however have recently expressed doubts regarding the attainability of not only Qrsquos wording but in fact of the documentrsquos full extent Cyril S Rodd has declared it ldquosheer conjecturerdquo to imagine ldquothat the passages which are common to Matthew and Luke comprise this Q document in its en-tiretyrdquo17 Joseph Allen Weaks has similarly called the text of Q ldquospeculativerdquo claiming that to rely on it as though it were ldquoan extant gospel textrdquo is ldquosimply not possiblerdquo18 Both scholars have tied the bulk of their objections to the ob-servation (called a ldquothought experimentrdquo by Dieter T Roth)19 that the text of Markrsquos gospel cannot be accurately reconstructed from its Matthean and Lukan reception While this argument has already been engaged by some scholars20 the deficiency of its logic appears to not have been sufficiently exposed as Rothrsquos renewed deployment of it in 2018 demonstrates ndash in a Q monograph21 It is therefore important to allow the reader to assess the difficulties

Session 16 November 1990rdquo JBL 110 (1991) 494ndash98 Idem ldquoThe International Q Project Work Sessions 12ndash14 July 22 November 1991rdquo JBL 111 (1992) 500ndash08 Idem ldquoThe Interna-tional Q Project Work Sessions 31 Julyndash2 August 20 November 1992rdquo JBL 112 (1993) 500ndash06 Idem ldquoThe International Q Project Work Sessions 6ndash8 August 18ndash19 November 1993rdquo JBL 113 (1994) 495ndash99 Idem ldquoThe International Q Project Work Sessions 23ndash27 May 22ndash26 August 17ndash18 November 1994rdquo JBL 114 (1995) 475ndash85 Idem ldquoThe International Q Pro-ject Editorial Board Meetings 1ndash10 June 16 November 1995 16ndash23 August 22 November 1996 Work Sessions 17 November 1995 23 November 1996rdquo JBL 116 (1997) 521ndash25

15 The full list of the IQPrsquos members may be found in The Critical Edition xvii 16 Kirk Composition 152ndash403 Fleddermann Commentary 874ndash913 17 Cyril S Rodd ldquoThe End of the Theology of Qrdquo ExpT 113 (2001) 12 Idem ldquoThe The-

ology of Q Yet Again A Reply to the Responses of Christopher Tuckett and Paul Fosterrdquo ExpT 114 (2002) 80ndash85

18 Joseph Allen Weaks ldquoMark without Mark Problematizing the Reliability of a Recon-structed Text of Qrdquo (PhD diss Brite Divinity School 2010) 344ndash45

19 Roth Parables 36 20 Eg Christopher M Tuckett ldquoThe Search for a Theology of Q A Dead Endrdquo ExpT 113

(2002) 291ndash94 Paul Foster ldquoIn Defense of the Study of Qrdquo ExpT 113 (2002) 295ndash300 21 Roth Parables 36ndash37 It should be noted of course that Roth does not wish to com-

pletely dismiss the accessibility of Qrsquos text His intention is to argue that ldquoscholarship should be rather more skeptical about the wording of Qrdquo (ibid 39)

2 The Study of Q as a Reconstructed Text 7

compromising the case that Rodd Weaks and Roth have found rather persua-sive Three observations stand to be made in this regard

First of all because it is a sayings collection Q does not lend itself to the same type of editorial abridgements as Mark The two documents are very dif-ferent Not nearly enough attention is given to this by Rodd Weaks and Roth all of whom hang their case to some degree on the fragmentary product that is the reconstructed Mark as though Q similarly contains a plot or even a remotely compatible story to saying ratio The abridgement of Markan pericopes by Luke and Matthew reflects editorial strategies appropriate to rewriting a biography viz a document exhibiting a large concentration of narrative material22 The Markan words of Jesus are omitted at a vastly different rate with the majority of those words preserved by both Matthew and Luke with minimal rephrasing23

22 Rodd (ldquoThe End of the Theology of Qrdquo 6) notes that ldquoalmost always each pericope in

[the reconstructed] lsquoMarkrsquo will be shorter than in the canonical gospelrdquo citing as examples the abridgements of Mk 21ndash12 (= Matt 91ndash8 Lk 517ndash26) and Mk 121ndash12 (= Matt 2133ndash46 Lk 209ndash19) However the healing of a man with the palsy (Mk 21ndash12) is a good example of a story whose narrative details welcome abridgements while the words of Jesus (Mk 25b 8bndash11) ndash notably including the key statements in Mk 25b 10 ndash are preserved correctly by both Matthew and Luke (Matt 92c 4bndash6 Lk 520b 22bndash24) As for the parable of the wicked tenants (Mk 121ndash12) this can be reliably reconstructed from its MatthewLuke reproduction missing only minor details The omitted details scarcely seem to affect the interpretation of the source text viz the intention of the parable as it was deployed in Markrsquos gospel

23 Mk 141 44 (= Matt 83ndash4 Lk 513ndash14) Mk 25 8ndash11 (= Matt 92 4ndash6 Lk 520 22ndash24) Mk 214 (= Matt 99 Lk 527) Mk 217 (= Matt 912ndash13 Lk 531ndash32) Mk 219ndash22 (= Matt 915ndash17 Lk 534ndash38) Mk 225ndash28 (= Matt 123ndash4 8 Lk 63ndash5) Mk 34ndash5 (= Matt 1212ndash13 Lk 69ndash10) Mk 335 (= Matt 1250 Lk 821) Mk 42ndash9 (= Matt 133ndash9 Lk 85ndash8) Mk 411ndash12 (= Matt 1311 13 Lk 810) Mk 414ndash20 (= Matt 1318ndash23 Lk 811ndash15) Mk 421ndash22 (= MattQ 515 MattQ 1026 Lk 816ndash17) Mk 424c (= MattQ 72 LkQ 638) Mk 425 (= Matt 1312 Lk 818) Mk 440 (= Matt 826 Lk 825) Mk 534 (= Matt 922 Lk 848) Mk 539 (= Matt 923ndash24 Lk 852) Mk 64bc (= Matt 1357 Lk 424) Mk 637 (= Matt 1416 Lk 913) Mk 827 29 (= Matt 1613 15 Lk 918 20) Mk 834ndash36 (= Matt 1624ndash26 Lk 923ndash25) Mk 91 (= Matt 1628 Lk 927) Mk 919 (= Matt 1717 Lk 941) Mk 931 (= Matt 1722ndash23 Lk 944) Mk 935 (= Matt 2311 Lk 2226) Mk 937 (= Matt 185 Lk 948) Mk 940 (= MattQ 1230 Lk 950) Mk 1014ndash15 (= Matt 183 1914 Lk 1816ndash17) Mk 1018ndash19 21 23 25 27 29ndash30 (= Matt 1917ndash19 21 23ndash24 26 29 Lk 1819ndash20 22 24ndash25 27 29ndash30) Mk 1033ndash34 (= Matt 2018ndash19 Lk 1831ndash33) Mk 1042ndash45 (= Matt 2025ndash28 Lk 2225ndash27) Mk 1051 (= Matt 2032 Lk 1841) Mk 112ndash3 (= Matt 212ndash3 Lk 1930ndash31) Mk 1117 (= Matt 2113 Lk 1946) Mk 1129ndash30 33 (= Matt 2124ndash25 27 Lk 203ndash4 8) Mk 121ndash10 (= Matt 2133ndash42 Lk 209ndash17) Mk 1215dndash17 (= Matt 2219ndash21 Lk 2024ndash25) Mk 1225ndash27 (= Matt 2230ndash32 Lk 2034ndash38) Mk 1230ndash31 (= Matt 2237ndash39 Lk 1027) Mk 1235ndash37 (= Matt 2241ndash45 Lk 2041ndash44) Mk 132 (= Matt 242 Lk 216) Mk 135ndash13 (Matt 244ndash13 Lk 218ndash19) Mk 1314c 17 19 (= Matt 2416 19 21 Lk 2121 23) Mk 1324ndash31 (= Matt 2429ndash35 Lk 2125ndash33) Mk 1413ndash14 (= Matt 2618 Lk 2210ndash11) Mk 1418 20ndash21 (= Matt 2621 23ndash24 Lk 2221ndash22) Mk 1422ndash25 (= Matt 2626ndash29 Lk 2216ndash20) Mk 1430 (= Matt 2634 Lk 2234) Mk 1436 (= Matt 2639 Lk 2242) Mk 1437ndash38 (= Matt 2640ndash41 Lk 2246) Mk 1448ndash49a (= Matt 2655 Lk 2252ndash53a) Mk 1462 (= Matt 2664 Lk 2269ndash70) Mk 152 (= Matt 2711 Lk 233)

8 Chapter One Prolegomena

and the non-Q related omissions limited to (a) statements forming an integral part of a narrative24 (b) statements commands and questions that are redun-dant25 (c) statements that cast a potentially negative light on Jesusrsquo family26 or disciples27 both established Markan themes28 (d) statements that are poten-tially problematic theologically29 (e) statements falling under none of the above categories that are abridged expanded or reworked by one of the evan-gelists30 (f) statements occurring in pericopes that have been eliminated com-pletely by Matthew or Luke31 Of these six categories the first three are un-likely to have been present in Q due to its lack of a plot relative scarcity of stories and absence of any interest in Jesusrsquo family or disciples The remaining three categories include only a few sayings outside of the Great Omission (more on that below) Consequently it appears that Matthew and Luke already elim-inating a minor percentage of the Markan Jesusrsquo words that lack Q parallels had no clear reason to omit even that much from Q

Secondly on a number of occasions one or both evangelists preserve dou-blets of the Markan sayings of Jesus which on the 2DH are assigned to Q32 This development is surprising in Lukersquos case since his tendency to avoid dou-blets is well known33 What is really decisive however is that in instances

24 Mk 125 138 435 59 19 530 541 1243 (omitted by Matthew) Mk 1036 1432

34 41ndash42 (omitted by Luke) Mk 1114 (either omitted or reworked in Lk 136ndash9) Mk 439 58 631 638 916 21 25 933 939c 1049 1234 (omitted or reworked by both Matthew and Luke)

25 Mk 424bd 1238 40 (omitted by Matthew) Mk 334 837 941 1211 1215b 1224 1318 20 23 (omitted by Luke) Mk 1449b (reworked in Lk 2253b) Mk 949 1024 1229 (omitted by both Matthew and Luke)

26 Mk 333ndash34 Mk 64de (omitted by Luke) 27 Mk 413 (omitted by Matthew and Luke) Mk 833 1038ndash40 (omitted by Luke) Mk

1427ndash28 (reworked in Lk 2231ndash32) 28 Eg Joel Marcus Mark (AB 27 and 27A 2 vols New York NY and New Haven CT

Doubleday and Yale 2000ndash2009) 279ndash80 310ndash11 378ndash80 509ndash15 653 677ndash81 999ndash1000 29 Mk 939 (omitted by Matthew and Luke) Mk 943ndash48 (omitted by Luke) Mk 1534

(reworked in Lk 2346) 30 Mk 115 (reworked and expanded in Lk 416ndash21) Mk 536 (abridged in Matt 923ndash26)

Mk 1314ab (reworked in Lk 2120) Mk 146ndash9 (reworked in Lk 736ndash50) Mk 1413ndash15 (abridged in Matt 2618)

31 Mk 426ndash29 99ndash13 (omitted by Luke) everything that belongs to Mk 645ndash826 (the Great Omission of the Markan material by Luke)

32 Mk 421 (= Lk 816 LkQ 1133) Mk 422 (= Lk 817 LkQ 122) Mk 425 (= Matt 1312 MattQ 2529 Lk 818 LkQ 1926) Mk 68 10ndash11 (= Lk 93ndash5 LkQ 104ndash5 8 10ndash11) Mk 834 (= MattQ 1038 Matt 1624 Lk 923 LkQ 1427) Mk 835 (= MattQ 1039 Matt 1625 Lk 924 LkQ 1733) Mk 838 (= Lk 926 LkQ 128ndash9) Mk 937 (= Matt 185 MattQ 1040 Lk 948 LkQ 1016) Mk 940 (Lk 950 LkQ 1123) Mk 1011ndash12 (= Matt 199 MattQ 532) Mk 1238ndash39 (= Lk 2046 LkQ 1143) Mk 139 11 (= Lk 2112ndash15 LkQ 1211ndash12) See further Fitzmyer Luke 81ndash82

33 See eg H Schuumlrmann ldquoDie Dubletten im Lukasevangeliumrdquo ZKT 75 (1953) 339ndash445 Idem ldquoDie Dublettenvermeidungen im Lukasevangeliumrdquo ZKT 76 (1954) 83ndash93

2 The Study of Q as a Reconstructed Text 9

when Luke is faced with a choice between Mark and Q and does not opt to retain both the preference is overwhelmingly given to the Q location and word-ing of the text34 Consequently it seems overly simplistic to suggest as Rodd does that ldquoas [the reconstructed] lsquoMarkrsquo is not Mark so in all probability the lsquoQrsquo of the scholars is not the historical document Qrdquo35 The evangelistsrsquo ten-dency to either retain the MarkQ parallels or ndash especially in Lukersquos case ndash to favor Q its wording and location over the Markan parallels shows that the two documents were not treated equally as far as the words of Jesus were concerned with the approach to Q being more conservative36

Thirdly the verse and word count discrepancy between the reconstructed and canonical Mark has been somewhat inflated as the percentages cited by scholars are routinely bolstered by the inclusion of the Great Omission On the 2DH there are two possible solutions to this well-known source-critical anom-aly the absence of Mk 645ndash826 from Lukersquos gospel is either intentional or stems from inheriting a shorter copy of Mark which lacked that material In either scenario Lukersquos omission of Mk 645ndash826 complicates the analogy be-tween the reconstructed Mark and Q If the omission was unintentional it tells us something only about the compositional history or textual transmission of Markrsquos gospel If however Lukersquos decision to skip Mk 645ndash826 was inten-tional is it not likely to have been motivated by Lukersquos avoidance of dou-blets37 A similar development is unlikely to have occurred in Lukersquos reception of Q as we have noted when faced with MarkQ doublets Luke tends to favor Qrsquos version over an available Markan parallel38 Consequently due to the sheer size of the Great Omission and regardless of the Omissionrsquos intentionality or

34 LkQ 112 4 9 (= Mk 1124ndash25) LkQ 1115 17ndash18 21 (= Mk 323ndash27) Lk 1210 (=

Mk 328ndash29) LkQ 1240 (= Mk 1332) LkQ 1318ndash19 (= Mk 430ndash32) LkQ 1330 (= Mk 1031) Lk 1618 (= Mk 1011ndash12) LkQ 171ndash2 (= Mk 942) LkQ 176 (= Mk 1123) LkQ 1723 31 (= Mk 1315ndash16 21) All of these are deployed by Luke in clusters of Q material rather than in the Lukan parallels to the respective Markan pericopes Mk 950 (= LkQ 1434ndash35) is similarly deployed away from its Markan context and surrounded by Q and L material Both Matthew and Luke favor the wording of Q 1434ndash35 over its Markan parallel

35 Rodd ldquoThe End of the Theology of Qrdquo 12 36 See eg Christopher M Tuckett Q and the History of Early Christianity Studies on Q

(Edinburgh TampT Clark 1996) 94 Luz ldquoQ in Matthewrdquo 50 37 Mk 645ndash52 contains a sea miracle similar to Mk 435ndash41 Mk 71ndash23 was likely elim-

inated to shift the lifting of the dietary restrictions to the post-Easter stage in Lukersquos narrative (Acts 109ndash16) Mk 724ndash30 was probably (a) deemed redundant (see LkQ 71ndash10) (b) re-garded as problematic due to the conflict between the Markan Jesusrsquo reluctance to perform a miracle for a Gentile person (Mk 727) and the Lukan Jesusrsquo programmatic openness to such developments (Lk 425ndash27) Mk 81ndash10 14ndash21 and 822ndash26 are clearly redundant (see Mk 635ndash44 Lk 912ndash17 Mk 1046ndash52 Lk 1835ndash43) Mk 811ndash13 has a Q parallel (= LkQ 1129ndash32)

38 On the L-M Hypothesis this would mean that Luke tends to favor Matthewrsquos version over an available Markan parallel

10 Chapter One Prolegomena

lack thereof the reconstructed Mark presents an analogy to Q that is at best tenuous

In light of the above observations my contention is that methodologically virtually the entire Q is likely to be accounted for in terms of its content39 That still leaves the question of the documentrsquos precise wording and its recovery Here Roth has argued that

there is a fundamental difference between conceiving of the ldquotext of Qrdquo as a reconstruction of its original wording and approaching it as a metaphorical and narratival realm an intertext as it were accessible through Matthew and Luke40

Roth further states as one of his monographrsquos objectives (which is primarily dedicated to the study of Qrsquos parables) an attempt to

advance Q studies by pursuing insight into the parables of Q through a different set of meth-odological approaches than those present in the reigning paradigm focusing upon word-level reconstruction The resultant exegetical work is not therefore in the first instance focused upon vocabulary and syntax of a reconstructed text but rather upon the narratival elements and structures characters images metaphors and theological emphases of an ldquointertextrdquo41

I see no reason to contest Rothrsquos objections to an uncritical acceptance of the CEQ text (of course the CEQ editors have already noted that it is only a work-ing reconstruction)42 Pending the surfacing of an actual copy of Q any recon-struction of its wording is necessarily going to remain hypothetical and thus subject to continued analysis Still to suggest that the hypothetical nature of the enterprise undermines its results perhaps runs the risk ldquothat a methodologi-cal limitation becomes an ontological description of Q itselfrdquo43 Roth admits that his own study of narratival and metaphorical elements ldquocannot function on an entirely lsquowordlessrsquo levelrdquo proposing as a solution that Qrsquos text should be accessed exclusively through the wording of Matthew and Luke44 Such drastic restrictions are in my opinion unnecessary In light of the previous discussion it is possible to assert from a methodologically sound position that Qrsquos recon-structions are not ldquopotentially faultyrdquo to the degree suggested by Roth45 While a precise word-by-word recovery may not be possible or even necessary in every verse of the synoptic double tradition a reliable near-word-level recon-struction of Q appears consistently attainable This is suggested by Lukersquos (and frequently Matthewrsquos) aforementioned preference of Qrsquos wording in the MarkQ parallels Matthewrsquos and Lukersquos slightly superior degree of verbal

39 See further Fleddermann Commentary 73ndash74 Luz ldquoQ in Matthewrdquo 45 (while positing

the existence of QMatt Luz concludes that it ldquodid not differ substantiallyrdquo from the main body of the Q source)

40 Roth Parables 41 41 Ibid 44ndash45 42 Ibid 38ndash39 Roth (ibid) also critiques Fleddermannrsquos alternative reconstruction 43 Kirk Q in Matthew 152 44 Roth Parables 40ndash41 45 Ibid 44

Index of Ancient Sources

Hebrew Bible (LXX)

Genesis414 28 3361ndash4 5062 4 (LXX) 115723 (LXX) 981316 331417 36174ndash6 1991710ndash14 1591817ndash18 1991826 (LXX) 981917 (LXX) 982218 199264 199

Exodus161ndash36 117171ndash7 1181715 (LXX) 1242114 (LXX) 1242225ndash26 1502320ndash21 23 1632415ndash16 (LXX) 472520 (LXX) 124

Numbers111ndash9 1172319 40

Deuteronomy324 (LXX) 146612ndash15 118613 (LXX) 116616 (LXX) 116 11882ndash3 11783 (LXX) 116811ndash20 118812ndash15 (LXX) 117

926 (LXX) 146159 (LXX) 205241ndash4 79 208 2092410ndash17 1502918ndash20 207319 25ndash26 209328ndash9 (LXX) 1213211 201

Joshua2313 (LXX) 207

Ruth212 201

1 Samuel27 (LXX) 1371821 (LXX) 207

1 Kings627 (LXX) 12486 (LXX) 1241717ndash24 162191ndash18 116 118 119194 (LXX) 117195 (LXX) 118198 (LXX) 117 1181910 14 (LXX) 1182219ndash23 (LXX) 121

2 Kings216 (LXX) 112 116418ndash37 16251ndash14 163

2 Chronicles58 (LXX) 1242314 125

Index of Ancient Sources246

Ezra91ndash2 1371018ndash44 137

Job16 11521 1151621 40256 40358 40387 115

Psalms2 16869 (LXX) 19785 40102 9 137178 2013510 137367 201605 (LXX) 124614 2016923 (LXX) 207722ndash12 1378018 40813 (LXX) 137901ndash2 4 (LXX) 124906 (LXX) 1249011ndash12 (LXX) 123914 2011063 (LXX) 1981091 (LXX) 4110916 22 13611826 1061457ndash8 (LXX) 1611463 401476 137

Proverbs1ndash9 55236 (LXX) 205264ndash5 189

Isaiah1ndash39 13511 168253ndash4 (LXX) 137315 201355 (LXX) 16140ndash55 135

426 168427 18 (LXX) 161435 198491ndash8 1685112 4055ndash66 135562 40563ndash8 136585ndash7 13860ndash62 135611 (LXX) 160 161611ndash2 (LXX) 48 134611ndash3 (LXX) 132 135 136 137665 (LXX) 1376618ndash20 164 198

Jeremiah317ndash18 164 1984918 33 405040 405143 40

Ezekiel8ndash11 112 11382 11440ndash48 112 113402 113403 114

Daniel713 27 40 41 168 213817 40

Amos13 (LXX) 20413ndash28 7528 15035 (LXX) 18086 (LXX) 137

Haggai220ndash22 163

Zechariah315 13787 198

Malachi16ndash29 163210ndash16 163

247Index of Ancient Sources

31 163 164 322ndash23 (LXX) 163

Old Tes tament Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha

1 Enoch1ndash5 761ndash36 4621ndash54 1226ndash11 526ndash16 4766 4573ndash6 1221021 164 198123ndash4 46124 113 125137 45139 45148ndash164 76151 46152ndash4 125171 11417ndash19 112 11320ndash36 112 113215 114242ndash257 113261ndash275 113323ndash6 11337ndash71 41 45 186 213381ndash6 122384ndash5 45391ndash3 45396 108413ndash8 76418 44421ndash2 (3) 126 171 201422 170451ndash6 76455 4546 52461ndash8 141462ndash4 42464ndash6 45468 46471ndash4 14148ndash49 52481 202481ndash10 141482 42

483 202483ndash7 168488ndash9 (10) 45 122492 4 168493 202505 76513 (5a) 168 172 20251ndash52 5252ndash56 112526 9 168531ndash5 45 122536 46 168542 45543ndash4 76545ndash6 45547 210554 45 108561ndash4 45565ndash8 43 44 45571 198591ndash6023 766010 4261ndash63 46 52621ndash9 45622ndash3 122624ndash6312 122625ndash14 42631ndash12 45 122632ndash4 106637 1236311 426312 76651ndash663 52671ndash681 52678ndash13 43 44 45 1226926ndash29 42 52701 42715ndash17 447113(14)ndash17 42 1418215ndash20 7683ndash84 52891ndash9 528973ndash74 1139038 164

Index of Ancient Sources248

1006 1681049ndash13 47

2 Enoch31ndash221 113101ndash6 112

3 Baruch3ndash17 113163 204

3 Enoch11ndash12 113

Ascension of Isaiah610ndash15 113

Baruch437 19855 198

Bel and the Dragon36 112 114 116

Jubilees11ndash8 209120 12122 114727 52102 52105 52106 121108ndash11 52 114 121114 121115 521114ndash1214 321220 1211525ndash34 1591531ndash32 114 1211928 121492 52

Letter of Aris teas155 145

Psalms of Solomon219 159823 30 1591112 1981731 164 1981810ndash12 76

Sirach21ndash17 72 86212 87143ndash7 2051410ndash11 202241ndash12 125247ndash11 1262410ndash11 1592525ndash26 2072611 2053113 2053522ndash3622 723824ndash3911 17243 76501ndash24 125

The Sentences of the Syriac Menander340ndash46 189

Tes tament of Abraham81ndash12 113

Tes tament of Levi26ndash57 113

Tes tament of Moses51ndash62 126

Tobit145ndash7 164 198

Vita Adae et Evae61ndash103 116121ndash161 115

Wisdom of Solomon410ndash15 46418ndash513 46

249Index of Ancient Sources

New Tes tament

Q32ndash958 (59ndash60) 101 103 104 108

126 155 173 17537 5237ndash9 16ndash17 5 54 64 68 70 90

104 11637ndash735 78 80 81 83 85

101 102 103317 54 9141ndash13 5 51 52 53 64 65

66 78 91 104 111 112 113 114 115 118 119 126 152 153 155 156

41ndash4 116 11745ndash8 114 119 121 122

123 15949ndash12 (13) 47 51 65 96 123

157 200416 91 129 130 131

153620ndash49 16 63 82 91 104

105 129 130 131 153

620b 12 91 132620bndash21 48 132 133 134

135 136 137620bndash23 5 131 132 143621a 12 20 91 132622 12 17 24 25 26

38 71 140 141 153 167 170 194 205

622ndash23 17 20 52 53 54 96 132 133 134 136 139 140 141 142 206

623c 64 82 129 132 139 140 142 143

627ndash35 (36) 13 16 71 129 147 151 152 153 154

629 24 91 150630 24 150631 91 152637ndash38 12 92640 92 144646 92 104 144 145

146 153 154 203

647ndash49 12 92 14471ndash10 9 64 92 104 126

155 156 158 169 197 199

76 145 20379 87 96 104 156

157 158 167 173 194 198 199

718ndash19 159 167718ndash23 159718ndash28 64 166718ndash960 92722 16 54 134 135

161 163 164 172727 96 163731ndash35 64 70 92 165 166

169 170 171733 51 53734 24 26 52 165 167

169 170 172735 166 170957ndash58 (59ndash60) 92 105 111 155

169 170 171957ndash62 63959ndash60 172 173958 24 25 26 27 38

52 71 164 165 169 170 171 172

959 145102ndash16 5 56 63 70 86

158 170 175 182 215

102ndash24 92102ndash1240 101 105 107 108

175 205104 48 92109 73 931012 93 1751012ndash15 54 64 82 861013ndash15 47 56 70 80 81

82 86 87 96 107 126 175 199 212

1016 72 931021 56 81 87 93 96

173 2091021ndash22 54 56 78 79 81

82 145 1941021ndash24 64 107

Index of Ancient Sources250

1022 81 93 114 116 145 146 203 209

1023ndash24 17 93 106112ndash4 9ndash13 5 63 78 93 117

176 177 179 180112b 48 178 184114 24 178119ndash13 12 93 176 177

178 179 180 1811114 51 1761114ndash20 52 531114ndash32 931114ndash52 64 107 1791118 51 53 93 114 121

1591124ndash26 51 53 9311(16) 29ndash32 9 54 70 96 2121130 24 26 52 1861133ndash52 93 2051134 93 2051139ndash52 70 107 126 1691142c 64 66 1251149 521149ndash51 47 53 54 66 96

118 119 157 2001151 52 200 205122ndash12 5 70 94 107 155

180 181 182 183 184 194

123 72 94124ndash5 54 70 73 181 182

190124ndash7 94 121 122 176

179 180 181 194 214

125 181 204128 24 26 38 54 185

187 188 189128ndash9 52 69 94 167 184

186 187 188 189 214

128ndash10 54 64 69 71 82 175 176 183 184 187 189 190 194 212

129 184 185 1881210 24 26 94 185 187

188 1891211ndash12 54 70 72 73 94

181 182 214

1222ndash31 (33ndash34) 63 73 176 177 178 179 180 190 192

1222ndash40 941224 23 178 1801227 231231 48 94 1841233 12 48 1911233ndash34 69 94 191 1921235ndash38 94 108 190 2031235ndash46 1081235ndash59 94 1081235ndash2230 101 105 108 109

197 2031239 17 18 95 1911239ndash40 18 20 54 70 71

94 105 175 190 191 192 193 203 212

1239ndash59 64 1911240 24 52 69 95 167

186 191 1931242ndash46 52 53 54 69 70

95 191 192 197 203 204 205 206 212

1245 96 2051246 2041251 20 951251ndash59 1081252ndash53 201256 171258ndash59 24 951318ndash19 20ndash21 5 20 48 63 95

108 2071318ndash24 951324 63 951325ndash30 54 63 82 871325ndash1423 54 95 96 126 158

1991327 52 53 96 118 1981328ndash29 96 198 1991334 52 125 2061334ndash35 47 53 54 63 66

81 82 83 96 105 106 107 108 109 118 119 125 157 194 198 200 201 202

1335 51 54 96 106 202

251Index of Ancient Sources

1411 54 961416ndash23 (24) 63 82 971423 541426 72 97 2151426ndash27 1733 20 63 72 971426ndash176 971427 54 97 140 141

182 2141434ndash35 63 97154ndash5a 7 20 63 97 108 2091613 12 63 94 971616 64 97 207 2091616ndash18 2061617 17 63 64 66 79

97 125 206 207 208 209

1616(17)ndash172 197 206 2081618 24 63 79 97 206

207 208 209171ndash2 97 207 208171ndash6 63173ndash4 18 20 98176 18 20 78 98 108

2101720ndash21 17 981723 98 2101723ndash37 54 64 69 70 71

98 167 170 197 210 211 212

1723ndash2230 108 2111724 26 30 24 52 98 991733 54 97 182 2141734ndash35 98 991912ndash26 64 69 99 108 197

203 204 205 206 212

1912ndash2230 991922 2052228ndash30 5 54 64 99 108

212

Matthew37 52310 9542 11745 12448 119 120413 130 1315ndash7 94 10251 119

54 13458 138511 (12) 52 205512 142515 7539 149 150540 15 150541 15 89 91 149 150542 150 151544 148 149544ndash45 91 149545 20861ndash18 94612 177619ndash21 94620 191623 205624 94625ndash34 94626 178627 177630 178 17975 1877 17779 177711 178 179712 152723 52724 26 9185ndash13 199810 155811ndash12 198 199819 169820 27 142 171821 172822 173829 12191ndash8 7920ndash22 97922 7937 92107 731026 71029 1801032 184 1891032ndash33 91 1841034 951038 731039 141115 134 163

Index of Ancient Sources252

1119 1691122ndash45 931125 2081217 731232 1841239 52 2051243 1241311 13 71342 951416 71521ndash28 97162bndash3 951613ndash28 1401617ndash19 471625 141171 1191717 7186 208186ndash22 97188ndash9 951825 971928 991929 992030 130219 1062131 972133ndash41 (42ndash46) 7 19221ndash14 18236ndash7 206237 1662334 522334ndash36 962335 522337 52 1972337ndash39 81 105 201243ndash41 210 211244ndash14 72423 982443 1912443ndash44 1932445 2062448 (49) 52 205251ndash13 972514ndash30 992526 28 2052530 992531 992541 95 121266ndash13 972640ndash41 7

2669 71 1302669ndash75 1892732 912755 97285 130289ndash10 972816ndash18 1192818 120

Mark114 21 131123ndash26 121124 130129ndash31 18821ndash12 731 14937ndash12 188313 114327 93328 188328ndash29 18443ndash8 193411ndash12 7413 177430ndash32 20 193438 177421ndash22 7435ndash41 9525ndash34 97534 761ndash6a 188615 163635ndash44 9637 7645ndash52 9645ndash826 971ndash23 9724ndash30 9 9781ndash10 9811ndash13 9822ndash26 9827 140827ndash98 47828 163831ndash33 121834ndash35 20835 141838 184 19092 11492ndash8 47

253Index of Ancient Sources

919 7943ndash47 951028 73 1791029 201035ndash40 1831039 1881046ndash52 91047 130119 1061117 7 1771122ndash23 25ab 18 201124 1801129ndash30 7121ndash9 (10ndash12) 7 19129 191211 191226 177133ndash37 210 211135ndash13 71315ndash16 991321 98143ndash9 971437ndash38 71447 95 1491462 411466ndash72 1891467 130151ndash5 951521 911541 97166 130

Luke15ndash25 10237 5242 11745 12246b 7 12046cd 120 121416 130416ndash30 188425ndash27 9438ndash39 188517ndash26 766 149617ndash19 188621 134622 205623 142625 134

627 149627ndash28 148628 149629 15 150630 150 151634 151635 91 208642 18646 146647ndash49 9179 155722 163734 169735 166 208810 7816ndash17 7824 177831 121848 7912ndash17 9913 7924 141926 190941 7957 169958 171959 172960 173102 92109 731017ndash20 1211021 208114 177115ndash8 97 177119 1771111 1771112 1171113 178 1791120 511121ndash22 931124 124 2051124ndash26 931129 52 2051143 166 2061149 521150 521151 52124 73 179126 180128 184

Index of Ancient Sources254

128ndash9 911211 731213ndash21 971223a 1771224 177 1781228 1791233 1911235ndash38 89 941239 1911239ndash40 1931242 2061245 52 2051249 89 951254ndash56 95131ndash35 1021327 52 1971328ndash29 1981334 52 1971415ndash24 181427 73158ndash10 97172 2081711ndash19 981720 981721 981722 981728ndash29 89 98 991731 991732 991733 971835ndash43 91912ndash27 991922 24 2051927 991938 96 1061941ndash44 961946 177209ndash16 (17ndash19) 7 192018 192037 177218ndash19 7223 1212228ndash30 992246 72249ndash51 952250 1492254ndash62 188234 14 952413ndash33 102

John446 158446ndash54 157448 158631ndash58 117844 121123 1061225ndash26 201231 1211430 1211611 1211828ndash1916 102

Acts23 9521ndash4 18951ndash11 189109ndash16 9121ndash2 183123ndash19 183

Romans1214 149

1 Corinthians412 14963 121 192132 18 20

2 Corinthians41ndash6 19244 121

Galatians113ndash14 18343 8ndash9 121 192

Ephesians21ndash2 121 192612 121 192

1 Thessalonians214ndash16 183218 121 19251ndash11 19252 20 19255ndash6 192

2 Thessalonians21ndash12 210 211

255Index of Ancient Sources

2 Timothy211ndash13 190

Hebrews1137 204

James 315ndash17 12444ndash7 121

1 Peter314 132 139 143319ndash20 47414 132 139 141 14358 121

2 Peter24ndash5 47 121

Jude16ndash7 121

Revelation110ndash20 113113 18635 19041ndash11 113123ndash4 121171ndash3 114173ndash18 112 113219ndash27 112 1132110 113

New Tes tament Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha

Gospel of Thomas1ndash71 1731ndash3 2161ndash4 1710 19 95111 1713 21161ndash2 20 95163 2017 1720ndash21 71 193201ndash4 20 192215ndash8 18 19 20 192243 36ndash39 17261ndash2 18262ndash331 1731 21361ndash3 19 143 180473 2148 18 19 20

54 137 13855 2058 17 13864 18 1965 1968 20 132 138 139

14068ndash69 19 139 143691 17 138692 19 20 137 13877 2179 2186 169 170103 17106ndash107 19 201131ndash2 9

Pseudo-Clementine Homilies12313 180

Dead Sea Scrolls

CD214ndash41 125412ndash14 121 124 125419ndash52 208

51ndash5 2091316ndash17 207122ndash3 121161ndash2 125

Index of Ancient Sources256

1QapGen 29 30 31 33 35 36 37 40

1QH430 40

1QM11 1211310ndash12 121175ndash6 51

1QpHab 56 125

1QS25 121211ndash15 207 208321ndash25 11749 18258 125119ndash10 1821120 40

1Q27 (1Q4QMys teries)1 i 1ndash8 56 202

4Q299 (1Q4QMys teries)3andashb ii 2ndash8 563andashb ii 9ndash16 56

4Q416 (4QIns truction)1 10ndash13 56 2021 12 1822 i 21ndashiv 13 562 ii 6 17 178

4Q417 (4QIns truction)1 i 6ndash9 561 i 10(11)ndash12 56 2021 i 12ndash13 561 i 14 561 i 16 115 1821 i 17 1821 i 24 56 2022 i 17ndash24 562 i 19 21ndash22 178

4Q418 (4QIns truction)69 ii 6ndash9 56 202

69 ii 12ndash13 5681 1ndash2 18281 2ndash5 5681 4 11581 5 11581 20 56 20288 56103 56107 56123 5ndash8 56

4Q423 (4QIns truction)5 3 565 5ndash6 56

4Q503 115

4Q521 16 54 135 137 159 160 161 162

4Q525 57 133

4QDeut j 1214 121

4QIsa 135

4QMMTC 4ndash9 125

11Q11 124

11Q13 135 137

11QPsa 191ndash18 121

11QT545 2075715ndash19 208669ndash11 207

Targums4QtgJob 314QtgLev 3111QtgJob 31 33 35 40

257Index of Ancient Sources

Josephus

Ant14133ndash146 4415103 451982 123

Bell188 46

1131ndash11 441161ndash5 461213 461335 452101ndash5 1232116 183

Babylonian Texts

Gilgamesh 112

Greek and Latin Authors

Dio CassiusHis t59271 120

HomerOd10503ndash15 1121112ndash22 112

PlatoPhaed111cndash112e 112

Senecade Ben2121ndash2 120

Seneca the ElderControv9210 183

TacitusAnn632 120

His t59 183

Apos tolic and Church Fathers

1 Clement132 153292 121394ndash5 121

2 Clement32 190134 148

Apos tolic Cons titutions721 152

722 148 150 151722ndash6 147725 149 150726 148 153

AthanasiusFes t Let 3911 14

Canons of the Holy Apos tles4ndash5 152

Index of Ancient Sources258

Chrysos tomHom Mt342 180

Clement of AlexandriaS trom4641 139 143

Didache11ndash63 1412c 15213b 148 14913bndash5b 11 12 13 15 16

71 147 151 15413bndash21 5 11 14 15 15013c 15113cndash4a 1413d 15 14814 1414a 1614b 15 14914c 91 15014d 15 149 150 15115a 15015b 148 15381ndash2 1482 16103bndash122a 14113 16113ndash137 14153ndash4 16161ndash8 210 211 212

EusebiusHis t Eccl3254

IrenaeusAdv Haer1101 1214162 121

Jus tin Martyr1 Apol159 148

2 Apol25 121

OrigenC Cels870 180

PolycarpPhilippians22ndash3 153

Shepherd of HermasMandate 24ndash6 153

Similitude535ndash8 138

Rabbinic Literature

j Ber3b 5b 5c 31 37 38

j Ket35a 31 37

j Šab3a 38d 31 37

j Taʿan65b 4069ab 125

R Gen72 313813 31 37796 31

R Num193 31 38

TargumsCairo BGen 414 31 33 34 37 41

259Index of Ancient Sources

Cairo FExod 1913 37Deut 346 37

Neof I Gen 414 31 33 41Gen 95ndash6 37Gen 4922 36

Papyri Manuscripts and Inscriptions

Br Mus Or 9271 14P Oxy 1 17P Oxy 654 17

P Oxy 655 17 143 180P Oxy 1782 14 15 148 151Sf III 16ndash17 40

Index of Modern Authors

Achtemeier P 139 141Adams S L 56 72 202Alexander P S 31 32Allison D C 1 2 3 5 12 22 24 66

75 77 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 90 91 94 96 98 99 103 105 107 112 117 119 120 123 125 129 130 131 133 134 135 136 138 139 140 144 147 148 149 150 152 153 155 158 160 163 169 170 172 175 176 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 193 197 198 200 205

Anderson A A 124Anderson F I 113Andrejevs O 25 164 172 190Arcari L 44Argall R A 47 72 202Arnal W E 23 24 48 59 61 63 65

66 67 68 78 86 104 123 125 132 134 136 150 191 194 208 214

Attridge H W 17Audet J-P 14Avigad N 29 30

Bailey K 102Bauckham R 12Baum A D 1Bazzana G B 1 3 24 59 178 198Beasley-Murray G R 158Berger K 104Bergmeier R 159 160 162Betz D H 3 24 51 103 146 179 183de Begraveze T 27Bird M F 159 198 199Black C C 11Black M 26 28 30 31 32 35 36 37

40 168Blenkinsopp J 135 136 137Boccaccini G 32 43 44 50Boring M E 38 183 184 185 188

192 211

Borsch F H 185Bovon F 5 19 93 95 96 98 99 106

140 177 179 184 185 198Bowman J W 28 33Boyarin D 23Breuer Y 34Brin G 208Broadhead E K 3 89Brodie T L 163Brooke G J 43 160Brown R E 11 12 102 130 157 158Broyles C C 123Bultmann R 3 60 98 111 132 156

158 184 185 186 187 188 201Burkett D 27 213Bussmann W 26

Campbell J Y 28 46Caragounis C C 27 29 39Carroll J T 3Carruth S 119Casey P M 29 34 35 37 39 41Cas tor G D 4 5Catchpole D R 21 77 90 96 99 129

131 145 147 156 157 159 164 175 188 198 208

Chang A 199Charlesworth J H 31 42 43 44 45

46 47 72 160 171 185Chazon E G 115 202Cheung L L 12Childs B S 163Chilton B D 26 36 39 117 130Clark D J 109Collins A Y 39 41 47 50 51 52 103

114 188 193 211Collins J J 23 40 43 48 49 50 51

52 53 57 76 77 121 126 160 161 162 163 168 202

Colpe C 25 26 28 29 31 32 36 37 39 40 45 140

Index of Modern Authors262

Conzelmann H 96 97Cotter W J 61 104 132 156 163 165

166 170 191Cromhout M 61 145 191Crossan J D 39 89 94 98 134

Dalman G 27 29 30Damm A 171Davidson M J 114Davies W D 1 2 3 91 99 119 120

131 138 139 140 149 150 169 172 179 180 184 185 193 197 200

DeConick A D 11 17 20 21 138 139 192

Derrenbacker R A 1 24Di Lella A A 73Dibelius M 12Diacuteez Macho A 30Dimant D 160DiTommaso L 57Doering L 208Downing F G 23 64Draper J A 13 14 15 16 68 156Dundenberg I 11Dunn J D G 1 149 183Dupont J 97 116Durham J I 163

Eldridge M D 117Elgvin T 49 56 57 115 202Eshel H 44

Fiebig P 26 27 28 34 37 39Fitzmyer J A 1 2 3 8 19 26 28 30

31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 82 91 95 97 98 117 118 119 130 131 133 138 139 140 146 149 163 177 179 208

Fleddermann H T 2 6 10 11 59 62 69 83 84 85 86 87 90 91 93 95 97 98 101 103 104 105 109 129 130 134 140 144 148 150 152 156 157 163 166 170 176 177 179 184 185 189 199 200 203 205 211

Flusser D 14 15Fos ter P 1 3 6 12 26Freedman H 32Frenschkowski M 145Frey J 56Freyne S 159 199

Funk F X 14 147

Garciacutea Martiacutenez F 49 57 160 162 202 208

Garrow A 13Gathercole S 17 19 20 138 139 181Gerber C 203Gibson J B 116Gieschen C A 147Ginsburger M 30Glover R 13 16Goering G S 72 125Goff M J 55 56 57 79 84 115 178

202Goodacre M 1 17 19Greenfield J C 27Greeven H 12Gregg B H 90 97 186 198 204Grenfell B P 14 17Guelich R A 193Guenther H O 26Gundry R H 150 181 197

Haenchen E 12 139 157 158 201Hahn F 185Han K S 124 125 200Hannah D D 42 43 45 46Hare D R A 38 39 40 184 185Harrington D J 33 55 57 202 Hartin P J 12 61 119 166Hasitschka M 118Heil C 5 38 60 99 119 181Higgins A J B 184Hill A E 163Hindley J C 43Hoffmann P 5 38 55 67 70 75 77

80 96 99 112 145 167 170 184 185

Holtzmann H J 4Hooker M D 45Horsley R 68 156 198 199 200van der Hors t P W 73Hossfeld F L 124Howard G 146Howes L 26 39 43 61 65 77 81 133

140 141 142 166 167 170 185 188 190 212

Hubbard B J 38Hultgren S 160 162Hunt A S 14 17

263Index of Modern Authors

van Iersel B M F 102

Jacobson A D 5 26 39 49 54 60 61 64 75 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 85 87 90 94 96 97 98 106 129 132 140 144 152 156 157 167 170 171 184 185 187 201 207 210

Jefford C N 13 14 15Jeremias J 179 198 204Jervis L A 55Jewett R 149Johnson L A 178 208Johnson L T 12Johnson-DeBaufre M 66 103 163Jonas H 51de Jonge H J 24 185Jongeling B 35Joseph S J 1 21 23 24 45 46 47 48

51 52 68 103 125 132 134 136 142 144 153 156 159 160 161 162 164 178 180 181 182 184 185 187 190 191 200 201 202 206 208 214 215

Jus t A A 102

Kahle P 26 30 31 36Kampen J L 162 209Kaufman S A 31 32 36 40Keener C S 183Kirk A 2 4 5 6 10 15 24 55 59 60

61 62 66 67 68 69 71 72 73 75 76 77 78 79 83 84 85 86 87 88 90 94 96 98 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 111 114 129 152 155 156 166 177 179 184 189 190 197 203 207 208 214 215

Kloppenborg J S 1 2 3 4 5 11 12 13 14 15 17 19 21 22 23 24 25 26 38 39 50 51 53 54 55 57 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 86 87 88 89 90 95 97 98 99 103 104 107 108 111 112 121 122 123 124 125 126 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 139 140 141 142 143 144 147 148 150 151 155 156 157 158 160 162 163 164 165 166 167 170 171 172 175 176 180 181 182 183 184 187 189

190 191 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 208 210 211 212 213

Knibb M A 46 202Koes ter H 15 38 48 60 61 63 66

148Koumlhler W D 16Kraus H-J 124Kutscher E Y 30 35 36

Lang B 201Laurence R 41Leives tad R 43Levine A-J 208Lichtenberger H 124Lindars B 29 34 37 39 43 184 185

188Lohfink N 118Lukaszewski A 25 27Luz U 3 10 60 74 75 78 81 87 90

91 93 95 96 97 99 102 106 111 131 134 140 142 145 148 150 151 166 169 180 181 184 185 197 198 199 201 204 207

Luumldemann G 183Luumlhrmann D 61 64 78 111 140 157

158 165 180 184

Mack B L 23 38 43 61 133 135 170Magness J 160Malherbe A 192 211Manson T W 5 28 101Maori Y 32Marcus J 8 11 41 47 102 183 188

193 199 211Marshall I H 3Martiacutenez R 166 167Martyn J L 183Maumlrz C-P 90 94McDermott J M 185McNamara M J 31Meadors E P 62 66 67 72 74 76 77

166 168 201Meadors G T 137Menken M J J 116 117Meyer A 27Meyer P D 157Middleton P 182Milik J P 36 42 43 187Milikowsky C 181Miller R J 63 201

Index of Modern Authors264

Mitchell D C 124Moller H B 29Moreland M 23Moss C 182Mournet T C 1Muraoka T 35 38Muumlnch C 203

Neirynck F 2 3 4 11 22 26 90 98 99 116 130 140 149

Nickelsburg G 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 52 53 76 106 112 113 122 126 141 168 172 202 210 213

Niebuhr K W 159Niederwimmer K 13 14 15 16 148

151 152Nielsen K 114 115Nolland J 179Novakovic L 160 162

Odeberg H 36Oegema G S 116Owen P 25 29 35

Patterson S J 17 18 21 61 63Perrin N 186Pervo R I 183Pietersma A 146Piovanelli P 44 45Piper R A 61 82 112 176 190Ploeg J P M 35Pokornyacute P 11 17 19 117 139Polag A 62 73 89 90 94Porter S E 180 181Porton G G 38Pries t J 126Propp W H C 163Puech Eacute 133 160 162

Ra Y 39 132 145 155 170 184 185Reicke B 141Riesner R 183Robbins M C 51 103 113 115 117

121 125Robbins V K 104Robinson J M 2 5 24 26 34 38 39

41 43 55 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 77 96 103 119 129 131 132 134 135 140 142 143 144 145

156 160 165 166 167 180 181 184 185 186 187 188 190 200 201 202

Rodd C S 6 7 9Rollens S E 2 3 23 24 26 61 132

182 191Roth D T 2 6 7 10 11 54 90 145

165 191 192 203 204 205 206Rothschild C K 90 159 164Royse J R 146Roumlsel M 146

Sacchi P 43 44 45 47Sandt H 5 14 15Sato M 3 59 62 74 75 76 77 79 80

82 83 87 90 94 98 111 134 170 176 184

Schalit A 44Schenk W 62 73 89 90 103 170 176Schiavo L 104 112 113Schiffman L H 57 160Schnackenburg R 12 157 158Schniedewind W M 160Schroumlter J 180Schulz S 74 132 165 167 176 179

201 210Schuumlrmann H 8 130 167 170Seeley D 132 141 142Segal M 43 114 121Sellew P 193Sevenich-Bax E 103 105Shelton J 163Shepherd D 29 35Shinall M C 51Shirock R J 102Sjoumlberg E 28 29 35 39 45Skeat T C 180Skehan P W 73Smith D A 96 201 202 203So K-C 157Sokoloff M 35Somov A 181Spranger P P 204S taples J A 145 146 154S teck O H 61 64 132 201S tone M E 45S treeter B H 4 12 130S trugnell J 55S tuckenbruck L T 27 30 47 51 65

114 121Syreeni K 4 15 153

265Index of Modern Authors

Tabor J D 160Tannehil R C 178 208Taylor N H 120 123 183Theissen G 123Theophilos M P 126Tigchelaar E J C 56Tiwald M 3 23 160Toumldt H E 47 184 185 186 187Tuckett C M 1 3 6 9 11 13 14 15

17 23 26 49 50 53 54 61 62 63 66 68 72 76 77 84 86 90 94 95 98 112 114 119 121 125 130 134 140 150 154 156 157 158 160 166 170 184 193 199 205 206 207 208 210

Uhlig S 45Uro R 26 62 185

Vaage L E 23 24 26 39 61 133 165 167 170 171 190 191 210

VanderKam J C 43 46 57 168Vassiliadis P 89 94de Vaux R 56Vermes G 26 28 29 31 32 33 34 35

36 37 38 39 40 43 140 160 184

Wacholder B Z 209

von Wahlde U C 12 158Wahlen C 51Walck L W 46 52Watson F 1Weaks J A 6 7Weinfeld M 118 146 207 208Weiser A 124Weiss B 130Wellhausen J 26Welch J W 102Wernberg-Mѳller P 36Wes termann C 135 136Williams P J 35Wilson W T 149Wins ton D 46 72Wise M O 160Witetschek S 86 167Wolter M 90van der Woude A S 35Wright III B J 72 202

Xeravits G G 202

York A D 32

Zeller D 63 69 111 165 212Zenger E 124

Index of Subjects

Abel-Main (Tell Abl) 45Abraham 32 157Agrippa I 123 183Ahab 118 121angel of Yahweh 163angelicheavenly rebellion 121 125Antigonus 43aphaeresis 27 32 34 36 38apocalypse 48ndash as incorrectly applied to Mk 133ndash37

211ndash as incorrectly applied to Q 1723ndash37

210 211apocalypticndash Chris tianity 53ndash discourse 211ndash framework 57 121ndash inaccurately used as a noun 49ndash literature 47 53 54 135ndash language in Ben Sira 72ndash tradition 56 57 186ndash wisdom ins tructions other than Q 56

57 77 202ndash worldview (outside of Q see its at-

tes tation in Q referenced separately below) 24 49 50 51 55 57 87 121

apocalypticism 25 87 58 62ndash and apocalypse 48 49ndash and eschatology 48ndash as a literary category 48 79ndash as a dis tortion of Godrsquos intended

order 23ndash as compatible with wisdom in late

second temple literature 57 62 66 70 72 154 202

ndash as having a place outside the genre of an apocalypse 49

ndash as synonymous with apocalyptic worldview 49

ndash in Pauline thought 192ndash in sectarian environments 53

ndash in recent Q scholarship 48ndash methodological definitions of 50 54

186Aramaic 25 26 46 70 140 187 204

213ndash OfficialImperialBiblical 26 27 35

40ndash Middle 26 27 30 32 33 34 35 36

37 38 40 41 52 167 170 187 188ndash Late 26 27 28 32 33 34 35 36 37

38 41 140 187ndash Galilean 29 36 38ndash Qumran 31 32 35 38Athaliah 125Augus tus 45

Babylonian Exile 118Banias 45βασιλείαndash as a hypothetical metaphor reflecting

the social interes ts of Qrsquos author(s) 48

ndash as a political entity 120ndash of God 23 48 73 95 108 123 132

177 178 182 183 184 192 194 206 207

ndash of Satan 51 114ndash realized 142beatitude(s) 82 91 93 105 131 132

133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 153

Bethsaida 45 56 93

Caesarea Philippi 46(Cairo) Geniza fragments 28 29 30 32

36 37Capernaum 45 56 93chiasm 83 85 101 102 103 109 118

120chias tic 85 101 103 106 107 108 120

152 197

Index of Subjects268

Chorazin 56 93chreia(s) 63 71 104 105 120 211chreiic 65 86 104 105 111 156chris tology (see the Q discussion refer-

enced separately below)ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 17ndash in Luke 19ndash in Mark 131circumcision 159 209Claudius 183cosmic mountain 114 119Cynic(s) 23

Dan 45 47Darius I 163Deuteronomis t 118Deuteronomis tic His tory 146deuteronomis ticndash agenda 156ndash context(s) 143 153ndash framework 53 54ndash motifs 118 127ndash orientation 64ndash outlook 61 82 114ndash redaction 80ndash rhetoric 136ndash s tratums trata 78ndash theme 78ndash tradition 79ndash unders tanding 64devil 51 66 114 117 119 120 121 123

124

Elijah 96 116 118 126 162 163 164ElijahElisha cycle 162 163Enoch 44 45 47 51 76 112 113 157

172 202ndash as a scribe 46ndash Book of Watchers 45 113 125ndash sapiential content in Watchers 76ndash Book of Parables 24 41 47 157 167

171 213ndash sapiential content in Parables 76ndash Epis tle of Enoch 43ndash his torical incarnation of 202ndash Seminar 47Enochicndash author 122ndash corpus 52 73ndash formulation 52

ndash framework 121ndash literaturetext 43 46 56ndash movement 47 53 157 210ndash mythology 113 114 122 164ndash Son of Man 172ndash tradents 46ndash tradition 43 46 47 79 113 122 157

215ndash Watchers myth 45 53 121eschatological prophetndash in 4Q521 160 162ndash in Q 164 165 166eschatology (see the Q discussion refer-

enced separately below) 47 48 50ndash in 1 Enoch 42 47 76 122 141 142

168 169ndash in 4Q521 159 160 162ndash in 4QIns truction 56ndash in Ben Sira 72ndash in Malachi 163 164ndash in Psalms of Solomon 159ndash in Trito-Isaiah 136Exodusndash legendmyth 117ndash imagerymotifs 116 163

form (literary)ndash and meaning 82ndash and worldview 76ndash apocalypse 49ndash criticism 61 62 63 67 68 69 70

74 156 170 214ndash miracle s tory 156ndash wisdom 84ndash (wisdom) ins truction 70 71

Gaius (Caligula) 44 46 123Galilee 23 36 44 45 47 56 73 131

171 194 215ndash village scribes 48ndash villagestowns 24 93 199Gentile(s) 9 87 96 120 126 155 157

158 159 164 167 168 169 173 198 199 209 215

Great Omission 8 9

HasidicHasidim 79 162Hebrew 25 35 39 40 41 42 204Hebrew Biblescriptures 24 118 127

136 160

269Index of Subjects

Hermogenes 171mt Hermon 45 46 47Herod the Great and the Herodian era

43 44 45 46 126Herodians 45(holy) Spirit 72 94 178 189Hulah Valley 45

Isaiah (see the Index of Ancient Sources for specific passages)

ndash Deutero 46 135 136 168 169ndash firs t-century reader of 135ndash Trito 51 54 135 136 137 143 154

163 200Israelndash in Ben Sira 125ndash in Daniel 168ndash in Deuteronomy 118ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 139ndash in the Hebrew Bible 198 199ndash in Jubilees 121ndash in Malachi 163ndash in Q 53 64 78 80 87 96 104 118

127 155 156 158 198 199ndash pre-exilic 50ndash traditional wisdom of 58ndash wilderness myth 117

James (son of Zebedee) 183Jerusalem 44 72 96 106 108 113 119

125 159 166 199 200ndash culttemple 136 137 163 214ndash pries thood 45 47 127Jesusndash as an apocalyptic figure in Q 38ndash as a literary character in Q 21ndash floating traditions ascribed to 48ndash his torical 21 29 37 43 47 73 116

141 142 164 165 171 172 186 198ndash his torical greeting of in Jerusalem

106ndash movement 23ndash tradition 161Jewish Chris tianityndash as a movement in a contes ted envi-

ronment 43 183ndash as a proliferation of groups and

communities 183ndash on the use of the term 23

ndash possible connection to the Enochic movement 47

Jewish War 200John (the Baptis t) 68 78 80 83 85 90

91 92 97 103 104 105 116 159 163 164 165 166 167 169 172

ndash followers of 159 165 166ndash his torical 159 165Journeysndash cosmicterres trial 76 112 113 114

119 122 127ndash heavenly 45 112 113Judea 36 44 200 215

Kallirrhoeuml 45Kleinliteratur 3 4 59 60 73 215

Lordrsquos Prayer 93 94 177Lot 97 99

Maccabean era 126Mas tema 121Matthew and Luke as conservative

traditionalis ts 4Matthewrsquos and Lukersquos redactorial

freedom 4Matthewrsquos use of Q 4messiah 106 116 162 164 210messiahship 123messianic 116 210Migdal 46mimesis 114 141minor agreements 15 130Minor Prophets 146Moses 117

Nag Hammadi 17Nimrod 32

oralndash possible cross-influence on the Gos-

pel of Thomas from the canonical gospels 11 193

ndash harmonization of Matthew and Luke 16

ndash life of the primitive community 60ndash performance 15 16 161ndash source utilization 15ndash tradition 17 98 151ndash transmission 188

Index of Subjects270

ndash usage and application of Q 4ndash usage of Matthew 15ndash variants of Q 4Oxyrhynchus 17

Paneion 46Parousia 116 186 193Parthian invasion of 40 BCE 44 46Paulndash his torical 149 183ndash possible awareness of the Q tradition

by 192persecutionndash as an apocalyptic motif 54ndash because of someone 142ndash in authentic Pauline corpus 149 183ndash in Q 52 54 78 94 107 118 122

126 132 133 134 140 141 142 143 144 175 180 181 182 184 190 194 200 206

ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 138ndash in the Parables of Enoch 141ndash in Trito-Isaiah 137 200ndash plausibility of 182 183Pharisees 65 68 94 166 169 205 206

214pleroma 39prophecyndash pre-exilic and Persian era (classical)

50ndash mixture of with wisdom 77Prophetisierung 75

Qndash apocalypticism apocalyptic motifs

features imagination framework and worldview 23 25 46 53 57 58 63 69 70 71 73 76 79 84 87 88 111 114 121 127 141 175 190 194 197 202 210 211 213 214

ndash apocalyptic document 48 51ndash apocalyptic wisdom ins truction 23

55 70 73 74 77 79 214ndash (apocalyptic) communitymovement

55 107 122 194 195 206 209ndash Aramaic roots 26ndash chris tology 70 81 83 87 93 104

115 116 123 130 131 142 144 145 147 153 154 156 157 159 164 166 167 194 214

ndash demonology 51 53ndash eschatological (apocalyptic) dis-

course 64 83 97 98 170 210 211 212

ndash eschatology 48 51 54 56 69 73 75 87 94 95 101 104 105 108 133 141 142 143 144 147 159 164 165 166 167 169 172 180 192 193 194 198 199 202 203 210

ndash final (literary) form 59 62 69 78 178

ndash hypothetical mid- (lower) level or sub-elite scribal origin 24 59

ndash hypothetical recensions 3 4 59 60 90 98

ndash hypothetical segregation of wisdom and apocalyptic s trata 60 66 67 70 213 214

ndash mission speech 23 56 86 87 92 104 105 107 173 182 194

ndash Pales tinian character 24ndash possible authenticity of its content

22 81ndash prophetic content 61 63 67 70 74

75 76 77 79 80 82 83 142 143 176

ndash recons truction (CEQ) 5 6 10 90 (see also recons truction [in this s tudy] below as such frequently follows the CEQ)

ndash recons truction (feasibility) 2 3 4 10 11

ndash recons truction (in this s tudy) 60 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 111 116 119 120 123 130 131 134 144 147 148 149 151 152 165 169 170 172 175 176 177 178 179 181 184 191 193 199 204 207 213 215

ndash recons truction (methodology) 5 89 90

ndash recons truction (skepticism) 2 10 59 (see also recons tructed Mark below)

ndash sapiential content 12 62 63 67 77 79 80 82 130 154 175 191 202 214

ndash sermon 63 82 91 92 103 105 127 129 130 131 134 135 138 140 144 145 147 152 153 154 155 156

ndash sophis ticated scribal traditions 24ndash sub-literary view of 3 59 60 74

271Index of Subjects

ndash tradents 4 59 67 125 135 147 181 182 197 199 202 203 207 209 214

ndash tradition 13 17 87 161 163 164 186 187 192 202

Quintillian 171Qumran (see the Index of Ancient

Sources for specific documents)ndash apocalyptic worldview 50 135ndash Aramaic corpus 33ndash beatitude collection 133ndash communitymovementYahad 44 53

56 121 135 136 137 157 160 161 206 207 208 209

ndash demonology 124ndash discovery 29ndash fellowship with angels 115ndash fragments of 1 Enoch 44ndash library 43ndash manualsrules 82ndash sapiential literature 25 55 56 57

58 62 69ndash social setting 43

recons tructed Mark 2 6 7 8 9 10RomeRomans 44 91 121 126 159

199 207ndash occupation of Judea 44

sage(s) 55 56 79 84Samaria 44Satan 50 51 52 53 114 115 117 118

120 121 159 192scribe(s) 102 205ndash ancient reading practices of 102ndash as a Q opponent group 68 169 205ndash as advanced or elite readers of Q

102 103ndash Enochic 46 215ndash in Matthewrsquos community (other than

Matthew) 4ndash in the Q community 48 135 195

215ndash in the text of Q 169 172ndash memory competence of 4 102ndash responsible for 2 Enoch 112ndash responsible for Did 13bndash5b 15scriptorium 46Sefire 27 37Sepphoris 38 46Sermon on the Mount 15 16 87 94

Sermon on the Plain 15 16(Deutero-Isaianic) Servant 136 168 169Sidon 199Simeon II 125Son of Man 47 115ndash Aramaic background of the phrase

25 26 28 37 153ndash as a messianic title in the Parables of

Enoch 28 46ndash circumlocutional non-titular use of

the phrase in Late Aramaic 34ndash classifications of the phrasersquos Q

ins tances 26ndash designation of as Son of Humanity in

some recent research 39ndash his torical incarnation of as under-

s tood by some ancient authors 165 172

ndash hypothetical non-titular (circumlocu-tional or generic) use of the definite phrase in Middle Aramaic by the his torical Jesus and in Q 28 29 34 37 38 39 42 43 52 71 140 142 167 170 186 187

ndash in Daniel 41 42 186 213ndash in Luke 142 186ndash in Mark 41ndash in Matthew 99 142 186ndash in Q 25 26 34 38 39 42 43 46 47

52 53 64 67 69 70 71 96 98 104 106 115 116 123 141 142 147 164 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 176 185 186 187 188 189 191 194 201 203 210 212 213

ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 170ndash in the Parables of Enoch 25 28 41

42 43 44 45 46 47 122 141 142 146 147 153 155 164 165 168 169 172 173 202 213

ndash non-titular use of the indefinite phrase in Middle Aramaic 41

ndash titular (including but not limited to chris tological) use of the definite phrase in Q 34 38 52 53 64 70 104 123 142 143 147 167 168 172 173 185 186 187 189 191 194 201 203 210 212 213

Sondergut 89 90ndash Matthean 91ndash Lukan 94 95 97 98 177

Index of Subjects272

Sophiandash myth (Enochic tradition) 172 202ndash myth (synoptic tradition) 96 200

201ndash words of 96 201synopticndash gospels 11 150 151ndash material 16 151ndash parallels 18 19ndash problem 1ndash Sayings Source 3 216ndash s tudies 4ndash tradition 17 21 26 98 101 131 151

158 205 215Syria 215

Talmud 30 36 37 38Targum 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

38 40 41ndash recons truction of the Pales tinian Tar-

gum 32Taricheae 46Tell Dan 45templendash apparatusins titution 50 96 107

113 119 125 126 127 137 157 197 200 205

ndash eschatological 76

ndash purityholiness of 65 123 137ndash mitigatingprotective role 51 124ndash of Augus tus at Paneion 45ndash second temple era 25 41 44 48 56

62 70 71 72 79 82 84 121 124 136 137 154 163 186 201 209 213 216

ndash liturgy 124ndash mounthill 113ndash pollution of as perceived by some

ancient authors 113 125 136Theon of Alexandria 171Tiberias 38Torah 58 64 72 79 112 207 208 209transfiguration 47tree of knowledge 113Tyre 199

Vermes-Fitzmyer debate 28 38 39

Watchers 45 53 121Wicked Pries t 125

Yahweh 117 118

Zechariah (son of Jehoiada) 200mt Zion 113

  • Cover13
  • Titel13
  • Preface
  • Table of Contents13
  • List of Abbreviations
  • Chapter One Prolegomena
    • 1 Introduction Recent Methodological Questions in Q Studies
    • 2 The Study of Q as a Reconstructed Text
      • Index of Ancient Sources
      • Index of Modern Authors
      • Index of Subjects
Page 3: Apocalypticism in the Synoptic Sayings Source€¦ · Apocalypticism in the Synoptic Sayings Source A Reassessment of Q’s Stratigraphy Mohr Siebeck. Olegs Andrejevs, born 1982;

Olegs Andrejevs born 1982 2013 PhD Loyola University Chicago currently Instructor in the Religion Department at Carthage College and the Department of Theology at Loyola University Chicago

ISBN 978-3-16-157639-3 eISBN 978-3-16-157640-9 DOI 101628 978-3-16-157640-9

ISSN 0340-9570 eISSN 2568-7484 (Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament 2 Reihe)

The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliographie detailed bibliographic data are available on the Internet at httpdnbdnbde

copy 2019 Mohr Siebeck Tuumlbingen Germany wwwmohrsiebeckcom

This book may not be reproduced in whole or in part in any form (beyond that permitted by copyright law) without the publisherrsquos written permission This applies particularly to repro-ductions translations and storage and processing in electronic systems

The book was printed by Laupp amp Goumlbel in Gomaringen on non-aging paper and bound by Buchbinderei Naumldele in Nehren

Printed in Germany

Preface

Writing this book has been an immensely satisfying and joyful journey It rep-resents the hopefully more mature fruit of my thinking about Q and its compo-sition several years following the completion of my dissertation in 2013 It is not a rewrite or revision of the dissertation but a totally new composition that devel-ops some of the ideas firs t articulated in that work A good portion of the time following the dissertation was spent elaborating the s tratigraphic analysis that underlies the current project My concern has been to advance and sharpen the diachronic s tudy of Q pointing up its advantages over the synchronic approach and its contribution to the s tudy of formative Jewish Chris tianity As the bookrsquos title indicates the principal objective of the s tudy is to highlight the presence of the apocalyptic worldview in all of Qrsquos compositional s tages

Easily the mos t challenging aspect of this process was the inevitable neces-sity to take some time away from my family ndash S tella Josie Natasha Mary and S teve To them this work is therefore dedicated firs t and foremos t Without their love and support I simply could not have done it I am also grateful to my pas t teachers and present colleagues especially Professors Wendy J Cotter Robert A Di Vito Jim Lochtefeld and Rom Mazcka Toward the end of this journey at Mohr Siebeck I have had the pleasure of having the transition of my man-uscript from its acceptance to its print-ready form overseen by a phenomenal team who have expertly guided me through every s tep of the process Katharina Gutekuns t Elena Muumlller Tobias S taumlbler and Rebekka Zech Mr Wesley Ding-man has kindly rectified some nagging issues in preparing the final PDF file Of course I take full responsibility for any errors that remain

Finally I would like to thank Professor Joumlrg Frey and the board of editors for accepting this work for publication

Table of Contents

Preface v

Lis t of Abbreviations xii

Chapter One Prolegomena 1

1 Introduction Recent Methodological Ques tions in Q S tudies 1

2 The S tudy of Q as a Recons tructed Text 3

3 Possible Independent Witnesses to Qrsquos Sayings and S tories 11

31 Q and its Possible Autonomous Parallels1132 Contes ted Case no 1 Q and Did 13bndash5b 1333 Contes ted Case no 2 Q and the Gospel of Thomas 17

4 Q and the His torical Jesus 21

Chapter Two Q An Apocalyptic Wisdom Ins truction 23

1 Introduction The Necessity of a Renewed Inquiry into Qrsquos Apocalypticism 23

2 Q and the Son of Man 25

21 The Semitic Background of ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου 2522 From Fiebig to Vermes by way of Kahle 26

221 From Fiebig to Vermes 26222 The Targumic Evidence and the Kahle School 30

23 From Vermes to Modern Q Research by Way of Colpe 32231 Vermesrsquos Corpus of Evidence The Problem of the Aphaeresis 32232 The Ques tion of Determination 34233 Colpe and the New Tes tament Son of Man S tudies

pos t-Kittel 3624 The Use of בר אנשאנשא in Official and Middle Aramaic 40

Table of ContentsVIII

25 Q and its Apocalyptic Predecessors Case no 1 The Son of Man in the Parables of Enoch 41

3 Q and the Apocalyptic Worldview 48

31 Apocalypse and Apocalypticism 4832 Deuteronomis tic Business as Usual ndash in Q John S Kloppenborgrsquos

ldquoSymbolic Eschatologyrdquo 5333 Q and its Apocalyptic Predecessors Case no 2 4QIns truction 55

Chapter Three Recent Compositional S tudies of Q (1987ndashPresent) 59

1 Introduction The Necessity of Returning to the Issues of the Composition and S tratigraphy of Q 59

2 John S Kloppenborg and ldquoThe Formation of Qrdquo (1987) 62

21 Theory 6222 Analysis of Kloppenborgrsquos Q3 s tratum 6523 Analysis of Kloppenborgrsquos Q2 s tratum 6624 Analysis of Kloppenborgrsquos Q1 s tratum 7025 Conclusion 73

3 Migaku Sato and ldquoQ und Prophetierdquo (1988) 74

31 Prophetisierung ndash in Q 7432 Prophecy and Apocalypticism 76

4 Arland D Jacobson and ldquoThe Firs t Gospelrdquo (1992) 77

5 Dale C Allison and ldquoThe Jesus Tradition in Qrdquo (1997) 80

6 The Synchronic Models of Alan Kirk and HT Fleddermann 83

61 Alan Kirk and ldquoThe Composition of the Sayings Sourcerdquo (1998) 8362 HT Fleddermann and ldquoQ A Recons truction

and Commentaryrdquo (2005) 8463 Conflicting Timelines and the Synchronic Approach to Q 86

7 Moving Forward 87

IXTable of Contents

Chapter Four Recons truction 89

1 Introduction 89

2 Recons truction of Qrsquos Sequence 90

Chapter Five Macro Compositions in Q 101

1 Introduction 101

2 The Compositional S tructure of Q 32bndash960 103

3 The Compositional S tructure of Q 102ndash1240 105

4 The Compositional S tructure of Q 1235ndash2230 108

Chapter Six The Temptation S tory 111

1 Introduction 111

2 Q 41ndash13 Genre Interpretation and S tratigraphy 112

21 The S toryrsquos Genre A Cosmic Journey 11222 Q 41ndash13 as an Angelic Disputation 11423 The Firs t Sequence (Q 41ndash4) 11624 The Second Sequence (Q 45ndash8) 11925 The Third Sequence (Q 49ndash13) 123

3 Summary S tratigraphic Provenance of Q 41ndash13 126

Chapter Seven Q 416 620ndash49 129

1 Introduction 129

2 Ναζαρά (Q 416 ) 130

3 The Beatitudes (Q 620bndash23) 131

31 Recons truction and the Main Issues 13132 Is Mourning a Socioeconomic Index LXX Isa 611ndash3 as

the Intertextual Background of Q 620bndash2113233 The Q Beatitudes and their Thomasine Parallels 13734 Q 622ndash23 and 1 Pet 314 414 139

Table of ContentsX

35 Ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου in Q 622c 14036 The Prophets in Q 623c14337 Conclusion Q 620bndash23 as a Q2 Composition 143

4 ldquoWhy do you call me lsquoκύριε κύριεrsquordquo Q 646 and the Chris tological Bookends of the Sermon 144

5 The Sectio Evangelica (Q 627ndash635) and Q 636 147

51 The Shared Vorlage of Q 627ndash35 and Did 13bndash5b 14752 Q 627ndash36 Imitatio Dei and Divine Adoption 152

6 Summary S tratigraphic Provenance of Q 416 620ndash49 153

Chapter Eight Q 71ndash960 155

1 Introduction 155

2 Q and the Gentile Mission in Q 71ndash10 155

3 ldquoGo and Tell Johnrdquo (Q 718ndash23) 159

4 Σὺ εἶ ὁ ἐρχόμενος The Son of Manrsquos Earthly Mission in Q 734 and 958 165

41 Ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου in Q 73416542 Ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου in Q 95816943 Q 959ndash60 as a Q2 Text 172

5 Summary Compositional Unity of Q 71ndash35 957ndash60 173

Chapter Nine Q 102ndash1240 175

1 Introduction 175

2 S tratigraphic Provenance of Q 128ndash10 176

21 S tructural Similarity of Q 124ndash7 to Q 112bndash4 9ndash13 1222bndash34 17622 Q 122ndash12 as a Q1 ldquoPersecution Speechrdquo 18123 Ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου in Q 128ndash10184

231 Recons truction and the Main Issues 184232 Ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου in Q 128 185233 Ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου ndash in Q 129 188

XITable of Contents

234 Ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου in Q 1210 188235 Conclusion Q 128ndash10 as a Q1 Text 190

3 S tratigraphic Provenance of Q 1239ndash40 190

31 Q 1239-40 and Q 1233ndash34 19032 Q 1239-40 and Gos Thom 215ndash8192

4 Summary 194

Chapter 10 Q 1235ndash2230 197

1 Introduction 197

2 Ten Los t Tribes or Gentiles in Q 1328ndash29 198

3 Q and its Opponents200

31 Jesus and the Temple in Q 1149ndash51 1334ndash35 20032 Q2 and the Wicked Slaves 203

4 The Halakhic Compendium in Q 1617ndash172 206

5 S tratigraphic Provenance of Q 1723ndash37 210

51 Q 1723ndash37 as an Apocalyptic Discourse 21052 Ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου in Q 1723ndash37212

Chapter 11 Conclusion 213

Bibliography 217

Index of Ancient Sources 245

Index of Modern Authors 261

Index of Subjects 267

Lis t of Abbreviations

AASF Annales Academiae Scientiarum FennicaeAB Anchor BibleABD Anchor Bible DictionaryABRL Anchor Bible Reference LibraryAcOr Acta OrientaliaAGJU Arbeiten zur Geschichte des antiken Judentums und des Urchris tentumsAnBib Analecta BiblicaANTC Abingdon New Tes tament CommentariesBBB Bonner Biblische BeitraumlgeBeO Biblica et OrientaliaBETL Bibliotheca Ephemeridum Theologicarum LovaniensiumBib BiblicaBJRL Bulletin of the John Rylands University Library of Manches terBNTC Blackrsquos New Tes tament CommentaryBR Biblical ResearchBSR Bulletin for the S tudy of ReligionBTB Biblical Theology BulletinBTS Biblical Tools and S tudiesBWANT Beitraumlge zur Wissenschaft vom Alten und Neuen Tes tamentBZ Biblische ZeitschriftBZNW Beihefte zur Zeitschrift fuumlr die neutes tamentliche WissenschaftCBR Currents in Biblical ResearchCC Concordia CommentaryCEQ The Critical Edition of Q Synopsis Including the Gospels of Matthew

and Luke Mark and Thomas with English German and French Translations of Q and Thomas

CBQ Catholic Biblical Quarterly CRINT Compendia Rerum Iudaicarum ad Novum Tes tamentumDJD Discoveries in the Judean DesertDSD Dead Sea DiscoveriesECC Eerdmans Critical CommentaryEs tBib Es tudios BiblicosETL Ephemerides Theologicae LovaniensesEvT Evangelische TheologieExpT The Expository TimesFB Forschung zur BibelFFRS Foundations and Facets Reference SeriesFRLANT Forschungen zur Religion und Literatur des Alten und Neuen Tes tamentsGTJ Grace Theological JournalHNT Handbuch zum Neuen Tes tamentHR His tory of ReligionsHTCNT Herderrsquos Theological Commentary on the New Tes tament

XIV Lis t of Abbreviations

HTR Harvard Theological ReviewHTS Harvard Theological S tudiesIBS Irish Biblical S tudiesICC The International Critical CommentaryIQP The International Q ProjectJAOS Journal of the American Oriental SocietyJBL Journal of Biblical LiteratureJCTCRS Jewish and Chris tian Texts in Contexts and Related S tudiesJECH Journal of Early Chris tian His toryJJS Journal of Jewish S tudiesJQR Jewish Quarterly ReviewJR Journal of ReligionJSJ Journal for the S tudy of JudaismJSJSup Journal for the S tudy of Judaism Supplement SeriesJSNT Journal for the S tudy of the New Tes tamentJSNTSup Journal for the S tudy of the New Tes tament Supplement SeriesJSOT Journal for the S tudy of the Old Tes tamentJSOTSup Journal for the S tudy of the Old Tes tament Supplement SeriesJSP Journal for the S tudy of the PseudepigraphaJSPSup Journal for the S tudy of the Pseudepigrapha Supplement SeriesJTC Journal for Theology and the ChurchJTS Journal of Theological S tudiesLingBibl Linguis tica BiblicaLNTS Library of New Tes tament S tudiesLS TS Library of Second Temple S tudiesLUA Lunds Universitets ArsskriftMTS Marburger theologische S tudienMThA Muumlns teraner theologische AbhandlungenNA Neutes tamentliche ArbeitenNHS Nag Hammadi S tudiesNHMS Nag Hammadi and Manichaean S tudiesNIBC The New International Biblical CommentaryNIGTC The New International Greek Tes tament Commentary NovT Novum Tes tamentumNovTSup Novum Tes tamentum SupplementsNTL The New Tes tament LibraryNTR New Tes tament ReadingsNTS New Tes tament S tudiesNTTS New Tes tament Tools and S tudiesOTL The Old Tes tament LibraryPBM Paternos ter Biblical MonographsPFES Publications of the Finnish Exegetical SocietyRB Revue bibliqueRevQ Revue de QumranSAC S tudies in Antiquity and Chris tianity SBL S tudies in Biblical LiteratureSBLECL Society of Biblical Literature Early Chris tianity and its LiteratureSBLEJL Society of Biblical Literature Early Judaism and its LiteratureSBLMS Society of Biblical Literature Monograph SeriesSBLSBS Society of Biblical Literature Sources for Biblical S tudySBLSP Society of Biblical Literature Seminar PapersSNTSMS Society for New Tes tament S tudies Monograph Series

XVLis t of Abbreviations

ScrHier Scripta HierosolymitanaSPhiloA S tudia Philonica AnnualS TDJ S tudies on the Texts of the Desert of JudahS tJ S tudia JudaicaSVTP S tudia in Veteris Tes tamenti PseudepigraphaSVTQ S t Vladimirrsquos Theological QuarterlyTAZ Texte und Arbeiten zum neutes tamentlichen ZeitalterTDNT Theological Dictionary of the New Tes tamentTENT Texts and Editions for New Tes tament S tudyTJT Toronto Journal of TheologyTS Theological S tudiesTTZ Trierer theologische ZeitschriftUNDCSJCA University of Notre Dame Center for the S tudy of Judaism and

Chris tianity in AntiquityVCSup Vigiliae Chris tianae Supplement SeriesVT Vetus Tes tamentumVTSup Vetus Tes tamentum Supplement SeriesWBC Word Biblical CommentaryWUNT Wissenchaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Tes tamentZDMG Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenlaumlndischen GesellschaftZKT Zeitschrift fuumlr katholische TheologieZNW Zeitschrift fuumlr die neutes tamentliche WissenschaftZTK Zeitschrift fuumlr Theologie und Kirche

Chapter One

Prolegomena

1 Introduction Recent Methodological Questions in Q Studies

A survey of the current trends in New Testament and Q studies reveals a some-what uncertain environment While the Two-Document Hypothesis (hereafter 2DH) continues to hold its own occasional skepticism with regard to Qrsquos ex-istence has by no means dissipated1 Within the ranks of those scholars who work with or trend toward the 2DH the written character of Q is not universally accepted2 Among those who accept the premise of a written Q there remain

1 For recent arguments against the 2DH see eg Mark S Goodacre The Case Against Q

Studies in Markan Priority and the Synoptic Problem (Harrisburg PA Trinity Press Interna-tional 2002) Francis Watson Gospel Writing A Canonical Perspective (Grand Rapids MI Eerdmans 2013) For responses to these scholars see eg Paul Foster ldquoIs It Possible to Dis-pense with Qrdquo NovT 45 (2003) 313ndash37 John S Kloppenborg ldquoOn Dispensing with Q Goodacre on the Relation of Luke to Matthewrdquo NTS 49 (2003) 210ndash36 Christopher M Tuck-ett ldquoWatson Q and LMrdquo in Gospel Interpretation and the Q-Hypothesis (ed Mogens Muumlller and Heike Omerzu LNTS 573 London TampT Clark 2018) 115ndash38 (for Watsonrsquos rejoinder see ldquoSeven Theses on the Synoptic Problem in Disagreement with Christopher Tuckettrdquo in Idem 139ndash47) For classic comprehensive cases in support of the 2DH see Joseph A Fitzmyer ldquoThe Priority of Mark and the lsquoQrsquo Source in Lukerdquo in Jesus and Manrsquos Hope (ed Donald G Miller Pittsburgh PA Pittsburgh Theological Seminary 1970) 131ndash70 W D Davies and Dale C Allison The Gospel According to Saint Matthew (ICC 26 3 vols Edinburgh TampT Clark 1988ndash97) 1115ndash21 John S Kloppenborg Verbin Excavating Q The History and Set-ting of the Sayings Gospel (Minneapolis MN Fortress Press 2000) 11ndash54 For recent investi-gations demonstrating the viability of the 2DH see Robert A Derrenbacker Ancient Composi-tional Practices and the Synoptic Problem (BETL 186 Leuven Leuven University Press 2005) Alan Kirk Q in Matthew Ancient Media Memory and Early Scribal Transmission of the Jesus Tradition (LNTS 564 London TampT Clark 2016) For additional recent statements by Q scholars see Simon J Joseph The Nonviolent Messiah Jesus Q and the Enochic Tradi-tion (Minneapolis MN Fortress Press 2014) 8ndash10 Giovanni B Bazzana Kingdom of Bureau-cracy The Political Ideology of Village Scribes in the Sayings Gospel Q (BETL 274 Leuven Peeters 2015) 2ndash3 While a close discussion of the synoptic problem lies outside the scope of this monograph it is perhaps worth emphasizing that the solutions of Goodacre and Watson are equally if not more so hypothetical than the 2DH

2 Eg Terence C Mournet Oral Tradition and Literary Dependency Variability and Sta-bility in the Synoptic Tradition and Q (WUNT 2195 Tuumlbingen Mohr Siebeck 2005) Armin D Baum Der muumlndliche Faktor und seine Bedeutung fuumlr die synoptische Frage (TAZ 49 Tuuml-bingen Francke 2008) James D G Dunn The Oral Gospel Tradition (Grand Rapids MI Eerdmans 2013) For responses to the arguments made by these and other scholars see John

2 Chapter One Prolegomena

important disagreements regarding the attainability of Qrsquos word-level recon-struction3 Additionally questions about the provenance of portions of two sec-ond-century documents the Didache and the pseudepigraphal Gospel of Thomas continue to affect the study of Qrsquos sources and redaction If the Q parallels contained in those documents derive from the canonical gospels ndash as some scholars have argued ndash then such parallels obviously have no bearing on Qrsquos compositional history If however certain sayings or combinations of say-ings reach the Didache and Thomas via autonomous channels apart from the canonical gospels and can be shown to not depend on Q then the hypothesis of a Vorlage shared by the parallels in question and Q becomes logical It is not difficult to see how these matters are critical to the study of Qrsquos stratigraphy After all one of its fundamental tasks is to identify possible modifications of traditional material thereby acquiring a better understanding of the documentrsquos redactional interests

This chapter will discuss two of the aforementioned issues While we pre-suppose the validity of the 2DH and Qrsquos written character in what follows we shall engage the feasibility of Qrsquos reconstruction and the attainability of the documentrsquos wording The former has recently been dismissed by a number of scholars who have pointed out the inferiority of the reconstructed Mark4 to the canonical version of the gospel while Qrsquos wording has come under renewed scrutiny This will be followed by arguments in support of the autonomy of Did 13bndash21 and portions of the Gospel of Thomas both contested subjects in recent academic discussion Some of the observations included in the treatment of these matters will cover familiar terrain However their configuration is de-signed to highlight the problematic nature of a number of current claims and to lay the methodological foundation for the present investigation as well as for a fresh treatment of the Sayings Source and related documents5

S Kloppenborg ldquoVariation and Reproduction of the Double Tradition and an Oral Qrdquo ETL 83 (2007) 53ndash80 Alan Kirk ldquoOrality Writing and Phantom Sources Appeals to Ancient Media in Some Recent Challenges to the Two Document Hypothesisrdquo NTS 58 (2011) 1ndash22 Idem Q in Matthew 151ndash66 220ndash24 293ndash97 Sarah E Rollens Framing Social Criticism in the Jesus Movement The Ideological Project in the Sayings Gospel Q (WUNT 2374 Tuumlbingen Mohr Siebeck 2014) 81ndash90 See also the earlier discussion in eg Joseph A Fitzmyer The Gospel According to Luke (AB 28 and 28A 2 vols New York NY Doubleday 1981ndash85) 75ndash81 John S Kloppenborg Formation of Q Trajectories in Ancient Wisdom Collections (SAC Phil-adelphia PA Fortress Press 1987) 42ndash51 Davies and Allison Matthew 1116 H T Fledder-mann Q A Reconstruction and Commentary (BTS 1 Leuven Peeters 2005) 41ndash68 Based on the case made collectively by the above scholars it will be a presupposition of this study that Q was a written document

3 Eg Dieter T Roth The Parables in Q (LNTS 582 London TampT Clark 2018) 30ndash44 See the discussion below in this chapter

4 Viz Markrsquos gospel as reconstructed from its reception by Matthew and Luke 5 It is necessary also to address the frequent identification of Q as a gospel Frans Neirynck

(ldquoQ From Source to Gospelrdquo ETL 71 [1995] 421) notes that ldquothe use of the term originated in the SBL Q Seminar and was strongly promoted by its presidents James M Robinson and John

2 The Study of Q as a Reconstructed Text 3

2 The Study of Q as a Reconstructed Text 2 The Study of Q as a Reconstructed Text It is one thing to assert based on the synoptic evidence that Q was a written document with a single recension of the finished text6 It is another matter to

S Kloppenborgrdquo For the rationale see eg John S Kloppenborg ldquoIntroductionrdquo in The Shape of Q Signal Essays on the Sayings Gospel (ed Idem Minneapolis MN Fortress Press 1994) 1 n 1 I am sympathetic with Neirynckrsquos view (ldquoQ From Source to Gospelrdquo 429) it is ldquoan advantage of the full designation lsquo(Synoptic) Sayings Source Qrsquo that it reminds us of the fact that we have no direct access to the text of Q it remains a hypothetical source text that we are to reconstruct from Matthew and Lukerdquo Furthermore there is ldquoa difference between recogniz-ing that the sayings of Jesus contain the gospel and designating the Sayings collection as a Gospelrdquo Edwin K Broadhead ldquoOn the (Mis)Definition of Qrdquo JSNT 68 (1999) 9

6 The alternative premise ndash of two separate recensions (QMatt and QLk) ndash is quite venerable Eg Rudolph Bultmann The History of the Synoptic Tradition (New York NY Harper amp Row 1963) 328 (originally published in 1921) In modern research it has continued to be accepted with a varying degree of certainty by a number of New Testament and Q scholars eg I Howard Marshall The Gospel of Luke A Commentary on the Greek Text (NIGTC Grand Rap-ids MI Eerdmans 1978) 30ndash1 Davies and Allison Matthew 1121 Migaku Sato Q und Prophetie Studien zur Gattungs- und Traditionsgeschichte der Quelle Q (WUNT 229 Tuuml-bingen Mohr Siebeck 1988) 18ndash19 Hans Dieter Betz The Sermon on the Mount (Hermeneia Minneapolis MI Fortress Press 1995) 7ndash9 Ulrich Luz Matthew 8ndash20 (Hermeneia Minne-apolis MN Fortress Press 2001) Idem Matthew 21ndash28 (Hermeneia Minneapolis MN For-tress Press 2005) Idem ldquoMatthew and Qrdquo in Studies in Matthew (Grand Rapids MI Eerd-mans 2005) 39ndash53 Idem Matthew 1ndash7 (Hermeneia Minneapolis MN Fortress Press 2007) Idem ldquoLooking at Q through the Eyes of Matthewrdquo in New Studies in the Synoptic Problem Oxford Conference April 2008 Essays in Honour of Christopher M Tuckett (ed Paul Foster Andrew Gregory John S Kloppenborg Joseph Verheyden BETL 239 Leuven Leuven Uni-versity Press 2011) 571ndash89 John T Carroll Luke A Commentary (NTL Louisville KY Westminster John Knox Press 2012) 8 Rollens Framing Social Criticism 86 n 10 Bazzana Kingdom of Bureaucracy 4ndash5 John S Kloppenborg ldquoA lsquoParting of the Waysrsquo in Qrdquo in Q in Context I The Separation between the Just and the Unjust in Early Judaism and in the Sayings Source (ed Markus Tiwald BBB 172 Goumlttingen Vandenhoeck amp Ruprecht 2015) 123 Klop-penborg (ibid) has recently stated ldquoIn what follows I will assume the still-dominant view of Q that it is a document that came to Matthew and Luke in approximately the same form I say lsquoapproximatelyrsquo because we must allow for some variation at least in wording of Q and perhaps even expansions ndash the kind of elaboration that Ulrich Luz and his students have proposedrdquo In my view the drawbacks of this hypothesis significantly outweigh its potential benefits Klop-penborg (Excavating Q 109) and Bazzana (Kingdom of Bureaucracy 4ndash5) appeal to the diver-sity of the NT manuscripts and their circulation patterns but this is an argument from analogy rather than a demonstration The only way of demonstrating the existence of such recensions would be by showing (preferably on multiple occasions) that Matthewrsquos or Lukersquos Sondergut text adjacent to or interpolated in a Q block of material is traditional coheres with the content of that Q block and of the Q document and is unlikely to have been omitted by the other evan-gelist This is virtually impossible to demonstrate conclusively and so the hypothesis enters the realm of speculation (eg Fitzmyer Luke 80) where ldquoin every case there are other possible explanationsrdquo (Luz ldquoLooking at Qrdquo 579) Further red flags lurk in the occasional connection between the multiple recension hypothesis and the sub-literary (Kleinliteratur) view of Q (eg ibid 578 584) Thus Luz (Matthew 1ndash7 19) and Sato (Q und Prophetie 72ndash77) envision Q as

4 Chapter One Prolegomena

produce a reliable reconstruction of that text The point of departure rests with Matthewrsquos and Lukersquos redaction of Mark Luke preserves the Markan order with only minor exceptions The implications of this naturally carry over to the reconstruction of Qrsquos sequence7 Based on the conclusions reached by Heinrich Julius Holtzmann in 18638 confirmed by Burnett Hillman Streeter and George DeWitt Castor in the first half of the twentieth century9 and reaffirmed by the

a notebook to which new sheets could be added at any time Some such approach to Q has formed the dominant paradigm in 2DH based synoptic studies until only recently See the sur-vey of scholarship in Alan Kirk The Composition of the Sayings Source Genre Synchrony and Wisdom Redaction in Q (NovTSup 91 Leiden Brill 1998) 2ndash64 As the discussion in chapters three and five of this study will suggest (in continuity with Kirkrsquos view) the Kleinlit-eratur paradigm constitutes a mischaracterization of Q This still leaves the option of Q receiv-ing further editing from its own tradents which essentially amounts to an additional layer of redaction (eg one would have to envision a Q4 stratum in Kloppenborgrsquos stratigraphy) The outline and profile of such a redaction (or in the case of QMatt and QLk redactions) remains to be demonstrated however Meanwhile the documentrsquos eventual disappearance and complete lack of attestation in the Church Fathers suggests caution in imagining any kind of significant textual proliferation Could multiple autonomous copies of Q go from being in possession by and being normative for some of the early Christianityrsquos most prominent communities to van-ishing not only from existence but also from subsequent memory It seems that the possibility of a single circulating copy at least deserves further consideration Finally Neirynckrsquos objection remains pertinent ldquothe need for positing an intermediate stage is it not a logical consequence of their too restrictive notion of Matthean and Lukan redactionrdquo Frans Neirynck ldquoQMt and QLk and the Reconstruction of Qrdquo ETL 66 (1990) 390 In other words Qrsquos putative textual fluidity has much to do with a restriction of Matthean andor Lukan redactorial freedom and derives logically from a view of Matthew andor Luke as conservative traditionalists Syreenirsquos obser-vations made with regard to the thesis of a QMatt offer an alternative ldquoInstead of such a literary evolution it would be quite natural to reckon with oral usage and application of Q sayings and sequences in Matthewrsquos community Oral variants and new combinations of various Q passages as well as combinations of Q and special material were to be expected if Q was used for pur-poses of community teaching and paraenesis Also ecclesiastical material which was affected or even inspired by Q sayings was likely to emerge Some literary reworking may have been made what I doubt however is the existence of a massively expanded QMt editionrdquo Kari Syreeni The Making of the Sermon on the Mount A Procedural Analysis of Matthewrsquos Redac-torial Activity (AASF 44 Helsinki Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia 1987) 161 Because the ex-istence of scribes other than the gospelrsquos author in Matthewrsquos community has not been demon-strated I hesitate to imagine a literary reworking of Q by that community prior to the gospelrsquos composition (a similar situation obtains on the Lukan side) With this minor adjustment Syreenirsquos statement describes the optimal alternative to the multiple recension hypothesis

7 It should be noted however that although Matthewrsquos approach to Q (when reconstructed based on its Lukan sequence) can be described as liberal Matthewrsquos ldquoappropriative movement through Q is consistently forwardrdquo indicating memory competence and ldquocognitive operations that follow the schematic organizational linesrdquo of the source Kirk Q in Matthew 166

8 Heinrich Julius Holtzmann Die synoptischen Evangelien Ihr Uhrsprung und geschicht-licher Charakter (Leipzig Wilhelm Engelmann 1986) 142ndash43

9 Burnett Hillman Streeter ldquoOn the Original Order of Qrdquo in Oxford Studies in the Synoptic Problem (ed William Sanday Oxford At the Clarendon Press 1911) 141ndash64 George DeWitt

2 The Study of Q as a Reconstructed Text 5

ensuing Q scholarship as well as a number of Matthean and Lukan scholars10 today it is possible to assert with ldquoa near unanimity that Luke best preserved the sequence of Q sayingsrdquo11

Q attained what currently remains its definitive reconstruction by the end of the twentieth century in the form of The Critical Edition of Q (hereafter CEQ)12 To call the CEQ ldquodefinitiverdquo of course is to neither imply its infalli-bility nor to expect it to produce the final say on the matter13 As noted by James M Robinson in the introduction to the CEQ it was a product ldquoof a team of scholars who have been working together since 1985 as the International Q Projectrdquo (hereafter IQP)14 The text and sequence of Q published in the CEQ

Castor Matthewrsquos Sayings of Jesus The Non-Marcan Common Source of Matthew and Luke (PhD diss University of Chicago 1918) 120ndash39

10 Eg T W Manson The Sayings of Jesus as recorded in the Gospels according to St Matthew and St Luke arranged with introduction and commentary (London SCM Press 1949 reprint 1971) 39ndash148 James M Robinson ldquoThe Sermon on the Mount Plain Work Sheets for the Reconstruction of Qrdquo SBLSP 22 (1983) 451ndash54 Arland D Jacobson The First Gospel An Introduction to Q (FFRS Sonoma CA Polebridge Press 1992) 45 Dale C Allison The Jesus Tradition in Q (Harrisburg PA Trinity Press International 1997) 2 n 6 Franҫois Bovon Luke 1 A Commentary on the Gospel of Luke 11ndash950 (Hermeneia Minneapolis MN Fortress Press 2002) 6ndash8 Kirk Q in Matthew 163ndash66

11 Kloppenborg Verbin Excavating Q 88 Noting that ldquomost recent reconstructions of Q include both (a) the double tradition and (b) items triply attested where the degree of agreement against Mark is substantial and where the agreements are not likely to be merely coincidentalrdquo Kloppenborg (ibid 92) uses these criteria to assign the following texts to Q (by Lukan versifi-cation) Q 37bndash9 16bndash17 41ndash13 620bndash23 27ndash33 35c 36ndash37b 38c 39ndash49 71bndash2 6bndash10 18ndash19 22ndash23 24ndash28 31ndash35 957ndash60 102ndash16 21ndash22 23bndash24 112ndash4 9ndash13 14ndash20 23 24ndash26 29ndash35 39ndash44 46ndash52 122ndash12 22bndash31 33ndash34 39ndash40 42bndash46 51ndash53 54bndash56 58ndash59 1318ndash19 20ndash21 24 26ndash27 28ndash30 34ndash35 14111814 1416ndash24 26ndash27 34ndash35 154ndash7 1613 16 17 18 171bndash2 3bndash4 6b 23ndash24 26ndash27 30 33 34ndash35 37b 1912ndash13 15bndash26 2228bndash30 Kloppenborg also assigns to Q some Sondergut materials which involve a different set of methodological considerations See the discussion in chapter four

12 James M Robinson Paul Hoffmann and John S Kloppenborg eds The Critical Edition of Q Synopsis including the Gospels of Matthew and Luke Mark and Thomas with English German and French Translations of Q and Thomas (Hermeneia Supplement Series Minneap-olis MN Fortress Press 2000)

13 It may suffice here to quote the editors James M Robinson ldquoHistory of Q Researchrdquo in The Critical Edition of Q lxxi ldquoIt is not to be assumed that the present critical text is a last wordrdquo John S Kloppenborg ldquoThe Use of the Synoptics or Q in Did 13bndash21rdquo in Matthew and the Didache Two Documents from the Same Jewish-Christian Milieu (ed Huub van de Sandt Minneapolis MN Fortress Press 2005) 115 ldquoWhile the Critical Edition should hardly be taken as the definitive reconstruction of Q it does provide a benchmark and a useful point of referencerdquo

14 Robinson ldquoHistory of Q Researchrdquo xix For a survey of IQPrsquos methodology and results as assessed at the time of the CEQrsquos publication see Christoph Heil ldquoDie Q-Rekonstruktion des Internationalen Q-Projekts Einfuumlhrung in Methodik und Resultaterdquo NovT 43 (2001) 128ndash43 For IQP work sessions see James M Robinson ldquoThe International Q Project Work Session 17 November 1989rdquo JBL 109 (1990) 499ndash501 Idem ldquoThe International Q Project Work

6 Chapter One Prolegomena

therefore represent a consensus among a group of scholars reflecting the pre-suppositions held by those scholars at a particular juncture in the history of Qrsquos research15 That it is only a necessary first step and demands continued reeval-uation becomes evident from the fact that some of the IQP members whose preferences were occasionally not reflected in the CEQ proceeded to release their own alternative reconstructions of Q either shortly before or after the CEQrsquos seminal publication16 Indeed the present study also makes several emendations of both the CEQrsquos reconstruction of the documentrsquos sequence and of its wording Overall however it is clear that the CEQ will continue to pro-vide the baseline for compositional studies of Q for years to come

The availability of the reconstructed text enables the literary analysis of Q A number of scholars however have recently expressed doubts regarding the attainability of not only Qrsquos wording but in fact of the documentrsquos full extent Cyril S Rodd has declared it ldquosheer conjecturerdquo to imagine ldquothat the passages which are common to Matthew and Luke comprise this Q document in its en-tiretyrdquo17 Joseph Allen Weaks has similarly called the text of Q ldquospeculativerdquo claiming that to rely on it as though it were ldquoan extant gospel textrdquo is ldquosimply not possiblerdquo18 Both scholars have tied the bulk of their objections to the ob-servation (called a ldquothought experimentrdquo by Dieter T Roth)19 that the text of Markrsquos gospel cannot be accurately reconstructed from its Matthean and Lukan reception While this argument has already been engaged by some scholars20 the deficiency of its logic appears to not have been sufficiently exposed as Rothrsquos renewed deployment of it in 2018 demonstrates ndash in a Q monograph21 It is therefore important to allow the reader to assess the difficulties

Session 16 November 1990rdquo JBL 110 (1991) 494ndash98 Idem ldquoThe International Q Project Work Sessions 12ndash14 July 22 November 1991rdquo JBL 111 (1992) 500ndash08 Idem ldquoThe Interna-tional Q Project Work Sessions 31 Julyndash2 August 20 November 1992rdquo JBL 112 (1993) 500ndash06 Idem ldquoThe International Q Project Work Sessions 6ndash8 August 18ndash19 November 1993rdquo JBL 113 (1994) 495ndash99 Idem ldquoThe International Q Project Work Sessions 23ndash27 May 22ndash26 August 17ndash18 November 1994rdquo JBL 114 (1995) 475ndash85 Idem ldquoThe International Q Pro-ject Editorial Board Meetings 1ndash10 June 16 November 1995 16ndash23 August 22 November 1996 Work Sessions 17 November 1995 23 November 1996rdquo JBL 116 (1997) 521ndash25

15 The full list of the IQPrsquos members may be found in The Critical Edition xvii 16 Kirk Composition 152ndash403 Fleddermann Commentary 874ndash913 17 Cyril S Rodd ldquoThe End of the Theology of Qrdquo ExpT 113 (2001) 12 Idem ldquoThe The-

ology of Q Yet Again A Reply to the Responses of Christopher Tuckett and Paul Fosterrdquo ExpT 114 (2002) 80ndash85

18 Joseph Allen Weaks ldquoMark without Mark Problematizing the Reliability of a Recon-structed Text of Qrdquo (PhD diss Brite Divinity School 2010) 344ndash45

19 Roth Parables 36 20 Eg Christopher M Tuckett ldquoThe Search for a Theology of Q A Dead Endrdquo ExpT 113

(2002) 291ndash94 Paul Foster ldquoIn Defense of the Study of Qrdquo ExpT 113 (2002) 295ndash300 21 Roth Parables 36ndash37 It should be noted of course that Roth does not wish to com-

pletely dismiss the accessibility of Qrsquos text His intention is to argue that ldquoscholarship should be rather more skeptical about the wording of Qrdquo (ibid 39)

2 The Study of Q as a Reconstructed Text 7

compromising the case that Rodd Weaks and Roth have found rather persua-sive Three observations stand to be made in this regard

First of all because it is a sayings collection Q does not lend itself to the same type of editorial abridgements as Mark The two documents are very dif-ferent Not nearly enough attention is given to this by Rodd Weaks and Roth all of whom hang their case to some degree on the fragmentary product that is the reconstructed Mark as though Q similarly contains a plot or even a remotely compatible story to saying ratio The abridgement of Markan pericopes by Luke and Matthew reflects editorial strategies appropriate to rewriting a biography viz a document exhibiting a large concentration of narrative material22 The Markan words of Jesus are omitted at a vastly different rate with the majority of those words preserved by both Matthew and Luke with minimal rephrasing23

22 Rodd (ldquoThe End of the Theology of Qrdquo 6) notes that ldquoalmost always each pericope in

[the reconstructed] lsquoMarkrsquo will be shorter than in the canonical gospelrdquo citing as examples the abridgements of Mk 21ndash12 (= Matt 91ndash8 Lk 517ndash26) and Mk 121ndash12 (= Matt 2133ndash46 Lk 209ndash19) However the healing of a man with the palsy (Mk 21ndash12) is a good example of a story whose narrative details welcome abridgements while the words of Jesus (Mk 25b 8bndash11) ndash notably including the key statements in Mk 25b 10 ndash are preserved correctly by both Matthew and Luke (Matt 92c 4bndash6 Lk 520b 22bndash24) As for the parable of the wicked tenants (Mk 121ndash12) this can be reliably reconstructed from its MatthewLuke reproduction missing only minor details The omitted details scarcely seem to affect the interpretation of the source text viz the intention of the parable as it was deployed in Markrsquos gospel

23 Mk 141 44 (= Matt 83ndash4 Lk 513ndash14) Mk 25 8ndash11 (= Matt 92 4ndash6 Lk 520 22ndash24) Mk 214 (= Matt 99 Lk 527) Mk 217 (= Matt 912ndash13 Lk 531ndash32) Mk 219ndash22 (= Matt 915ndash17 Lk 534ndash38) Mk 225ndash28 (= Matt 123ndash4 8 Lk 63ndash5) Mk 34ndash5 (= Matt 1212ndash13 Lk 69ndash10) Mk 335 (= Matt 1250 Lk 821) Mk 42ndash9 (= Matt 133ndash9 Lk 85ndash8) Mk 411ndash12 (= Matt 1311 13 Lk 810) Mk 414ndash20 (= Matt 1318ndash23 Lk 811ndash15) Mk 421ndash22 (= MattQ 515 MattQ 1026 Lk 816ndash17) Mk 424c (= MattQ 72 LkQ 638) Mk 425 (= Matt 1312 Lk 818) Mk 440 (= Matt 826 Lk 825) Mk 534 (= Matt 922 Lk 848) Mk 539 (= Matt 923ndash24 Lk 852) Mk 64bc (= Matt 1357 Lk 424) Mk 637 (= Matt 1416 Lk 913) Mk 827 29 (= Matt 1613 15 Lk 918 20) Mk 834ndash36 (= Matt 1624ndash26 Lk 923ndash25) Mk 91 (= Matt 1628 Lk 927) Mk 919 (= Matt 1717 Lk 941) Mk 931 (= Matt 1722ndash23 Lk 944) Mk 935 (= Matt 2311 Lk 2226) Mk 937 (= Matt 185 Lk 948) Mk 940 (= MattQ 1230 Lk 950) Mk 1014ndash15 (= Matt 183 1914 Lk 1816ndash17) Mk 1018ndash19 21 23 25 27 29ndash30 (= Matt 1917ndash19 21 23ndash24 26 29 Lk 1819ndash20 22 24ndash25 27 29ndash30) Mk 1033ndash34 (= Matt 2018ndash19 Lk 1831ndash33) Mk 1042ndash45 (= Matt 2025ndash28 Lk 2225ndash27) Mk 1051 (= Matt 2032 Lk 1841) Mk 112ndash3 (= Matt 212ndash3 Lk 1930ndash31) Mk 1117 (= Matt 2113 Lk 1946) Mk 1129ndash30 33 (= Matt 2124ndash25 27 Lk 203ndash4 8) Mk 121ndash10 (= Matt 2133ndash42 Lk 209ndash17) Mk 1215dndash17 (= Matt 2219ndash21 Lk 2024ndash25) Mk 1225ndash27 (= Matt 2230ndash32 Lk 2034ndash38) Mk 1230ndash31 (= Matt 2237ndash39 Lk 1027) Mk 1235ndash37 (= Matt 2241ndash45 Lk 2041ndash44) Mk 132 (= Matt 242 Lk 216) Mk 135ndash13 (Matt 244ndash13 Lk 218ndash19) Mk 1314c 17 19 (= Matt 2416 19 21 Lk 2121 23) Mk 1324ndash31 (= Matt 2429ndash35 Lk 2125ndash33) Mk 1413ndash14 (= Matt 2618 Lk 2210ndash11) Mk 1418 20ndash21 (= Matt 2621 23ndash24 Lk 2221ndash22) Mk 1422ndash25 (= Matt 2626ndash29 Lk 2216ndash20) Mk 1430 (= Matt 2634 Lk 2234) Mk 1436 (= Matt 2639 Lk 2242) Mk 1437ndash38 (= Matt 2640ndash41 Lk 2246) Mk 1448ndash49a (= Matt 2655 Lk 2252ndash53a) Mk 1462 (= Matt 2664 Lk 2269ndash70) Mk 152 (= Matt 2711 Lk 233)

8 Chapter One Prolegomena

and the non-Q related omissions limited to (a) statements forming an integral part of a narrative24 (b) statements commands and questions that are redun-dant25 (c) statements that cast a potentially negative light on Jesusrsquo family26 or disciples27 both established Markan themes28 (d) statements that are poten-tially problematic theologically29 (e) statements falling under none of the above categories that are abridged expanded or reworked by one of the evan-gelists30 (f) statements occurring in pericopes that have been eliminated com-pletely by Matthew or Luke31 Of these six categories the first three are un-likely to have been present in Q due to its lack of a plot relative scarcity of stories and absence of any interest in Jesusrsquo family or disciples The remaining three categories include only a few sayings outside of the Great Omission (more on that below) Consequently it appears that Matthew and Luke already elim-inating a minor percentage of the Markan Jesusrsquo words that lack Q parallels had no clear reason to omit even that much from Q

Secondly on a number of occasions one or both evangelists preserve dou-blets of the Markan sayings of Jesus which on the 2DH are assigned to Q32 This development is surprising in Lukersquos case since his tendency to avoid dou-blets is well known33 What is really decisive however is that in instances

24 Mk 125 138 435 59 19 530 541 1243 (omitted by Matthew) Mk 1036 1432

34 41ndash42 (omitted by Luke) Mk 1114 (either omitted or reworked in Lk 136ndash9) Mk 439 58 631 638 916 21 25 933 939c 1049 1234 (omitted or reworked by both Matthew and Luke)

25 Mk 424bd 1238 40 (omitted by Matthew) Mk 334 837 941 1211 1215b 1224 1318 20 23 (omitted by Luke) Mk 1449b (reworked in Lk 2253b) Mk 949 1024 1229 (omitted by both Matthew and Luke)

26 Mk 333ndash34 Mk 64de (omitted by Luke) 27 Mk 413 (omitted by Matthew and Luke) Mk 833 1038ndash40 (omitted by Luke) Mk

1427ndash28 (reworked in Lk 2231ndash32) 28 Eg Joel Marcus Mark (AB 27 and 27A 2 vols New York NY and New Haven CT

Doubleday and Yale 2000ndash2009) 279ndash80 310ndash11 378ndash80 509ndash15 653 677ndash81 999ndash1000 29 Mk 939 (omitted by Matthew and Luke) Mk 943ndash48 (omitted by Luke) Mk 1534

(reworked in Lk 2346) 30 Mk 115 (reworked and expanded in Lk 416ndash21) Mk 536 (abridged in Matt 923ndash26)

Mk 1314ab (reworked in Lk 2120) Mk 146ndash9 (reworked in Lk 736ndash50) Mk 1413ndash15 (abridged in Matt 2618)

31 Mk 426ndash29 99ndash13 (omitted by Luke) everything that belongs to Mk 645ndash826 (the Great Omission of the Markan material by Luke)

32 Mk 421 (= Lk 816 LkQ 1133) Mk 422 (= Lk 817 LkQ 122) Mk 425 (= Matt 1312 MattQ 2529 Lk 818 LkQ 1926) Mk 68 10ndash11 (= Lk 93ndash5 LkQ 104ndash5 8 10ndash11) Mk 834 (= MattQ 1038 Matt 1624 Lk 923 LkQ 1427) Mk 835 (= MattQ 1039 Matt 1625 Lk 924 LkQ 1733) Mk 838 (= Lk 926 LkQ 128ndash9) Mk 937 (= Matt 185 MattQ 1040 Lk 948 LkQ 1016) Mk 940 (Lk 950 LkQ 1123) Mk 1011ndash12 (= Matt 199 MattQ 532) Mk 1238ndash39 (= Lk 2046 LkQ 1143) Mk 139 11 (= Lk 2112ndash15 LkQ 1211ndash12) See further Fitzmyer Luke 81ndash82

33 See eg H Schuumlrmann ldquoDie Dubletten im Lukasevangeliumrdquo ZKT 75 (1953) 339ndash445 Idem ldquoDie Dublettenvermeidungen im Lukasevangeliumrdquo ZKT 76 (1954) 83ndash93

2 The Study of Q as a Reconstructed Text 9

when Luke is faced with a choice between Mark and Q and does not opt to retain both the preference is overwhelmingly given to the Q location and word-ing of the text34 Consequently it seems overly simplistic to suggest as Rodd does that ldquoas [the reconstructed] lsquoMarkrsquo is not Mark so in all probability the lsquoQrsquo of the scholars is not the historical document Qrdquo35 The evangelistsrsquo ten-dency to either retain the MarkQ parallels or ndash especially in Lukersquos case ndash to favor Q its wording and location over the Markan parallels shows that the two documents were not treated equally as far as the words of Jesus were concerned with the approach to Q being more conservative36

Thirdly the verse and word count discrepancy between the reconstructed and canonical Mark has been somewhat inflated as the percentages cited by scholars are routinely bolstered by the inclusion of the Great Omission On the 2DH there are two possible solutions to this well-known source-critical anom-aly the absence of Mk 645ndash826 from Lukersquos gospel is either intentional or stems from inheriting a shorter copy of Mark which lacked that material In either scenario Lukersquos omission of Mk 645ndash826 complicates the analogy be-tween the reconstructed Mark and Q If the omission was unintentional it tells us something only about the compositional history or textual transmission of Markrsquos gospel If however Lukersquos decision to skip Mk 645ndash826 was inten-tional is it not likely to have been motivated by Lukersquos avoidance of dou-blets37 A similar development is unlikely to have occurred in Lukersquos reception of Q as we have noted when faced with MarkQ doublets Luke tends to favor Qrsquos version over an available Markan parallel38 Consequently due to the sheer size of the Great Omission and regardless of the Omissionrsquos intentionality or

34 LkQ 112 4 9 (= Mk 1124ndash25) LkQ 1115 17ndash18 21 (= Mk 323ndash27) Lk 1210 (=

Mk 328ndash29) LkQ 1240 (= Mk 1332) LkQ 1318ndash19 (= Mk 430ndash32) LkQ 1330 (= Mk 1031) Lk 1618 (= Mk 1011ndash12) LkQ 171ndash2 (= Mk 942) LkQ 176 (= Mk 1123) LkQ 1723 31 (= Mk 1315ndash16 21) All of these are deployed by Luke in clusters of Q material rather than in the Lukan parallels to the respective Markan pericopes Mk 950 (= LkQ 1434ndash35) is similarly deployed away from its Markan context and surrounded by Q and L material Both Matthew and Luke favor the wording of Q 1434ndash35 over its Markan parallel

35 Rodd ldquoThe End of the Theology of Qrdquo 12 36 See eg Christopher M Tuckett Q and the History of Early Christianity Studies on Q

(Edinburgh TampT Clark 1996) 94 Luz ldquoQ in Matthewrdquo 50 37 Mk 645ndash52 contains a sea miracle similar to Mk 435ndash41 Mk 71ndash23 was likely elim-

inated to shift the lifting of the dietary restrictions to the post-Easter stage in Lukersquos narrative (Acts 109ndash16) Mk 724ndash30 was probably (a) deemed redundant (see LkQ 71ndash10) (b) re-garded as problematic due to the conflict between the Markan Jesusrsquo reluctance to perform a miracle for a Gentile person (Mk 727) and the Lukan Jesusrsquo programmatic openness to such developments (Lk 425ndash27) Mk 81ndash10 14ndash21 and 822ndash26 are clearly redundant (see Mk 635ndash44 Lk 912ndash17 Mk 1046ndash52 Lk 1835ndash43) Mk 811ndash13 has a Q parallel (= LkQ 1129ndash32)

38 On the L-M Hypothesis this would mean that Luke tends to favor Matthewrsquos version over an available Markan parallel

10 Chapter One Prolegomena

lack thereof the reconstructed Mark presents an analogy to Q that is at best tenuous

In light of the above observations my contention is that methodologically virtually the entire Q is likely to be accounted for in terms of its content39 That still leaves the question of the documentrsquos precise wording and its recovery Here Roth has argued that

there is a fundamental difference between conceiving of the ldquotext of Qrdquo as a reconstruction of its original wording and approaching it as a metaphorical and narratival realm an intertext as it were accessible through Matthew and Luke40

Roth further states as one of his monographrsquos objectives (which is primarily dedicated to the study of Qrsquos parables) an attempt to

advance Q studies by pursuing insight into the parables of Q through a different set of meth-odological approaches than those present in the reigning paradigm focusing upon word-level reconstruction The resultant exegetical work is not therefore in the first instance focused upon vocabulary and syntax of a reconstructed text but rather upon the narratival elements and structures characters images metaphors and theological emphases of an ldquointertextrdquo41

I see no reason to contest Rothrsquos objections to an uncritical acceptance of the CEQ text (of course the CEQ editors have already noted that it is only a work-ing reconstruction)42 Pending the surfacing of an actual copy of Q any recon-struction of its wording is necessarily going to remain hypothetical and thus subject to continued analysis Still to suggest that the hypothetical nature of the enterprise undermines its results perhaps runs the risk ldquothat a methodologi-cal limitation becomes an ontological description of Q itselfrdquo43 Roth admits that his own study of narratival and metaphorical elements ldquocannot function on an entirely lsquowordlessrsquo levelrdquo proposing as a solution that Qrsquos text should be accessed exclusively through the wording of Matthew and Luke44 Such drastic restrictions are in my opinion unnecessary In light of the previous discussion it is possible to assert from a methodologically sound position that Qrsquos recon-structions are not ldquopotentially faultyrdquo to the degree suggested by Roth45 While a precise word-by-word recovery may not be possible or even necessary in every verse of the synoptic double tradition a reliable near-word-level recon-struction of Q appears consistently attainable This is suggested by Lukersquos (and frequently Matthewrsquos) aforementioned preference of Qrsquos wording in the MarkQ parallels Matthewrsquos and Lukersquos slightly superior degree of verbal

39 See further Fleddermann Commentary 73ndash74 Luz ldquoQ in Matthewrdquo 45 (while positing

the existence of QMatt Luz concludes that it ldquodid not differ substantiallyrdquo from the main body of the Q source)

40 Roth Parables 41 41 Ibid 44ndash45 42 Ibid 38ndash39 Roth (ibid) also critiques Fleddermannrsquos alternative reconstruction 43 Kirk Q in Matthew 152 44 Roth Parables 40ndash41 45 Ibid 44

Index of Ancient Sources

Hebrew Bible (LXX)

Genesis414 28 3361ndash4 5062 4 (LXX) 115723 (LXX) 981316 331417 36174ndash6 1991710ndash14 1591817ndash18 1991826 (LXX) 981917 (LXX) 982218 199264 199

Exodus161ndash36 117171ndash7 1181715 (LXX) 1242114 (LXX) 1242225ndash26 1502320ndash21 23 1632415ndash16 (LXX) 472520 (LXX) 124

Numbers111ndash9 1172319 40

Deuteronomy324 (LXX) 146612ndash15 118613 (LXX) 116616 (LXX) 116 11882ndash3 11783 (LXX) 116811ndash20 118812ndash15 (LXX) 117

926 (LXX) 146159 (LXX) 205241ndash4 79 208 2092410ndash17 1502918ndash20 207319 25ndash26 209328ndash9 (LXX) 1213211 201

Joshua2313 (LXX) 207

Ruth212 201

1 Samuel27 (LXX) 1371821 (LXX) 207

1 Kings627 (LXX) 12486 (LXX) 1241717ndash24 162191ndash18 116 118 119194 (LXX) 117195 (LXX) 118198 (LXX) 117 1181910 14 (LXX) 1182219ndash23 (LXX) 121

2 Kings216 (LXX) 112 116418ndash37 16251ndash14 163

2 Chronicles58 (LXX) 1242314 125

Index of Ancient Sources246

Ezra91ndash2 1371018ndash44 137

Job16 11521 1151621 40256 40358 40387 115

Psalms2 16869 (LXX) 19785 40102 9 137178 2013510 137367 201605 (LXX) 124614 2016923 (LXX) 207722ndash12 1378018 40813 (LXX) 137901ndash2 4 (LXX) 124906 (LXX) 1249011ndash12 (LXX) 123914 2011063 (LXX) 1981091 (LXX) 4110916 22 13611826 1061457ndash8 (LXX) 1611463 401476 137

Proverbs1ndash9 55236 (LXX) 205264ndash5 189

Isaiah1ndash39 13511 168253ndash4 (LXX) 137315 201355 (LXX) 16140ndash55 135

426 168427 18 (LXX) 161435 198491ndash8 1685112 4055ndash66 135562 40563ndash8 136585ndash7 13860ndash62 135611 (LXX) 160 161611ndash2 (LXX) 48 134611ndash3 (LXX) 132 135 136 137665 (LXX) 1376618ndash20 164 198

Jeremiah317ndash18 164 1984918 33 405040 405143 40

Ezekiel8ndash11 112 11382 11440ndash48 112 113402 113403 114

Daniel713 27 40 41 168 213817 40

Amos13 (LXX) 20413ndash28 7528 15035 (LXX) 18086 (LXX) 137

Haggai220ndash22 163

Zechariah315 13787 198

Malachi16ndash29 163210ndash16 163

247Index of Ancient Sources

31 163 164 322ndash23 (LXX) 163

Old Tes tament Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha

1 Enoch1ndash5 761ndash36 4621ndash54 1226ndash11 526ndash16 4766 4573ndash6 1221021 164 198123ndash4 46124 113 125137 45139 45148ndash164 76151 46152ndash4 125171 11417ndash19 112 11320ndash36 112 113215 114242ndash257 113261ndash275 113323ndash6 11337ndash71 41 45 186 213381ndash6 122384ndash5 45391ndash3 45396 108413ndash8 76418 44421ndash2 (3) 126 171 201422 170451ndash6 76455 4546 52461ndash8 141462ndash4 42464ndash6 45468 46471ndash4 14148ndash49 52481 202481ndash10 141482 42

483 202483ndash7 168488ndash9 (10) 45 122492 4 168493 202505 76513 (5a) 168 172 20251ndash52 5252ndash56 112526 9 168531ndash5 45 122536 46 168542 45543ndash4 76545ndash6 45547 210554 45 108561ndash4 45565ndash8 43 44 45571 198591ndash6023 766010 4261ndash63 46 52621ndash9 45622ndash3 122624ndash6312 122625ndash14 42631ndash12 45 122632ndash4 106637 1236311 426312 76651ndash663 52671ndash681 52678ndash13 43 44 45 1226926ndash29 42 52701 42715ndash17 447113(14)ndash17 42 1418215ndash20 7683ndash84 52891ndash9 528973ndash74 1139038 164

Index of Ancient Sources248

1006 1681049ndash13 47

2 Enoch31ndash221 113101ndash6 112

3 Baruch3ndash17 113163 204

3 Enoch11ndash12 113

Ascension of Isaiah610ndash15 113

Baruch437 19855 198

Bel and the Dragon36 112 114 116

Jubilees11ndash8 209120 12122 114727 52102 52105 52106 121108ndash11 52 114 121114 121115 521114ndash1214 321220 1211525ndash34 1591531ndash32 114 1211928 121492 52

Letter of Aris teas155 145

Psalms of Solomon219 159823 30 1591112 1981731 164 1981810ndash12 76

Sirach21ndash17 72 86212 87143ndash7 2051410ndash11 202241ndash12 125247ndash11 1262410ndash11 1592525ndash26 2072611 2053113 2053522ndash3622 723824ndash3911 17243 76501ndash24 125

The Sentences of the Syriac Menander340ndash46 189

Tes tament of Abraham81ndash12 113

Tes tament of Levi26ndash57 113

Tes tament of Moses51ndash62 126

Tobit145ndash7 164 198

Vita Adae et Evae61ndash103 116121ndash161 115

Wisdom of Solomon410ndash15 46418ndash513 46

249Index of Ancient Sources

New Tes tament

Q32ndash958 (59ndash60) 101 103 104 108

126 155 173 17537 5237ndash9 16ndash17 5 54 64 68 70 90

104 11637ndash735 78 80 81 83 85

101 102 103317 54 9141ndash13 5 51 52 53 64 65

66 78 91 104 111 112 113 114 115 118 119 126 152 153 155 156

41ndash4 116 11745ndash8 114 119 121 122

123 15949ndash12 (13) 47 51 65 96 123

157 200416 91 129 130 131

153620ndash49 16 63 82 91 104

105 129 130 131 153

620b 12 91 132620bndash21 48 132 133 134

135 136 137620bndash23 5 131 132 143621a 12 20 91 132622 12 17 24 25 26

38 71 140 141 153 167 170 194 205

622ndash23 17 20 52 53 54 96 132 133 134 136 139 140 141 142 206

623c 64 82 129 132 139 140 142 143

627ndash35 (36) 13 16 71 129 147 151 152 153 154

629 24 91 150630 24 150631 91 152637ndash38 12 92640 92 144646 92 104 144 145

146 153 154 203

647ndash49 12 92 14471ndash10 9 64 92 104 126

155 156 158 169 197 199

76 145 20379 87 96 104 156

157 158 167 173 194 198 199

718ndash19 159 167718ndash23 159718ndash28 64 166718ndash960 92722 16 54 134 135

161 163 164 172727 96 163731ndash35 64 70 92 165 166

169 170 171733 51 53734 24 26 52 165 167

169 170 172735 166 170957ndash58 (59ndash60) 92 105 111 155

169 170 171957ndash62 63959ndash60 172 173958 24 25 26 27 38

52 71 164 165 169 170 171 172

959 145102ndash16 5 56 63 70 86

158 170 175 182 215

102ndash24 92102ndash1240 101 105 107 108

175 205104 48 92109 73 931012 93 1751012ndash15 54 64 82 861013ndash15 47 56 70 80 81

82 86 87 96 107 126 175 199 212

1016 72 931021 56 81 87 93 96

173 2091021ndash22 54 56 78 79 81

82 145 1941021ndash24 64 107

Index of Ancient Sources250

1022 81 93 114 116 145 146 203 209

1023ndash24 17 93 106112ndash4 9ndash13 5 63 78 93 117

176 177 179 180112b 48 178 184114 24 178119ndash13 12 93 176 177

178 179 180 1811114 51 1761114ndash20 52 531114ndash32 931114ndash52 64 107 1791118 51 53 93 114 121

1591124ndash26 51 53 9311(16) 29ndash32 9 54 70 96 2121130 24 26 52 1861133ndash52 93 2051134 93 2051139ndash52 70 107 126 1691142c 64 66 1251149 521149ndash51 47 53 54 66 96

118 119 157 2001151 52 200 205122ndash12 5 70 94 107 155

180 181 182 183 184 194

123 72 94124ndash5 54 70 73 181 182

190124ndash7 94 121 122 176

179 180 181 194 214

125 181 204128 24 26 38 54 185

187 188 189128ndash9 52 69 94 167 184

186 187 188 189 214

128ndash10 54 64 69 71 82 175 176 183 184 187 189 190 194 212

129 184 185 1881210 24 26 94 185 187

188 1891211ndash12 54 70 72 73 94

181 182 214

1222ndash31 (33ndash34) 63 73 176 177 178 179 180 190 192

1222ndash40 941224 23 178 1801227 231231 48 94 1841233 12 48 1911233ndash34 69 94 191 1921235ndash38 94 108 190 2031235ndash46 1081235ndash59 94 1081235ndash2230 101 105 108 109

197 2031239 17 18 95 1911239ndash40 18 20 54 70 71

94 105 175 190 191 192 193 203 212

1239ndash59 64 1911240 24 52 69 95 167

186 191 1931242ndash46 52 53 54 69 70

95 191 192 197 203 204 205 206 212

1245 96 2051246 2041251 20 951251ndash59 1081252ndash53 201256 171258ndash59 24 951318ndash19 20ndash21 5 20 48 63 95

108 2071318ndash24 951324 63 951325ndash30 54 63 82 871325ndash1423 54 95 96 126 158

1991327 52 53 96 118 1981328ndash29 96 198 1991334 52 125 2061334ndash35 47 53 54 63 66

81 82 83 96 105 106 107 108 109 118 119 125 157 194 198 200 201 202

1335 51 54 96 106 202

251Index of Ancient Sources

1411 54 961416ndash23 (24) 63 82 971423 541426 72 97 2151426ndash27 1733 20 63 72 971426ndash176 971427 54 97 140 141

182 2141434ndash35 63 97154ndash5a 7 20 63 97 108 2091613 12 63 94 971616 64 97 207 2091616ndash18 2061617 17 63 64 66 79

97 125 206 207 208 209

1616(17)ndash172 197 206 2081618 24 63 79 97 206

207 208 209171ndash2 97 207 208171ndash6 63173ndash4 18 20 98176 18 20 78 98 108

2101720ndash21 17 981723 98 2101723ndash37 54 64 69 70 71

98 167 170 197 210 211 212

1723ndash2230 108 2111724 26 30 24 52 98 991733 54 97 182 2141734ndash35 98 991912ndash26 64 69 99 108 197

203 204 205 206 212

1912ndash2230 991922 2052228ndash30 5 54 64 99 108

212

Matthew37 52310 9542 11745 12448 119 120413 130 1315ndash7 94 10251 119

54 13458 138511 (12) 52 205512 142515 7539 149 150540 15 150541 15 89 91 149 150542 150 151544 148 149544ndash45 91 149545 20861ndash18 94612 177619ndash21 94620 191623 205624 94625ndash34 94626 178627 177630 178 17975 1877 17779 177711 178 179712 152723 52724 26 9185ndash13 199810 155811ndash12 198 199819 169820 27 142 171821 172822 173829 12191ndash8 7920ndash22 97922 7937 92107 731026 71029 1801032 184 1891032ndash33 91 1841034 951038 731039 141115 134 163

Index of Ancient Sources252

1119 1691122ndash45 931125 2081217 731232 1841239 52 2051243 1241311 13 71342 951416 71521ndash28 97162bndash3 951613ndash28 1401617ndash19 471625 141171 1191717 7186 208186ndash22 97188ndash9 951825 971928 991929 992030 130219 1062131 972133ndash41 (42ndash46) 7 19221ndash14 18236ndash7 206237 1662334 522334ndash36 962335 522337 52 1972337ndash39 81 105 201243ndash41 210 211244ndash14 72423 982443 1912443ndash44 1932445 2062448 (49) 52 205251ndash13 972514ndash30 992526 28 2052530 992531 992541 95 121266ndash13 972640ndash41 7

2669 71 1302669ndash75 1892732 912755 97285 130289ndash10 972816ndash18 1192818 120

Mark114 21 131123ndash26 121124 130129ndash31 18821ndash12 731 14937ndash12 188313 114327 93328 188328ndash29 18443ndash8 193411ndash12 7413 177430ndash32 20 193438 177421ndash22 7435ndash41 9525ndash34 97534 761ndash6a 188615 163635ndash44 9637 7645ndash52 9645ndash826 971ndash23 9724ndash30 9 9781ndash10 9811ndash13 9822ndash26 9827 140827ndash98 47828 163831ndash33 121834ndash35 20835 141838 184 19092 11492ndash8 47

253Index of Ancient Sources

919 7943ndash47 951028 73 1791029 201035ndash40 1831039 1881046ndash52 91047 130119 1061117 7 1771122ndash23 25ab 18 201124 1801129ndash30 7121ndash9 (10ndash12) 7 19129 191211 191226 177133ndash37 210 211135ndash13 71315ndash16 991321 98143ndash9 971437ndash38 71447 95 1491462 411466ndash72 1891467 130151ndash5 951521 911541 97166 130

Luke15ndash25 10237 5242 11745 12246b 7 12046cd 120 121416 130416ndash30 188425ndash27 9438ndash39 188517ndash26 766 149617ndash19 188621 134622 205623 142625 134

627 149627ndash28 148628 149629 15 150630 150 151634 151635 91 208642 18646 146647ndash49 9179 155722 163734 169735 166 208810 7816ndash17 7824 177831 121848 7912ndash17 9913 7924 141926 190941 7957 169958 171959 172960 173102 92109 731017ndash20 1211021 208114 177115ndash8 97 177119 1771111 1771112 1171113 178 1791120 511121ndash22 931124 124 2051124ndash26 931129 52 2051143 166 2061149 521150 521151 52124 73 179126 180128 184

Index of Ancient Sources254

128ndash9 911211 731213ndash21 971223a 1771224 177 1781228 1791233 1911235ndash38 89 941239 1911239ndash40 1931242 2061245 52 2051249 89 951254ndash56 95131ndash35 1021327 52 1971328ndash29 1981334 52 1971415ndash24 181427 73158ndash10 97172 2081711ndash19 981720 981721 981722 981728ndash29 89 98 991731 991732 991733 971835ndash43 91912ndash27 991922 24 2051927 991938 96 1061941ndash44 961946 177209ndash16 (17ndash19) 7 192018 192037 177218ndash19 7223 1212228ndash30 992246 72249ndash51 952250 1492254ndash62 188234 14 952413ndash33 102

John446 158446ndash54 157448 158631ndash58 117844 121123 1061225ndash26 201231 1211430 1211611 1211828ndash1916 102

Acts23 9521ndash4 18951ndash11 189109ndash16 9121ndash2 183123ndash19 183

Romans1214 149

1 Corinthians412 14963 121 192132 18 20

2 Corinthians41ndash6 19244 121

Galatians113ndash14 18343 8ndash9 121 192

Ephesians21ndash2 121 192612 121 192

1 Thessalonians214ndash16 183218 121 19251ndash11 19252 20 19255ndash6 192

2 Thessalonians21ndash12 210 211

255Index of Ancient Sources

2 Timothy211ndash13 190

Hebrews1137 204

James 315ndash17 12444ndash7 121

1 Peter314 132 139 143319ndash20 47414 132 139 141 14358 121

2 Peter24ndash5 47 121

Jude16ndash7 121

Revelation110ndash20 113113 18635 19041ndash11 113123ndash4 121171ndash3 114173ndash18 112 113219ndash27 112 1132110 113

New Tes tament Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha

Gospel of Thomas1ndash71 1731ndash3 2161ndash4 1710 19 95111 1713 21161ndash2 20 95163 2017 1720ndash21 71 193201ndash4 20 192215ndash8 18 19 20 192243 36ndash39 17261ndash2 18262ndash331 1731 21361ndash3 19 143 180473 2148 18 19 20

54 137 13855 2058 17 13864 18 1965 1968 20 132 138 139

14068ndash69 19 139 143691 17 138692 19 20 137 13877 2179 2186 169 170103 17106ndash107 19 201131ndash2 9

Pseudo-Clementine Homilies12313 180

Dead Sea Scrolls

CD214ndash41 125412ndash14 121 124 125419ndash52 208

51ndash5 2091316ndash17 207122ndash3 121161ndash2 125

Index of Ancient Sources256

1QapGen 29 30 31 33 35 36 37 40

1QH430 40

1QM11 1211310ndash12 121175ndash6 51

1QpHab 56 125

1QS25 121211ndash15 207 208321ndash25 11749 18258 125119ndash10 1821120 40

1Q27 (1Q4QMys teries)1 i 1ndash8 56 202

4Q299 (1Q4QMys teries)3andashb ii 2ndash8 563andashb ii 9ndash16 56

4Q416 (4QIns truction)1 10ndash13 56 2021 12 1822 i 21ndashiv 13 562 ii 6 17 178

4Q417 (4QIns truction)1 i 6ndash9 561 i 10(11)ndash12 56 2021 i 12ndash13 561 i 14 561 i 16 115 1821 i 17 1821 i 24 56 2022 i 17ndash24 562 i 19 21ndash22 178

4Q418 (4QIns truction)69 ii 6ndash9 56 202

69 ii 12ndash13 5681 1ndash2 18281 2ndash5 5681 4 11581 5 11581 20 56 20288 56103 56107 56123 5ndash8 56

4Q423 (4QIns truction)5 3 565 5ndash6 56

4Q503 115

4Q521 16 54 135 137 159 160 161 162

4Q525 57 133

4QDeut j 1214 121

4QIsa 135

4QMMTC 4ndash9 125

11Q11 124

11Q13 135 137

11QPsa 191ndash18 121

11QT545 2075715ndash19 208669ndash11 207

Targums4QtgJob 314QtgLev 3111QtgJob 31 33 35 40

257Index of Ancient Sources

Josephus

Ant14133ndash146 4415103 451982 123

Bell188 46

1131ndash11 441161ndash5 461213 461335 452101ndash5 1232116 183

Babylonian Texts

Gilgamesh 112

Greek and Latin Authors

Dio CassiusHis t59271 120

HomerOd10503ndash15 1121112ndash22 112

PlatoPhaed111cndash112e 112

Senecade Ben2121ndash2 120

Seneca the ElderControv9210 183

TacitusAnn632 120

His t59 183

Apos tolic and Church Fathers

1 Clement132 153292 121394ndash5 121

2 Clement32 190134 148

Apos tolic Cons titutions721 152

722 148 150 151722ndash6 147725 149 150726 148 153

AthanasiusFes t Let 3911 14

Canons of the Holy Apos tles4ndash5 152

Index of Ancient Sources258

Chrysos tomHom Mt342 180

Clement of AlexandriaS trom4641 139 143

Didache11ndash63 1412c 15213b 148 14913bndash5b 11 12 13 15 16

71 147 151 15413bndash21 5 11 14 15 15013c 15113cndash4a 1413d 15 14814 1414a 1614b 15 14914c 91 15014d 15 149 150 15115a 15015b 148 15381ndash2 1482 16103bndash122a 14113 16113ndash137 14153ndash4 16161ndash8 210 211 212

EusebiusHis t Eccl3254

IrenaeusAdv Haer1101 1214162 121

Jus tin Martyr1 Apol159 148

2 Apol25 121

OrigenC Cels870 180

PolycarpPhilippians22ndash3 153

Shepherd of HermasMandate 24ndash6 153

Similitude535ndash8 138

Rabbinic Literature

j Ber3b 5b 5c 31 37 38

j Ket35a 31 37

j Šab3a 38d 31 37

j Taʿan65b 4069ab 125

R Gen72 313813 31 37796 31

R Num193 31 38

TargumsCairo BGen 414 31 33 34 37 41

259Index of Ancient Sources

Cairo FExod 1913 37Deut 346 37

Neof I Gen 414 31 33 41Gen 95ndash6 37Gen 4922 36

Papyri Manuscripts and Inscriptions

Br Mus Or 9271 14P Oxy 1 17P Oxy 654 17

P Oxy 655 17 143 180P Oxy 1782 14 15 148 151Sf III 16ndash17 40

Index of Modern Authors

Achtemeier P 139 141Adams S L 56 72 202Alexander P S 31 32Allison D C 1 2 3 5 12 22 24 66

75 77 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 90 91 94 96 98 99 103 105 107 112 117 119 120 123 125 129 130 131 133 134 135 136 138 139 140 144 147 148 149 150 152 153 155 158 160 163 169 170 172 175 176 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 193 197 198 200 205

Anderson A A 124Anderson F I 113Andrejevs O 25 164 172 190Arcari L 44Argall R A 47 72 202Arnal W E 23 24 48 59 61 63 65

66 67 68 78 86 104 123 125 132 134 136 150 191 194 208 214

Attridge H W 17Audet J-P 14Avigad N 29 30

Bailey K 102Bauckham R 12Baum A D 1Bazzana G B 1 3 24 59 178 198Beasley-Murray G R 158Berger K 104Bergmeier R 159 160 162Betz D H 3 24 51 103 146 179 183de Begraveze T 27Bird M F 159 198 199Black C C 11Black M 26 28 30 31 32 35 36 37

40 168Blenkinsopp J 135 136 137Boccaccini G 32 43 44 50Boring M E 38 183 184 185 188

192 211

Borsch F H 185Bovon F 5 19 93 95 96 98 99 106

140 177 179 184 185 198Bowman J W 28 33Boyarin D 23Breuer Y 34Brin G 208Broadhead E K 3 89Brodie T L 163Brooke G J 43 160Brown R E 11 12 102 130 157 158Broyles C C 123Bultmann R 3 60 98 111 132 156

158 184 185 186 187 188 201Burkett D 27 213Bussmann W 26

Campbell J Y 28 46Caragounis C C 27 29 39Carroll J T 3Carruth S 119Casey P M 29 34 35 37 39 41Cas tor G D 4 5Catchpole D R 21 77 90 96 99 129

131 145 147 156 157 159 164 175 188 198 208

Chang A 199Charlesworth J H 31 42 43 44 45

46 47 72 160 171 185Chazon E G 115 202Cheung L L 12Childs B S 163Chilton B D 26 36 39 117 130Clark D J 109Collins A Y 39 41 47 50 51 52 103

114 188 193 211Collins J J 23 40 43 48 49 50 51

52 53 57 76 77 121 126 160 161 162 163 168 202

Colpe C 25 26 28 29 31 32 36 37 39 40 45 140

Index of Modern Authors262

Conzelmann H 96 97Cotter W J 61 104 132 156 163 165

166 170 191Cromhout M 61 145 191Crossan J D 39 89 94 98 134

Dalman G 27 29 30Damm A 171Davidson M J 114Davies W D 1 2 3 91 99 119 120

131 138 139 140 149 150 169 172 179 180 184 185 193 197 200

DeConick A D 11 17 20 21 138 139 192

Derrenbacker R A 1 24Di Lella A A 73Dibelius M 12Diacuteez Macho A 30Dimant D 160DiTommaso L 57Doering L 208Downing F G 23 64Draper J A 13 14 15 16 68 156Dundenberg I 11Dunn J D G 1 149 183Dupont J 97 116Durham J I 163

Eldridge M D 117Elgvin T 49 56 57 115 202Eshel H 44

Fiebig P 26 27 28 34 37 39Fitzmyer J A 1 2 3 8 19 26 28 30

31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 82 91 95 97 98 117 118 119 130 131 133 138 139 140 146 149 163 177 179 208

Fleddermann H T 2 6 10 11 59 62 69 83 84 85 86 87 90 91 93 95 97 98 101 103 104 105 109 129 130 134 140 144 148 150 152 156 157 163 166 170 176 177 179 184 185 189 199 200 203 205 211

Flusser D 14 15Fos ter P 1 3 6 12 26Freedman H 32Frenschkowski M 145Frey J 56Freyne S 159 199

Funk F X 14 147

Garciacutea Martiacutenez F 49 57 160 162 202 208

Garrow A 13Gathercole S 17 19 20 138 139 181Gerber C 203Gibson J B 116Gieschen C A 147Ginsburger M 30Glover R 13 16Goering G S 72 125Goff M J 55 56 57 79 84 115 178

202Goodacre M 1 17 19Greenfield J C 27Greeven H 12Gregg B H 90 97 186 198 204Grenfell B P 14 17Guelich R A 193Guenther H O 26Gundry R H 150 181 197

Haenchen E 12 139 157 158 201Hahn F 185Han K S 124 125 200Hannah D D 42 43 45 46Hare D R A 38 39 40 184 185Harrington D J 33 55 57 202 Hartin P J 12 61 119 166Hasitschka M 118Heil C 5 38 60 99 119 181Higgins A J B 184Hill A E 163Hindley J C 43Hoffmann P 5 38 55 67 70 75 77

80 96 99 112 145 167 170 184 185

Holtzmann H J 4Hooker M D 45Horsley R 68 156 198 199 200van der Hors t P W 73Hossfeld F L 124Howard G 146Howes L 26 39 43 61 65 77 81 133

140 141 142 166 167 170 185 188 190 212

Hubbard B J 38Hultgren S 160 162Hunt A S 14 17

263Index of Modern Authors

van Iersel B M F 102

Jacobson A D 5 26 39 49 54 60 61 64 75 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 85 87 90 94 96 97 98 106 129 132 140 144 152 156 157 167 170 171 184 185 187 201 207 210

Jefford C N 13 14 15Jeremias J 179 198 204Jervis L A 55Jewett R 149Johnson L A 178 208Johnson L T 12Johnson-DeBaufre M 66 103 163Jonas H 51de Jonge H J 24 185Jongeling B 35Joseph S J 1 21 23 24 45 46 47 48

51 52 68 103 125 132 134 136 142 144 153 156 159 160 161 162 164 178 180 181 182 184 185 187 190 191 200 201 202 206 208 214 215

Jus t A A 102

Kahle P 26 30 31 36Kampen J L 162 209Kaufman S A 31 32 36 40Keener C S 183Kirk A 2 4 5 6 10 15 24 55 59 60

61 62 66 67 68 69 71 72 73 75 76 77 78 79 83 84 85 86 87 88 90 94 96 98 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 111 114 129 152 155 156 166 177 179 184 189 190 197 203 207 208 214 215

Kloppenborg J S 1 2 3 4 5 11 12 13 14 15 17 19 21 22 23 24 25 26 38 39 50 51 53 54 55 57 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 86 87 88 89 90 95 97 98 99 103 104 107 108 111 112 121 122 123 124 125 126 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 139 140 141 142 143 144 147 148 150 151 155 156 157 158 160 162 163 164 165 166 167 170 171 172 175 176 180 181 182 183 184 187 189

190 191 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 208 210 211 212 213

Knibb M A 46 202Koes ter H 15 38 48 60 61 63 66

148Koumlhler W D 16Kraus H-J 124Kutscher E Y 30 35 36

Lang B 201Laurence R 41Leives tad R 43Levine A-J 208Lichtenberger H 124Lindars B 29 34 37 39 43 184 185

188Lohfink N 118Lukaszewski A 25 27Luz U 3 10 60 74 75 78 81 87 90

91 93 95 96 97 99 102 106 111 131 134 140 142 145 148 150 151 166 169 180 181 184 185 197 198 199 201 204 207

Luumldemann G 183Luumlhrmann D 61 64 78 111 140 157

158 165 180 184

Mack B L 23 38 43 61 133 135 170Magness J 160Malherbe A 192 211Manson T W 5 28 101Maori Y 32Marcus J 8 11 41 47 102 183 188

193 199 211Marshall I H 3Martiacutenez R 166 167Martyn J L 183Maumlrz C-P 90 94McDermott J M 185McNamara M J 31Meadors E P 62 66 67 72 74 76 77

166 168 201Meadors G T 137Menken M J J 116 117Meyer A 27Meyer P D 157Middleton P 182Milik J P 36 42 43 187Milikowsky C 181Miller R J 63 201

Index of Modern Authors264

Mitchell D C 124Moller H B 29Moreland M 23Moss C 182Mournet T C 1Muraoka T 35 38Muumlnch C 203

Neirynck F 2 3 4 11 22 26 90 98 99 116 130 140 149

Nickelsburg G 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 52 53 76 106 112 113 122 126 141 168 172 202 210 213

Niebuhr K W 159Niederwimmer K 13 14 15 16 148

151 152Nielsen K 114 115Nolland J 179Novakovic L 160 162

Odeberg H 36Oegema G S 116Owen P 25 29 35

Patterson S J 17 18 21 61 63Perrin N 186Pervo R I 183Pietersma A 146Piovanelli P 44 45Piper R A 61 82 112 176 190Ploeg J P M 35Pokornyacute P 11 17 19 117 139Polag A 62 73 89 90 94Porter S E 180 181Porton G G 38Pries t J 126Propp W H C 163Puech Eacute 133 160 162

Ra Y 39 132 145 155 170 184 185Reicke B 141Riesner R 183Robbins M C 51 103 113 115 117

121 125Robbins V K 104Robinson J M 2 5 24 26 34 38 39

41 43 55 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 77 96 103 119 129 131 132 134 135 140 142 143 144 145

156 160 165 166 167 180 181 184 185 186 187 188 190 200 201 202

Rodd C S 6 7 9Rollens S E 2 3 23 24 26 61 132

182 191Roth D T 2 6 7 10 11 54 90 145

165 191 192 203 204 205 206Rothschild C K 90 159 164Royse J R 146Roumlsel M 146

Sacchi P 43 44 45 47Sandt H 5 14 15Sato M 3 59 62 74 75 76 77 79 80

82 83 87 90 94 98 111 134 170 176 184

Schalit A 44Schenk W 62 73 89 90 103 170 176Schiavo L 104 112 113Schiffman L H 57 160Schnackenburg R 12 157 158Schniedewind W M 160Schroumlter J 180Schulz S 74 132 165 167 176 179

201 210Schuumlrmann H 8 130 167 170Seeley D 132 141 142Segal M 43 114 121Sellew P 193Sevenich-Bax E 103 105Shelton J 163Shepherd D 29 35Shinall M C 51Shirock R J 102Sjoumlberg E 28 29 35 39 45Skeat T C 180Skehan P W 73Smith D A 96 201 202 203So K-C 157Sokoloff M 35Somov A 181Spranger P P 204S taples J A 145 146 154S teck O H 61 64 132 201S tone M E 45S treeter B H 4 12 130S trugnell J 55S tuckenbruck L T 27 30 47 51 65

114 121Syreeni K 4 15 153

265Index of Modern Authors

Tabor J D 160Tannehil R C 178 208Taylor N H 120 123 183Theissen G 123Theophilos M P 126Tigchelaar E J C 56Tiwald M 3 23 160Toumldt H E 47 184 185 186 187Tuckett C M 1 3 6 9 11 13 14 15

17 23 26 49 50 53 54 61 62 63 66 68 72 76 77 84 86 90 94 95 98 112 114 119 121 125 130 134 140 150 154 156 157 158 160 166 170 184 193 199 205 206 207 208 210

Uhlig S 45Uro R 26 62 185

Vaage L E 23 24 26 39 61 133 165 167 170 171 190 191 210

VanderKam J C 43 46 57 168Vassiliadis P 89 94de Vaux R 56Vermes G 26 28 29 31 32 33 34 35

36 37 38 39 40 43 140 160 184

Wacholder B Z 209

von Wahlde U C 12 158Wahlen C 51Walck L W 46 52Watson F 1Weaks J A 6 7Weinfeld M 118 146 207 208Weiser A 124Weiss B 130Wellhausen J 26Welch J W 102Wernberg-Mѳller P 36Wes termann C 135 136Williams P J 35Wilson W T 149Wins ton D 46 72Wise M O 160Witetschek S 86 167Wolter M 90van der Woude A S 35Wright III B J 72 202

Xeravits G G 202

York A D 32

Zeller D 63 69 111 165 212Zenger E 124

Index of Subjects

Abel-Main (Tell Abl) 45Abraham 32 157Agrippa I 123 183Ahab 118 121angel of Yahweh 163angelicheavenly rebellion 121 125Antigonus 43aphaeresis 27 32 34 36 38apocalypse 48ndash as incorrectly applied to Mk 133ndash37

211ndash as incorrectly applied to Q 1723ndash37

210 211apocalypticndash Chris tianity 53ndash discourse 211ndash framework 57 121ndash inaccurately used as a noun 49ndash literature 47 53 54 135ndash language in Ben Sira 72ndash tradition 56 57 186ndash wisdom ins tructions other than Q 56

57 77 202ndash worldview (outside of Q see its at-

tes tation in Q referenced separately below) 24 49 50 51 55 57 87 121

apocalypticism 25 87 58 62ndash and apocalypse 48 49ndash and eschatology 48ndash as a literary category 48 79ndash as a dis tortion of Godrsquos intended

order 23ndash as compatible with wisdom in late

second temple literature 57 62 66 70 72 154 202

ndash as having a place outside the genre of an apocalypse 49

ndash as synonymous with apocalyptic worldview 49

ndash in Pauline thought 192ndash in sectarian environments 53

ndash in recent Q scholarship 48ndash methodological definitions of 50 54

186Aramaic 25 26 46 70 140 187 204

213ndash OfficialImperialBiblical 26 27 35

40ndash Middle 26 27 30 32 33 34 35 36

37 38 40 41 52 167 170 187 188ndash Late 26 27 28 32 33 34 35 36 37

38 41 140 187ndash Galilean 29 36 38ndash Qumran 31 32 35 38Athaliah 125Augus tus 45

Babylonian Exile 118Banias 45βασιλείαndash as a hypothetical metaphor reflecting

the social interes ts of Qrsquos author(s) 48

ndash as a political entity 120ndash of God 23 48 73 95 108 123 132

177 178 182 183 184 192 194 206 207

ndash of Satan 51 114ndash realized 142beatitude(s) 82 91 93 105 131 132

133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 153

Bethsaida 45 56 93

Caesarea Philippi 46(Cairo) Geniza fragments 28 29 30 32

36 37Capernaum 45 56 93chiasm 83 85 101 102 103 109 118

120chias tic 85 101 103 106 107 108 120

152 197

Index of Subjects268

Chorazin 56 93chreia(s) 63 71 104 105 120 211chreiic 65 86 104 105 111 156chris tology (see the Q discussion refer-

enced separately below)ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 17ndash in Luke 19ndash in Mark 131circumcision 159 209Claudius 183cosmic mountain 114 119Cynic(s) 23

Dan 45 47Darius I 163Deuteronomis t 118Deuteronomis tic His tory 146deuteronomis ticndash agenda 156ndash context(s) 143 153ndash framework 53 54ndash motifs 118 127ndash orientation 64ndash outlook 61 82 114ndash redaction 80ndash rhetoric 136ndash s tratums trata 78ndash theme 78ndash tradition 79ndash unders tanding 64devil 51 66 114 117 119 120 121 123

124

Elijah 96 116 118 126 162 163 164ElijahElisha cycle 162 163Enoch 44 45 47 51 76 112 113 157

172 202ndash as a scribe 46ndash Book of Watchers 45 113 125ndash sapiential content in Watchers 76ndash Book of Parables 24 41 47 157 167

171 213ndash sapiential content in Parables 76ndash Epis tle of Enoch 43ndash his torical incarnation of 202ndash Seminar 47Enochicndash author 122ndash corpus 52 73ndash formulation 52

ndash framework 121ndash literaturetext 43 46 56ndash movement 47 53 157 210ndash mythology 113 114 122 164ndash Son of Man 172ndash tradents 46ndash tradition 43 46 47 79 113 122 157

215ndash Watchers myth 45 53 121eschatological prophetndash in 4Q521 160 162ndash in Q 164 165 166eschatology (see the Q discussion refer-

enced separately below) 47 48 50ndash in 1 Enoch 42 47 76 122 141 142

168 169ndash in 4Q521 159 160 162ndash in 4QIns truction 56ndash in Ben Sira 72ndash in Malachi 163 164ndash in Psalms of Solomon 159ndash in Trito-Isaiah 136Exodusndash legendmyth 117ndash imagerymotifs 116 163

form (literary)ndash and meaning 82ndash and worldview 76ndash apocalypse 49ndash criticism 61 62 63 67 68 69 70

74 156 170 214ndash miracle s tory 156ndash wisdom 84ndash (wisdom) ins truction 70 71

Gaius (Caligula) 44 46 123Galilee 23 36 44 45 47 56 73 131

171 194 215ndash village scribes 48ndash villagestowns 24 93 199Gentile(s) 9 87 96 120 126 155 157

158 159 164 167 168 169 173 198 199 209 215

Great Omission 8 9

HasidicHasidim 79 162Hebrew 25 35 39 40 41 42 204Hebrew Biblescriptures 24 118 127

136 160

269Index of Subjects

Hermogenes 171mt Hermon 45 46 47Herod the Great and the Herodian era

43 44 45 46 126Herodians 45(holy) Spirit 72 94 178 189Hulah Valley 45

Isaiah (see the Index of Ancient Sources for specific passages)

ndash Deutero 46 135 136 168 169ndash firs t-century reader of 135ndash Trito 51 54 135 136 137 143 154

163 200Israelndash in Ben Sira 125ndash in Daniel 168ndash in Deuteronomy 118ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 139ndash in the Hebrew Bible 198 199ndash in Jubilees 121ndash in Malachi 163ndash in Q 53 64 78 80 87 96 104 118

127 155 156 158 198 199ndash pre-exilic 50ndash traditional wisdom of 58ndash wilderness myth 117

James (son of Zebedee) 183Jerusalem 44 72 96 106 108 113 119

125 159 166 199 200ndash culttemple 136 137 163 214ndash pries thood 45 47 127Jesusndash as an apocalyptic figure in Q 38ndash as a literary character in Q 21ndash floating traditions ascribed to 48ndash his torical 21 29 37 43 47 73 116

141 142 164 165 171 172 186 198ndash his torical greeting of in Jerusalem

106ndash movement 23ndash tradition 161Jewish Chris tianityndash as a movement in a contes ted envi-

ronment 43 183ndash as a proliferation of groups and

communities 183ndash on the use of the term 23

ndash possible connection to the Enochic movement 47

Jewish War 200John (the Baptis t) 68 78 80 83 85 90

91 92 97 103 104 105 116 159 163 164 165 166 167 169 172

ndash followers of 159 165 166ndash his torical 159 165Journeysndash cosmicterres trial 76 112 113 114

119 122 127ndash heavenly 45 112 113Judea 36 44 200 215

Kallirrhoeuml 45Kleinliteratur 3 4 59 60 73 215

Lordrsquos Prayer 93 94 177Lot 97 99

Maccabean era 126Mas tema 121Matthew and Luke as conservative

traditionalis ts 4Matthewrsquos and Lukersquos redactorial

freedom 4Matthewrsquos use of Q 4messiah 106 116 162 164 210messiahship 123messianic 116 210Migdal 46mimesis 114 141minor agreements 15 130Minor Prophets 146Moses 117

Nag Hammadi 17Nimrod 32

oralndash possible cross-influence on the Gos-

pel of Thomas from the canonical gospels 11 193

ndash harmonization of Matthew and Luke 16

ndash life of the primitive community 60ndash performance 15 16 161ndash source utilization 15ndash tradition 17 98 151ndash transmission 188

Index of Subjects270

ndash usage and application of Q 4ndash usage of Matthew 15ndash variants of Q 4Oxyrhynchus 17

Paneion 46Parousia 116 186 193Parthian invasion of 40 BCE 44 46Paulndash his torical 149 183ndash possible awareness of the Q tradition

by 192persecutionndash as an apocalyptic motif 54ndash because of someone 142ndash in authentic Pauline corpus 149 183ndash in Q 52 54 78 94 107 118 122

126 132 133 134 140 141 142 143 144 175 180 181 182 184 190 194 200 206

ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 138ndash in the Parables of Enoch 141ndash in Trito-Isaiah 137 200ndash plausibility of 182 183Pharisees 65 68 94 166 169 205 206

214pleroma 39prophecyndash pre-exilic and Persian era (classical)

50ndash mixture of with wisdom 77Prophetisierung 75

Qndash apocalypticism apocalyptic motifs

features imagination framework and worldview 23 25 46 53 57 58 63 69 70 71 73 76 79 84 87 88 111 114 121 127 141 175 190 194 197 202 210 211 213 214

ndash apocalyptic document 48 51ndash apocalyptic wisdom ins truction 23

55 70 73 74 77 79 214ndash (apocalyptic) communitymovement

55 107 122 194 195 206 209ndash Aramaic roots 26ndash chris tology 70 81 83 87 93 104

115 116 123 130 131 142 144 145 147 153 154 156 157 159 164 166 167 194 214

ndash demonology 51 53ndash eschatological (apocalyptic) dis-

course 64 83 97 98 170 210 211 212

ndash eschatology 48 51 54 56 69 73 75 87 94 95 101 104 105 108 133 141 142 143 144 147 159 164 165 166 167 169 172 180 192 193 194 198 199 202 203 210

ndash final (literary) form 59 62 69 78 178

ndash hypothetical mid- (lower) level or sub-elite scribal origin 24 59

ndash hypothetical recensions 3 4 59 60 90 98

ndash hypothetical segregation of wisdom and apocalyptic s trata 60 66 67 70 213 214

ndash mission speech 23 56 86 87 92 104 105 107 173 182 194

ndash Pales tinian character 24ndash possible authenticity of its content

22 81ndash prophetic content 61 63 67 70 74

75 76 77 79 80 82 83 142 143 176

ndash recons truction (CEQ) 5 6 10 90 (see also recons truction [in this s tudy] below as such frequently follows the CEQ)

ndash recons truction (feasibility) 2 3 4 10 11

ndash recons truction (in this s tudy) 60 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 111 116 119 120 123 130 131 134 144 147 148 149 151 152 165 169 170 172 175 176 177 178 179 181 184 191 193 199 204 207 213 215

ndash recons truction (methodology) 5 89 90

ndash recons truction (skepticism) 2 10 59 (see also recons tructed Mark below)

ndash sapiential content 12 62 63 67 77 79 80 82 130 154 175 191 202 214

ndash sermon 63 82 91 92 103 105 127 129 130 131 134 135 138 140 144 145 147 152 153 154 155 156

ndash sophis ticated scribal traditions 24ndash sub-literary view of 3 59 60 74

271Index of Subjects

ndash tradents 4 59 67 125 135 147 181 182 197 199 202 203 207 209 214

ndash tradition 13 17 87 161 163 164 186 187 192 202

Quintillian 171Qumran (see the Index of Ancient

Sources for specific documents)ndash apocalyptic worldview 50 135ndash Aramaic corpus 33ndash beatitude collection 133ndash communitymovementYahad 44 53

56 121 135 136 137 157 160 161 206 207 208 209

ndash demonology 124ndash discovery 29ndash fellowship with angels 115ndash fragments of 1 Enoch 44ndash library 43ndash manualsrules 82ndash sapiential literature 25 55 56 57

58 62 69ndash social setting 43

recons tructed Mark 2 6 7 8 9 10RomeRomans 44 91 121 126 159

199 207ndash occupation of Judea 44

sage(s) 55 56 79 84Samaria 44Satan 50 51 52 53 114 115 117 118

120 121 159 192scribe(s) 102 205ndash ancient reading practices of 102ndash as a Q opponent group 68 169 205ndash as advanced or elite readers of Q

102 103ndash Enochic 46 215ndash in Matthewrsquos community (other than

Matthew) 4ndash in the Q community 48 135 195

215ndash in the text of Q 169 172ndash memory competence of 4 102ndash responsible for 2 Enoch 112ndash responsible for Did 13bndash5b 15scriptorium 46Sefire 27 37Sepphoris 38 46Sermon on the Mount 15 16 87 94

Sermon on the Plain 15 16(Deutero-Isaianic) Servant 136 168 169Sidon 199Simeon II 125Son of Man 47 115ndash Aramaic background of the phrase

25 26 28 37 153ndash as a messianic title in the Parables of

Enoch 28 46ndash circumlocutional non-titular use of

the phrase in Late Aramaic 34ndash classifications of the phrasersquos Q

ins tances 26ndash designation of as Son of Humanity in

some recent research 39ndash his torical incarnation of as under-

s tood by some ancient authors 165 172

ndash hypothetical non-titular (circumlocu-tional or generic) use of the definite phrase in Middle Aramaic by the his torical Jesus and in Q 28 29 34 37 38 39 42 43 52 71 140 142 167 170 186 187

ndash in Daniel 41 42 186 213ndash in Luke 142 186ndash in Mark 41ndash in Matthew 99 142 186ndash in Q 25 26 34 38 39 42 43 46 47

52 53 64 67 69 70 71 96 98 104 106 115 116 123 141 142 147 164 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 176 185 186 187 188 189 191 194 201 203 210 212 213

ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 170ndash in the Parables of Enoch 25 28 41

42 43 44 45 46 47 122 141 142 146 147 153 155 164 165 168 169 172 173 202 213

ndash non-titular use of the indefinite phrase in Middle Aramaic 41

ndash titular (including but not limited to chris tological) use of the definite phrase in Q 34 38 52 53 64 70 104 123 142 143 147 167 168 172 173 185 186 187 189 191 194 201 203 210 212 213

Sondergut 89 90ndash Matthean 91ndash Lukan 94 95 97 98 177

Index of Subjects272

Sophiandash myth (Enochic tradition) 172 202ndash myth (synoptic tradition) 96 200

201ndash words of 96 201synopticndash gospels 11 150 151ndash material 16 151ndash parallels 18 19ndash problem 1ndash Sayings Source 3 216ndash s tudies 4ndash tradition 17 21 26 98 101 131 151

158 205 215Syria 215

Talmud 30 36 37 38Targum 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

38 40 41ndash recons truction of the Pales tinian Tar-

gum 32Taricheae 46Tell Dan 45templendash apparatusins titution 50 96 107

113 119 125 126 127 137 157 197 200 205

ndash eschatological 76

ndash purityholiness of 65 123 137ndash mitigatingprotective role 51 124ndash of Augus tus at Paneion 45ndash second temple era 25 41 44 48 56

62 70 71 72 79 82 84 121 124 136 137 154 163 186 201 209 213 216

ndash liturgy 124ndash mounthill 113ndash pollution of as perceived by some

ancient authors 113 125 136Theon of Alexandria 171Tiberias 38Torah 58 64 72 79 112 207 208 209transfiguration 47tree of knowledge 113Tyre 199

Vermes-Fitzmyer debate 28 38 39

Watchers 45 53 121Wicked Pries t 125

Yahweh 117 118

Zechariah (son of Jehoiada) 200mt Zion 113

  • Cover13
  • Titel13
  • Preface
  • Table of Contents13
  • List of Abbreviations
  • Chapter One Prolegomena
    • 1 Introduction Recent Methodological Questions in Q Studies
    • 2 The Study of Q as a Reconstructed Text
      • Index of Ancient Sources
      • Index of Modern Authors
      • Index of Subjects
Page 4: Apocalypticism in the Synoptic Sayings Source€¦ · Apocalypticism in the Synoptic Sayings Source A Reassessment of Q’s Stratigraphy Mohr Siebeck. Olegs Andrejevs, born 1982;

Preface

Writing this book has been an immensely satisfying and joyful journey It rep-resents the hopefully more mature fruit of my thinking about Q and its compo-sition several years following the completion of my dissertation in 2013 It is not a rewrite or revision of the dissertation but a totally new composition that devel-ops some of the ideas firs t articulated in that work A good portion of the time following the dissertation was spent elaborating the s tratigraphic analysis that underlies the current project My concern has been to advance and sharpen the diachronic s tudy of Q pointing up its advantages over the synchronic approach and its contribution to the s tudy of formative Jewish Chris tianity As the bookrsquos title indicates the principal objective of the s tudy is to highlight the presence of the apocalyptic worldview in all of Qrsquos compositional s tages

Easily the mos t challenging aspect of this process was the inevitable neces-sity to take some time away from my family ndash S tella Josie Natasha Mary and S teve To them this work is therefore dedicated firs t and foremos t Without their love and support I simply could not have done it I am also grateful to my pas t teachers and present colleagues especially Professors Wendy J Cotter Robert A Di Vito Jim Lochtefeld and Rom Mazcka Toward the end of this journey at Mohr Siebeck I have had the pleasure of having the transition of my man-uscript from its acceptance to its print-ready form overseen by a phenomenal team who have expertly guided me through every s tep of the process Katharina Gutekuns t Elena Muumlller Tobias S taumlbler and Rebekka Zech Mr Wesley Ding-man has kindly rectified some nagging issues in preparing the final PDF file Of course I take full responsibility for any errors that remain

Finally I would like to thank Professor Joumlrg Frey and the board of editors for accepting this work for publication

Table of Contents

Preface v

Lis t of Abbreviations xii

Chapter One Prolegomena 1

1 Introduction Recent Methodological Ques tions in Q S tudies 1

2 The S tudy of Q as a Recons tructed Text 3

3 Possible Independent Witnesses to Qrsquos Sayings and S tories 11

31 Q and its Possible Autonomous Parallels1132 Contes ted Case no 1 Q and Did 13bndash5b 1333 Contes ted Case no 2 Q and the Gospel of Thomas 17

4 Q and the His torical Jesus 21

Chapter Two Q An Apocalyptic Wisdom Ins truction 23

1 Introduction The Necessity of a Renewed Inquiry into Qrsquos Apocalypticism 23

2 Q and the Son of Man 25

21 The Semitic Background of ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου 2522 From Fiebig to Vermes by way of Kahle 26

221 From Fiebig to Vermes 26222 The Targumic Evidence and the Kahle School 30

23 From Vermes to Modern Q Research by Way of Colpe 32231 Vermesrsquos Corpus of Evidence The Problem of the Aphaeresis 32232 The Ques tion of Determination 34233 Colpe and the New Tes tament Son of Man S tudies

pos t-Kittel 3624 The Use of בר אנשאנשא in Official and Middle Aramaic 40

Table of ContentsVIII

25 Q and its Apocalyptic Predecessors Case no 1 The Son of Man in the Parables of Enoch 41

3 Q and the Apocalyptic Worldview 48

31 Apocalypse and Apocalypticism 4832 Deuteronomis tic Business as Usual ndash in Q John S Kloppenborgrsquos

ldquoSymbolic Eschatologyrdquo 5333 Q and its Apocalyptic Predecessors Case no 2 4QIns truction 55

Chapter Three Recent Compositional S tudies of Q (1987ndashPresent) 59

1 Introduction The Necessity of Returning to the Issues of the Composition and S tratigraphy of Q 59

2 John S Kloppenborg and ldquoThe Formation of Qrdquo (1987) 62

21 Theory 6222 Analysis of Kloppenborgrsquos Q3 s tratum 6523 Analysis of Kloppenborgrsquos Q2 s tratum 6624 Analysis of Kloppenborgrsquos Q1 s tratum 7025 Conclusion 73

3 Migaku Sato and ldquoQ und Prophetierdquo (1988) 74

31 Prophetisierung ndash in Q 7432 Prophecy and Apocalypticism 76

4 Arland D Jacobson and ldquoThe Firs t Gospelrdquo (1992) 77

5 Dale C Allison and ldquoThe Jesus Tradition in Qrdquo (1997) 80

6 The Synchronic Models of Alan Kirk and HT Fleddermann 83

61 Alan Kirk and ldquoThe Composition of the Sayings Sourcerdquo (1998) 8362 HT Fleddermann and ldquoQ A Recons truction

and Commentaryrdquo (2005) 8463 Conflicting Timelines and the Synchronic Approach to Q 86

7 Moving Forward 87

IXTable of Contents

Chapter Four Recons truction 89

1 Introduction 89

2 Recons truction of Qrsquos Sequence 90

Chapter Five Macro Compositions in Q 101

1 Introduction 101

2 The Compositional S tructure of Q 32bndash960 103

3 The Compositional S tructure of Q 102ndash1240 105

4 The Compositional S tructure of Q 1235ndash2230 108

Chapter Six The Temptation S tory 111

1 Introduction 111

2 Q 41ndash13 Genre Interpretation and S tratigraphy 112

21 The S toryrsquos Genre A Cosmic Journey 11222 Q 41ndash13 as an Angelic Disputation 11423 The Firs t Sequence (Q 41ndash4) 11624 The Second Sequence (Q 45ndash8) 11925 The Third Sequence (Q 49ndash13) 123

3 Summary S tratigraphic Provenance of Q 41ndash13 126

Chapter Seven Q 416 620ndash49 129

1 Introduction 129

2 Ναζαρά (Q 416 ) 130

3 The Beatitudes (Q 620bndash23) 131

31 Recons truction and the Main Issues 13132 Is Mourning a Socioeconomic Index LXX Isa 611ndash3 as

the Intertextual Background of Q 620bndash2113233 The Q Beatitudes and their Thomasine Parallels 13734 Q 622ndash23 and 1 Pet 314 414 139

Table of ContentsX

35 Ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου in Q 622c 14036 The Prophets in Q 623c14337 Conclusion Q 620bndash23 as a Q2 Composition 143

4 ldquoWhy do you call me lsquoκύριε κύριεrsquordquo Q 646 and the Chris tological Bookends of the Sermon 144

5 The Sectio Evangelica (Q 627ndash635) and Q 636 147

51 The Shared Vorlage of Q 627ndash35 and Did 13bndash5b 14752 Q 627ndash36 Imitatio Dei and Divine Adoption 152

6 Summary S tratigraphic Provenance of Q 416 620ndash49 153

Chapter Eight Q 71ndash960 155

1 Introduction 155

2 Q and the Gentile Mission in Q 71ndash10 155

3 ldquoGo and Tell Johnrdquo (Q 718ndash23) 159

4 Σὺ εἶ ὁ ἐρχόμενος The Son of Manrsquos Earthly Mission in Q 734 and 958 165

41 Ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου in Q 73416542 Ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου in Q 95816943 Q 959ndash60 as a Q2 Text 172

5 Summary Compositional Unity of Q 71ndash35 957ndash60 173

Chapter Nine Q 102ndash1240 175

1 Introduction 175

2 S tratigraphic Provenance of Q 128ndash10 176

21 S tructural Similarity of Q 124ndash7 to Q 112bndash4 9ndash13 1222bndash34 17622 Q 122ndash12 as a Q1 ldquoPersecution Speechrdquo 18123 Ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου in Q 128ndash10184

231 Recons truction and the Main Issues 184232 Ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου in Q 128 185233 Ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου ndash in Q 129 188

XITable of Contents

234 Ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου in Q 1210 188235 Conclusion Q 128ndash10 as a Q1 Text 190

3 S tratigraphic Provenance of Q 1239ndash40 190

31 Q 1239-40 and Q 1233ndash34 19032 Q 1239-40 and Gos Thom 215ndash8192

4 Summary 194

Chapter 10 Q 1235ndash2230 197

1 Introduction 197

2 Ten Los t Tribes or Gentiles in Q 1328ndash29 198

3 Q and its Opponents200

31 Jesus and the Temple in Q 1149ndash51 1334ndash35 20032 Q2 and the Wicked Slaves 203

4 The Halakhic Compendium in Q 1617ndash172 206

5 S tratigraphic Provenance of Q 1723ndash37 210

51 Q 1723ndash37 as an Apocalyptic Discourse 21052 Ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου in Q 1723ndash37212

Chapter 11 Conclusion 213

Bibliography 217

Index of Ancient Sources 245

Index of Modern Authors 261

Index of Subjects 267

Lis t of Abbreviations

AASF Annales Academiae Scientiarum FennicaeAB Anchor BibleABD Anchor Bible DictionaryABRL Anchor Bible Reference LibraryAcOr Acta OrientaliaAGJU Arbeiten zur Geschichte des antiken Judentums und des Urchris tentumsAnBib Analecta BiblicaANTC Abingdon New Tes tament CommentariesBBB Bonner Biblische BeitraumlgeBeO Biblica et OrientaliaBETL Bibliotheca Ephemeridum Theologicarum LovaniensiumBib BiblicaBJRL Bulletin of the John Rylands University Library of Manches terBNTC Blackrsquos New Tes tament CommentaryBR Biblical ResearchBSR Bulletin for the S tudy of ReligionBTB Biblical Theology BulletinBTS Biblical Tools and S tudiesBWANT Beitraumlge zur Wissenschaft vom Alten und Neuen Tes tamentBZ Biblische ZeitschriftBZNW Beihefte zur Zeitschrift fuumlr die neutes tamentliche WissenschaftCBR Currents in Biblical ResearchCC Concordia CommentaryCEQ The Critical Edition of Q Synopsis Including the Gospels of Matthew

and Luke Mark and Thomas with English German and French Translations of Q and Thomas

CBQ Catholic Biblical Quarterly CRINT Compendia Rerum Iudaicarum ad Novum Tes tamentumDJD Discoveries in the Judean DesertDSD Dead Sea DiscoveriesECC Eerdmans Critical CommentaryEs tBib Es tudios BiblicosETL Ephemerides Theologicae LovaniensesEvT Evangelische TheologieExpT The Expository TimesFB Forschung zur BibelFFRS Foundations and Facets Reference SeriesFRLANT Forschungen zur Religion und Literatur des Alten und Neuen Tes tamentsGTJ Grace Theological JournalHNT Handbuch zum Neuen Tes tamentHR His tory of ReligionsHTCNT Herderrsquos Theological Commentary on the New Tes tament

XIV Lis t of Abbreviations

HTR Harvard Theological ReviewHTS Harvard Theological S tudiesIBS Irish Biblical S tudiesICC The International Critical CommentaryIQP The International Q ProjectJAOS Journal of the American Oriental SocietyJBL Journal of Biblical LiteratureJCTCRS Jewish and Chris tian Texts in Contexts and Related S tudiesJECH Journal of Early Chris tian His toryJJS Journal of Jewish S tudiesJQR Jewish Quarterly ReviewJR Journal of ReligionJSJ Journal for the S tudy of JudaismJSJSup Journal for the S tudy of Judaism Supplement SeriesJSNT Journal for the S tudy of the New Tes tamentJSNTSup Journal for the S tudy of the New Tes tament Supplement SeriesJSOT Journal for the S tudy of the Old Tes tamentJSOTSup Journal for the S tudy of the Old Tes tament Supplement SeriesJSP Journal for the S tudy of the PseudepigraphaJSPSup Journal for the S tudy of the Pseudepigrapha Supplement SeriesJTC Journal for Theology and the ChurchJTS Journal of Theological S tudiesLingBibl Linguis tica BiblicaLNTS Library of New Tes tament S tudiesLS TS Library of Second Temple S tudiesLUA Lunds Universitets ArsskriftMTS Marburger theologische S tudienMThA Muumlns teraner theologische AbhandlungenNA Neutes tamentliche ArbeitenNHS Nag Hammadi S tudiesNHMS Nag Hammadi and Manichaean S tudiesNIBC The New International Biblical CommentaryNIGTC The New International Greek Tes tament Commentary NovT Novum Tes tamentumNovTSup Novum Tes tamentum SupplementsNTL The New Tes tament LibraryNTR New Tes tament ReadingsNTS New Tes tament S tudiesNTTS New Tes tament Tools and S tudiesOTL The Old Tes tament LibraryPBM Paternos ter Biblical MonographsPFES Publications of the Finnish Exegetical SocietyRB Revue bibliqueRevQ Revue de QumranSAC S tudies in Antiquity and Chris tianity SBL S tudies in Biblical LiteratureSBLECL Society of Biblical Literature Early Chris tianity and its LiteratureSBLEJL Society of Biblical Literature Early Judaism and its LiteratureSBLMS Society of Biblical Literature Monograph SeriesSBLSBS Society of Biblical Literature Sources for Biblical S tudySBLSP Society of Biblical Literature Seminar PapersSNTSMS Society for New Tes tament S tudies Monograph Series

XVLis t of Abbreviations

ScrHier Scripta HierosolymitanaSPhiloA S tudia Philonica AnnualS TDJ S tudies on the Texts of the Desert of JudahS tJ S tudia JudaicaSVTP S tudia in Veteris Tes tamenti PseudepigraphaSVTQ S t Vladimirrsquos Theological QuarterlyTAZ Texte und Arbeiten zum neutes tamentlichen ZeitalterTDNT Theological Dictionary of the New Tes tamentTENT Texts and Editions for New Tes tament S tudyTJT Toronto Journal of TheologyTS Theological S tudiesTTZ Trierer theologische ZeitschriftUNDCSJCA University of Notre Dame Center for the S tudy of Judaism and

Chris tianity in AntiquityVCSup Vigiliae Chris tianae Supplement SeriesVT Vetus Tes tamentumVTSup Vetus Tes tamentum Supplement SeriesWBC Word Biblical CommentaryWUNT Wissenchaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Tes tamentZDMG Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenlaumlndischen GesellschaftZKT Zeitschrift fuumlr katholische TheologieZNW Zeitschrift fuumlr die neutes tamentliche WissenschaftZTK Zeitschrift fuumlr Theologie und Kirche

Chapter One

Prolegomena

1 Introduction Recent Methodological Questions in Q Studies

A survey of the current trends in New Testament and Q studies reveals a some-what uncertain environment While the Two-Document Hypothesis (hereafter 2DH) continues to hold its own occasional skepticism with regard to Qrsquos ex-istence has by no means dissipated1 Within the ranks of those scholars who work with or trend toward the 2DH the written character of Q is not universally accepted2 Among those who accept the premise of a written Q there remain

1 For recent arguments against the 2DH see eg Mark S Goodacre The Case Against Q

Studies in Markan Priority and the Synoptic Problem (Harrisburg PA Trinity Press Interna-tional 2002) Francis Watson Gospel Writing A Canonical Perspective (Grand Rapids MI Eerdmans 2013) For responses to these scholars see eg Paul Foster ldquoIs It Possible to Dis-pense with Qrdquo NovT 45 (2003) 313ndash37 John S Kloppenborg ldquoOn Dispensing with Q Goodacre on the Relation of Luke to Matthewrdquo NTS 49 (2003) 210ndash36 Christopher M Tuck-ett ldquoWatson Q and LMrdquo in Gospel Interpretation and the Q-Hypothesis (ed Mogens Muumlller and Heike Omerzu LNTS 573 London TampT Clark 2018) 115ndash38 (for Watsonrsquos rejoinder see ldquoSeven Theses on the Synoptic Problem in Disagreement with Christopher Tuckettrdquo in Idem 139ndash47) For classic comprehensive cases in support of the 2DH see Joseph A Fitzmyer ldquoThe Priority of Mark and the lsquoQrsquo Source in Lukerdquo in Jesus and Manrsquos Hope (ed Donald G Miller Pittsburgh PA Pittsburgh Theological Seminary 1970) 131ndash70 W D Davies and Dale C Allison The Gospel According to Saint Matthew (ICC 26 3 vols Edinburgh TampT Clark 1988ndash97) 1115ndash21 John S Kloppenborg Verbin Excavating Q The History and Set-ting of the Sayings Gospel (Minneapolis MN Fortress Press 2000) 11ndash54 For recent investi-gations demonstrating the viability of the 2DH see Robert A Derrenbacker Ancient Composi-tional Practices and the Synoptic Problem (BETL 186 Leuven Leuven University Press 2005) Alan Kirk Q in Matthew Ancient Media Memory and Early Scribal Transmission of the Jesus Tradition (LNTS 564 London TampT Clark 2016) For additional recent statements by Q scholars see Simon J Joseph The Nonviolent Messiah Jesus Q and the Enochic Tradi-tion (Minneapolis MN Fortress Press 2014) 8ndash10 Giovanni B Bazzana Kingdom of Bureau-cracy The Political Ideology of Village Scribes in the Sayings Gospel Q (BETL 274 Leuven Peeters 2015) 2ndash3 While a close discussion of the synoptic problem lies outside the scope of this monograph it is perhaps worth emphasizing that the solutions of Goodacre and Watson are equally if not more so hypothetical than the 2DH

2 Eg Terence C Mournet Oral Tradition and Literary Dependency Variability and Sta-bility in the Synoptic Tradition and Q (WUNT 2195 Tuumlbingen Mohr Siebeck 2005) Armin D Baum Der muumlndliche Faktor und seine Bedeutung fuumlr die synoptische Frage (TAZ 49 Tuuml-bingen Francke 2008) James D G Dunn The Oral Gospel Tradition (Grand Rapids MI Eerdmans 2013) For responses to the arguments made by these and other scholars see John

2 Chapter One Prolegomena

important disagreements regarding the attainability of Qrsquos word-level recon-struction3 Additionally questions about the provenance of portions of two sec-ond-century documents the Didache and the pseudepigraphal Gospel of Thomas continue to affect the study of Qrsquos sources and redaction If the Q parallels contained in those documents derive from the canonical gospels ndash as some scholars have argued ndash then such parallels obviously have no bearing on Qrsquos compositional history If however certain sayings or combinations of say-ings reach the Didache and Thomas via autonomous channels apart from the canonical gospels and can be shown to not depend on Q then the hypothesis of a Vorlage shared by the parallels in question and Q becomes logical It is not difficult to see how these matters are critical to the study of Qrsquos stratigraphy After all one of its fundamental tasks is to identify possible modifications of traditional material thereby acquiring a better understanding of the documentrsquos redactional interests

This chapter will discuss two of the aforementioned issues While we pre-suppose the validity of the 2DH and Qrsquos written character in what follows we shall engage the feasibility of Qrsquos reconstruction and the attainability of the documentrsquos wording The former has recently been dismissed by a number of scholars who have pointed out the inferiority of the reconstructed Mark4 to the canonical version of the gospel while Qrsquos wording has come under renewed scrutiny This will be followed by arguments in support of the autonomy of Did 13bndash21 and portions of the Gospel of Thomas both contested subjects in recent academic discussion Some of the observations included in the treatment of these matters will cover familiar terrain However their configuration is de-signed to highlight the problematic nature of a number of current claims and to lay the methodological foundation for the present investigation as well as for a fresh treatment of the Sayings Source and related documents5

S Kloppenborg ldquoVariation and Reproduction of the Double Tradition and an Oral Qrdquo ETL 83 (2007) 53ndash80 Alan Kirk ldquoOrality Writing and Phantom Sources Appeals to Ancient Media in Some Recent Challenges to the Two Document Hypothesisrdquo NTS 58 (2011) 1ndash22 Idem Q in Matthew 151ndash66 220ndash24 293ndash97 Sarah E Rollens Framing Social Criticism in the Jesus Movement The Ideological Project in the Sayings Gospel Q (WUNT 2374 Tuumlbingen Mohr Siebeck 2014) 81ndash90 See also the earlier discussion in eg Joseph A Fitzmyer The Gospel According to Luke (AB 28 and 28A 2 vols New York NY Doubleday 1981ndash85) 75ndash81 John S Kloppenborg Formation of Q Trajectories in Ancient Wisdom Collections (SAC Phil-adelphia PA Fortress Press 1987) 42ndash51 Davies and Allison Matthew 1116 H T Fledder-mann Q A Reconstruction and Commentary (BTS 1 Leuven Peeters 2005) 41ndash68 Based on the case made collectively by the above scholars it will be a presupposition of this study that Q was a written document

3 Eg Dieter T Roth The Parables in Q (LNTS 582 London TampT Clark 2018) 30ndash44 See the discussion below in this chapter

4 Viz Markrsquos gospel as reconstructed from its reception by Matthew and Luke 5 It is necessary also to address the frequent identification of Q as a gospel Frans Neirynck

(ldquoQ From Source to Gospelrdquo ETL 71 [1995] 421) notes that ldquothe use of the term originated in the SBL Q Seminar and was strongly promoted by its presidents James M Robinson and John

2 The Study of Q as a Reconstructed Text 3

2 The Study of Q as a Reconstructed Text 2 The Study of Q as a Reconstructed Text It is one thing to assert based on the synoptic evidence that Q was a written document with a single recension of the finished text6 It is another matter to

S Kloppenborgrdquo For the rationale see eg John S Kloppenborg ldquoIntroductionrdquo in The Shape of Q Signal Essays on the Sayings Gospel (ed Idem Minneapolis MN Fortress Press 1994) 1 n 1 I am sympathetic with Neirynckrsquos view (ldquoQ From Source to Gospelrdquo 429) it is ldquoan advantage of the full designation lsquo(Synoptic) Sayings Source Qrsquo that it reminds us of the fact that we have no direct access to the text of Q it remains a hypothetical source text that we are to reconstruct from Matthew and Lukerdquo Furthermore there is ldquoa difference between recogniz-ing that the sayings of Jesus contain the gospel and designating the Sayings collection as a Gospelrdquo Edwin K Broadhead ldquoOn the (Mis)Definition of Qrdquo JSNT 68 (1999) 9

6 The alternative premise ndash of two separate recensions (QMatt and QLk) ndash is quite venerable Eg Rudolph Bultmann The History of the Synoptic Tradition (New York NY Harper amp Row 1963) 328 (originally published in 1921) In modern research it has continued to be accepted with a varying degree of certainty by a number of New Testament and Q scholars eg I Howard Marshall The Gospel of Luke A Commentary on the Greek Text (NIGTC Grand Rap-ids MI Eerdmans 1978) 30ndash1 Davies and Allison Matthew 1121 Migaku Sato Q und Prophetie Studien zur Gattungs- und Traditionsgeschichte der Quelle Q (WUNT 229 Tuuml-bingen Mohr Siebeck 1988) 18ndash19 Hans Dieter Betz The Sermon on the Mount (Hermeneia Minneapolis MI Fortress Press 1995) 7ndash9 Ulrich Luz Matthew 8ndash20 (Hermeneia Minne-apolis MN Fortress Press 2001) Idem Matthew 21ndash28 (Hermeneia Minneapolis MN For-tress Press 2005) Idem ldquoMatthew and Qrdquo in Studies in Matthew (Grand Rapids MI Eerd-mans 2005) 39ndash53 Idem Matthew 1ndash7 (Hermeneia Minneapolis MN Fortress Press 2007) Idem ldquoLooking at Q through the Eyes of Matthewrdquo in New Studies in the Synoptic Problem Oxford Conference April 2008 Essays in Honour of Christopher M Tuckett (ed Paul Foster Andrew Gregory John S Kloppenborg Joseph Verheyden BETL 239 Leuven Leuven Uni-versity Press 2011) 571ndash89 John T Carroll Luke A Commentary (NTL Louisville KY Westminster John Knox Press 2012) 8 Rollens Framing Social Criticism 86 n 10 Bazzana Kingdom of Bureaucracy 4ndash5 John S Kloppenborg ldquoA lsquoParting of the Waysrsquo in Qrdquo in Q in Context I The Separation between the Just and the Unjust in Early Judaism and in the Sayings Source (ed Markus Tiwald BBB 172 Goumlttingen Vandenhoeck amp Ruprecht 2015) 123 Klop-penborg (ibid) has recently stated ldquoIn what follows I will assume the still-dominant view of Q that it is a document that came to Matthew and Luke in approximately the same form I say lsquoapproximatelyrsquo because we must allow for some variation at least in wording of Q and perhaps even expansions ndash the kind of elaboration that Ulrich Luz and his students have proposedrdquo In my view the drawbacks of this hypothesis significantly outweigh its potential benefits Klop-penborg (Excavating Q 109) and Bazzana (Kingdom of Bureaucracy 4ndash5) appeal to the diver-sity of the NT manuscripts and their circulation patterns but this is an argument from analogy rather than a demonstration The only way of demonstrating the existence of such recensions would be by showing (preferably on multiple occasions) that Matthewrsquos or Lukersquos Sondergut text adjacent to or interpolated in a Q block of material is traditional coheres with the content of that Q block and of the Q document and is unlikely to have been omitted by the other evan-gelist This is virtually impossible to demonstrate conclusively and so the hypothesis enters the realm of speculation (eg Fitzmyer Luke 80) where ldquoin every case there are other possible explanationsrdquo (Luz ldquoLooking at Qrdquo 579) Further red flags lurk in the occasional connection between the multiple recension hypothesis and the sub-literary (Kleinliteratur) view of Q (eg ibid 578 584) Thus Luz (Matthew 1ndash7 19) and Sato (Q und Prophetie 72ndash77) envision Q as

4 Chapter One Prolegomena

produce a reliable reconstruction of that text The point of departure rests with Matthewrsquos and Lukersquos redaction of Mark Luke preserves the Markan order with only minor exceptions The implications of this naturally carry over to the reconstruction of Qrsquos sequence7 Based on the conclusions reached by Heinrich Julius Holtzmann in 18638 confirmed by Burnett Hillman Streeter and George DeWitt Castor in the first half of the twentieth century9 and reaffirmed by the

a notebook to which new sheets could be added at any time Some such approach to Q has formed the dominant paradigm in 2DH based synoptic studies until only recently See the sur-vey of scholarship in Alan Kirk The Composition of the Sayings Source Genre Synchrony and Wisdom Redaction in Q (NovTSup 91 Leiden Brill 1998) 2ndash64 As the discussion in chapters three and five of this study will suggest (in continuity with Kirkrsquos view) the Kleinlit-eratur paradigm constitutes a mischaracterization of Q This still leaves the option of Q receiv-ing further editing from its own tradents which essentially amounts to an additional layer of redaction (eg one would have to envision a Q4 stratum in Kloppenborgrsquos stratigraphy) The outline and profile of such a redaction (or in the case of QMatt and QLk redactions) remains to be demonstrated however Meanwhile the documentrsquos eventual disappearance and complete lack of attestation in the Church Fathers suggests caution in imagining any kind of significant textual proliferation Could multiple autonomous copies of Q go from being in possession by and being normative for some of the early Christianityrsquos most prominent communities to van-ishing not only from existence but also from subsequent memory It seems that the possibility of a single circulating copy at least deserves further consideration Finally Neirynckrsquos objection remains pertinent ldquothe need for positing an intermediate stage is it not a logical consequence of their too restrictive notion of Matthean and Lukan redactionrdquo Frans Neirynck ldquoQMt and QLk and the Reconstruction of Qrdquo ETL 66 (1990) 390 In other words Qrsquos putative textual fluidity has much to do with a restriction of Matthean andor Lukan redactorial freedom and derives logically from a view of Matthew andor Luke as conservative traditionalists Syreenirsquos obser-vations made with regard to the thesis of a QMatt offer an alternative ldquoInstead of such a literary evolution it would be quite natural to reckon with oral usage and application of Q sayings and sequences in Matthewrsquos community Oral variants and new combinations of various Q passages as well as combinations of Q and special material were to be expected if Q was used for pur-poses of community teaching and paraenesis Also ecclesiastical material which was affected or even inspired by Q sayings was likely to emerge Some literary reworking may have been made what I doubt however is the existence of a massively expanded QMt editionrdquo Kari Syreeni The Making of the Sermon on the Mount A Procedural Analysis of Matthewrsquos Redac-torial Activity (AASF 44 Helsinki Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia 1987) 161 Because the ex-istence of scribes other than the gospelrsquos author in Matthewrsquos community has not been demon-strated I hesitate to imagine a literary reworking of Q by that community prior to the gospelrsquos composition (a similar situation obtains on the Lukan side) With this minor adjustment Syreenirsquos statement describes the optimal alternative to the multiple recension hypothesis

7 It should be noted however that although Matthewrsquos approach to Q (when reconstructed based on its Lukan sequence) can be described as liberal Matthewrsquos ldquoappropriative movement through Q is consistently forwardrdquo indicating memory competence and ldquocognitive operations that follow the schematic organizational linesrdquo of the source Kirk Q in Matthew 166

8 Heinrich Julius Holtzmann Die synoptischen Evangelien Ihr Uhrsprung und geschicht-licher Charakter (Leipzig Wilhelm Engelmann 1986) 142ndash43

9 Burnett Hillman Streeter ldquoOn the Original Order of Qrdquo in Oxford Studies in the Synoptic Problem (ed William Sanday Oxford At the Clarendon Press 1911) 141ndash64 George DeWitt

2 The Study of Q as a Reconstructed Text 5

ensuing Q scholarship as well as a number of Matthean and Lukan scholars10 today it is possible to assert with ldquoa near unanimity that Luke best preserved the sequence of Q sayingsrdquo11

Q attained what currently remains its definitive reconstruction by the end of the twentieth century in the form of The Critical Edition of Q (hereafter CEQ)12 To call the CEQ ldquodefinitiverdquo of course is to neither imply its infalli-bility nor to expect it to produce the final say on the matter13 As noted by James M Robinson in the introduction to the CEQ it was a product ldquoof a team of scholars who have been working together since 1985 as the International Q Projectrdquo (hereafter IQP)14 The text and sequence of Q published in the CEQ

Castor Matthewrsquos Sayings of Jesus The Non-Marcan Common Source of Matthew and Luke (PhD diss University of Chicago 1918) 120ndash39

10 Eg T W Manson The Sayings of Jesus as recorded in the Gospels according to St Matthew and St Luke arranged with introduction and commentary (London SCM Press 1949 reprint 1971) 39ndash148 James M Robinson ldquoThe Sermon on the Mount Plain Work Sheets for the Reconstruction of Qrdquo SBLSP 22 (1983) 451ndash54 Arland D Jacobson The First Gospel An Introduction to Q (FFRS Sonoma CA Polebridge Press 1992) 45 Dale C Allison The Jesus Tradition in Q (Harrisburg PA Trinity Press International 1997) 2 n 6 Franҫois Bovon Luke 1 A Commentary on the Gospel of Luke 11ndash950 (Hermeneia Minneapolis MN Fortress Press 2002) 6ndash8 Kirk Q in Matthew 163ndash66

11 Kloppenborg Verbin Excavating Q 88 Noting that ldquomost recent reconstructions of Q include both (a) the double tradition and (b) items triply attested where the degree of agreement against Mark is substantial and where the agreements are not likely to be merely coincidentalrdquo Kloppenborg (ibid 92) uses these criteria to assign the following texts to Q (by Lukan versifi-cation) Q 37bndash9 16bndash17 41ndash13 620bndash23 27ndash33 35c 36ndash37b 38c 39ndash49 71bndash2 6bndash10 18ndash19 22ndash23 24ndash28 31ndash35 957ndash60 102ndash16 21ndash22 23bndash24 112ndash4 9ndash13 14ndash20 23 24ndash26 29ndash35 39ndash44 46ndash52 122ndash12 22bndash31 33ndash34 39ndash40 42bndash46 51ndash53 54bndash56 58ndash59 1318ndash19 20ndash21 24 26ndash27 28ndash30 34ndash35 14111814 1416ndash24 26ndash27 34ndash35 154ndash7 1613 16 17 18 171bndash2 3bndash4 6b 23ndash24 26ndash27 30 33 34ndash35 37b 1912ndash13 15bndash26 2228bndash30 Kloppenborg also assigns to Q some Sondergut materials which involve a different set of methodological considerations See the discussion in chapter four

12 James M Robinson Paul Hoffmann and John S Kloppenborg eds The Critical Edition of Q Synopsis including the Gospels of Matthew and Luke Mark and Thomas with English German and French Translations of Q and Thomas (Hermeneia Supplement Series Minneap-olis MN Fortress Press 2000)

13 It may suffice here to quote the editors James M Robinson ldquoHistory of Q Researchrdquo in The Critical Edition of Q lxxi ldquoIt is not to be assumed that the present critical text is a last wordrdquo John S Kloppenborg ldquoThe Use of the Synoptics or Q in Did 13bndash21rdquo in Matthew and the Didache Two Documents from the Same Jewish-Christian Milieu (ed Huub van de Sandt Minneapolis MN Fortress Press 2005) 115 ldquoWhile the Critical Edition should hardly be taken as the definitive reconstruction of Q it does provide a benchmark and a useful point of referencerdquo

14 Robinson ldquoHistory of Q Researchrdquo xix For a survey of IQPrsquos methodology and results as assessed at the time of the CEQrsquos publication see Christoph Heil ldquoDie Q-Rekonstruktion des Internationalen Q-Projekts Einfuumlhrung in Methodik und Resultaterdquo NovT 43 (2001) 128ndash43 For IQP work sessions see James M Robinson ldquoThe International Q Project Work Session 17 November 1989rdquo JBL 109 (1990) 499ndash501 Idem ldquoThe International Q Project Work

6 Chapter One Prolegomena

therefore represent a consensus among a group of scholars reflecting the pre-suppositions held by those scholars at a particular juncture in the history of Qrsquos research15 That it is only a necessary first step and demands continued reeval-uation becomes evident from the fact that some of the IQP members whose preferences were occasionally not reflected in the CEQ proceeded to release their own alternative reconstructions of Q either shortly before or after the CEQrsquos seminal publication16 Indeed the present study also makes several emendations of both the CEQrsquos reconstruction of the documentrsquos sequence and of its wording Overall however it is clear that the CEQ will continue to pro-vide the baseline for compositional studies of Q for years to come

The availability of the reconstructed text enables the literary analysis of Q A number of scholars however have recently expressed doubts regarding the attainability of not only Qrsquos wording but in fact of the documentrsquos full extent Cyril S Rodd has declared it ldquosheer conjecturerdquo to imagine ldquothat the passages which are common to Matthew and Luke comprise this Q document in its en-tiretyrdquo17 Joseph Allen Weaks has similarly called the text of Q ldquospeculativerdquo claiming that to rely on it as though it were ldquoan extant gospel textrdquo is ldquosimply not possiblerdquo18 Both scholars have tied the bulk of their objections to the ob-servation (called a ldquothought experimentrdquo by Dieter T Roth)19 that the text of Markrsquos gospel cannot be accurately reconstructed from its Matthean and Lukan reception While this argument has already been engaged by some scholars20 the deficiency of its logic appears to not have been sufficiently exposed as Rothrsquos renewed deployment of it in 2018 demonstrates ndash in a Q monograph21 It is therefore important to allow the reader to assess the difficulties

Session 16 November 1990rdquo JBL 110 (1991) 494ndash98 Idem ldquoThe International Q Project Work Sessions 12ndash14 July 22 November 1991rdquo JBL 111 (1992) 500ndash08 Idem ldquoThe Interna-tional Q Project Work Sessions 31 Julyndash2 August 20 November 1992rdquo JBL 112 (1993) 500ndash06 Idem ldquoThe International Q Project Work Sessions 6ndash8 August 18ndash19 November 1993rdquo JBL 113 (1994) 495ndash99 Idem ldquoThe International Q Project Work Sessions 23ndash27 May 22ndash26 August 17ndash18 November 1994rdquo JBL 114 (1995) 475ndash85 Idem ldquoThe International Q Pro-ject Editorial Board Meetings 1ndash10 June 16 November 1995 16ndash23 August 22 November 1996 Work Sessions 17 November 1995 23 November 1996rdquo JBL 116 (1997) 521ndash25

15 The full list of the IQPrsquos members may be found in The Critical Edition xvii 16 Kirk Composition 152ndash403 Fleddermann Commentary 874ndash913 17 Cyril S Rodd ldquoThe End of the Theology of Qrdquo ExpT 113 (2001) 12 Idem ldquoThe The-

ology of Q Yet Again A Reply to the Responses of Christopher Tuckett and Paul Fosterrdquo ExpT 114 (2002) 80ndash85

18 Joseph Allen Weaks ldquoMark without Mark Problematizing the Reliability of a Recon-structed Text of Qrdquo (PhD diss Brite Divinity School 2010) 344ndash45

19 Roth Parables 36 20 Eg Christopher M Tuckett ldquoThe Search for a Theology of Q A Dead Endrdquo ExpT 113

(2002) 291ndash94 Paul Foster ldquoIn Defense of the Study of Qrdquo ExpT 113 (2002) 295ndash300 21 Roth Parables 36ndash37 It should be noted of course that Roth does not wish to com-

pletely dismiss the accessibility of Qrsquos text His intention is to argue that ldquoscholarship should be rather more skeptical about the wording of Qrdquo (ibid 39)

2 The Study of Q as a Reconstructed Text 7

compromising the case that Rodd Weaks and Roth have found rather persua-sive Three observations stand to be made in this regard

First of all because it is a sayings collection Q does not lend itself to the same type of editorial abridgements as Mark The two documents are very dif-ferent Not nearly enough attention is given to this by Rodd Weaks and Roth all of whom hang their case to some degree on the fragmentary product that is the reconstructed Mark as though Q similarly contains a plot or even a remotely compatible story to saying ratio The abridgement of Markan pericopes by Luke and Matthew reflects editorial strategies appropriate to rewriting a biography viz a document exhibiting a large concentration of narrative material22 The Markan words of Jesus are omitted at a vastly different rate with the majority of those words preserved by both Matthew and Luke with minimal rephrasing23

22 Rodd (ldquoThe End of the Theology of Qrdquo 6) notes that ldquoalmost always each pericope in

[the reconstructed] lsquoMarkrsquo will be shorter than in the canonical gospelrdquo citing as examples the abridgements of Mk 21ndash12 (= Matt 91ndash8 Lk 517ndash26) and Mk 121ndash12 (= Matt 2133ndash46 Lk 209ndash19) However the healing of a man with the palsy (Mk 21ndash12) is a good example of a story whose narrative details welcome abridgements while the words of Jesus (Mk 25b 8bndash11) ndash notably including the key statements in Mk 25b 10 ndash are preserved correctly by both Matthew and Luke (Matt 92c 4bndash6 Lk 520b 22bndash24) As for the parable of the wicked tenants (Mk 121ndash12) this can be reliably reconstructed from its MatthewLuke reproduction missing only minor details The omitted details scarcely seem to affect the interpretation of the source text viz the intention of the parable as it was deployed in Markrsquos gospel

23 Mk 141 44 (= Matt 83ndash4 Lk 513ndash14) Mk 25 8ndash11 (= Matt 92 4ndash6 Lk 520 22ndash24) Mk 214 (= Matt 99 Lk 527) Mk 217 (= Matt 912ndash13 Lk 531ndash32) Mk 219ndash22 (= Matt 915ndash17 Lk 534ndash38) Mk 225ndash28 (= Matt 123ndash4 8 Lk 63ndash5) Mk 34ndash5 (= Matt 1212ndash13 Lk 69ndash10) Mk 335 (= Matt 1250 Lk 821) Mk 42ndash9 (= Matt 133ndash9 Lk 85ndash8) Mk 411ndash12 (= Matt 1311 13 Lk 810) Mk 414ndash20 (= Matt 1318ndash23 Lk 811ndash15) Mk 421ndash22 (= MattQ 515 MattQ 1026 Lk 816ndash17) Mk 424c (= MattQ 72 LkQ 638) Mk 425 (= Matt 1312 Lk 818) Mk 440 (= Matt 826 Lk 825) Mk 534 (= Matt 922 Lk 848) Mk 539 (= Matt 923ndash24 Lk 852) Mk 64bc (= Matt 1357 Lk 424) Mk 637 (= Matt 1416 Lk 913) Mk 827 29 (= Matt 1613 15 Lk 918 20) Mk 834ndash36 (= Matt 1624ndash26 Lk 923ndash25) Mk 91 (= Matt 1628 Lk 927) Mk 919 (= Matt 1717 Lk 941) Mk 931 (= Matt 1722ndash23 Lk 944) Mk 935 (= Matt 2311 Lk 2226) Mk 937 (= Matt 185 Lk 948) Mk 940 (= MattQ 1230 Lk 950) Mk 1014ndash15 (= Matt 183 1914 Lk 1816ndash17) Mk 1018ndash19 21 23 25 27 29ndash30 (= Matt 1917ndash19 21 23ndash24 26 29 Lk 1819ndash20 22 24ndash25 27 29ndash30) Mk 1033ndash34 (= Matt 2018ndash19 Lk 1831ndash33) Mk 1042ndash45 (= Matt 2025ndash28 Lk 2225ndash27) Mk 1051 (= Matt 2032 Lk 1841) Mk 112ndash3 (= Matt 212ndash3 Lk 1930ndash31) Mk 1117 (= Matt 2113 Lk 1946) Mk 1129ndash30 33 (= Matt 2124ndash25 27 Lk 203ndash4 8) Mk 121ndash10 (= Matt 2133ndash42 Lk 209ndash17) Mk 1215dndash17 (= Matt 2219ndash21 Lk 2024ndash25) Mk 1225ndash27 (= Matt 2230ndash32 Lk 2034ndash38) Mk 1230ndash31 (= Matt 2237ndash39 Lk 1027) Mk 1235ndash37 (= Matt 2241ndash45 Lk 2041ndash44) Mk 132 (= Matt 242 Lk 216) Mk 135ndash13 (Matt 244ndash13 Lk 218ndash19) Mk 1314c 17 19 (= Matt 2416 19 21 Lk 2121 23) Mk 1324ndash31 (= Matt 2429ndash35 Lk 2125ndash33) Mk 1413ndash14 (= Matt 2618 Lk 2210ndash11) Mk 1418 20ndash21 (= Matt 2621 23ndash24 Lk 2221ndash22) Mk 1422ndash25 (= Matt 2626ndash29 Lk 2216ndash20) Mk 1430 (= Matt 2634 Lk 2234) Mk 1436 (= Matt 2639 Lk 2242) Mk 1437ndash38 (= Matt 2640ndash41 Lk 2246) Mk 1448ndash49a (= Matt 2655 Lk 2252ndash53a) Mk 1462 (= Matt 2664 Lk 2269ndash70) Mk 152 (= Matt 2711 Lk 233)

8 Chapter One Prolegomena

and the non-Q related omissions limited to (a) statements forming an integral part of a narrative24 (b) statements commands and questions that are redun-dant25 (c) statements that cast a potentially negative light on Jesusrsquo family26 or disciples27 both established Markan themes28 (d) statements that are poten-tially problematic theologically29 (e) statements falling under none of the above categories that are abridged expanded or reworked by one of the evan-gelists30 (f) statements occurring in pericopes that have been eliminated com-pletely by Matthew or Luke31 Of these six categories the first three are un-likely to have been present in Q due to its lack of a plot relative scarcity of stories and absence of any interest in Jesusrsquo family or disciples The remaining three categories include only a few sayings outside of the Great Omission (more on that below) Consequently it appears that Matthew and Luke already elim-inating a minor percentage of the Markan Jesusrsquo words that lack Q parallels had no clear reason to omit even that much from Q

Secondly on a number of occasions one or both evangelists preserve dou-blets of the Markan sayings of Jesus which on the 2DH are assigned to Q32 This development is surprising in Lukersquos case since his tendency to avoid dou-blets is well known33 What is really decisive however is that in instances

24 Mk 125 138 435 59 19 530 541 1243 (omitted by Matthew) Mk 1036 1432

34 41ndash42 (omitted by Luke) Mk 1114 (either omitted or reworked in Lk 136ndash9) Mk 439 58 631 638 916 21 25 933 939c 1049 1234 (omitted or reworked by both Matthew and Luke)

25 Mk 424bd 1238 40 (omitted by Matthew) Mk 334 837 941 1211 1215b 1224 1318 20 23 (omitted by Luke) Mk 1449b (reworked in Lk 2253b) Mk 949 1024 1229 (omitted by both Matthew and Luke)

26 Mk 333ndash34 Mk 64de (omitted by Luke) 27 Mk 413 (omitted by Matthew and Luke) Mk 833 1038ndash40 (omitted by Luke) Mk

1427ndash28 (reworked in Lk 2231ndash32) 28 Eg Joel Marcus Mark (AB 27 and 27A 2 vols New York NY and New Haven CT

Doubleday and Yale 2000ndash2009) 279ndash80 310ndash11 378ndash80 509ndash15 653 677ndash81 999ndash1000 29 Mk 939 (omitted by Matthew and Luke) Mk 943ndash48 (omitted by Luke) Mk 1534

(reworked in Lk 2346) 30 Mk 115 (reworked and expanded in Lk 416ndash21) Mk 536 (abridged in Matt 923ndash26)

Mk 1314ab (reworked in Lk 2120) Mk 146ndash9 (reworked in Lk 736ndash50) Mk 1413ndash15 (abridged in Matt 2618)

31 Mk 426ndash29 99ndash13 (omitted by Luke) everything that belongs to Mk 645ndash826 (the Great Omission of the Markan material by Luke)

32 Mk 421 (= Lk 816 LkQ 1133) Mk 422 (= Lk 817 LkQ 122) Mk 425 (= Matt 1312 MattQ 2529 Lk 818 LkQ 1926) Mk 68 10ndash11 (= Lk 93ndash5 LkQ 104ndash5 8 10ndash11) Mk 834 (= MattQ 1038 Matt 1624 Lk 923 LkQ 1427) Mk 835 (= MattQ 1039 Matt 1625 Lk 924 LkQ 1733) Mk 838 (= Lk 926 LkQ 128ndash9) Mk 937 (= Matt 185 MattQ 1040 Lk 948 LkQ 1016) Mk 940 (Lk 950 LkQ 1123) Mk 1011ndash12 (= Matt 199 MattQ 532) Mk 1238ndash39 (= Lk 2046 LkQ 1143) Mk 139 11 (= Lk 2112ndash15 LkQ 1211ndash12) See further Fitzmyer Luke 81ndash82

33 See eg H Schuumlrmann ldquoDie Dubletten im Lukasevangeliumrdquo ZKT 75 (1953) 339ndash445 Idem ldquoDie Dublettenvermeidungen im Lukasevangeliumrdquo ZKT 76 (1954) 83ndash93

2 The Study of Q as a Reconstructed Text 9

when Luke is faced with a choice between Mark and Q and does not opt to retain both the preference is overwhelmingly given to the Q location and word-ing of the text34 Consequently it seems overly simplistic to suggest as Rodd does that ldquoas [the reconstructed] lsquoMarkrsquo is not Mark so in all probability the lsquoQrsquo of the scholars is not the historical document Qrdquo35 The evangelistsrsquo ten-dency to either retain the MarkQ parallels or ndash especially in Lukersquos case ndash to favor Q its wording and location over the Markan parallels shows that the two documents were not treated equally as far as the words of Jesus were concerned with the approach to Q being more conservative36

Thirdly the verse and word count discrepancy between the reconstructed and canonical Mark has been somewhat inflated as the percentages cited by scholars are routinely bolstered by the inclusion of the Great Omission On the 2DH there are two possible solutions to this well-known source-critical anom-aly the absence of Mk 645ndash826 from Lukersquos gospel is either intentional or stems from inheriting a shorter copy of Mark which lacked that material In either scenario Lukersquos omission of Mk 645ndash826 complicates the analogy be-tween the reconstructed Mark and Q If the omission was unintentional it tells us something only about the compositional history or textual transmission of Markrsquos gospel If however Lukersquos decision to skip Mk 645ndash826 was inten-tional is it not likely to have been motivated by Lukersquos avoidance of dou-blets37 A similar development is unlikely to have occurred in Lukersquos reception of Q as we have noted when faced with MarkQ doublets Luke tends to favor Qrsquos version over an available Markan parallel38 Consequently due to the sheer size of the Great Omission and regardless of the Omissionrsquos intentionality or

34 LkQ 112 4 9 (= Mk 1124ndash25) LkQ 1115 17ndash18 21 (= Mk 323ndash27) Lk 1210 (=

Mk 328ndash29) LkQ 1240 (= Mk 1332) LkQ 1318ndash19 (= Mk 430ndash32) LkQ 1330 (= Mk 1031) Lk 1618 (= Mk 1011ndash12) LkQ 171ndash2 (= Mk 942) LkQ 176 (= Mk 1123) LkQ 1723 31 (= Mk 1315ndash16 21) All of these are deployed by Luke in clusters of Q material rather than in the Lukan parallels to the respective Markan pericopes Mk 950 (= LkQ 1434ndash35) is similarly deployed away from its Markan context and surrounded by Q and L material Both Matthew and Luke favor the wording of Q 1434ndash35 over its Markan parallel

35 Rodd ldquoThe End of the Theology of Qrdquo 12 36 See eg Christopher M Tuckett Q and the History of Early Christianity Studies on Q

(Edinburgh TampT Clark 1996) 94 Luz ldquoQ in Matthewrdquo 50 37 Mk 645ndash52 contains a sea miracle similar to Mk 435ndash41 Mk 71ndash23 was likely elim-

inated to shift the lifting of the dietary restrictions to the post-Easter stage in Lukersquos narrative (Acts 109ndash16) Mk 724ndash30 was probably (a) deemed redundant (see LkQ 71ndash10) (b) re-garded as problematic due to the conflict between the Markan Jesusrsquo reluctance to perform a miracle for a Gentile person (Mk 727) and the Lukan Jesusrsquo programmatic openness to such developments (Lk 425ndash27) Mk 81ndash10 14ndash21 and 822ndash26 are clearly redundant (see Mk 635ndash44 Lk 912ndash17 Mk 1046ndash52 Lk 1835ndash43) Mk 811ndash13 has a Q parallel (= LkQ 1129ndash32)

38 On the L-M Hypothesis this would mean that Luke tends to favor Matthewrsquos version over an available Markan parallel

10 Chapter One Prolegomena

lack thereof the reconstructed Mark presents an analogy to Q that is at best tenuous

In light of the above observations my contention is that methodologically virtually the entire Q is likely to be accounted for in terms of its content39 That still leaves the question of the documentrsquos precise wording and its recovery Here Roth has argued that

there is a fundamental difference between conceiving of the ldquotext of Qrdquo as a reconstruction of its original wording and approaching it as a metaphorical and narratival realm an intertext as it were accessible through Matthew and Luke40

Roth further states as one of his monographrsquos objectives (which is primarily dedicated to the study of Qrsquos parables) an attempt to

advance Q studies by pursuing insight into the parables of Q through a different set of meth-odological approaches than those present in the reigning paradigm focusing upon word-level reconstruction The resultant exegetical work is not therefore in the first instance focused upon vocabulary and syntax of a reconstructed text but rather upon the narratival elements and structures characters images metaphors and theological emphases of an ldquointertextrdquo41

I see no reason to contest Rothrsquos objections to an uncritical acceptance of the CEQ text (of course the CEQ editors have already noted that it is only a work-ing reconstruction)42 Pending the surfacing of an actual copy of Q any recon-struction of its wording is necessarily going to remain hypothetical and thus subject to continued analysis Still to suggest that the hypothetical nature of the enterprise undermines its results perhaps runs the risk ldquothat a methodologi-cal limitation becomes an ontological description of Q itselfrdquo43 Roth admits that his own study of narratival and metaphorical elements ldquocannot function on an entirely lsquowordlessrsquo levelrdquo proposing as a solution that Qrsquos text should be accessed exclusively through the wording of Matthew and Luke44 Such drastic restrictions are in my opinion unnecessary In light of the previous discussion it is possible to assert from a methodologically sound position that Qrsquos recon-structions are not ldquopotentially faultyrdquo to the degree suggested by Roth45 While a precise word-by-word recovery may not be possible or even necessary in every verse of the synoptic double tradition a reliable near-word-level recon-struction of Q appears consistently attainable This is suggested by Lukersquos (and frequently Matthewrsquos) aforementioned preference of Qrsquos wording in the MarkQ parallels Matthewrsquos and Lukersquos slightly superior degree of verbal

39 See further Fleddermann Commentary 73ndash74 Luz ldquoQ in Matthewrdquo 45 (while positing

the existence of QMatt Luz concludes that it ldquodid not differ substantiallyrdquo from the main body of the Q source)

40 Roth Parables 41 41 Ibid 44ndash45 42 Ibid 38ndash39 Roth (ibid) also critiques Fleddermannrsquos alternative reconstruction 43 Kirk Q in Matthew 152 44 Roth Parables 40ndash41 45 Ibid 44

Index of Ancient Sources

Hebrew Bible (LXX)

Genesis414 28 3361ndash4 5062 4 (LXX) 115723 (LXX) 981316 331417 36174ndash6 1991710ndash14 1591817ndash18 1991826 (LXX) 981917 (LXX) 982218 199264 199

Exodus161ndash36 117171ndash7 1181715 (LXX) 1242114 (LXX) 1242225ndash26 1502320ndash21 23 1632415ndash16 (LXX) 472520 (LXX) 124

Numbers111ndash9 1172319 40

Deuteronomy324 (LXX) 146612ndash15 118613 (LXX) 116616 (LXX) 116 11882ndash3 11783 (LXX) 116811ndash20 118812ndash15 (LXX) 117

926 (LXX) 146159 (LXX) 205241ndash4 79 208 2092410ndash17 1502918ndash20 207319 25ndash26 209328ndash9 (LXX) 1213211 201

Joshua2313 (LXX) 207

Ruth212 201

1 Samuel27 (LXX) 1371821 (LXX) 207

1 Kings627 (LXX) 12486 (LXX) 1241717ndash24 162191ndash18 116 118 119194 (LXX) 117195 (LXX) 118198 (LXX) 117 1181910 14 (LXX) 1182219ndash23 (LXX) 121

2 Kings216 (LXX) 112 116418ndash37 16251ndash14 163

2 Chronicles58 (LXX) 1242314 125

Index of Ancient Sources246

Ezra91ndash2 1371018ndash44 137

Job16 11521 1151621 40256 40358 40387 115

Psalms2 16869 (LXX) 19785 40102 9 137178 2013510 137367 201605 (LXX) 124614 2016923 (LXX) 207722ndash12 1378018 40813 (LXX) 137901ndash2 4 (LXX) 124906 (LXX) 1249011ndash12 (LXX) 123914 2011063 (LXX) 1981091 (LXX) 4110916 22 13611826 1061457ndash8 (LXX) 1611463 401476 137

Proverbs1ndash9 55236 (LXX) 205264ndash5 189

Isaiah1ndash39 13511 168253ndash4 (LXX) 137315 201355 (LXX) 16140ndash55 135

426 168427 18 (LXX) 161435 198491ndash8 1685112 4055ndash66 135562 40563ndash8 136585ndash7 13860ndash62 135611 (LXX) 160 161611ndash2 (LXX) 48 134611ndash3 (LXX) 132 135 136 137665 (LXX) 1376618ndash20 164 198

Jeremiah317ndash18 164 1984918 33 405040 405143 40

Ezekiel8ndash11 112 11382 11440ndash48 112 113402 113403 114

Daniel713 27 40 41 168 213817 40

Amos13 (LXX) 20413ndash28 7528 15035 (LXX) 18086 (LXX) 137

Haggai220ndash22 163

Zechariah315 13787 198

Malachi16ndash29 163210ndash16 163

247Index of Ancient Sources

31 163 164 322ndash23 (LXX) 163

Old Tes tament Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha

1 Enoch1ndash5 761ndash36 4621ndash54 1226ndash11 526ndash16 4766 4573ndash6 1221021 164 198123ndash4 46124 113 125137 45139 45148ndash164 76151 46152ndash4 125171 11417ndash19 112 11320ndash36 112 113215 114242ndash257 113261ndash275 113323ndash6 11337ndash71 41 45 186 213381ndash6 122384ndash5 45391ndash3 45396 108413ndash8 76418 44421ndash2 (3) 126 171 201422 170451ndash6 76455 4546 52461ndash8 141462ndash4 42464ndash6 45468 46471ndash4 14148ndash49 52481 202481ndash10 141482 42

483 202483ndash7 168488ndash9 (10) 45 122492 4 168493 202505 76513 (5a) 168 172 20251ndash52 5252ndash56 112526 9 168531ndash5 45 122536 46 168542 45543ndash4 76545ndash6 45547 210554 45 108561ndash4 45565ndash8 43 44 45571 198591ndash6023 766010 4261ndash63 46 52621ndash9 45622ndash3 122624ndash6312 122625ndash14 42631ndash12 45 122632ndash4 106637 1236311 426312 76651ndash663 52671ndash681 52678ndash13 43 44 45 1226926ndash29 42 52701 42715ndash17 447113(14)ndash17 42 1418215ndash20 7683ndash84 52891ndash9 528973ndash74 1139038 164

Index of Ancient Sources248

1006 1681049ndash13 47

2 Enoch31ndash221 113101ndash6 112

3 Baruch3ndash17 113163 204

3 Enoch11ndash12 113

Ascension of Isaiah610ndash15 113

Baruch437 19855 198

Bel and the Dragon36 112 114 116

Jubilees11ndash8 209120 12122 114727 52102 52105 52106 121108ndash11 52 114 121114 121115 521114ndash1214 321220 1211525ndash34 1591531ndash32 114 1211928 121492 52

Letter of Aris teas155 145

Psalms of Solomon219 159823 30 1591112 1981731 164 1981810ndash12 76

Sirach21ndash17 72 86212 87143ndash7 2051410ndash11 202241ndash12 125247ndash11 1262410ndash11 1592525ndash26 2072611 2053113 2053522ndash3622 723824ndash3911 17243 76501ndash24 125

The Sentences of the Syriac Menander340ndash46 189

Tes tament of Abraham81ndash12 113

Tes tament of Levi26ndash57 113

Tes tament of Moses51ndash62 126

Tobit145ndash7 164 198

Vita Adae et Evae61ndash103 116121ndash161 115

Wisdom of Solomon410ndash15 46418ndash513 46

249Index of Ancient Sources

New Tes tament

Q32ndash958 (59ndash60) 101 103 104 108

126 155 173 17537 5237ndash9 16ndash17 5 54 64 68 70 90

104 11637ndash735 78 80 81 83 85

101 102 103317 54 9141ndash13 5 51 52 53 64 65

66 78 91 104 111 112 113 114 115 118 119 126 152 153 155 156

41ndash4 116 11745ndash8 114 119 121 122

123 15949ndash12 (13) 47 51 65 96 123

157 200416 91 129 130 131

153620ndash49 16 63 82 91 104

105 129 130 131 153

620b 12 91 132620bndash21 48 132 133 134

135 136 137620bndash23 5 131 132 143621a 12 20 91 132622 12 17 24 25 26

38 71 140 141 153 167 170 194 205

622ndash23 17 20 52 53 54 96 132 133 134 136 139 140 141 142 206

623c 64 82 129 132 139 140 142 143

627ndash35 (36) 13 16 71 129 147 151 152 153 154

629 24 91 150630 24 150631 91 152637ndash38 12 92640 92 144646 92 104 144 145

146 153 154 203

647ndash49 12 92 14471ndash10 9 64 92 104 126

155 156 158 169 197 199

76 145 20379 87 96 104 156

157 158 167 173 194 198 199

718ndash19 159 167718ndash23 159718ndash28 64 166718ndash960 92722 16 54 134 135

161 163 164 172727 96 163731ndash35 64 70 92 165 166

169 170 171733 51 53734 24 26 52 165 167

169 170 172735 166 170957ndash58 (59ndash60) 92 105 111 155

169 170 171957ndash62 63959ndash60 172 173958 24 25 26 27 38

52 71 164 165 169 170 171 172

959 145102ndash16 5 56 63 70 86

158 170 175 182 215

102ndash24 92102ndash1240 101 105 107 108

175 205104 48 92109 73 931012 93 1751012ndash15 54 64 82 861013ndash15 47 56 70 80 81

82 86 87 96 107 126 175 199 212

1016 72 931021 56 81 87 93 96

173 2091021ndash22 54 56 78 79 81

82 145 1941021ndash24 64 107

Index of Ancient Sources250

1022 81 93 114 116 145 146 203 209

1023ndash24 17 93 106112ndash4 9ndash13 5 63 78 93 117

176 177 179 180112b 48 178 184114 24 178119ndash13 12 93 176 177

178 179 180 1811114 51 1761114ndash20 52 531114ndash32 931114ndash52 64 107 1791118 51 53 93 114 121

1591124ndash26 51 53 9311(16) 29ndash32 9 54 70 96 2121130 24 26 52 1861133ndash52 93 2051134 93 2051139ndash52 70 107 126 1691142c 64 66 1251149 521149ndash51 47 53 54 66 96

118 119 157 2001151 52 200 205122ndash12 5 70 94 107 155

180 181 182 183 184 194

123 72 94124ndash5 54 70 73 181 182

190124ndash7 94 121 122 176

179 180 181 194 214

125 181 204128 24 26 38 54 185

187 188 189128ndash9 52 69 94 167 184

186 187 188 189 214

128ndash10 54 64 69 71 82 175 176 183 184 187 189 190 194 212

129 184 185 1881210 24 26 94 185 187

188 1891211ndash12 54 70 72 73 94

181 182 214

1222ndash31 (33ndash34) 63 73 176 177 178 179 180 190 192

1222ndash40 941224 23 178 1801227 231231 48 94 1841233 12 48 1911233ndash34 69 94 191 1921235ndash38 94 108 190 2031235ndash46 1081235ndash59 94 1081235ndash2230 101 105 108 109

197 2031239 17 18 95 1911239ndash40 18 20 54 70 71

94 105 175 190 191 192 193 203 212

1239ndash59 64 1911240 24 52 69 95 167

186 191 1931242ndash46 52 53 54 69 70

95 191 192 197 203 204 205 206 212

1245 96 2051246 2041251 20 951251ndash59 1081252ndash53 201256 171258ndash59 24 951318ndash19 20ndash21 5 20 48 63 95

108 2071318ndash24 951324 63 951325ndash30 54 63 82 871325ndash1423 54 95 96 126 158

1991327 52 53 96 118 1981328ndash29 96 198 1991334 52 125 2061334ndash35 47 53 54 63 66

81 82 83 96 105 106 107 108 109 118 119 125 157 194 198 200 201 202

1335 51 54 96 106 202

251Index of Ancient Sources

1411 54 961416ndash23 (24) 63 82 971423 541426 72 97 2151426ndash27 1733 20 63 72 971426ndash176 971427 54 97 140 141

182 2141434ndash35 63 97154ndash5a 7 20 63 97 108 2091613 12 63 94 971616 64 97 207 2091616ndash18 2061617 17 63 64 66 79

97 125 206 207 208 209

1616(17)ndash172 197 206 2081618 24 63 79 97 206

207 208 209171ndash2 97 207 208171ndash6 63173ndash4 18 20 98176 18 20 78 98 108

2101720ndash21 17 981723 98 2101723ndash37 54 64 69 70 71

98 167 170 197 210 211 212

1723ndash2230 108 2111724 26 30 24 52 98 991733 54 97 182 2141734ndash35 98 991912ndash26 64 69 99 108 197

203 204 205 206 212

1912ndash2230 991922 2052228ndash30 5 54 64 99 108

212

Matthew37 52310 9542 11745 12448 119 120413 130 1315ndash7 94 10251 119

54 13458 138511 (12) 52 205512 142515 7539 149 150540 15 150541 15 89 91 149 150542 150 151544 148 149544ndash45 91 149545 20861ndash18 94612 177619ndash21 94620 191623 205624 94625ndash34 94626 178627 177630 178 17975 1877 17779 177711 178 179712 152723 52724 26 9185ndash13 199810 155811ndash12 198 199819 169820 27 142 171821 172822 173829 12191ndash8 7920ndash22 97922 7937 92107 731026 71029 1801032 184 1891032ndash33 91 1841034 951038 731039 141115 134 163

Index of Ancient Sources252

1119 1691122ndash45 931125 2081217 731232 1841239 52 2051243 1241311 13 71342 951416 71521ndash28 97162bndash3 951613ndash28 1401617ndash19 471625 141171 1191717 7186 208186ndash22 97188ndash9 951825 971928 991929 992030 130219 1062131 972133ndash41 (42ndash46) 7 19221ndash14 18236ndash7 206237 1662334 522334ndash36 962335 522337 52 1972337ndash39 81 105 201243ndash41 210 211244ndash14 72423 982443 1912443ndash44 1932445 2062448 (49) 52 205251ndash13 972514ndash30 992526 28 2052530 992531 992541 95 121266ndash13 972640ndash41 7

2669 71 1302669ndash75 1892732 912755 97285 130289ndash10 972816ndash18 1192818 120

Mark114 21 131123ndash26 121124 130129ndash31 18821ndash12 731 14937ndash12 188313 114327 93328 188328ndash29 18443ndash8 193411ndash12 7413 177430ndash32 20 193438 177421ndash22 7435ndash41 9525ndash34 97534 761ndash6a 188615 163635ndash44 9637 7645ndash52 9645ndash826 971ndash23 9724ndash30 9 9781ndash10 9811ndash13 9822ndash26 9827 140827ndash98 47828 163831ndash33 121834ndash35 20835 141838 184 19092 11492ndash8 47

253Index of Ancient Sources

919 7943ndash47 951028 73 1791029 201035ndash40 1831039 1881046ndash52 91047 130119 1061117 7 1771122ndash23 25ab 18 201124 1801129ndash30 7121ndash9 (10ndash12) 7 19129 191211 191226 177133ndash37 210 211135ndash13 71315ndash16 991321 98143ndash9 971437ndash38 71447 95 1491462 411466ndash72 1891467 130151ndash5 951521 911541 97166 130

Luke15ndash25 10237 5242 11745 12246b 7 12046cd 120 121416 130416ndash30 188425ndash27 9438ndash39 188517ndash26 766 149617ndash19 188621 134622 205623 142625 134

627 149627ndash28 148628 149629 15 150630 150 151634 151635 91 208642 18646 146647ndash49 9179 155722 163734 169735 166 208810 7816ndash17 7824 177831 121848 7912ndash17 9913 7924 141926 190941 7957 169958 171959 172960 173102 92109 731017ndash20 1211021 208114 177115ndash8 97 177119 1771111 1771112 1171113 178 1791120 511121ndash22 931124 124 2051124ndash26 931129 52 2051143 166 2061149 521150 521151 52124 73 179126 180128 184

Index of Ancient Sources254

128ndash9 911211 731213ndash21 971223a 1771224 177 1781228 1791233 1911235ndash38 89 941239 1911239ndash40 1931242 2061245 52 2051249 89 951254ndash56 95131ndash35 1021327 52 1971328ndash29 1981334 52 1971415ndash24 181427 73158ndash10 97172 2081711ndash19 981720 981721 981722 981728ndash29 89 98 991731 991732 991733 971835ndash43 91912ndash27 991922 24 2051927 991938 96 1061941ndash44 961946 177209ndash16 (17ndash19) 7 192018 192037 177218ndash19 7223 1212228ndash30 992246 72249ndash51 952250 1492254ndash62 188234 14 952413ndash33 102

John446 158446ndash54 157448 158631ndash58 117844 121123 1061225ndash26 201231 1211430 1211611 1211828ndash1916 102

Acts23 9521ndash4 18951ndash11 189109ndash16 9121ndash2 183123ndash19 183

Romans1214 149

1 Corinthians412 14963 121 192132 18 20

2 Corinthians41ndash6 19244 121

Galatians113ndash14 18343 8ndash9 121 192

Ephesians21ndash2 121 192612 121 192

1 Thessalonians214ndash16 183218 121 19251ndash11 19252 20 19255ndash6 192

2 Thessalonians21ndash12 210 211

255Index of Ancient Sources

2 Timothy211ndash13 190

Hebrews1137 204

James 315ndash17 12444ndash7 121

1 Peter314 132 139 143319ndash20 47414 132 139 141 14358 121

2 Peter24ndash5 47 121

Jude16ndash7 121

Revelation110ndash20 113113 18635 19041ndash11 113123ndash4 121171ndash3 114173ndash18 112 113219ndash27 112 1132110 113

New Tes tament Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha

Gospel of Thomas1ndash71 1731ndash3 2161ndash4 1710 19 95111 1713 21161ndash2 20 95163 2017 1720ndash21 71 193201ndash4 20 192215ndash8 18 19 20 192243 36ndash39 17261ndash2 18262ndash331 1731 21361ndash3 19 143 180473 2148 18 19 20

54 137 13855 2058 17 13864 18 1965 1968 20 132 138 139

14068ndash69 19 139 143691 17 138692 19 20 137 13877 2179 2186 169 170103 17106ndash107 19 201131ndash2 9

Pseudo-Clementine Homilies12313 180

Dead Sea Scrolls

CD214ndash41 125412ndash14 121 124 125419ndash52 208

51ndash5 2091316ndash17 207122ndash3 121161ndash2 125

Index of Ancient Sources256

1QapGen 29 30 31 33 35 36 37 40

1QH430 40

1QM11 1211310ndash12 121175ndash6 51

1QpHab 56 125

1QS25 121211ndash15 207 208321ndash25 11749 18258 125119ndash10 1821120 40

1Q27 (1Q4QMys teries)1 i 1ndash8 56 202

4Q299 (1Q4QMys teries)3andashb ii 2ndash8 563andashb ii 9ndash16 56

4Q416 (4QIns truction)1 10ndash13 56 2021 12 1822 i 21ndashiv 13 562 ii 6 17 178

4Q417 (4QIns truction)1 i 6ndash9 561 i 10(11)ndash12 56 2021 i 12ndash13 561 i 14 561 i 16 115 1821 i 17 1821 i 24 56 2022 i 17ndash24 562 i 19 21ndash22 178

4Q418 (4QIns truction)69 ii 6ndash9 56 202

69 ii 12ndash13 5681 1ndash2 18281 2ndash5 5681 4 11581 5 11581 20 56 20288 56103 56107 56123 5ndash8 56

4Q423 (4QIns truction)5 3 565 5ndash6 56

4Q503 115

4Q521 16 54 135 137 159 160 161 162

4Q525 57 133

4QDeut j 1214 121

4QIsa 135

4QMMTC 4ndash9 125

11Q11 124

11Q13 135 137

11QPsa 191ndash18 121

11QT545 2075715ndash19 208669ndash11 207

Targums4QtgJob 314QtgLev 3111QtgJob 31 33 35 40

257Index of Ancient Sources

Josephus

Ant14133ndash146 4415103 451982 123

Bell188 46

1131ndash11 441161ndash5 461213 461335 452101ndash5 1232116 183

Babylonian Texts

Gilgamesh 112

Greek and Latin Authors

Dio CassiusHis t59271 120

HomerOd10503ndash15 1121112ndash22 112

PlatoPhaed111cndash112e 112

Senecade Ben2121ndash2 120

Seneca the ElderControv9210 183

TacitusAnn632 120

His t59 183

Apos tolic and Church Fathers

1 Clement132 153292 121394ndash5 121

2 Clement32 190134 148

Apos tolic Cons titutions721 152

722 148 150 151722ndash6 147725 149 150726 148 153

AthanasiusFes t Let 3911 14

Canons of the Holy Apos tles4ndash5 152

Index of Ancient Sources258

Chrysos tomHom Mt342 180

Clement of AlexandriaS trom4641 139 143

Didache11ndash63 1412c 15213b 148 14913bndash5b 11 12 13 15 16

71 147 151 15413bndash21 5 11 14 15 15013c 15113cndash4a 1413d 15 14814 1414a 1614b 15 14914c 91 15014d 15 149 150 15115a 15015b 148 15381ndash2 1482 16103bndash122a 14113 16113ndash137 14153ndash4 16161ndash8 210 211 212

EusebiusHis t Eccl3254

IrenaeusAdv Haer1101 1214162 121

Jus tin Martyr1 Apol159 148

2 Apol25 121

OrigenC Cels870 180

PolycarpPhilippians22ndash3 153

Shepherd of HermasMandate 24ndash6 153

Similitude535ndash8 138

Rabbinic Literature

j Ber3b 5b 5c 31 37 38

j Ket35a 31 37

j Šab3a 38d 31 37

j Taʿan65b 4069ab 125

R Gen72 313813 31 37796 31

R Num193 31 38

TargumsCairo BGen 414 31 33 34 37 41

259Index of Ancient Sources

Cairo FExod 1913 37Deut 346 37

Neof I Gen 414 31 33 41Gen 95ndash6 37Gen 4922 36

Papyri Manuscripts and Inscriptions

Br Mus Or 9271 14P Oxy 1 17P Oxy 654 17

P Oxy 655 17 143 180P Oxy 1782 14 15 148 151Sf III 16ndash17 40

Index of Modern Authors

Achtemeier P 139 141Adams S L 56 72 202Alexander P S 31 32Allison D C 1 2 3 5 12 22 24 66

75 77 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 90 91 94 96 98 99 103 105 107 112 117 119 120 123 125 129 130 131 133 134 135 136 138 139 140 144 147 148 149 150 152 153 155 158 160 163 169 170 172 175 176 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 193 197 198 200 205

Anderson A A 124Anderson F I 113Andrejevs O 25 164 172 190Arcari L 44Argall R A 47 72 202Arnal W E 23 24 48 59 61 63 65

66 67 68 78 86 104 123 125 132 134 136 150 191 194 208 214

Attridge H W 17Audet J-P 14Avigad N 29 30

Bailey K 102Bauckham R 12Baum A D 1Bazzana G B 1 3 24 59 178 198Beasley-Murray G R 158Berger K 104Bergmeier R 159 160 162Betz D H 3 24 51 103 146 179 183de Begraveze T 27Bird M F 159 198 199Black C C 11Black M 26 28 30 31 32 35 36 37

40 168Blenkinsopp J 135 136 137Boccaccini G 32 43 44 50Boring M E 38 183 184 185 188

192 211

Borsch F H 185Bovon F 5 19 93 95 96 98 99 106

140 177 179 184 185 198Bowman J W 28 33Boyarin D 23Breuer Y 34Brin G 208Broadhead E K 3 89Brodie T L 163Brooke G J 43 160Brown R E 11 12 102 130 157 158Broyles C C 123Bultmann R 3 60 98 111 132 156

158 184 185 186 187 188 201Burkett D 27 213Bussmann W 26

Campbell J Y 28 46Caragounis C C 27 29 39Carroll J T 3Carruth S 119Casey P M 29 34 35 37 39 41Cas tor G D 4 5Catchpole D R 21 77 90 96 99 129

131 145 147 156 157 159 164 175 188 198 208

Chang A 199Charlesworth J H 31 42 43 44 45

46 47 72 160 171 185Chazon E G 115 202Cheung L L 12Childs B S 163Chilton B D 26 36 39 117 130Clark D J 109Collins A Y 39 41 47 50 51 52 103

114 188 193 211Collins J J 23 40 43 48 49 50 51

52 53 57 76 77 121 126 160 161 162 163 168 202

Colpe C 25 26 28 29 31 32 36 37 39 40 45 140

Index of Modern Authors262

Conzelmann H 96 97Cotter W J 61 104 132 156 163 165

166 170 191Cromhout M 61 145 191Crossan J D 39 89 94 98 134

Dalman G 27 29 30Damm A 171Davidson M J 114Davies W D 1 2 3 91 99 119 120

131 138 139 140 149 150 169 172 179 180 184 185 193 197 200

DeConick A D 11 17 20 21 138 139 192

Derrenbacker R A 1 24Di Lella A A 73Dibelius M 12Diacuteez Macho A 30Dimant D 160DiTommaso L 57Doering L 208Downing F G 23 64Draper J A 13 14 15 16 68 156Dundenberg I 11Dunn J D G 1 149 183Dupont J 97 116Durham J I 163

Eldridge M D 117Elgvin T 49 56 57 115 202Eshel H 44

Fiebig P 26 27 28 34 37 39Fitzmyer J A 1 2 3 8 19 26 28 30

31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 82 91 95 97 98 117 118 119 130 131 133 138 139 140 146 149 163 177 179 208

Fleddermann H T 2 6 10 11 59 62 69 83 84 85 86 87 90 91 93 95 97 98 101 103 104 105 109 129 130 134 140 144 148 150 152 156 157 163 166 170 176 177 179 184 185 189 199 200 203 205 211

Flusser D 14 15Fos ter P 1 3 6 12 26Freedman H 32Frenschkowski M 145Frey J 56Freyne S 159 199

Funk F X 14 147

Garciacutea Martiacutenez F 49 57 160 162 202 208

Garrow A 13Gathercole S 17 19 20 138 139 181Gerber C 203Gibson J B 116Gieschen C A 147Ginsburger M 30Glover R 13 16Goering G S 72 125Goff M J 55 56 57 79 84 115 178

202Goodacre M 1 17 19Greenfield J C 27Greeven H 12Gregg B H 90 97 186 198 204Grenfell B P 14 17Guelich R A 193Guenther H O 26Gundry R H 150 181 197

Haenchen E 12 139 157 158 201Hahn F 185Han K S 124 125 200Hannah D D 42 43 45 46Hare D R A 38 39 40 184 185Harrington D J 33 55 57 202 Hartin P J 12 61 119 166Hasitschka M 118Heil C 5 38 60 99 119 181Higgins A J B 184Hill A E 163Hindley J C 43Hoffmann P 5 38 55 67 70 75 77

80 96 99 112 145 167 170 184 185

Holtzmann H J 4Hooker M D 45Horsley R 68 156 198 199 200van der Hors t P W 73Hossfeld F L 124Howard G 146Howes L 26 39 43 61 65 77 81 133

140 141 142 166 167 170 185 188 190 212

Hubbard B J 38Hultgren S 160 162Hunt A S 14 17

263Index of Modern Authors

van Iersel B M F 102

Jacobson A D 5 26 39 49 54 60 61 64 75 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 85 87 90 94 96 97 98 106 129 132 140 144 152 156 157 167 170 171 184 185 187 201 207 210

Jefford C N 13 14 15Jeremias J 179 198 204Jervis L A 55Jewett R 149Johnson L A 178 208Johnson L T 12Johnson-DeBaufre M 66 103 163Jonas H 51de Jonge H J 24 185Jongeling B 35Joseph S J 1 21 23 24 45 46 47 48

51 52 68 103 125 132 134 136 142 144 153 156 159 160 161 162 164 178 180 181 182 184 185 187 190 191 200 201 202 206 208 214 215

Jus t A A 102

Kahle P 26 30 31 36Kampen J L 162 209Kaufman S A 31 32 36 40Keener C S 183Kirk A 2 4 5 6 10 15 24 55 59 60

61 62 66 67 68 69 71 72 73 75 76 77 78 79 83 84 85 86 87 88 90 94 96 98 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 111 114 129 152 155 156 166 177 179 184 189 190 197 203 207 208 214 215

Kloppenborg J S 1 2 3 4 5 11 12 13 14 15 17 19 21 22 23 24 25 26 38 39 50 51 53 54 55 57 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 86 87 88 89 90 95 97 98 99 103 104 107 108 111 112 121 122 123 124 125 126 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 139 140 141 142 143 144 147 148 150 151 155 156 157 158 160 162 163 164 165 166 167 170 171 172 175 176 180 181 182 183 184 187 189

190 191 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 208 210 211 212 213

Knibb M A 46 202Koes ter H 15 38 48 60 61 63 66

148Koumlhler W D 16Kraus H-J 124Kutscher E Y 30 35 36

Lang B 201Laurence R 41Leives tad R 43Levine A-J 208Lichtenberger H 124Lindars B 29 34 37 39 43 184 185

188Lohfink N 118Lukaszewski A 25 27Luz U 3 10 60 74 75 78 81 87 90

91 93 95 96 97 99 102 106 111 131 134 140 142 145 148 150 151 166 169 180 181 184 185 197 198 199 201 204 207

Luumldemann G 183Luumlhrmann D 61 64 78 111 140 157

158 165 180 184

Mack B L 23 38 43 61 133 135 170Magness J 160Malherbe A 192 211Manson T W 5 28 101Maori Y 32Marcus J 8 11 41 47 102 183 188

193 199 211Marshall I H 3Martiacutenez R 166 167Martyn J L 183Maumlrz C-P 90 94McDermott J M 185McNamara M J 31Meadors E P 62 66 67 72 74 76 77

166 168 201Meadors G T 137Menken M J J 116 117Meyer A 27Meyer P D 157Middleton P 182Milik J P 36 42 43 187Milikowsky C 181Miller R J 63 201

Index of Modern Authors264

Mitchell D C 124Moller H B 29Moreland M 23Moss C 182Mournet T C 1Muraoka T 35 38Muumlnch C 203

Neirynck F 2 3 4 11 22 26 90 98 99 116 130 140 149

Nickelsburg G 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 52 53 76 106 112 113 122 126 141 168 172 202 210 213

Niebuhr K W 159Niederwimmer K 13 14 15 16 148

151 152Nielsen K 114 115Nolland J 179Novakovic L 160 162

Odeberg H 36Oegema G S 116Owen P 25 29 35

Patterson S J 17 18 21 61 63Perrin N 186Pervo R I 183Pietersma A 146Piovanelli P 44 45Piper R A 61 82 112 176 190Ploeg J P M 35Pokornyacute P 11 17 19 117 139Polag A 62 73 89 90 94Porter S E 180 181Porton G G 38Pries t J 126Propp W H C 163Puech Eacute 133 160 162

Ra Y 39 132 145 155 170 184 185Reicke B 141Riesner R 183Robbins M C 51 103 113 115 117

121 125Robbins V K 104Robinson J M 2 5 24 26 34 38 39

41 43 55 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 77 96 103 119 129 131 132 134 135 140 142 143 144 145

156 160 165 166 167 180 181 184 185 186 187 188 190 200 201 202

Rodd C S 6 7 9Rollens S E 2 3 23 24 26 61 132

182 191Roth D T 2 6 7 10 11 54 90 145

165 191 192 203 204 205 206Rothschild C K 90 159 164Royse J R 146Roumlsel M 146

Sacchi P 43 44 45 47Sandt H 5 14 15Sato M 3 59 62 74 75 76 77 79 80

82 83 87 90 94 98 111 134 170 176 184

Schalit A 44Schenk W 62 73 89 90 103 170 176Schiavo L 104 112 113Schiffman L H 57 160Schnackenburg R 12 157 158Schniedewind W M 160Schroumlter J 180Schulz S 74 132 165 167 176 179

201 210Schuumlrmann H 8 130 167 170Seeley D 132 141 142Segal M 43 114 121Sellew P 193Sevenich-Bax E 103 105Shelton J 163Shepherd D 29 35Shinall M C 51Shirock R J 102Sjoumlberg E 28 29 35 39 45Skeat T C 180Skehan P W 73Smith D A 96 201 202 203So K-C 157Sokoloff M 35Somov A 181Spranger P P 204S taples J A 145 146 154S teck O H 61 64 132 201S tone M E 45S treeter B H 4 12 130S trugnell J 55S tuckenbruck L T 27 30 47 51 65

114 121Syreeni K 4 15 153

265Index of Modern Authors

Tabor J D 160Tannehil R C 178 208Taylor N H 120 123 183Theissen G 123Theophilos M P 126Tigchelaar E J C 56Tiwald M 3 23 160Toumldt H E 47 184 185 186 187Tuckett C M 1 3 6 9 11 13 14 15

17 23 26 49 50 53 54 61 62 63 66 68 72 76 77 84 86 90 94 95 98 112 114 119 121 125 130 134 140 150 154 156 157 158 160 166 170 184 193 199 205 206 207 208 210

Uhlig S 45Uro R 26 62 185

Vaage L E 23 24 26 39 61 133 165 167 170 171 190 191 210

VanderKam J C 43 46 57 168Vassiliadis P 89 94de Vaux R 56Vermes G 26 28 29 31 32 33 34 35

36 37 38 39 40 43 140 160 184

Wacholder B Z 209

von Wahlde U C 12 158Wahlen C 51Walck L W 46 52Watson F 1Weaks J A 6 7Weinfeld M 118 146 207 208Weiser A 124Weiss B 130Wellhausen J 26Welch J W 102Wernberg-Mѳller P 36Wes termann C 135 136Williams P J 35Wilson W T 149Wins ton D 46 72Wise M O 160Witetschek S 86 167Wolter M 90van der Woude A S 35Wright III B J 72 202

Xeravits G G 202

York A D 32

Zeller D 63 69 111 165 212Zenger E 124

Index of Subjects

Abel-Main (Tell Abl) 45Abraham 32 157Agrippa I 123 183Ahab 118 121angel of Yahweh 163angelicheavenly rebellion 121 125Antigonus 43aphaeresis 27 32 34 36 38apocalypse 48ndash as incorrectly applied to Mk 133ndash37

211ndash as incorrectly applied to Q 1723ndash37

210 211apocalypticndash Chris tianity 53ndash discourse 211ndash framework 57 121ndash inaccurately used as a noun 49ndash literature 47 53 54 135ndash language in Ben Sira 72ndash tradition 56 57 186ndash wisdom ins tructions other than Q 56

57 77 202ndash worldview (outside of Q see its at-

tes tation in Q referenced separately below) 24 49 50 51 55 57 87 121

apocalypticism 25 87 58 62ndash and apocalypse 48 49ndash and eschatology 48ndash as a literary category 48 79ndash as a dis tortion of Godrsquos intended

order 23ndash as compatible with wisdom in late

second temple literature 57 62 66 70 72 154 202

ndash as having a place outside the genre of an apocalypse 49

ndash as synonymous with apocalyptic worldview 49

ndash in Pauline thought 192ndash in sectarian environments 53

ndash in recent Q scholarship 48ndash methodological definitions of 50 54

186Aramaic 25 26 46 70 140 187 204

213ndash OfficialImperialBiblical 26 27 35

40ndash Middle 26 27 30 32 33 34 35 36

37 38 40 41 52 167 170 187 188ndash Late 26 27 28 32 33 34 35 36 37

38 41 140 187ndash Galilean 29 36 38ndash Qumran 31 32 35 38Athaliah 125Augus tus 45

Babylonian Exile 118Banias 45βασιλείαndash as a hypothetical metaphor reflecting

the social interes ts of Qrsquos author(s) 48

ndash as a political entity 120ndash of God 23 48 73 95 108 123 132

177 178 182 183 184 192 194 206 207

ndash of Satan 51 114ndash realized 142beatitude(s) 82 91 93 105 131 132

133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 153

Bethsaida 45 56 93

Caesarea Philippi 46(Cairo) Geniza fragments 28 29 30 32

36 37Capernaum 45 56 93chiasm 83 85 101 102 103 109 118

120chias tic 85 101 103 106 107 108 120

152 197

Index of Subjects268

Chorazin 56 93chreia(s) 63 71 104 105 120 211chreiic 65 86 104 105 111 156chris tology (see the Q discussion refer-

enced separately below)ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 17ndash in Luke 19ndash in Mark 131circumcision 159 209Claudius 183cosmic mountain 114 119Cynic(s) 23

Dan 45 47Darius I 163Deuteronomis t 118Deuteronomis tic His tory 146deuteronomis ticndash agenda 156ndash context(s) 143 153ndash framework 53 54ndash motifs 118 127ndash orientation 64ndash outlook 61 82 114ndash redaction 80ndash rhetoric 136ndash s tratums trata 78ndash theme 78ndash tradition 79ndash unders tanding 64devil 51 66 114 117 119 120 121 123

124

Elijah 96 116 118 126 162 163 164ElijahElisha cycle 162 163Enoch 44 45 47 51 76 112 113 157

172 202ndash as a scribe 46ndash Book of Watchers 45 113 125ndash sapiential content in Watchers 76ndash Book of Parables 24 41 47 157 167

171 213ndash sapiential content in Parables 76ndash Epis tle of Enoch 43ndash his torical incarnation of 202ndash Seminar 47Enochicndash author 122ndash corpus 52 73ndash formulation 52

ndash framework 121ndash literaturetext 43 46 56ndash movement 47 53 157 210ndash mythology 113 114 122 164ndash Son of Man 172ndash tradents 46ndash tradition 43 46 47 79 113 122 157

215ndash Watchers myth 45 53 121eschatological prophetndash in 4Q521 160 162ndash in Q 164 165 166eschatology (see the Q discussion refer-

enced separately below) 47 48 50ndash in 1 Enoch 42 47 76 122 141 142

168 169ndash in 4Q521 159 160 162ndash in 4QIns truction 56ndash in Ben Sira 72ndash in Malachi 163 164ndash in Psalms of Solomon 159ndash in Trito-Isaiah 136Exodusndash legendmyth 117ndash imagerymotifs 116 163

form (literary)ndash and meaning 82ndash and worldview 76ndash apocalypse 49ndash criticism 61 62 63 67 68 69 70

74 156 170 214ndash miracle s tory 156ndash wisdom 84ndash (wisdom) ins truction 70 71

Gaius (Caligula) 44 46 123Galilee 23 36 44 45 47 56 73 131

171 194 215ndash village scribes 48ndash villagestowns 24 93 199Gentile(s) 9 87 96 120 126 155 157

158 159 164 167 168 169 173 198 199 209 215

Great Omission 8 9

HasidicHasidim 79 162Hebrew 25 35 39 40 41 42 204Hebrew Biblescriptures 24 118 127

136 160

269Index of Subjects

Hermogenes 171mt Hermon 45 46 47Herod the Great and the Herodian era

43 44 45 46 126Herodians 45(holy) Spirit 72 94 178 189Hulah Valley 45

Isaiah (see the Index of Ancient Sources for specific passages)

ndash Deutero 46 135 136 168 169ndash firs t-century reader of 135ndash Trito 51 54 135 136 137 143 154

163 200Israelndash in Ben Sira 125ndash in Daniel 168ndash in Deuteronomy 118ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 139ndash in the Hebrew Bible 198 199ndash in Jubilees 121ndash in Malachi 163ndash in Q 53 64 78 80 87 96 104 118

127 155 156 158 198 199ndash pre-exilic 50ndash traditional wisdom of 58ndash wilderness myth 117

James (son of Zebedee) 183Jerusalem 44 72 96 106 108 113 119

125 159 166 199 200ndash culttemple 136 137 163 214ndash pries thood 45 47 127Jesusndash as an apocalyptic figure in Q 38ndash as a literary character in Q 21ndash floating traditions ascribed to 48ndash his torical 21 29 37 43 47 73 116

141 142 164 165 171 172 186 198ndash his torical greeting of in Jerusalem

106ndash movement 23ndash tradition 161Jewish Chris tianityndash as a movement in a contes ted envi-

ronment 43 183ndash as a proliferation of groups and

communities 183ndash on the use of the term 23

ndash possible connection to the Enochic movement 47

Jewish War 200John (the Baptis t) 68 78 80 83 85 90

91 92 97 103 104 105 116 159 163 164 165 166 167 169 172

ndash followers of 159 165 166ndash his torical 159 165Journeysndash cosmicterres trial 76 112 113 114

119 122 127ndash heavenly 45 112 113Judea 36 44 200 215

Kallirrhoeuml 45Kleinliteratur 3 4 59 60 73 215

Lordrsquos Prayer 93 94 177Lot 97 99

Maccabean era 126Mas tema 121Matthew and Luke as conservative

traditionalis ts 4Matthewrsquos and Lukersquos redactorial

freedom 4Matthewrsquos use of Q 4messiah 106 116 162 164 210messiahship 123messianic 116 210Migdal 46mimesis 114 141minor agreements 15 130Minor Prophets 146Moses 117

Nag Hammadi 17Nimrod 32

oralndash possible cross-influence on the Gos-

pel of Thomas from the canonical gospels 11 193

ndash harmonization of Matthew and Luke 16

ndash life of the primitive community 60ndash performance 15 16 161ndash source utilization 15ndash tradition 17 98 151ndash transmission 188

Index of Subjects270

ndash usage and application of Q 4ndash usage of Matthew 15ndash variants of Q 4Oxyrhynchus 17

Paneion 46Parousia 116 186 193Parthian invasion of 40 BCE 44 46Paulndash his torical 149 183ndash possible awareness of the Q tradition

by 192persecutionndash as an apocalyptic motif 54ndash because of someone 142ndash in authentic Pauline corpus 149 183ndash in Q 52 54 78 94 107 118 122

126 132 133 134 140 141 142 143 144 175 180 181 182 184 190 194 200 206

ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 138ndash in the Parables of Enoch 141ndash in Trito-Isaiah 137 200ndash plausibility of 182 183Pharisees 65 68 94 166 169 205 206

214pleroma 39prophecyndash pre-exilic and Persian era (classical)

50ndash mixture of with wisdom 77Prophetisierung 75

Qndash apocalypticism apocalyptic motifs

features imagination framework and worldview 23 25 46 53 57 58 63 69 70 71 73 76 79 84 87 88 111 114 121 127 141 175 190 194 197 202 210 211 213 214

ndash apocalyptic document 48 51ndash apocalyptic wisdom ins truction 23

55 70 73 74 77 79 214ndash (apocalyptic) communitymovement

55 107 122 194 195 206 209ndash Aramaic roots 26ndash chris tology 70 81 83 87 93 104

115 116 123 130 131 142 144 145 147 153 154 156 157 159 164 166 167 194 214

ndash demonology 51 53ndash eschatological (apocalyptic) dis-

course 64 83 97 98 170 210 211 212

ndash eschatology 48 51 54 56 69 73 75 87 94 95 101 104 105 108 133 141 142 143 144 147 159 164 165 166 167 169 172 180 192 193 194 198 199 202 203 210

ndash final (literary) form 59 62 69 78 178

ndash hypothetical mid- (lower) level or sub-elite scribal origin 24 59

ndash hypothetical recensions 3 4 59 60 90 98

ndash hypothetical segregation of wisdom and apocalyptic s trata 60 66 67 70 213 214

ndash mission speech 23 56 86 87 92 104 105 107 173 182 194

ndash Pales tinian character 24ndash possible authenticity of its content

22 81ndash prophetic content 61 63 67 70 74

75 76 77 79 80 82 83 142 143 176

ndash recons truction (CEQ) 5 6 10 90 (see also recons truction [in this s tudy] below as such frequently follows the CEQ)

ndash recons truction (feasibility) 2 3 4 10 11

ndash recons truction (in this s tudy) 60 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 111 116 119 120 123 130 131 134 144 147 148 149 151 152 165 169 170 172 175 176 177 178 179 181 184 191 193 199 204 207 213 215

ndash recons truction (methodology) 5 89 90

ndash recons truction (skepticism) 2 10 59 (see also recons tructed Mark below)

ndash sapiential content 12 62 63 67 77 79 80 82 130 154 175 191 202 214

ndash sermon 63 82 91 92 103 105 127 129 130 131 134 135 138 140 144 145 147 152 153 154 155 156

ndash sophis ticated scribal traditions 24ndash sub-literary view of 3 59 60 74

271Index of Subjects

ndash tradents 4 59 67 125 135 147 181 182 197 199 202 203 207 209 214

ndash tradition 13 17 87 161 163 164 186 187 192 202

Quintillian 171Qumran (see the Index of Ancient

Sources for specific documents)ndash apocalyptic worldview 50 135ndash Aramaic corpus 33ndash beatitude collection 133ndash communitymovementYahad 44 53

56 121 135 136 137 157 160 161 206 207 208 209

ndash demonology 124ndash discovery 29ndash fellowship with angels 115ndash fragments of 1 Enoch 44ndash library 43ndash manualsrules 82ndash sapiential literature 25 55 56 57

58 62 69ndash social setting 43

recons tructed Mark 2 6 7 8 9 10RomeRomans 44 91 121 126 159

199 207ndash occupation of Judea 44

sage(s) 55 56 79 84Samaria 44Satan 50 51 52 53 114 115 117 118

120 121 159 192scribe(s) 102 205ndash ancient reading practices of 102ndash as a Q opponent group 68 169 205ndash as advanced or elite readers of Q

102 103ndash Enochic 46 215ndash in Matthewrsquos community (other than

Matthew) 4ndash in the Q community 48 135 195

215ndash in the text of Q 169 172ndash memory competence of 4 102ndash responsible for 2 Enoch 112ndash responsible for Did 13bndash5b 15scriptorium 46Sefire 27 37Sepphoris 38 46Sermon on the Mount 15 16 87 94

Sermon on the Plain 15 16(Deutero-Isaianic) Servant 136 168 169Sidon 199Simeon II 125Son of Man 47 115ndash Aramaic background of the phrase

25 26 28 37 153ndash as a messianic title in the Parables of

Enoch 28 46ndash circumlocutional non-titular use of

the phrase in Late Aramaic 34ndash classifications of the phrasersquos Q

ins tances 26ndash designation of as Son of Humanity in

some recent research 39ndash his torical incarnation of as under-

s tood by some ancient authors 165 172

ndash hypothetical non-titular (circumlocu-tional or generic) use of the definite phrase in Middle Aramaic by the his torical Jesus and in Q 28 29 34 37 38 39 42 43 52 71 140 142 167 170 186 187

ndash in Daniel 41 42 186 213ndash in Luke 142 186ndash in Mark 41ndash in Matthew 99 142 186ndash in Q 25 26 34 38 39 42 43 46 47

52 53 64 67 69 70 71 96 98 104 106 115 116 123 141 142 147 164 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 176 185 186 187 188 189 191 194 201 203 210 212 213

ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 170ndash in the Parables of Enoch 25 28 41

42 43 44 45 46 47 122 141 142 146 147 153 155 164 165 168 169 172 173 202 213

ndash non-titular use of the indefinite phrase in Middle Aramaic 41

ndash titular (including but not limited to chris tological) use of the definite phrase in Q 34 38 52 53 64 70 104 123 142 143 147 167 168 172 173 185 186 187 189 191 194 201 203 210 212 213

Sondergut 89 90ndash Matthean 91ndash Lukan 94 95 97 98 177

Index of Subjects272

Sophiandash myth (Enochic tradition) 172 202ndash myth (synoptic tradition) 96 200

201ndash words of 96 201synopticndash gospels 11 150 151ndash material 16 151ndash parallels 18 19ndash problem 1ndash Sayings Source 3 216ndash s tudies 4ndash tradition 17 21 26 98 101 131 151

158 205 215Syria 215

Talmud 30 36 37 38Targum 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

38 40 41ndash recons truction of the Pales tinian Tar-

gum 32Taricheae 46Tell Dan 45templendash apparatusins titution 50 96 107

113 119 125 126 127 137 157 197 200 205

ndash eschatological 76

ndash purityholiness of 65 123 137ndash mitigatingprotective role 51 124ndash of Augus tus at Paneion 45ndash second temple era 25 41 44 48 56

62 70 71 72 79 82 84 121 124 136 137 154 163 186 201 209 213 216

ndash liturgy 124ndash mounthill 113ndash pollution of as perceived by some

ancient authors 113 125 136Theon of Alexandria 171Tiberias 38Torah 58 64 72 79 112 207 208 209transfiguration 47tree of knowledge 113Tyre 199

Vermes-Fitzmyer debate 28 38 39

Watchers 45 53 121Wicked Pries t 125

Yahweh 117 118

Zechariah (son of Jehoiada) 200mt Zion 113

  • Cover13
  • Titel13
  • Preface
  • Table of Contents13
  • List of Abbreviations
  • Chapter One Prolegomena
    • 1 Introduction Recent Methodological Questions in Q Studies
    • 2 The Study of Q as a Reconstructed Text
      • Index of Ancient Sources
      • Index of Modern Authors
      • Index of Subjects
Page 5: Apocalypticism in the Synoptic Sayings Source€¦ · Apocalypticism in the Synoptic Sayings Source A Reassessment of Q’s Stratigraphy Mohr Siebeck. Olegs Andrejevs, born 1982;

Table of Contents

Preface v

Lis t of Abbreviations xii

Chapter One Prolegomena 1

1 Introduction Recent Methodological Ques tions in Q S tudies 1

2 The S tudy of Q as a Recons tructed Text 3

3 Possible Independent Witnesses to Qrsquos Sayings and S tories 11

31 Q and its Possible Autonomous Parallels1132 Contes ted Case no 1 Q and Did 13bndash5b 1333 Contes ted Case no 2 Q and the Gospel of Thomas 17

4 Q and the His torical Jesus 21

Chapter Two Q An Apocalyptic Wisdom Ins truction 23

1 Introduction The Necessity of a Renewed Inquiry into Qrsquos Apocalypticism 23

2 Q and the Son of Man 25

21 The Semitic Background of ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου 2522 From Fiebig to Vermes by way of Kahle 26

221 From Fiebig to Vermes 26222 The Targumic Evidence and the Kahle School 30

23 From Vermes to Modern Q Research by Way of Colpe 32231 Vermesrsquos Corpus of Evidence The Problem of the Aphaeresis 32232 The Ques tion of Determination 34233 Colpe and the New Tes tament Son of Man S tudies

pos t-Kittel 3624 The Use of בר אנשאנשא in Official and Middle Aramaic 40

Table of ContentsVIII

25 Q and its Apocalyptic Predecessors Case no 1 The Son of Man in the Parables of Enoch 41

3 Q and the Apocalyptic Worldview 48

31 Apocalypse and Apocalypticism 4832 Deuteronomis tic Business as Usual ndash in Q John S Kloppenborgrsquos

ldquoSymbolic Eschatologyrdquo 5333 Q and its Apocalyptic Predecessors Case no 2 4QIns truction 55

Chapter Three Recent Compositional S tudies of Q (1987ndashPresent) 59

1 Introduction The Necessity of Returning to the Issues of the Composition and S tratigraphy of Q 59

2 John S Kloppenborg and ldquoThe Formation of Qrdquo (1987) 62

21 Theory 6222 Analysis of Kloppenborgrsquos Q3 s tratum 6523 Analysis of Kloppenborgrsquos Q2 s tratum 6624 Analysis of Kloppenborgrsquos Q1 s tratum 7025 Conclusion 73

3 Migaku Sato and ldquoQ und Prophetierdquo (1988) 74

31 Prophetisierung ndash in Q 7432 Prophecy and Apocalypticism 76

4 Arland D Jacobson and ldquoThe Firs t Gospelrdquo (1992) 77

5 Dale C Allison and ldquoThe Jesus Tradition in Qrdquo (1997) 80

6 The Synchronic Models of Alan Kirk and HT Fleddermann 83

61 Alan Kirk and ldquoThe Composition of the Sayings Sourcerdquo (1998) 8362 HT Fleddermann and ldquoQ A Recons truction

and Commentaryrdquo (2005) 8463 Conflicting Timelines and the Synchronic Approach to Q 86

7 Moving Forward 87

IXTable of Contents

Chapter Four Recons truction 89

1 Introduction 89

2 Recons truction of Qrsquos Sequence 90

Chapter Five Macro Compositions in Q 101

1 Introduction 101

2 The Compositional S tructure of Q 32bndash960 103

3 The Compositional S tructure of Q 102ndash1240 105

4 The Compositional S tructure of Q 1235ndash2230 108

Chapter Six The Temptation S tory 111

1 Introduction 111

2 Q 41ndash13 Genre Interpretation and S tratigraphy 112

21 The S toryrsquos Genre A Cosmic Journey 11222 Q 41ndash13 as an Angelic Disputation 11423 The Firs t Sequence (Q 41ndash4) 11624 The Second Sequence (Q 45ndash8) 11925 The Third Sequence (Q 49ndash13) 123

3 Summary S tratigraphic Provenance of Q 41ndash13 126

Chapter Seven Q 416 620ndash49 129

1 Introduction 129

2 Ναζαρά (Q 416 ) 130

3 The Beatitudes (Q 620bndash23) 131

31 Recons truction and the Main Issues 13132 Is Mourning a Socioeconomic Index LXX Isa 611ndash3 as

the Intertextual Background of Q 620bndash2113233 The Q Beatitudes and their Thomasine Parallels 13734 Q 622ndash23 and 1 Pet 314 414 139

Table of ContentsX

35 Ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου in Q 622c 14036 The Prophets in Q 623c14337 Conclusion Q 620bndash23 as a Q2 Composition 143

4 ldquoWhy do you call me lsquoκύριε κύριεrsquordquo Q 646 and the Chris tological Bookends of the Sermon 144

5 The Sectio Evangelica (Q 627ndash635) and Q 636 147

51 The Shared Vorlage of Q 627ndash35 and Did 13bndash5b 14752 Q 627ndash36 Imitatio Dei and Divine Adoption 152

6 Summary S tratigraphic Provenance of Q 416 620ndash49 153

Chapter Eight Q 71ndash960 155

1 Introduction 155

2 Q and the Gentile Mission in Q 71ndash10 155

3 ldquoGo and Tell Johnrdquo (Q 718ndash23) 159

4 Σὺ εἶ ὁ ἐρχόμενος The Son of Manrsquos Earthly Mission in Q 734 and 958 165

41 Ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου in Q 73416542 Ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου in Q 95816943 Q 959ndash60 as a Q2 Text 172

5 Summary Compositional Unity of Q 71ndash35 957ndash60 173

Chapter Nine Q 102ndash1240 175

1 Introduction 175

2 S tratigraphic Provenance of Q 128ndash10 176

21 S tructural Similarity of Q 124ndash7 to Q 112bndash4 9ndash13 1222bndash34 17622 Q 122ndash12 as a Q1 ldquoPersecution Speechrdquo 18123 Ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου in Q 128ndash10184

231 Recons truction and the Main Issues 184232 Ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου in Q 128 185233 Ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου ndash in Q 129 188

XITable of Contents

234 Ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου in Q 1210 188235 Conclusion Q 128ndash10 as a Q1 Text 190

3 S tratigraphic Provenance of Q 1239ndash40 190

31 Q 1239-40 and Q 1233ndash34 19032 Q 1239-40 and Gos Thom 215ndash8192

4 Summary 194

Chapter 10 Q 1235ndash2230 197

1 Introduction 197

2 Ten Los t Tribes or Gentiles in Q 1328ndash29 198

3 Q and its Opponents200

31 Jesus and the Temple in Q 1149ndash51 1334ndash35 20032 Q2 and the Wicked Slaves 203

4 The Halakhic Compendium in Q 1617ndash172 206

5 S tratigraphic Provenance of Q 1723ndash37 210

51 Q 1723ndash37 as an Apocalyptic Discourse 21052 Ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου in Q 1723ndash37212

Chapter 11 Conclusion 213

Bibliography 217

Index of Ancient Sources 245

Index of Modern Authors 261

Index of Subjects 267

Lis t of Abbreviations

AASF Annales Academiae Scientiarum FennicaeAB Anchor BibleABD Anchor Bible DictionaryABRL Anchor Bible Reference LibraryAcOr Acta OrientaliaAGJU Arbeiten zur Geschichte des antiken Judentums und des Urchris tentumsAnBib Analecta BiblicaANTC Abingdon New Tes tament CommentariesBBB Bonner Biblische BeitraumlgeBeO Biblica et OrientaliaBETL Bibliotheca Ephemeridum Theologicarum LovaniensiumBib BiblicaBJRL Bulletin of the John Rylands University Library of Manches terBNTC Blackrsquos New Tes tament CommentaryBR Biblical ResearchBSR Bulletin for the S tudy of ReligionBTB Biblical Theology BulletinBTS Biblical Tools and S tudiesBWANT Beitraumlge zur Wissenschaft vom Alten und Neuen Tes tamentBZ Biblische ZeitschriftBZNW Beihefte zur Zeitschrift fuumlr die neutes tamentliche WissenschaftCBR Currents in Biblical ResearchCC Concordia CommentaryCEQ The Critical Edition of Q Synopsis Including the Gospels of Matthew

and Luke Mark and Thomas with English German and French Translations of Q and Thomas

CBQ Catholic Biblical Quarterly CRINT Compendia Rerum Iudaicarum ad Novum Tes tamentumDJD Discoveries in the Judean DesertDSD Dead Sea DiscoveriesECC Eerdmans Critical CommentaryEs tBib Es tudios BiblicosETL Ephemerides Theologicae LovaniensesEvT Evangelische TheologieExpT The Expository TimesFB Forschung zur BibelFFRS Foundations and Facets Reference SeriesFRLANT Forschungen zur Religion und Literatur des Alten und Neuen Tes tamentsGTJ Grace Theological JournalHNT Handbuch zum Neuen Tes tamentHR His tory of ReligionsHTCNT Herderrsquos Theological Commentary on the New Tes tament

XIV Lis t of Abbreviations

HTR Harvard Theological ReviewHTS Harvard Theological S tudiesIBS Irish Biblical S tudiesICC The International Critical CommentaryIQP The International Q ProjectJAOS Journal of the American Oriental SocietyJBL Journal of Biblical LiteratureJCTCRS Jewish and Chris tian Texts in Contexts and Related S tudiesJECH Journal of Early Chris tian His toryJJS Journal of Jewish S tudiesJQR Jewish Quarterly ReviewJR Journal of ReligionJSJ Journal for the S tudy of JudaismJSJSup Journal for the S tudy of Judaism Supplement SeriesJSNT Journal for the S tudy of the New Tes tamentJSNTSup Journal for the S tudy of the New Tes tament Supplement SeriesJSOT Journal for the S tudy of the Old Tes tamentJSOTSup Journal for the S tudy of the Old Tes tament Supplement SeriesJSP Journal for the S tudy of the PseudepigraphaJSPSup Journal for the S tudy of the Pseudepigrapha Supplement SeriesJTC Journal for Theology and the ChurchJTS Journal of Theological S tudiesLingBibl Linguis tica BiblicaLNTS Library of New Tes tament S tudiesLS TS Library of Second Temple S tudiesLUA Lunds Universitets ArsskriftMTS Marburger theologische S tudienMThA Muumlns teraner theologische AbhandlungenNA Neutes tamentliche ArbeitenNHS Nag Hammadi S tudiesNHMS Nag Hammadi and Manichaean S tudiesNIBC The New International Biblical CommentaryNIGTC The New International Greek Tes tament Commentary NovT Novum Tes tamentumNovTSup Novum Tes tamentum SupplementsNTL The New Tes tament LibraryNTR New Tes tament ReadingsNTS New Tes tament S tudiesNTTS New Tes tament Tools and S tudiesOTL The Old Tes tament LibraryPBM Paternos ter Biblical MonographsPFES Publications of the Finnish Exegetical SocietyRB Revue bibliqueRevQ Revue de QumranSAC S tudies in Antiquity and Chris tianity SBL S tudies in Biblical LiteratureSBLECL Society of Biblical Literature Early Chris tianity and its LiteratureSBLEJL Society of Biblical Literature Early Judaism and its LiteratureSBLMS Society of Biblical Literature Monograph SeriesSBLSBS Society of Biblical Literature Sources for Biblical S tudySBLSP Society of Biblical Literature Seminar PapersSNTSMS Society for New Tes tament S tudies Monograph Series

XVLis t of Abbreviations

ScrHier Scripta HierosolymitanaSPhiloA S tudia Philonica AnnualS TDJ S tudies on the Texts of the Desert of JudahS tJ S tudia JudaicaSVTP S tudia in Veteris Tes tamenti PseudepigraphaSVTQ S t Vladimirrsquos Theological QuarterlyTAZ Texte und Arbeiten zum neutes tamentlichen ZeitalterTDNT Theological Dictionary of the New Tes tamentTENT Texts and Editions for New Tes tament S tudyTJT Toronto Journal of TheologyTS Theological S tudiesTTZ Trierer theologische ZeitschriftUNDCSJCA University of Notre Dame Center for the S tudy of Judaism and

Chris tianity in AntiquityVCSup Vigiliae Chris tianae Supplement SeriesVT Vetus Tes tamentumVTSup Vetus Tes tamentum Supplement SeriesWBC Word Biblical CommentaryWUNT Wissenchaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Tes tamentZDMG Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenlaumlndischen GesellschaftZKT Zeitschrift fuumlr katholische TheologieZNW Zeitschrift fuumlr die neutes tamentliche WissenschaftZTK Zeitschrift fuumlr Theologie und Kirche

Chapter One

Prolegomena

1 Introduction Recent Methodological Questions in Q Studies

A survey of the current trends in New Testament and Q studies reveals a some-what uncertain environment While the Two-Document Hypothesis (hereafter 2DH) continues to hold its own occasional skepticism with regard to Qrsquos ex-istence has by no means dissipated1 Within the ranks of those scholars who work with or trend toward the 2DH the written character of Q is not universally accepted2 Among those who accept the premise of a written Q there remain

1 For recent arguments against the 2DH see eg Mark S Goodacre The Case Against Q

Studies in Markan Priority and the Synoptic Problem (Harrisburg PA Trinity Press Interna-tional 2002) Francis Watson Gospel Writing A Canonical Perspective (Grand Rapids MI Eerdmans 2013) For responses to these scholars see eg Paul Foster ldquoIs It Possible to Dis-pense with Qrdquo NovT 45 (2003) 313ndash37 John S Kloppenborg ldquoOn Dispensing with Q Goodacre on the Relation of Luke to Matthewrdquo NTS 49 (2003) 210ndash36 Christopher M Tuck-ett ldquoWatson Q and LMrdquo in Gospel Interpretation and the Q-Hypothesis (ed Mogens Muumlller and Heike Omerzu LNTS 573 London TampT Clark 2018) 115ndash38 (for Watsonrsquos rejoinder see ldquoSeven Theses on the Synoptic Problem in Disagreement with Christopher Tuckettrdquo in Idem 139ndash47) For classic comprehensive cases in support of the 2DH see Joseph A Fitzmyer ldquoThe Priority of Mark and the lsquoQrsquo Source in Lukerdquo in Jesus and Manrsquos Hope (ed Donald G Miller Pittsburgh PA Pittsburgh Theological Seminary 1970) 131ndash70 W D Davies and Dale C Allison The Gospel According to Saint Matthew (ICC 26 3 vols Edinburgh TampT Clark 1988ndash97) 1115ndash21 John S Kloppenborg Verbin Excavating Q The History and Set-ting of the Sayings Gospel (Minneapolis MN Fortress Press 2000) 11ndash54 For recent investi-gations demonstrating the viability of the 2DH see Robert A Derrenbacker Ancient Composi-tional Practices and the Synoptic Problem (BETL 186 Leuven Leuven University Press 2005) Alan Kirk Q in Matthew Ancient Media Memory and Early Scribal Transmission of the Jesus Tradition (LNTS 564 London TampT Clark 2016) For additional recent statements by Q scholars see Simon J Joseph The Nonviolent Messiah Jesus Q and the Enochic Tradi-tion (Minneapolis MN Fortress Press 2014) 8ndash10 Giovanni B Bazzana Kingdom of Bureau-cracy The Political Ideology of Village Scribes in the Sayings Gospel Q (BETL 274 Leuven Peeters 2015) 2ndash3 While a close discussion of the synoptic problem lies outside the scope of this monograph it is perhaps worth emphasizing that the solutions of Goodacre and Watson are equally if not more so hypothetical than the 2DH

2 Eg Terence C Mournet Oral Tradition and Literary Dependency Variability and Sta-bility in the Synoptic Tradition and Q (WUNT 2195 Tuumlbingen Mohr Siebeck 2005) Armin D Baum Der muumlndliche Faktor und seine Bedeutung fuumlr die synoptische Frage (TAZ 49 Tuuml-bingen Francke 2008) James D G Dunn The Oral Gospel Tradition (Grand Rapids MI Eerdmans 2013) For responses to the arguments made by these and other scholars see John

2 Chapter One Prolegomena

important disagreements regarding the attainability of Qrsquos word-level recon-struction3 Additionally questions about the provenance of portions of two sec-ond-century documents the Didache and the pseudepigraphal Gospel of Thomas continue to affect the study of Qrsquos sources and redaction If the Q parallels contained in those documents derive from the canonical gospels ndash as some scholars have argued ndash then such parallels obviously have no bearing on Qrsquos compositional history If however certain sayings or combinations of say-ings reach the Didache and Thomas via autonomous channels apart from the canonical gospels and can be shown to not depend on Q then the hypothesis of a Vorlage shared by the parallels in question and Q becomes logical It is not difficult to see how these matters are critical to the study of Qrsquos stratigraphy After all one of its fundamental tasks is to identify possible modifications of traditional material thereby acquiring a better understanding of the documentrsquos redactional interests

This chapter will discuss two of the aforementioned issues While we pre-suppose the validity of the 2DH and Qrsquos written character in what follows we shall engage the feasibility of Qrsquos reconstruction and the attainability of the documentrsquos wording The former has recently been dismissed by a number of scholars who have pointed out the inferiority of the reconstructed Mark4 to the canonical version of the gospel while Qrsquos wording has come under renewed scrutiny This will be followed by arguments in support of the autonomy of Did 13bndash21 and portions of the Gospel of Thomas both contested subjects in recent academic discussion Some of the observations included in the treatment of these matters will cover familiar terrain However their configuration is de-signed to highlight the problematic nature of a number of current claims and to lay the methodological foundation for the present investigation as well as for a fresh treatment of the Sayings Source and related documents5

S Kloppenborg ldquoVariation and Reproduction of the Double Tradition and an Oral Qrdquo ETL 83 (2007) 53ndash80 Alan Kirk ldquoOrality Writing and Phantom Sources Appeals to Ancient Media in Some Recent Challenges to the Two Document Hypothesisrdquo NTS 58 (2011) 1ndash22 Idem Q in Matthew 151ndash66 220ndash24 293ndash97 Sarah E Rollens Framing Social Criticism in the Jesus Movement The Ideological Project in the Sayings Gospel Q (WUNT 2374 Tuumlbingen Mohr Siebeck 2014) 81ndash90 See also the earlier discussion in eg Joseph A Fitzmyer The Gospel According to Luke (AB 28 and 28A 2 vols New York NY Doubleday 1981ndash85) 75ndash81 John S Kloppenborg Formation of Q Trajectories in Ancient Wisdom Collections (SAC Phil-adelphia PA Fortress Press 1987) 42ndash51 Davies and Allison Matthew 1116 H T Fledder-mann Q A Reconstruction and Commentary (BTS 1 Leuven Peeters 2005) 41ndash68 Based on the case made collectively by the above scholars it will be a presupposition of this study that Q was a written document

3 Eg Dieter T Roth The Parables in Q (LNTS 582 London TampT Clark 2018) 30ndash44 See the discussion below in this chapter

4 Viz Markrsquos gospel as reconstructed from its reception by Matthew and Luke 5 It is necessary also to address the frequent identification of Q as a gospel Frans Neirynck

(ldquoQ From Source to Gospelrdquo ETL 71 [1995] 421) notes that ldquothe use of the term originated in the SBL Q Seminar and was strongly promoted by its presidents James M Robinson and John

2 The Study of Q as a Reconstructed Text 3

2 The Study of Q as a Reconstructed Text 2 The Study of Q as a Reconstructed Text It is one thing to assert based on the synoptic evidence that Q was a written document with a single recension of the finished text6 It is another matter to

S Kloppenborgrdquo For the rationale see eg John S Kloppenborg ldquoIntroductionrdquo in The Shape of Q Signal Essays on the Sayings Gospel (ed Idem Minneapolis MN Fortress Press 1994) 1 n 1 I am sympathetic with Neirynckrsquos view (ldquoQ From Source to Gospelrdquo 429) it is ldquoan advantage of the full designation lsquo(Synoptic) Sayings Source Qrsquo that it reminds us of the fact that we have no direct access to the text of Q it remains a hypothetical source text that we are to reconstruct from Matthew and Lukerdquo Furthermore there is ldquoa difference between recogniz-ing that the sayings of Jesus contain the gospel and designating the Sayings collection as a Gospelrdquo Edwin K Broadhead ldquoOn the (Mis)Definition of Qrdquo JSNT 68 (1999) 9

6 The alternative premise ndash of two separate recensions (QMatt and QLk) ndash is quite venerable Eg Rudolph Bultmann The History of the Synoptic Tradition (New York NY Harper amp Row 1963) 328 (originally published in 1921) In modern research it has continued to be accepted with a varying degree of certainty by a number of New Testament and Q scholars eg I Howard Marshall The Gospel of Luke A Commentary on the Greek Text (NIGTC Grand Rap-ids MI Eerdmans 1978) 30ndash1 Davies and Allison Matthew 1121 Migaku Sato Q und Prophetie Studien zur Gattungs- und Traditionsgeschichte der Quelle Q (WUNT 229 Tuuml-bingen Mohr Siebeck 1988) 18ndash19 Hans Dieter Betz The Sermon on the Mount (Hermeneia Minneapolis MI Fortress Press 1995) 7ndash9 Ulrich Luz Matthew 8ndash20 (Hermeneia Minne-apolis MN Fortress Press 2001) Idem Matthew 21ndash28 (Hermeneia Minneapolis MN For-tress Press 2005) Idem ldquoMatthew and Qrdquo in Studies in Matthew (Grand Rapids MI Eerd-mans 2005) 39ndash53 Idem Matthew 1ndash7 (Hermeneia Minneapolis MN Fortress Press 2007) Idem ldquoLooking at Q through the Eyes of Matthewrdquo in New Studies in the Synoptic Problem Oxford Conference April 2008 Essays in Honour of Christopher M Tuckett (ed Paul Foster Andrew Gregory John S Kloppenborg Joseph Verheyden BETL 239 Leuven Leuven Uni-versity Press 2011) 571ndash89 John T Carroll Luke A Commentary (NTL Louisville KY Westminster John Knox Press 2012) 8 Rollens Framing Social Criticism 86 n 10 Bazzana Kingdom of Bureaucracy 4ndash5 John S Kloppenborg ldquoA lsquoParting of the Waysrsquo in Qrdquo in Q in Context I The Separation between the Just and the Unjust in Early Judaism and in the Sayings Source (ed Markus Tiwald BBB 172 Goumlttingen Vandenhoeck amp Ruprecht 2015) 123 Klop-penborg (ibid) has recently stated ldquoIn what follows I will assume the still-dominant view of Q that it is a document that came to Matthew and Luke in approximately the same form I say lsquoapproximatelyrsquo because we must allow for some variation at least in wording of Q and perhaps even expansions ndash the kind of elaboration that Ulrich Luz and his students have proposedrdquo In my view the drawbacks of this hypothesis significantly outweigh its potential benefits Klop-penborg (Excavating Q 109) and Bazzana (Kingdom of Bureaucracy 4ndash5) appeal to the diver-sity of the NT manuscripts and their circulation patterns but this is an argument from analogy rather than a demonstration The only way of demonstrating the existence of such recensions would be by showing (preferably on multiple occasions) that Matthewrsquos or Lukersquos Sondergut text adjacent to or interpolated in a Q block of material is traditional coheres with the content of that Q block and of the Q document and is unlikely to have been omitted by the other evan-gelist This is virtually impossible to demonstrate conclusively and so the hypothesis enters the realm of speculation (eg Fitzmyer Luke 80) where ldquoin every case there are other possible explanationsrdquo (Luz ldquoLooking at Qrdquo 579) Further red flags lurk in the occasional connection between the multiple recension hypothesis and the sub-literary (Kleinliteratur) view of Q (eg ibid 578 584) Thus Luz (Matthew 1ndash7 19) and Sato (Q und Prophetie 72ndash77) envision Q as

4 Chapter One Prolegomena

produce a reliable reconstruction of that text The point of departure rests with Matthewrsquos and Lukersquos redaction of Mark Luke preserves the Markan order with only minor exceptions The implications of this naturally carry over to the reconstruction of Qrsquos sequence7 Based on the conclusions reached by Heinrich Julius Holtzmann in 18638 confirmed by Burnett Hillman Streeter and George DeWitt Castor in the first half of the twentieth century9 and reaffirmed by the

a notebook to which new sheets could be added at any time Some such approach to Q has formed the dominant paradigm in 2DH based synoptic studies until only recently See the sur-vey of scholarship in Alan Kirk The Composition of the Sayings Source Genre Synchrony and Wisdom Redaction in Q (NovTSup 91 Leiden Brill 1998) 2ndash64 As the discussion in chapters three and five of this study will suggest (in continuity with Kirkrsquos view) the Kleinlit-eratur paradigm constitutes a mischaracterization of Q This still leaves the option of Q receiv-ing further editing from its own tradents which essentially amounts to an additional layer of redaction (eg one would have to envision a Q4 stratum in Kloppenborgrsquos stratigraphy) The outline and profile of such a redaction (or in the case of QMatt and QLk redactions) remains to be demonstrated however Meanwhile the documentrsquos eventual disappearance and complete lack of attestation in the Church Fathers suggests caution in imagining any kind of significant textual proliferation Could multiple autonomous copies of Q go from being in possession by and being normative for some of the early Christianityrsquos most prominent communities to van-ishing not only from existence but also from subsequent memory It seems that the possibility of a single circulating copy at least deserves further consideration Finally Neirynckrsquos objection remains pertinent ldquothe need for positing an intermediate stage is it not a logical consequence of their too restrictive notion of Matthean and Lukan redactionrdquo Frans Neirynck ldquoQMt and QLk and the Reconstruction of Qrdquo ETL 66 (1990) 390 In other words Qrsquos putative textual fluidity has much to do with a restriction of Matthean andor Lukan redactorial freedom and derives logically from a view of Matthew andor Luke as conservative traditionalists Syreenirsquos obser-vations made with regard to the thesis of a QMatt offer an alternative ldquoInstead of such a literary evolution it would be quite natural to reckon with oral usage and application of Q sayings and sequences in Matthewrsquos community Oral variants and new combinations of various Q passages as well as combinations of Q and special material were to be expected if Q was used for pur-poses of community teaching and paraenesis Also ecclesiastical material which was affected or even inspired by Q sayings was likely to emerge Some literary reworking may have been made what I doubt however is the existence of a massively expanded QMt editionrdquo Kari Syreeni The Making of the Sermon on the Mount A Procedural Analysis of Matthewrsquos Redac-torial Activity (AASF 44 Helsinki Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia 1987) 161 Because the ex-istence of scribes other than the gospelrsquos author in Matthewrsquos community has not been demon-strated I hesitate to imagine a literary reworking of Q by that community prior to the gospelrsquos composition (a similar situation obtains on the Lukan side) With this minor adjustment Syreenirsquos statement describes the optimal alternative to the multiple recension hypothesis

7 It should be noted however that although Matthewrsquos approach to Q (when reconstructed based on its Lukan sequence) can be described as liberal Matthewrsquos ldquoappropriative movement through Q is consistently forwardrdquo indicating memory competence and ldquocognitive operations that follow the schematic organizational linesrdquo of the source Kirk Q in Matthew 166

8 Heinrich Julius Holtzmann Die synoptischen Evangelien Ihr Uhrsprung und geschicht-licher Charakter (Leipzig Wilhelm Engelmann 1986) 142ndash43

9 Burnett Hillman Streeter ldquoOn the Original Order of Qrdquo in Oxford Studies in the Synoptic Problem (ed William Sanday Oxford At the Clarendon Press 1911) 141ndash64 George DeWitt

2 The Study of Q as a Reconstructed Text 5

ensuing Q scholarship as well as a number of Matthean and Lukan scholars10 today it is possible to assert with ldquoa near unanimity that Luke best preserved the sequence of Q sayingsrdquo11

Q attained what currently remains its definitive reconstruction by the end of the twentieth century in the form of The Critical Edition of Q (hereafter CEQ)12 To call the CEQ ldquodefinitiverdquo of course is to neither imply its infalli-bility nor to expect it to produce the final say on the matter13 As noted by James M Robinson in the introduction to the CEQ it was a product ldquoof a team of scholars who have been working together since 1985 as the International Q Projectrdquo (hereafter IQP)14 The text and sequence of Q published in the CEQ

Castor Matthewrsquos Sayings of Jesus The Non-Marcan Common Source of Matthew and Luke (PhD diss University of Chicago 1918) 120ndash39

10 Eg T W Manson The Sayings of Jesus as recorded in the Gospels according to St Matthew and St Luke arranged with introduction and commentary (London SCM Press 1949 reprint 1971) 39ndash148 James M Robinson ldquoThe Sermon on the Mount Plain Work Sheets for the Reconstruction of Qrdquo SBLSP 22 (1983) 451ndash54 Arland D Jacobson The First Gospel An Introduction to Q (FFRS Sonoma CA Polebridge Press 1992) 45 Dale C Allison The Jesus Tradition in Q (Harrisburg PA Trinity Press International 1997) 2 n 6 Franҫois Bovon Luke 1 A Commentary on the Gospel of Luke 11ndash950 (Hermeneia Minneapolis MN Fortress Press 2002) 6ndash8 Kirk Q in Matthew 163ndash66

11 Kloppenborg Verbin Excavating Q 88 Noting that ldquomost recent reconstructions of Q include both (a) the double tradition and (b) items triply attested where the degree of agreement against Mark is substantial and where the agreements are not likely to be merely coincidentalrdquo Kloppenborg (ibid 92) uses these criteria to assign the following texts to Q (by Lukan versifi-cation) Q 37bndash9 16bndash17 41ndash13 620bndash23 27ndash33 35c 36ndash37b 38c 39ndash49 71bndash2 6bndash10 18ndash19 22ndash23 24ndash28 31ndash35 957ndash60 102ndash16 21ndash22 23bndash24 112ndash4 9ndash13 14ndash20 23 24ndash26 29ndash35 39ndash44 46ndash52 122ndash12 22bndash31 33ndash34 39ndash40 42bndash46 51ndash53 54bndash56 58ndash59 1318ndash19 20ndash21 24 26ndash27 28ndash30 34ndash35 14111814 1416ndash24 26ndash27 34ndash35 154ndash7 1613 16 17 18 171bndash2 3bndash4 6b 23ndash24 26ndash27 30 33 34ndash35 37b 1912ndash13 15bndash26 2228bndash30 Kloppenborg also assigns to Q some Sondergut materials which involve a different set of methodological considerations See the discussion in chapter four

12 James M Robinson Paul Hoffmann and John S Kloppenborg eds The Critical Edition of Q Synopsis including the Gospels of Matthew and Luke Mark and Thomas with English German and French Translations of Q and Thomas (Hermeneia Supplement Series Minneap-olis MN Fortress Press 2000)

13 It may suffice here to quote the editors James M Robinson ldquoHistory of Q Researchrdquo in The Critical Edition of Q lxxi ldquoIt is not to be assumed that the present critical text is a last wordrdquo John S Kloppenborg ldquoThe Use of the Synoptics or Q in Did 13bndash21rdquo in Matthew and the Didache Two Documents from the Same Jewish-Christian Milieu (ed Huub van de Sandt Minneapolis MN Fortress Press 2005) 115 ldquoWhile the Critical Edition should hardly be taken as the definitive reconstruction of Q it does provide a benchmark and a useful point of referencerdquo

14 Robinson ldquoHistory of Q Researchrdquo xix For a survey of IQPrsquos methodology and results as assessed at the time of the CEQrsquos publication see Christoph Heil ldquoDie Q-Rekonstruktion des Internationalen Q-Projekts Einfuumlhrung in Methodik und Resultaterdquo NovT 43 (2001) 128ndash43 For IQP work sessions see James M Robinson ldquoThe International Q Project Work Session 17 November 1989rdquo JBL 109 (1990) 499ndash501 Idem ldquoThe International Q Project Work

6 Chapter One Prolegomena

therefore represent a consensus among a group of scholars reflecting the pre-suppositions held by those scholars at a particular juncture in the history of Qrsquos research15 That it is only a necessary first step and demands continued reeval-uation becomes evident from the fact that some of the IQP members whose preferences were occasionally not reflected in the CEQ proceeded to release their own alternative reconstructions of Q either shortly before or after the CEQrsquos seminal publication16 Indeed the present study also makes several emendations of both the CEQrsquos reconstruction of the documentrsquos sequence and of its wording Overall however it is clear that the CEQ will continue to pro-vide the baseline for compositional studies of Q for years to come

The availability of the reconstructed text enables the literary analysis of Q A number of scholars however have recently expressed doubts regarding the attainability of not only Qrsquos wording but in fact of the documentrsquos full extent Cyril S Rodd has declared it ldquosheer conjecturerdquo to imagine ldquothat the passages which are common to Matthew and Luke comprise this Q document in its en-tiretyrdquo17 Joseph Allen Weaks has similarly called the text of Q ldquospeculativerdquo claiming that to rely on it as though it were ldquoan extant gospel textrdquo is ldquosimply not possiblerdquo18 Both scholars have tied the bulk of their objections to the ob-servation (called a ldquothought experimentrdquo by Dieter T Roth)19 that the text of Markrsquos gospel cannot be accurately reconstructed from its Matthean and Lukan reception While this argument has already been engaged by some scholars20 the deficiency of its logic appears to not have been sufficiently exposed as Rothrsquos renewed deployment of it in 2018 demonstrates ndash in a Q monograph21 It is therefore important to allow the reader to assess the difficulties

Session 16 November 1990rdquo JBL 110 (1991) 494ndash98 Idem ldquoThe International Q Project Work Sessions 12ndash14 July 22 November 1991rdquo JBL 111 (1992) 500ndash08 Idem ldquoThe Interna-tional Q Project Work Sessions 31 Julyndash2 August 20 November 1992rdquo JBL 112 (1993) 500ndash06 Idem ldquoThe International Q Project Work Sessions 6ndash8 August 18ndash19 November 1993rdquo JBL 113 (1994) 495ndash99 Idem ldquoThe International Q Project Work Sessions 23ndash27 May 22ndash26 August 17ndash18 November 1994rdquo JBL 114 (1995) 475ndash85 Idem ldquoThe International Q Pro-ject Editorial Board Meetings 1ndash10 June 16 November 1995 16ndash23 August 22 November 1996 Work Sessions 17 November 1995 23 November 1996rdquo JBL 116 (1997) 521ndash25

15 The full list of the IQPrsquos members may be found in The Critical Edition xvii 16 Kirk Composition 152ndash403 Fleddermann Commentary 874ndash913 17 Cyril S Rodd ldquoThe End of the Theology of Qrdquo ExpT 113 (2001) 12 Idem ldquoThe The-

ology of Q Yet Again A Reply to the Responses of Christopher Tuckett and Paul Fosterrdquo ExpT 114 (2002) 80ndash85

18 Joseph Allen Weaks ldquoMark without Mark Problematizing the Reliability of a Recon-structed Text of Qrdquo (PhD diss Brite Divinity School 2010) 344ndash45

19 Roth Parables 36 20 Eg Christopher M Tuckett ldquoThe Search for a Theology of Q A Dead Endrdquo ExpT 113

(2002) 291ndash94 Paul Foster ldquoIn Defense of the Study of Qrdquo ExpT 113 (2002) 295ndash300 21 Roth Parables 36ndash37 It should be noted of course that Roth does not wish to com-

pletely dismiss the accessibility of Qrsquos text His intention is to argue that ldquoscholarship should be rather more skeptical about the wording of Qrdquo (ibid 39)

2 The Study of Q as a Reconstructed Text 7

compromising the case that Rodd Weaks and Roth have found rather persua-sive Three observations stand to be made in this regard

First of all because it is a sayings collection Q does not lend itself to the same type of editorial abridgements as Mark The two documents are very dif-ferent Not nearly enough attention is given to this by Rodd Weaks and Roth all of whom hang their case to some degree on the fragmentary product that is the reconstructed Mark as though Q similarly contains a plot or even a remotely compatible story to saying ratio The abridgement of Markan pericopes by Luke and Matthew reflects editorial strategies appropriate to rewriting a biography viz a document exhibiting a large concentration of narrative material22 The Markan words of Jesus are omitted at a vastly different rate with the majority of those words preserved by both Matthew and Luke with minimal rephrasing23

22 Rodd (ldquoThe End of the Theology of Qrdquo 6) notes that ldquoalmost always each pericope in

[the reconstructed] lsquoMarkrsquo will be shorter than in the canonical gospelrdquo citing as examples the abridgements of Mk 21ndash12 (= Matt 91ndash8 Lk 517ndash26) and Mk 121ndash12 (= Matt 2133ndash46 Lk 209ndash19) However the healing of a man with the palsy (Mk 21ndash12) is a good example of a story whose narrative details welcome abridgements while the words of Jesus (Mk 25b 8bndash11) ndash notably including the key statements in Mk 25b 10 ndash are preserved correctly by both Matthew and Luke (Matt 92c 4bndash6 Lk 520b 22bndash24) As for the parable of the wicked tenants (Mk 121ndash12) this can be reliably reconstructed from its MatthewLuke reproduction missing only minor details The omitted details scarcely seem to affect the interpretation of the source text viz the intention of the parable as it was deployed in Markrsquos gospel

23 Mk 141 44 (= Matt 83ndash4 Lk 513ndash14) Mk 25 8ndash11 (= Matt 92 4ndash6 Lk 520 22ndash24) Mk 214 (= Matt 99 Lk 527) Mk 217 (= Matt 912ndash13 Lk 531ndash32) Mk 219ndash22 (= Matt 915ndash17 Lk 534ndash38) Mk 225ndash28 (= Matt 123ndash4 8 Lk 63ndash5) Mk 34ndash5 (= Matt 1212ndash13 Lk 69ndash10) Mk 335 (= Matt 1250 Lk 821) Mk 42ndash9 (= Matt 133ndash9 Lk 85ndash8) Mk 411ndash12 (= Matt 1311 13 Lk 810) Mk 414ndash20 (= Matt 1318ndash23 Lk 811ndash15) Mk 421ndash22 (= MattQ 515 MattQ 1026 Lk 816ndash17) Mk 424c (= MattQ 72 LkQ 638) Mk 425 (= Matt 1312 Lk 818) Mk 440 (= Matt 826 Lk 825) Mk 534 (= Matt 922 Lk 848) Mk 539 (= Matt 923ndash24 Lk 852) Mk 64bc (= Matt 1357 Lk 424) Mk 637 (= Matt 1416 Lk 913) Mk 827 29 (= Matt 1613 15 Lk 918 20) Mk 834ndash36 (= Matt 1624ndash26 Lk 923ndash25) Mk 91 (= Matt 1628 Lk 927) Mk 919 (= Matt 1717 Lk 941) Mk 931 (= Matt 1722ndash23 Lk 944) Mk 935 (= Matt 2311 Lk 2226) Mk 937 (= Matt 185 Lk 948) Mk 940 (= MattQ 1230 Lk 950) Mk 1014ndash15 (= Matt 183 1914 Lk 1816ndash17) Mk 1018ndash19 21 23 25 27 29ndash30 (= Matt 1917ndash19 21 23ndash24 26 29 Lk 1819ndash20 22 24ndash25 27 29ndash30) Mk 1033ndash34 (= Matt 2018ndash19 Lk 1831ndash33) Mk 1042ndash45 (= Matt 2025ndash28 Lk 2225ndash27) Mk 1051 (= Matt 2032 Lk 1841) Mk 112ndash3 (= Matt 212ndash3 Lk 1930ndash31) Mk 1117 (= Matt 2113 Lk 1946) Mk 1129ndash30 33 (= Matt 2124ndash25 27 Lk 203ndash4 8) Mk 121ndash10 (= Matt 2133ndash42 Lk 209ndash17) Mk 1215dndash17 (= Matt 2219ndash21 Lk 2024ndash25) Mk 1225ndash27 (= Matt 2230ndash32 Lk 2034ndash38) Mk 1230ndash31 (= Matt 2237ndash39 Lk 1027) Mk 1235ndash37 (= Matt 2241ndash45 Lk 2041ndash44) Mk 132 (= Matt 242 Lk 216) Mk 135ndash13 (Matt 244ndash13 Lk 218ndash19) Mk 1314c 17 19 (= Matt 2416 19 21 Lk 2121 23) Mk 1324ndash31 (= Matt 2429ndash35 Lk 2125ndash33) Mk 1413ndash14 (= Matt 2618 Lk 2210ndash11) Mk 1418 20ndash21 (= Matt 2621 23ndash24 Lk 2221ndash22) Mk 1422ndash25 (= Matt 2626ndash29 Lk 2216ndash20) Mk 1430 (= Matt 2634 Lk 2234) Mk 1436 (= Matt 2639 Lk 2242) Mk 1437ndash38 (= Matt 2640ndash41 Lk 2246) Mk 1448ndash49a (= Matt 2655 Lk 2252ndash53a) Mk 1462 (= Matt 2664 Lk 2269ndash70) Mk 152 (= Matt 2711 Lk 233)

8 Chapter One Prolegomena

and the non-Q related omissions limited to (a) statements forming an integral part of a narrative24 (b) statements commands and questions that are redun-dant25 (c) statements that cast a potentially negative light on Jesusrsquo family26 or disciples27 both established Markan themes28 (d) statements that are poten-tially problematic theologically29 (e) statements falling under none of the above categories that are abridged expanded or reworked by one of the evan-gelists30 (f) statements occurring in pericopes that have been eliminated com-pletely by Matthew or Luke31 Of these six categories the first three are un-likely to have been present in Q due to its lack of a plot relative scarcity of stories and absence of any interest in Jesusrsquo family or disciples The remaining three categories include only a few sayings outside of the Great Omission (more on that below) Consequently it appears that Matthew and Luke already elim-inating a minor percentage of the Markan Jesusrsquo words that lack Q parallels had no clear reason to omit even that much from Q

Secondly on a number of occasions one or both evangelists preserve dou-blets of the Markan sayings of Jesus which on the 2DH are assigned to Q32 This development is surprising in Lukersquos case since his tendency to avoid dou-blets is well known33 What is really decisive however is that in instances

24 Mk 125 138 435 59 19 530 541 1243 (omitted by Matthew) Mk 1036 1432

34 41ndash42 (omitted by Luke) Mk 1114 (either omitted or reworked in Lk 136ndash9) Mk 439 58 631 638 916 21 25 933 939c 1049 1234 (omitted or reworked by both Matthew and Luke)

25 Mk 424bd 1238 40 (omitted by Matthew) Mk 334 837 941 1211 1215b 1224 1318 20 23 (omitted by Luke) Mk 1449b (reworked in Lk 2253b) Mk 949 1024 1229 (omitted by both Matthew and Luke)

26 Mk 333ndash34 Mk 64de (omitted by Luke) 27 Mk 413 (omitted by Matthew and Luke) Mk 833 1038ndash40 (omitted by Luke) Mk

1427ndash28 (reworked in Lk 2231ndash32) 28 Eg Joel Marcus Mark (AB 27 and 27A 2 vols New York NY and New Haven CT

Doubleday and Yale 2000ndash2009) 279ndash80 310ndash11 378ndash80 509ndash15 653 677ndash81 999ndash1000 29 Mk 939 (omitted by Matthew and Luke) Mk 943ndash48 (omitted by Luke) Mk 1534

(reworked in Lk 2346) 30 Mk 115 (reworked and expanded in Lk 416ndash21) Mk 536 (abridged in Matt 923ndash26)

Mk 1314ab (reworked in Lk 2120) Mk 146ndash9 (reworked in Lk 736ndash50) Mk 1413ndash15 (abridged in Matt 2618)

31 Mk 426ndash29 99ndash13 (omitted by Luke) everything that belongs to Mk 645ndash826 (the Great Omission of the Markan material by Luke)

32 Mk 421 (= Lk 816 LkQ 1133) Mk 422 (= Lk 817 LkQ 122) Mk 425 (= Matt 1312 MattQ 2529 Lk 818 LkQ 1926) Mk 68 10ndash11 (= Lk 93ndash5 LkQ 104ndash5 8 10ndash11) Mk 834 (= MattQ 1038 Matt 1624 Lk 923 LkQ 1427) Mk 835 (= MattQ 1039 Matt 1625 Lk 924 LkQ 1733) Mk 838 (= Lk 926 LkQ 128ndash9) Mk 937 (= Matt 185 MattQ 1040 Lk 948 LkQ 1016) Mk 940 (Lk 950 LkQ 1123) Mk 1011ndash12 (= Matt 199 MattQ 532) Mk 1238ndash39 (= Lk 2046 LkQ 1143) Mk 139 11 (= Lk 2112ndash15 LkQ 1211ndash12) See further Fitzmyer Luke 81ndash82

33 See eg H Schuumlrmann ldquoDie Dubletten im Lukasevangeliumrdquo ZKT 75 (1953) 339ndash445 Idem ldquoDie Dublettenvermeidungen im Lukasevangeliumrdquo ZKT 76 (1954) 83ndash93

2 The Study of Q as a Reconstructed Text 9

when Luke is faced with a choice between Mark and Q and does not opt to retain both the preference is overwhelmingly given to the Q location and word-ing of the text34 Consequently it seems overly simplistic to suggest as Rodd does that ldquoas [the reconstructed] lsquoMarkrsquo is not Mark so in all probability the lsquoQrsquo of the scholars is not the historical document Qrdquo35 The evangelistsrsquo ten-dency to either retain the MarkQ parallels or ndash especially in Lukersquos case ndash to favor Q its wording and location over the Markan parallels shows that the two documents were not treated equally as far as the words of Jesus were concerned with the approach to Q being more conservative36

Thirdly the verse and word count discrepancy between the reconstructed and canonical Mark has been somewhat inflated as the percentages cited by scholars are routinely bolstered by the inclusion of the Great Omission On the 2DH there are two possible solutions to this well-known source-critical anom-aly the absence of Mk 645ndash826 from Lukersquos gospel is either intentional or stems from inheriting a shorter copy of Mark which lacked that material In either scenario Lukersquos omission of Mk 645ndash826 complicates the analogy be-tween the reconstructed Mark and Q If the omission was unintentional it tells us something only about the compositional history or textual transmission of Markrsquos gospel If however Lukersquos decision to skip Mk 645ndash826 was inten-tional is it not likely to have been motivated by Lukersquos avoidance of dou-blets37 A similar development is unlikely to have occurred in Lukersquos reception of Q as we have noted when faced with MarkQ doublets Luke tends to favor Qrsquos version over an available Markan parallel38 Consequently due to the sheer size of the Great Omission and regardless of the Omissionrsquos intentionality or

34 LkQ 112 4 9 (= Mk 1124ndash25) LkQ 1115 17ndash18 21 (= Mk 323ndash27) Lk 1210 (=

Mk 328ndash29) LkQ 1240 (= Mk 1332) LkQ 1318ndash19 (= Mk 430ndash32) LkQ 1330 (= Mk 1031) Lk 1618 (= Mk 1011ndash12) LkQ 171ndash2 (= Mk 942) LkQ 176 (= Mk 1123) LkQ 1723 31 (= Mk 1315ndash16 21) All of these are deployed by Luke in clusters of Q material rather than in the Lukan parallels to the respective Markan pericopes Mk 950 (= LkQ 1434ndash35) is similarly deployed away from its Markan context and surrounded by Q and L material Both Matthew and Luke favor the wording of Q 1434ndash35 over its Markan parallel

35 Rodd ldquoThe End of the Theology of Qrdquo 12 36 See eg Christopher M Tuckett Q and the History of Early Christianity Studies on Q

(Edinburgh TampT Clark 1996) 94 Luz ldquoQ in Matthewrdquo 50 37 Mk 645ndash52 contains a sea miracle similar to Mk 435ndash41 Mk 71ndash23 was likely elim-

inated to shift the lifting of the dietary restrictions to the post-Easter stage in Lukersquos narrative (Acts 109ndash16) Mk 724ndash30 was probably (a) deemed redundant (see LkQ 71ndash10) (b) re-garded as problematic due to the conflict between the Markan Jesusrsquo reluctance to perform a miracle for a Gentile person (Mk 727) and the Lukan Jesusrsquo programmatic openness to such developments (Lk 425ndash27) Mk 81ndash10 14ndash21 and 822ndash26 are clearly redundant (see Mk 635ndash44 Lk 912ndash17 Mk 1046ndash52 Lk 1835ndash43) Mk 811ndash13 has a Q parallel (= LkQ 1129ndash32)

38 On the L-M Hypothesis this would mean that Luke tends to favor Matthewrsquos version over an available Markan parallel

10 Chapter One Prolegomena

lack thereof the reconstructed Mark presents an analogy to Q that is at best tenuous

In light of the above observations my contention is that methodologically virtually the entire Q is likely to be accounted for in terms of its content39 That still leaves the question of the documentrsquos precise wording and its recovery Here Roth has argued that

there is a fundamental difference between conceiving of the ldquotext of Qrdquo as a reconstruction of its original wording and approaching it as a metaphorical and narratival realm an intertext as it were accessible through Matthew and Luke40

Roth further states as one of his monographrsquos objectives (which is primarily dedicated to the study of Qrsquos parables) an attempt to

advance Q studies by pursuing insight into the parables of Q through a different set of meth-odological approaches than those present in the reigning paradigm focusing upon word-level reconstruction The resultant exegetical work is not therefore in the first instance focused upon vocabulary and syntax of a reconstructed text but rather upon the narratival elements and structures characters images metaphors and theological emphases of an ldquointertextrdquo41

I see no reason to contest Rothrsquos objections to an uncritical acceptance of the CEQ text (of course the CEQ editors have already noted that it is only a work-ing reconstruction)42 Pending the surfacing of an actual copy of Q any recon-struction of its wording is necessarily going to remain hypothetical and thus subject to continued analysis Still to suggest that the hypothetical nature of the enterprise undermines its results perhaps runs the risk ldquothat a methodologi-cal limitation becomes an ontological description of Q itselfrdquo43 Roth admits that his own study of narratival and metaphorical elements ldquocannot function on an entirely lsquowordlessrsquo levelrdquo proposing as a solution that Qrsquos text should be accessed exclusively through the wording of Matthew and Luke44 Such drastic restrictions are in my opinion unnecessary In light of the previous discussion it is possible to assert from a methodologically sound position that Qrsquos recon-structions are not ldquopotentially faultyrdquo to the degree suggested by Roth45 While a precise word-by-word recovery may not be possible or even necessary in every verse of the synoptic double tradition a reliable near-word-level recon-struction of Q appears consistently attainable This is suggested by Lukersquos (and frequently Matthewrsquos) aforementioned preference of Qrsquos wording in the MarkQ parallels Matthewrsquos and Lukersquos slightly superior degree of verbal

39 See further Fleddermann Commentary 73ndash74 Luz ldquoQ in Matthewrdquo 45 (while positing

the existence of QMatt Luz concludes that it ldquodid not differ substantiallyrdquo from the main body of the Q source)

40 Roth Parables 41 41 Ibid 44ndash45 42 Ibid 38ndash39 Roth (ibid) also critiques Fleddermannrsquos alternative reconstruction 43 Kirk Q in Matthew 152 44 Roth Parables 40ndash41 45 Ibid 44

Index of Ancient Sources

Hebrew Bible (LXX)

Genesis414 28 3361ndash4 5062 4 (LXX) 115723 (LXX) 981316 331417 36174ndash6 1991710ndash14 1591817ndash18 1991826 (LXX) 981917 (LXX) 982218 199264 199

Exodus161ndash36 117171ndash7 1181715 (LXX) 1242114 (LXX) 1242225ndash26 1502320ndash21 23 1632415ndash16 (LXX) 472520 (LXX) 124

Numbers111ndash9 1172319 40

Deuteronomy324 (LXX) 146612ndash15 118613 (LXX) 116616 (LXX) 116 11882ndash3 11783 (LXX) 116811ndash20 118812ndash15 (LXX) 117

926 (LXX) 146159 (LXX) 205241ndash4 79 208 2092410ndash17 1502918ndash20 207319 25ndash26 209328ndash9 (LXX) 1213211 201

Joshua2313 (LXX) 207

Ruth212 201

1 Samuel27 (LXX) 1371821 (LXX) 207

1 Kings627 (LXX) 12486 (LXX) 1241717ndash24 162191ndash18 116 118 119194 (LXX) 117195 (LXX) 118198 (LXX) 117 1181910 14 (LXX) 1182219ndash23 (LXX) 121

2 Kings216 (LXX) 112 116418ndash37 16251ndash14 163

2 Chronicles58 (LXX) 1242314 125

Index of Ancient Sources246

Ezra91ndash2 1371018ndash44 137

Job16 11521 1151621 40256 40358 40387 115

Psalms2 16869 (LXX) 19785 40102 9 137178 2013510 137367 201605 (LXX) 124614 2016923 (LXX) 207722ndash12 1378018 40813 (LXX) 137901ndash2 4 (LXX) 124906 (LXX) 1249011ndash12 (LXX) 123914 2011063 (LXX) 1981091 (LXX) 4110916 22 13611826 1061457ndash8 (LXX) 1611463 401476 137

Proverbs1ndash9 55236 (LXX) 205264ndash5 189

Isaiah1ndash39 13511 168253ndash4 (LXX) 137315 201355 (LXX) 16140ndash55 135

426 168427 18 (LXX) 161435 198491ndash8 1685112 4055ndash66 135562 40563ndash8 136585ndash7 13860ndash62 135611 (LXX) 160 161611ndash2 (LXX) 48 134611ndash3 (LXX) 132 135 136 137665 (LXX) 1376618ndash20 164 198

Jeremiah317ndash18 164 1984918 33 405040 405143 40

Ezekiel8ndash11 112 11382 11440ndash48 112 113402 113403 114

Daniel713 27 40 41 168 213817 40

Amos13 (LXX) 20413ndash28 7528 15035 (LXX) 18086 (LXX) 137

Haggai220ndash22 163

Zechariah315 13787 198

Malachi16ndash29 163210ndash16 163

247Index of Ancient Sources

31 163 164 322ndash23 (LXX) 163

Old Tes tament Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha

1 Enoch1ndash5 761ndash36 4621ndash54 1226ndash11 526ndash16 4766 4573ndash6 1221021 164 198123ndash4 46124 113 125137 45139 45148ndash164 76151 46152ndash4 125171 11417ndash19 112 11320ndash36 112 113215 114242ndash257 113261ndash275 113323ndash6 11337ndash71 41 45 186 213381ndash6 122384ndash5 45391ndash3 45396 108413ndash8 76418 44421ndash2 (3) 126 171 201422 170451ndash6 76455 4546 52461ndash8 141462ndash4 42464ndash6 45468 46471ndash4 14148ndash49 52481 202481ndash10 141482 42

483 202483ndash7 168488ndash9 (10) 45 122492 4 168493 202505 76513 (5a) 168 172 20251ndash52 5252ndash56 112526 9 168531ndash5 45 122536 46 168542 45543ndash4 76545ndash6 45547 210554 45 108561ndash4 45565ndash8 43 44 45571 198591ndash6023 766010 4261ndash63 46 52621ndash9 45622ndash3 122624ndash6312 122625ndash14 42631ndash12 45 122632ndash4 106637 1236311 426312 76651ndash663 52671ndash681 52678ndash13 43 44 45 1226926ndash29 42 52701 42715ndash17 447113(14)ndash17 42 1418215ndash20 7683ndash84 52891ndash9 528973ndash74 1139038 164

Index of Ancient Sources248

1006 1681049ndash13 47

2 Enoch31ndash221 113101ndash6 112

3 Baruch3ndash17 113163 204

3 Enoch11ndash12 113

Ascension of Isaiah610ndash15 113

Baruch437 19855 198

Bel and the Dragon36 112 114 116

Jubilees11ndash8 209120 12122 114727 52102 52105 52106 121108ndash11 52 114 121114 121115 521114ndash1214 321220 1211525ndash34 1591531ndash32 114 1211928 121492 52

Letter of Aris teas155 145

Psalms of Solomon219 159823 30 1591112 1981731 164 1981810ndash12 76

Sirach21ndash17 72 86212 87143ndash7 2051410ndash11 202241ndash12 125247ndash11 1262410ndash11 1592525ndash26 2072611 2053113 2053522ndash3622 723824ndash3911 17243 76501ndash24 125

The Sentences of the Syriac Menander340ndash46 189

Tes tament of Abraham81ndash12 113

Tes tament of Levi26ndash57 113

Tes tament of Moses51ndash62 126

Tobit145ndash7 164 198

Vita Adae et Evae61ndash103 116121ndash161 115

Wisdom of Solomon410ndash15 46418ndash513 46

249Index of Ancient Sources

New Tes tament

Q32ndash958 (59ndash60) 101 103 104 108

126 155 173 17537 5237ndash9 16ndash17 5 54 64 68 70 90

104 11637ndash735 78 80 81 83 85

101 102 103317 54 9141ndash13 5 51 52 53 64 65

66 78 91 104 111 112 113 114 115 118 119 126 152 153 155 156

41ndash4 116 11745ndash8 114 119 121 122

123 15949ndash12 (13) 47 51 65 96 123

157 200416 91 129 130 131

153620ndash49 16 63 82 91 104

105 129 130 131 153

620b 12 91 132620bndash21 48 132 133 134

135 136 137620bndash23 5 131 132 143621a 12 20 91 132622 12 17 24 25 26

38 71 140 141 153 167 170 194 205

622ndash23 17 20 52 53 54 96 132 133 134 136 139 140 141 142 206

623c 64 82 129 132 139 140 142 143

627ndash35 (36) 13 16 71 129 147 151 152 153 154

629 24 91 150630 24 150631 91 152637ndash38 12 92640 92 144646 92 104 144 145

146 153 154 203

647ndash49 12 92 14471ndash10 9 64 92 104 126

155 156 158 169 197 199

76 145 20379 87 96 104 156

157 158 167 173 194 198 199

718ndash19 159 167718ndash23 159718ndash28 64 166718ndash960 92722 16 54 134 135

161 163 164 172727 96 163731ndash35 64 70 92 165 166

169 170 171733 51 53734 24 26 52 165 167

169 170 172735 166 170957ndash58 (59ndash60) 92 105 111 155

169 170 171957ndash62 63959ndash60 172 173958 24 25 26 27 38

52 71 164 165 169 170 171 172

959 145102ndash16 5 56 63 70 86

158 170 175 182 215

102ndash24 92102ndash1240 101 105 107 108

175 205104 48 92109 73 931012 93 1751012ndash15 54 64 82 861013ndash15 47 56 70 80 81

82 86 87 96 107 126 175 199 212

1016 72 931021 56 81 87 93 96

173 2091021ndash22 54 56 78 79 81

82 145 1941021ndash24 64 107

Index of Ancient Sources250

1022 81 93 114 116 145 146 203 209

1023ndash24 17 93 106112ndash4 9ndash13 5 63 78 93 117

176 177 179 180112b 48 178 184114 24 178119ndash13 12 93 176 177

178 179 180 1811114 51 1761114ndash20 52 531114ndash32 931114ndash52 64 107 1791118 51 53 93 114 121

1591124ndash26 51 53 9311(16) 29ndash32 9 54 70 96 2121130 24 26 52 1861133ndash52 93 2051134 93 2051139ndash52 70 107 126 1691142c 64 66 1251149 521149ndash51 47 53 54 66 96

118 119 157 2001151 52 200 205122ndash12 5 70 94 107 155

180 181 182 183 184 194

123 72 94124ndash5 54 70 73 181 182

190124ndash7 94 121 122 176

179 180 181 194 214

125 181 204128 24 26 38 54 185

187 188 189128ndash9 52 69 94 167 184

186 187 188 189 214

128ndash10 54 64 69 71 82 175 176 183 184 187 189 190 194 212

129 184 185 1881210 24 26 94 185 187

188 1891211ndash12 54 70 72 73 94

181 182 214

1222ndash31 (33ndash34) 63 73 176 177 178 179 180 190 192

1222ndash40 941224 23 178 1801227 231231 48 94 1841233 12 48 1911233ndash34 69 94 191 1921235ndash38 94 108 190 2031235ndash46 1081235ndash59 94 1081235ndash2230 101 105 108 109

197 2031239 17 18 95 1911239ndash40 18 20 54 70 71

94 105 175 190 191 192 193 203 212

1239ndash59 64 1911240 24 52 69 95 167

186 191 1931242ndash46 52 53 54 69 70

95 191 192 197 203 204 205 206 212

1245 96 2051246 2041251 20 951251ndash59 1081252ndash53 201256 171258ndash59 24 951318ndash19 20ndash21 5 20 48 63 95

108 2071318ndash24 951324 63 951325ndash30 54 63 82 871325ndash1423 54 95 96 126 158

1991327 52 53 96 118 1981328ndash29 96 198 1991334 52 125 2061334ndash35 47 53 54 63 66

81 82 83 96 105 106 107 108 109 118 119 125 157 194 198 200 201 202

1335 51 54 96 106 202

251Index of Ancient Sources

1411 54 961416ndash23 (24) 63 82 971423 541426 72 97 2151426ndash27 1733 20 63 72 971426ndash176 971427 54 97 140 141

182 2141434ndash35 63 97154ndash5a 7 20 63 97 108 2091613 12 63 94 971616 64 97 207 2091616ndash18 2061617 17 63 64 66 79

97 125 206 207 208 209

1616(17)ndash172 197 206 2081618 24 63 79 97 206

207 208 209171ndash2 97 207 208171ndash6 63173ndash4 18 20 98176 18 20 78 98 108

2101720ndash21 17 981723 98 2101723ndash37 54 64 69 70 71

98 167 170 197 210 211 212

1723ndash2230 108 2111724 26 30 24 52 98 991733 54 97 182 2141734ndash35 98 991912ndash26 64 69 99 108 197

203 204 205 206 212

1912ndash2230 991922 2052228ndash30 5 54 64 99 108

212

Matthew37 52310 9542 11745 12448 119 120413 130 1315ndash7 94 10251 119

54 13458 138511 (12) 52 205512 142515 7539 149 150540 15 150541 15 89 91 149 150542 150 151544 148 149544ndash45 91 149545 20861ndash18 94612 177619ndash21 94620 191623 205624 94625ndash34 94626 178627 177630 178 17975 1877 17779 177711 178 179712 152723 52724 26 9185ndash13 199810 155811ndash12 198 199819 169820 27 142 171821 172822 173829 12191ndash8 7920ndash22 97922 7937 92107 731026 71029 1801032 184 1891032ndash33 91 1841034 951038 731039 141115 134 163

Index of Ancient Sources252

1119 1691122ndash45 931125 2081217 731232 1841239 52 2051243 1241311 13 71342 951416 71521ndash28 97162bndash3 951613ndash28 1401617ndash19 471625 141171 1191717 7186 208186ndash22 97188ndash9 951825 971928 991929 992030 130219 1062131 972133ndash41 (42ndash46) 7 19221ndash14 18236ndash7 206237 1662334 522334ndash36 962335 522337 52 1972337ndash39 81 105 201243ndash41 210 211244ndash14 72423 982443 1912443ndash44 1932445 2062448 (49) 52 205251ndash13 972514ndash30 992526 28 2052530 992531 992541 95 121266ndash13 972640ndash41 7

2669 71 1302669ndash75 1892732 912755 97285 130289ndash10 972816ndash18 1192818 120

Mark114 21 131123ndash26 121124 130129ndash31 18821ndash12 731 14937ndash12 188313 114327 93328 188328ndash29 18443ndash8 193411ndash12 7413 177430ndash32 20 193438 177421ndash22 7435ndash41 9525ndash34 97534 761ndash6a 188615 163635ndash44 9637 7645ndash52 9645ndash826 971ndash23 9724ndash30 9 9781ndash10 9811ndash13 9822ndash26 9827 140827ndash98 47828 163831ndash33 121834ndash35 20835 141838 184 19092 11492ndash8 47

253Index of Ancient Sources

919 7943ndash47 951028 73 1791029 201035ndash40 1831039 1881046ndash52 91047 130119 1061117 7 1771122ndash23 25ab 18 201124 1801129ndash30 7121ndash9 (10ndash12) 7 19129 191211 191226 177133ndash37 210 211135ndash13 71315ndash16 991321 98143ndash9 971437ndash38 71447 95 1491462 411466ndash72 1891467 130151ndash5 951521 911541 97166 130

Luke15ndash25 10237 5242 11745 12246b 7 12046cd 120 121416 130416ndash30 188425ndash27 9438ndash39 188517ndash26 766 149617ndash19 188621 134622 205623 142625 134

627 149627ndash28 148628 149629 15 150630 150 151634 151635 91 208642 18646 146647ndash49 9179 155722 163734 169735 166 208810 7816ndash17 7824 177831 121848 7912ndash17 9913 7924 141926 190941 7957 169958 171959 172960 173102 92109 731017ndash20 1211021 208114 177115ndash8 97 177119 1771111 1771112 1171113 178 1791120 511121ndash22 931124 124 2051124ndash26 931129 52 2051143 166 2061149 521150 521151 52124 73 179126 180128 184

Index of Ancient Sources254

128ndash9 911211 731213ndash21 971223a 1771224 177 1781228 1791233 1911235ndash38 89 941239 1911239ndash40 1931242 2061245 52 2051249 89 951254ndash56 95131ndash35 1021327 52 1971328ndash29 1981334 52 1971415ndash24 181427 73158ndash10 97172 2081711ndash19 981720 981721 981722 981728ndash29 89 98 991731 991732 991733 971835ndash43 91912ndash27 991922 24 2051927 991938 96 1061941ndash44 961946 177209ndash16 (17ndash19) 7 192018 192037 177218ndash19 7223 1212228ndash30 992246 72249ndash51 952250 1492254ndash62 188234 14 952413ndash33 102

John446 158446ndash54 157448 158631ndash58 117844 121123 1061225ndash26 201231 1211430 1211611 1211828ndash1916 102

Acts23 9521ndash4 18951ndash11 189109ndash16 9121ndash2 183123ndash19 183

Romans1214 149

1 Corinthians412 14963 121 192132 18 20

2 Corinthians41ndash6 19244 121

Galatians113ndash14 18343 8ndash9 121 192

Ephesians21ndash2 121 192612 121 192

1 Thessalonians214ndash16 183218 121 19251ndash11 19252 20 19255ndash6 192

2 Thessalonians21ndash12 210 211

255Index of Ancient Sources

2 Timothy211ndash13 190

Hebrews1137 204

James 315ndash17 12444ndash7 121

1 Peter314 132 139 143319ndash20 47414 132 139 141 14358 121

2 Peter24ndash5 47 121

Jude16ndash7 121

Revelation110ndash20 113113 18635 19041ndash11 113123ndash4 121171ndash3 114173ndash18 112 113219ndash27 112 1132110 113

New Tes tament Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha

Gospel of Thomas1ndash71 1731ndash3 2161ndash4 1710 19 95111 1713 21161ndash2 20 95163 2017 1720ndash21 71 193201ndash4 20 192215ndash8 18 19 20 192243 36ndash39 17261ndash2 18262ndash331 1731 21361ndash3 19 143 180473 2148 18 19 20

54 137 13855 2058 17 13864 18 1965 1968 20 132 138 139

14068ndash69 19 139 143691 17 138692 19 20 137 13877 2179 2186 169 170103 17106ndash107 19 201131ndash2 9

Pseudo-Clementine Homilies12313 180

Dead Sea Scrolls

CD214ndash41 125412ndash14 121 124 125419ndash52 208

51ndash5 2091316ndash17 207122ndash3 121161ndash2 125

Index of Ancient Sources256

1QapGen 29 30 31 33 35 36 37 40

1QH430 40

1QM11 1211310ndash12 121175ndash6 51

1QpHab 56 125

1QS25 121211ndash15 207 208321ndash25 11749 18258 125119ndash10 1821120 40

1Q27 (1Q4QMys teries)1 i 1ndash8 56 202

4Q299 (1Q4QMys teries)3andashb ii 2ndash8 563andashb ii 9ndash16 56

4Q416 (4QIns truction)1 10ndash13 56 2021 12 1822 i 21ndashiv 13 562 ii 6 17 178

4Q417 (4QIns truction)1 i 6ndash9 561 i 10(11)ndash12 56 2021 i 12ndash13 561 i 14 561 i 16 115 1821 i 17 1821 i 24 56 2022 i 17ndash24 562 i 19 21ndash22 178

4Q418 (4QIns truction)69 ii 6ndash9 56 202

69 ii 12ndash13 5681 1ndash2 18281 2ndash5 5681 4 11581 5 11581 20 56 20288 56103 56107 56123 5ndash8 56

4Q423 (4QIns truction)5 3 565 5ndash6 56

4Q503 115

4Q521 16 54 135 137 159 160 161 162

4Q525 57 133

4QDeut j 1214 121

4QIsa 135

4QMMTC 4ndash9 125

11Q11 124

11Q13 135 137

11QPsa 191ndash18 121

11QT545 2075715ndash19 208669ndash11 207

Targums4QtgJob 314QtgLev 3111QtgJob 31 33 35 40

257Index of Ancient Sources

Josephus

Ant14133ndash146 4415103 451982 123

Bell188 46

1131ndash11 441161ndash5 461213 461335 452101ndash5 1232116 183

Babylonian Texts

Gilgamesh 112

Greek and Latin Authors

Dio CassiusHis t59271 120

HomerOd10503ndash15 1121112ndash22 112

PlatoPhaed111cndash112e 112

Senecade Ben2121ndash2 120

Seneca the ElderControv9210 183

TacitusAnn632 120

His t59 183

Apos tolic and Church Fathers

1 Clement132 153292 121394ndash5 121

2 Clement32 190134 148

Apos tolic Cons titutions721 152

722 148 150 151722ndash6 147725 149 150726 148 153

AthanasiusFes t Let 3911 14

Canons of the Holy Apos tles4ndash5 152

Index of Ancient Sources258

Chrysos tomHom Mt342 180

Clement of AlexandriaS trom4641 139 143

Didache11ndash63 1412c 15213b 148 14913bndash5b 11 12 13 15 16

71 147 151 15413bndash21 5 11 14 15 15013c 15113cndash4a 1413d 15 14814 1414a 1614b 15 14914c 91 15014d 15 149 150 15115a 15015b 148 15381ndash2 1482 16103bndash122a 14113 16113ndash137 14153ndash4 16161ndash8 210 211 212

EusebiusHis t Eccl3254

IrenaeusAdv Haer1101 1214162 121

Jus tin Martyr1 Apol159 148

2 Apol25 121

OrigenC Cels870 180

PolycarpPhilippians22ndash3 153

Shepherd of HermasMandate 24ndash6 153

Similitude535ndash8 138

Rabbinic Literature

j Ber3b 5b 5c 31 37 38

j Ket35a 31 37

j Šab3a 38d 31 37

j Taʿan65b 4069ab 125

R Gen72 313813 31 37796 31

R Num193 31 38

TargumsCairo BGen 414 31 33 34 37 41

259Index of Ancient Sources

Cairo FExod 1913 37Deut 346 37

Neof I Gen 414 31 33 41Gen 95ndash6 37Gen 4922 36

Papyri Manuscripts and Inscriptions

Br Mus Or 9271 14P Oxy 1 17P Oxy 654 17

P Oxy 655 17 143 180P Oxy 1782 14 15 148 151Sf III 16ndash17 40

Index of Modern Authors

Achtemeier P 139 141Adams S L 56 72 202Alexander P S 31 32Allison D C 1 2 3 5 12 22 24 66

75 77 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 90 91 94 96 98 99 103 105 107 112 117 119 120 123 125 129 130 131 133 134 135 136 138 139 140 144 147 148 149 150 152 153 155 158 160 163 169 170 172 175 176 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 193 197 198 200 205

Anderson A A 124Anderson F I 113Andrejevs O 25 164 172 190Arcari L 44Argall R A 47 72 202Arnal W E 23 24 48 59 61 63 65

66 67 68 78 86 104 123 125 132 134 136 150 191 194 208 214

Attridge H W 17Audet J-P 14Avigad N 29 30

Bailey K 102Bauckham R 12Baum A D 1Bazzana G B 1 3 24 59 178 198Beasley-Murray G R 158Berger K 104Bergmeier R 159 160 162Betz D H 3 24 51 103 146 179 183de Begraveze T 27Bird M F 159 198 199Black C C 11Black M 26 28 30 31 32 35 36 37

40 168Blenkinsopp J 135 136 137Boccaccini G 32 43 44 50Boring M E 38 183 184 185 188

192 211

Borsch F H 185Bovon F 5 19 93 95 96 98 99 106

140 177 179 184 185 198Bowman J W 28 33Boyarin D 23Breuer Y 34Brin G 208Broadhead E K 3 89Brodie T L 163Brooke G J 43 160Brown R E 11 12 102 130 157 158Broyles C C 123Bultmann R 3 60 98 111 132 156

158 184 185 186 187 188 201Burkett D 27 213Bussmann W 26

Campbell J Y 28 46Caragounis C C 27 29 39Carroll J T 3Carruth S 119Casey P M 29 34 35 37 39 41Cas tor G D 4 5Catchpole D R 21 77 90 96 99 129

131 145 147 156 157 159 164 175 188 198 208

Chang A 199Charlesworth J H 31 42 43 44 45

46 47 72 160 171 185Chazon E G 115 202Cheung L L 12Childs B S 163Chilton B D 26 36 39 117 130Clark D J 109Collins A Y 39 41 47 50 51 52 103

114 188 193 211Collins J J 23 40 43 48 49 50 51

52 53 57 76 77 121 126 160 161 162 163 168 202

Colpe C 25 26 28 29 31 32 36 37 39 40 45 140

Index of Modern Authors262

Conzelmann H 96 97Cotter W J 61 104 132 156 163 165

166 170 191Cromhout M 61 145 191Crossan J D 39 89 94 98 134

Dalman G 27 29 30Damm A 171Davidson M J 114Davies W D 1 2 3 91 99 119 120

131 138 139 140 149 150 169 172 179 180 184 185 193 197 200

DeConick A D 11 17 20 21 138 139 192

Derrenbacker R A 1 24Di Lella A A 73Dibelius M 12Diacuteez Macho A 30Dimant D 160DiTommaso L 57Doering L 208Downing F G 23 64Draper J A 13 14 15 16 68 156Dundenberg I 11Dunn J D G 1 149 183Dupont J 97 116Durham J I 163

Eldridge M D 117Elgvin T 49 56 57 115 202Eshel H 44

Fiebig P 26 27 28 34 37 39Fitzmyer J A 1 2 3 8 19 26 28 30

31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 82 91 95 97 98 117 118 119 130 131 133 138 139 140 146 149 163 177 179 208

Fleddermann H T 2 6 10 11 59 62 69 83 84 85 86 87 90 91 93 95 97 98 101 103 104 105 109 129 130 134 140 144 148 150 152 156 157 163 166 170 176 177 179 184 185 189 199 200 203 205 211

Flusser D 14 15Fos ter P 1 3 6 12 26Freedman H 32Frenschkowski M 145Frey J 56Freyne S 159 199

Funk F X 14 147

Garciacutea Martiacutenez F 49 57 160 162 202 208

Garrow A 13Gathercole S 17 19 20 138 139 181Gerber C 203Gibson J B 116Gieschen C A 147Ginsburger M 30Glover R 13 16Goering G S 72 125Goff M J 55 56 57 79 84 115 178

202Goodacre M 1 17 19Greenfield J C 27Greeven H 12Gregg B H 90 97 186 198 204Grenfell B P 14 17Guelich R A 193Guenther H O 26Gundry R H 150 181 197

Haenchen E 12 139 157 158 201Hahn F 185Han K S 124 125 200Hannah D D 42 43 45 46Hare D R A 38 39 40 184 185Harrington D J 33 55 57 202 Hartin P J 12 61 119 166Hasitschka M 118Heil C 5 38 60 99 119 181Higgins A J B 184Hill A E 163Hindley J C 43Hoffmann P 5 38 55 67 70 75 77

80 96 99 112 145 167 170 184 185

Holtzmann H J 4Hooker M D 45Horsley R 68 156 198 199 200van der Hors t P W 73Hossfeld F L 124Howard G 146Howes L 26 39 43 61 65 77 81 133

140 141 142 166 167 170 185 188 190 212

Hubbard B J 38Hultgren S 160 162Hunt A S 14 17

263Index of Modern Authors

van Iersel B M F 102

Jacobson A D 5 26 39 49 54 60 61 64 75 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 85 87 90 94 96 97 98 106 129 132 140 144 152 156 157 167 170 171 184 185 187 201 207 210

Jefford C N 13 14 15Jeremias J 179 198 204Jervis L A 55Jewett R 149Johnson L A 178 208Johnson L T 12Johnson-DeBaufre M 66 103 163Jonas H 51de Jonge H J 24 185Jongeling B 35Joseph S J 1 21 23 24 45 46 47 48

51 52 68 103 125 132 134 136 142 144 153 156 159 160 161 162 164 178 180 181 182 184 185 187 190 191 200 201 202 206 208 214 215

Jus t A A 102

Kahle P 26 30 31 36Kampen J L 162 209Kaufman S A 31 32 36 40Keener C S 183Kirk A 2 4 5 6 10 15 24 55 59 60

61 62 66 67 68 69 71 72 73 75 76 77 78 79 83 84 85 86 87 88 90 94 96 98 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 111 114 129 152 155 156 166 177 179 184 189 190 197 203 207 208 214 215

Kloppenborg J S 1 2 3 4 5 11 12 13 14 15 17 19 21 22 23 24 25 26 38 39 50 51 53 54 55 57 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 86 87 88 89 90 95 97 98 99 103 104 107 108 111 112 121 122 123 124 125 126 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 139 140 141 142 143 144 147 148 150 151 155 156 157 158 160 162 163 164 165 166 167 170 171 172 175 176 180 181 182 183 184 187 189

190 191 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 208 210 211 212 213

Knibb M A 46 202Koes ter H 15 38 48 60 61 63 66

148Koumlhler W D 16Kraus H-J 124Kutscher E Y 30 35 36

Lang B 201Laurence R 41Leives tad R 43Levine A-J 208Lichtenberger H 124Lindars B 29 34 37 39 43 184 185

188Lohfink N 118Lukaszewski A 25 27Luz U 3 10 60 74 75 78 81 87 90

91 93 95 96 97 99 102 106 111 131 134 140 142 145 148 150 151 166 169 180 181 184 185 197 198 199 201 204 207

Luumldemann G 183Luumlhrmann D 61 64 78 111 140 157

158 165 180 184

Mack B L 23 38 43 61 133 135 170Magness J 160Malherbe A 192 211Manson T W 5 28 101Maori Y 32Marcus J 8 11 41 47 102 183 188

193 199 211Marshall I H 3Martiacutenez R 166 167Martyn J L 183Maumlrz C-P 90 94McDermott J M 185McNamara M J 31Meadors E P 62 66 67 72 74 76 77

166 168 201Meadors G T 137Menken M J J 116 117Meyer A 27Meyer P D 157Middleton P 182Milik J P 36 42 43 187Milikowsky C 181Miller R J 63 201

Index of Modern Authors264

Mitchell D C 124Moller H B 29Moreland M 23Moss C 182Mournet T C 1Muraoka T 35 38Muumlnch C 203

Neirynck F 2 3 4 11 22 26 90 98 99 116 130 140 149

Nickelsburg G 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 52 53 76 106 112 113 122 126 141 168 172 202 210 213

Niebuhr K W 159Niederwimmer K 13 14 15 16 148

151 152Nielsen K 114 115Nolland J 179Novakovic L 160 162

Odeberg H 36Oegema G S 116Owen P 25 29 35

Patterson S J 17 18 21 61 63Perrin N 186Pervo R I 183Pietersma A 146Piovanelli P 44 45Piper R A 61 82 112 176 190Ploeg J P M 35Pokornyacute P 11 17 19 117 139Polag A 62 73 89 90 94Porter S E 180 181Porton G G 38Pries t J 126Propp W H C 163Puech Eacute 133 160 162

Ra Y 39 132 145 155 170 184 185Reicke B 141Riesner R 183Robbins M C 51 103 113 115 117

121 125Robbins V K 104Robinson J M 2 5 24 26 34 38 39

41 43 55 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 77 96 103 119 129 131 132 134 135 140 142 143 144 145

156 160 165 166 167 180 181 184 185 186 187 188 190 200 201 202

Rodd C S 6 7 9Rollens S E 2 3 23 24 26 61 132

182 191Roth D T 2 6 7 10 11 54 90 145

165 191 192 203 204 205 206Rothschild C K 90 159 164Royse J R 146Roumlsel M 146

Sacchi P 43 44 45 47Sandt H 5 14 15Sato M 3 59 62 74 75 76 77 79 80

82 83 87 90 94 98 111 134 170 176 184

Schalit A 44Schenk W 62 73 89 90 103 170 176Schiavo L 104 112 113Schiffman L H 57 160Schnackenburg R 12 157 158Schniedewind W M 160Schroumlter J 180Schulz S 74 132 165 167 176 179

201 210Schuumlrmann H 8 130 167 170Seeley D 132 141 142Segal M 43 114 121Sellew P 193Sevenich-Bax E 103 105Shelton J 163Shepherd D 29 35Shinall M C 51Shirock R J 102Sjoumlberg E 28 29 35 39 45Skeat T C 180Skehan P W 73Smith D A 96 201 202 203So K-C 157Sokoloff M 35Somov A 181Spranger P P 204S taples J A 145 146 154S teck O H 61 64 132 201S tone M E 45S treeter B H 4 12 130S trugnell J 55S tuckenbruck L T 27 30 47 51 65

114 121Syreeni K 4 15 153

265Index of Modern Authors

Tabor J D 160Tannehil R C 178 208Taylor N H 120 123 183Theissen G 123Theophilos M P 126Tigchelaar E J C 56Tiwald M 3 23 160Toumldt H E 47 184 185 186 187Tuckett C M 1 3 6 9 11 13 14 15

17 23 26 49 50 53 54 61 62 63 66 68 72 76 77 84 86 90 94 95 98 112 114 119 121 125 130 134 140 150 154 156 157 158 160 166 170 184 193 199 205 206 207 208 210

Uhlig S 45Uro R 26 62 185

Vaage L E 23 24 26 39 61 133 165 167 170 171 190 191 210

VanderKam J C 43 46 57 168Vassiliadis P 89 94de Vaux R 56Vermes G 26 28 29 31 32 33 34 35

36 37 38 39 40 43 140 160 184

Wacholder B Z 209

von Wahlde U C 12 158Wahlen C 51Walck L W 46 52Watson F 1Weaks J A 6 7Weinfeld M 118 146 207 208Weiser A 124Weiss B 130Wellhausen J 26Welch J W 102Wernberg-Mѳller P 36Wes termann C 135 136Williams P J 35Wilson W T 149Wins ton D 46 72Wise M O 160Witetschek S 86 167Wolter M 90van der Woude A S 35Wright III B J 72 202

Xeravits G G 202

York A D 32

Zeller D 63 69 111 165 212Zenger E 124

Index of Subjects

Abel-Main (Tell Abl) 45Abraham 32 157Agrippa I 123 183Ahab 118 121angel of Yahweh 163angelicheavenly rebellion 121 125Antigonus 43aphaeresis 27 32 34 36 38apocalypse 48ndash as incorrectly applied to Mk 133ndash37

211ndash as incorrectly applied to Q 1723ndash37

210 211apocalypticndash Chris tianity 53ndash discourse 211ndash framework 57 121ndash inaccurately used as a noun 49ndash literature 47 53 54 135ndash language in Ben Sira 72ndash tradition 56 57 186ndash wisdom ins tructions other than Q 56

57 77 202ndash worldview (outside of Q see its at-

tes tation in Q referenced separately below) 24 49 50 51 55 57 87 121

apocalypticism 25 87 58 62ndash and apocalypse 48 49ndash and eschatology 48ndash as a literary category 48 79ndash as a dis tortion of Godrsquos intended

order 23ndash as compatible with wisdom in late

second temple literature 57 62 66 70 72 154 202

ndash as having a place outside the genre of an apocalypse 49

ndash as synonymous with apocalyptic worldview 49

ndash in Pauline thought 192ndash in sectarian environments 53

ndash in recent Q scholarship 48ndash methodological definitions of 50 54

186Aramaic 25 26 46 70 140 187 204

213ndash OfficialImperialBiblical 26 27 35

40ndash Middle 26 27 30 32 33 34 35 36

37 38 40 41 52 167 170 187 188ndash Late 26 27 28 32 33 34 35 36 37

38 41 140 187ndash Galilean 29 36 38ndash Qumran 31 32 35 38Athaliah 125Augus tus 45

Babylonian Exile 118Banias 45βασιλείαndash as a hypothetical metaphor reflecting

the social interes ts of Qrsquos author(s) 48

ndash as a political entity 120ndash of God 23 48 73 95 108 123 132

177 178 182 183 184 192 194 206 207

ndash of Satan 51 114ndash realized 142beatitude(s) 82 91 93 105 131 132

133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 153

Bethsaida 45 56 93

Caesarea Philippi 46(Cairo) Geniza fragments 28 29 30 32

36 37Capernaum 45 56 93chiasm 83 85 101 102 103 109 118

120chias tic 85 101 103 106 107 108 120

152 197

Index of Subjects268

Chorazin 56 93chreia(s) 63 71 104 105 120 211chreiic 65 86 104 105 111 156chris tology (see the Q discussion refer-

enced separately below)ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 17ndash in Luke 19ndash in Mark 131circumcision 159 209Claudius 183cosmic mountain 114 119Cynic(s) 23

Dan 45 47Darius I 163Deuteronomis t 118Deuteronomis tic His tory 146deuteronomis ticndash agenda 156ndash context(s) 143 153ndash framework 53 54ndash motifs 118 127ndash orientation 64ndash outlook 61 82 114ndash redaction 80ndash rhetoric 136ndash s tratums trata 78ndash theme 78ndash tradition 79ndash unders tanding 64devil 51 66 114 117 119 120 121 123

124

Elijah 96 116 118 126 162 163 164ElijahElisha cycle 162 163Enoch 44 45 47 51 76 112 113 157

172 202ndash as a scribe 46ndash Book of Watchers 45 113 125ndash sapiential content in Watchers 76ndash Book of Parables 24 41 47 157 167

171 213ndash sapiential content in Parables 76ndash Epis tle of Enoch 43ndash his torical incarnation of 202ndash Seminar 47Enochicndash author 122ndash corpus 52 73ndash formulation 52

ndash framework 121ndash literaturetext 43 46 56ndash movement 47 53 157 210ndash mythology 113 114 122 164ndash Son of Man 172ndash tradents 46ndash tradition 43 46 47 79 113 122 157

215ndash Watchers myth 45 53 121eschatological prophetndash in 4Q521 160 162ndash in Q 164 165 166eschatology (see the Q discussion refer-

enced separately below) 47 48 50ndash in 1 Enoch 42 47 76 122 141 142

168 169ndash in 4Q521 159 160 162ndash in 4QIns truction 56ndash in Ben Sira 72ndash in Malachi 163 164ndash in Psalms of Solomon 159ndash in Trito-Isaiah 136Exodusndash legendmyth 117ndash imagerymotifs 116 163

form (literary)ndash and meaning 82ndash and worldview 76ndash apocalypse 49ndash criticism 61 62 63 67 68 69 70

74 156 170 214ndash miracle s tory 156ndash wisdom 84ndash (wisdom) ins truction 70 71

Gaius (Caligula) 44 46 123Galilee 23 36 44 45 47 56 73 131

171 194 215ndash village scribes 48ndash villagestowns 24 93 199Gentile(s) 9 87 96 120 126 155 157

158 159 164 167 168 169 173 198 199 209 215

Great Omission 8 9

HasidicHasidim 79 162Hebrew 25 35 39 40 41 42 204Hebrew Biblescriptures 24 118 127

136 160

269Index of Subjects

Hermogenes 171mt Hermon 45 46 47Herod the Great and the Herodian era

43 44 45 46 126Herodians 45(holy) Spirit 72 94 178 189Hulah Valley 45

Isaiah (see the Index of Ancient Sources for specific passages)

ndash Deutero 46 135 136 168 169ndash firs t-century reader of 135ndash Trito 51 54 135 136 137 143 154

163 200Israelndash in Ben Sira 125ndash in Daniel 168ndash in Deuteronomy 118ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 139ndash in the Hebrew Bible 198 199ndash in Jubilees 121ndash in Malachi 163ndash in Q 53 64 78 80 87 96 104 118

127 155 156 158 198 199ndash pre-exilic 50ndash traditional wisdom of 58ndash wilderness myth 117

James (son of Zebedee) 183Jerusalem 44 72 96 106 108 113 119

125 159 166 199 200ndash culttemple 136 137 163 214ndash pries thood 45 47 127Jesusndash as an apocalyptic figure in Q 38ndash as a literary character in Q 21ndash floating traditions ascribed to 48ndash his torical 21 29 37 43 47 73 116

141 142 164 165 171 172 186 198ndash his torical greeting of in Jerusalem

106ndash movement 23ndash tradition 161Jewish Chris tianityndash as a movement in a contes ted envi-

ronment 43 183ndash as a proliferation of groups and

communities 183ndash on the use of the term 23

ndash possible connection to the Enochic movement 47

Jewish War 200John (the Baptis t) 68 78 80 83 85 90

91 92 97 103 104 105 116 159 163 164 165 166 167 169 172

ndash followers of 159 165 166ndash his torical 159 165Journeysndash cosmicterres trial 76 112 113 114

119 122 127ndash heavenly 45 112 113Judea 36 44 200 215

Kallirrhoeuml 45Kleinliteratur 3 4 59 60 73 215

Lordrsquos Prayer 93 94 177Lot 97 99

Maccabean era 126Mas tema 121Matthew and Luke as conservative

traditionalis ts 4Matthewrsquos and Lukersquos redactorial

freedom 4Matthewrsquos use of Q 4messiah 106 116 162 164 210messiahship 123messianic 116 210Migdal 46mimesis 114 141minor agreements 15 130Minor Prophets 146Moses 117

Nag Hammadi 17Nimrod 32

oralndash possible cross-influence on the Gos-

pel of Thomas from the canonical gospels 11 193

ndash harmonization of Matthew and Luke 16

ndash life of the primitive community 60ndash performance 15 16 161ndash source utilization 15ndash tradition 17 98 151ndash transmission 188

Index of Subjects270

ndash usage and application of Q 4ndash usage of Matthew 15ndash variants of Q 4Oxyrhynchus 17

Paneion 46Parousia 116 186 193Parthian invasion of 40 BCE 44 46Paulndash his torical 149 183ndash possible awareness of the Q tradition

by 192persecutionndash as an apocalyptic motif 54ndash because of someone 142ndash in authentic Pauline corpus 149 183ndash in Q 52 54 78 94 107 118 122

126 132 133 134 140 141 142 143 144 175 180 181 182 184 190 194 200 206

ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 138ndash in the Parables of Enoch 141ndash in Trito-Isaiah 137 200ndash plausibility of 182 183Pharisees 65 68 94 166 169 205 206

214pleroma 39prophecyndash pre-exilic and Persian era (classical)

50ndash mixture of with wisdom 77Prophetisierung 75

Qndash apocalypticism apocalyptic motifs

features imagination framework and worldview 23 25 46 53 57 58 63 69 70 71 73 76 79 84 87 88 111 114 121 127 141 175 190 194 197 202 210 211 213 214

ndash apocalyptic document 48 51ndash apocalyptic wisdom ins truction 23

55 70 73 74 77 79 214ndash (apocalyptic) communitymovement

55 107 122 194 195 206 209ndash Aramaic roots 26ndash chris tology 70 81 83 87 93 104

115 116 123 130 131 142 144 145 147 153 154 156 157 159 164 166 167 194 214

ndash demonology 51 53ndash eschatological (apocalyptic) dis-

course 64 83 97 98 170 210 211 212

ndash eschatology 48 51 54 56 69 73 75 87 94 95 101 104 105 108 133 141 142 143 144 147 159 164 165 166 167 169 172 180 192 193 194 198 199 202 203 210

ndash final (literary) form 59 62 69 78 178

ndash hypothetical mid- (lower) level or sub-elite scribal origin 24 59

ndash hypothetical recensions 3 4 59 60 90 98

ndash hypothetical segregation of wisdom and apocalyptic s trata 60 66 67 70 213 214

ndash mission speech 23 56 86 87 92 104 105 107 173 182 194

ndash Pales tinian character 24ndash possible authenticity of its content

22 81ndash prophetic content 61 63 67 70 74

75 76 77 79 80 82 83 142 143 176

ndash recons truction (CEQ) 5 6 10 90 (see also recons truction [in this s tudy] below as such frequently follows the CEQ)

ndash recons truction (feasibility) 2 3 4 10 11

ndash recons truction (in this s tudy) 60 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 111 116 119 120 123 130 131 134 144 147 148 149 151 152 165 169 170 172 175 176 177 178 179 181 184 191 193 199 204 207 213 215

ndash recons truction (methodology) 5 89 90

ndash recons truction (skepticism) 2 10 59 (see also recons tructed Mark below)

ndash sapiential content 12 62 63 67 77 79 80 82 130 154 175 191 202 214

ndash sermon 63 82 91 92 103 105 127 129 130 131 134 135 138 140 144 145 147 152 153 154 155 156

ndash sophis ticated scribal traditions 24ndash sub-literary view of 3 59 60 74

271Index of Subjects

ndash tradents 4 59 67 125 135 147 181 182 197 199 202 203 207 209 214

ndash tradition 13 17 87 161 163 164 186 187 192 202

Quintillian 171Qumran (see the Index of Ancient

Sources for specific documents)ndash apocalyptic worldview 50 135ndash Aramaic corpus 33ndash beatitude collection 133ndash communitymovementYahad 44 53

56 121 135 136 137 157 160 161 206 207 208 209

ndash demonology 124ndash discovery 29ndash fellowship with angels 115ndash fragments of 1 Enoch 44ndash library 43ndash manualsrules 82ndash sapiential literature 25 55 56 57

58 62 69ndash social setting 43

recons tructed Mark 2 6 7 8 9 10RomeRomans 44 91 121 126 159

199 207ndash occupation of Judea 44

sage(s) 55 56 79 84Samaria 44Satan 50 51 52 53 114 115 117 118

120 121 159 192scribe(s) 102 205ndash ancient reading practices of 102ndash as a Q opponent group 68 169 205ndash as advanced or elite readers of Q

102 103ndash Enochic 46 215ndash in Matthewrsquos community (other than

Matthew) 4ndash in the Q community 48 135 195

215ndash in the text of Q 169 172ndash memory competence of 4 102ndash responsible for 2 Enoch 112ndash responsible for Did 13bndash5b 15scriptorium 46Sefire 27 37Sepphoris 38 46Sermon on the Mount 15 16 87 94

Sermon on the Plain 15 16(Deutero-Isaianic) Servant 136 168 169Sidon 199Simeon II 125Son of Man 47 115ndash Aramaic background of the phrase

25 26 28 37 153ndash as a messianic title in the Parables of

Enoch 28 46ndash circumlocutional non-titular use of

the phrase in Late Aramaic 34ndash classifications of the phrasersquos Q

ins tances 26ndash designation of as Son of Humanity in

some recent research 39ndash his torical incarnation of as under-

s tood by some ancient authors 165 172

ndash hypothetical non-titular (circumlocu-tional or generic) use of the definite phrase in Middle Aramaic by the his torical Jesus and in Q 28 29 34 37 38 39 42 43 52 71 140 142 167 170 186 187

ndash in Daniel 41 42 186 213ndash in Luke 142 186ndash in Mark 41ndash in Matthew 99 142 186ndash in Q 25 26 34 38 39 42 43 46 47

52 53 64 67 69 70 71 96 98 104 106 115 116 123 141 142 147 164 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 176 185 186 187 188 189 191 194 201 203 210 212 213

ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 170ndash in the Parables of Enoch 25 28 41

42 43 44 45 46 47 122 141 142 146 147 153 155 164 165 168 169 172 173 202 213

ndash non-titular use of the indefinite phrase in Middle Aramaic 41

ndash titular (including but not limited to chris tological) use of the definite phrase in Q 34 38 52 53 64 70 104 123 142 143 147 167 168 172 173 185 186 187 189 191 194 201 203 210 212 213

Sondergut 89 90ndash Matthean 91ndash Lukan 94 95 97 98 177

Index of Subjects272

Sophiandash myth (Enochic tradition) 172 202ndash myth (synoptic tradition) 96 200

201ndash words of 96 201synopticndash gospels 11 150 151ndash material 16 151ndash parallels 18 19ndash problem 1ndash Sayings Source 3 216ndash s tudies 4ndash tradition 17 21 26 98 101 131 151

158 205 215Syria 215

Talmud 30 36 37 38Targum 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

38 40 41ndash recons truction of the Pales tinian Tar-

gum 32Taricheae 46Tell Dan 45templendash apparatusins titution 50 96 107

113 119 125 126 127 137 157 197 200 205

ndash eschatological 76

ndash purityholiness of 65 123 137ndash mitigatingprotective role 51 124ndash of Augus tus at Paneion 45ndash second temple era 25 41 44 48 56

62 70 71 72 79 82 84 121 124 136 137 154 163 186 201 209 213 216

ndash liturgy 124ndash mounthill 113ndash pollution of as perceived by some

ancient authors 113 125 136Theon of Alexandria 171Tiberias 38Torah 58 64 72 79 112 207 208 209transfiguration 47tree of knowledge 113Tyre 199

Vermes-Fitzmyer debate 28 38 39

Watchers 45 53 121Wicked Pries t 125

Yahweh 117 118

Zechariah (son of Jehoiada) 200mt Zion 113

  • Cover13
  • Titel13
  • Preface
  • Table of Contents13
  • List of Abbreviations
  • Chapter One Prolegomena
    • 1 Introduction Recent Methodological Questions in Q Studies
    • 2 The Study of Q as a Reconstructed Text
      • Index of Ancient Sources
      • Index of Modern Authors
      • Index of Subjects
Page 6: Apocalypticism in the Synoptic Sayings Source€¦ · Apocalypticism in the Synoptic Sayings Source A Reassessment of Q’s Stratigraphy Mohr Siebeck. Olegs Andrejevs, born 1982;

Table of ContentsVIII

25 Q and its Apocalyptic Predecessors Case no 1 The Son of Man in the Parables of Enoch 41

3 Q and the Apocalyptic Worldview 48

31 Apocalypse and Apocalypticism 4832 Deuteronomis tic Business as Usual ndash in Q John S Kloppenborgrsquos

ldquoSymbolic Eschatologyrdquo 5333 Q and its Apocalyptic Predecessors Case no 2 4QIns truction 55

Chapter Three Recent Compositional S tudies of Q (1987ndashPresent) 59

1 Introduction The Necessity of Returning to the Issues of the Composition and S tratigraphy of Q 59

2 John S Kloppenborg and ldquoThe Formation of Qrdquo (1987) 62

21 Theory 6222 Analysis of Kloppenborgrsquos Q3 s tratum 6523 Analysis of Kloppenborgrsquos Q2 s tratum 6624 Analysis of Kloppenborgrsquos Q1 s tratum 7025 Conclusion 73

3 Migaku Sato and ldquoQ und Prophetierdquo (1988) 74

31 Prophetisierung ndash in Q 7432 Prophecy and Apocalypticism 76

4 Arland D Jacobson and ldquoThe Firs t Gospelrdquo (1992) 77

5 Dale C Allison and ldquoThe Jesus Tradition in Qrdquo (1997) 80

6 The Synchronic Models of Alan Kirk and HT Fleddermann 83

61 Alan Kirk and ldquoThe Composition of the Sayings Sourcerdquo (1998) 8362 HT Fleddermann and ldquoQ A Recons truction

and Commentaryrdquo (2005) 8463 Conflicting Timelines and the Synchronic Approach to Q 86

7 Moving Forward 87

IXTable of Contents

Chapter Four Recons truction 89

1 Introduction 89

2 Recons truction of Qrsquos Sequence 90

Chapter Five Macro Compositions in Q 101

1 Introduction 101

2 The Compositional S tructure of Q 32bndash960 103

3 The Compositional S tructure of Q 102ndash1240 105

4 The Compositional S tructure of Q 1235ndash2230 108

Chapter Six The Temptation S tory 111

1 Introduction 111

2 Q 41ndash13 Genre Interpretation and S tratigraphy 112

21 The S toryrsquos Genre A Cosmic Journey 11222 Q 41ndash13 as an Angelic Disputation 11423 The Firs t Sequence (Q 41ndash4) 11624 The Second Sequence (Q 45ndash8) 11925 The Third Sequence (Q 49ndash13) 123

3 Summary S tratigraphic Provenance of Q 41ndash13 126

Chapter Seven Q 416 620ndash49 129

1 Introduction 129

2 Ναζαρά (Q 416 ) 130

3 The Beatitudes (Q 620bndash23) 131

31 Recons truction and the Main Issues 13132 Is Mourning a Socioeconomic Index LXX Isa 611ndash3 as

the Intertextual Background of Q 620bndash2113233 The Q Beatitudes and their Thomasine Parallels 13734 Q 622ndash23 and 1 Pet 314 414 139

Table of ContentsX

35 Ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου in Q 622c 14036 The Prophets in Q 623c14337 Conclusion Q 620bndash23 as a Q2 Composition 143

4 ldquoWhy do you call me lsquoκύριε κύριεrsquordquo Q 646 and the Chris tological Bookends of the Sermon 144

5 The Sectio Evangelica (Q 627ndash635) and Q 636 147

51 The Shared Vorlage of Q 627ndash35 and Did 13bndash5b 14752 Q 627ndash36 Imitatio Dei and Divine Adoption 152

6 Summary S tratigraphic Provenance of Q 416 620ndash49 153

Chapter Eight Q 71ndash960 155

1 Introduction 155

2 Q and the Gentile Mission in Q 71ndash10 155

3 ldquoGo and Tell Johnrdquo (Q 718ndash23) 159

4 Σὺ εἶ ὁ ἐρχόμενος The Son of Manrsquos Earthly Mission in Q 734 and 958 165

41 Ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου in Q 73416542 Ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου in Q 95816943 Q 959ndash60 as a Q2 Text 172

5 Summary Compositional Unity of Q 71ndash35 957ndash60 173

Chapter Nine Q 102ndash1240 175

1 Introduction 175

2 S tratigraphic Provenance of Q 128ndash10 176

21 S tructural Similarity of Q 124ndash7 to Q 112bndash4 9ndash13 1222bndash34 17622 Q 122ndash12 as a Q1 ldquoPersecution Speechrdquo 18123 Ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου in Q 128ndash10184

231 Recons truction and the Main Issues 184232 Ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου in Q 128 185233 Ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου ndash in Q 129 188

XITable of Contents

234 Ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου in Q 1210 188235 Conclusion Q 128ndash10 as a Q1 Text 190

3 S tratigraphic Provenance of Q 1239ndash40 190

31 Q 1239-40 and Q 1233ndash34 19032 Q 1239-40 and Gos Thom 215ndash8192

4 Summary 194

Chapter 10 Q 1235ndash2230 197

1 Introduction 197

2 Ten Los t Tribes or Gentiles in Q 1328ndash29 198

3 Q and its Opponents200

31 Jesus and the Temple in Q 1149ndash51 1334ndash35 20032 Q2 and the Wicked Slaves 203

4 The Halakhic Compendium in Q 1617ndash172 206

5 S tratigraphic Provenance of Q 1723ndash37 210

51 Q 1723ndash37 as an Apocalyptic Discourse 21052 Ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου in Q 1723ndash37212

Chapter 11 Conclusion 213

Bibliography 217

Index of Ancient Sources 245

Index of Modern Authors 261

Index of Subjects 267

Lis t of Abbreviations

AASF Annales Academiae Scientiarum FennicaeAB Anchor BibleABD Anchor Bible DictionaryABRL Anchor Bible Reference LibraryAcOr Acta OrientaliaAGJU Arbeiten zur Geschichte des antiken Judentums und des Urchris tentumsAnBib Analecta BiblicaANTC Abingdon New Tes tament CommentariesBBB Bonner Biblische BeitraumlgeBeO Biblica et OrientaliaBETL Bibliotheca Ephemeridum Theologicarum LovaniensiumBib BiblicaBJRL Bulletin of the John Rylands University Library of Manches terBNTC Blackrsquos New Tes tament CommentaryBR Biblical ResearchBSR Bulletin for the S tudy of ReligionBTB Biblical Theology BulletinBTS Biblical Tools and S tudiesBWANT Beitraumlge zur Wissenschaft vom Alten und Neuen Tes tamentBZ Biblische ZeitschriftBZNW Beihefte zur Zeitschrift fuumlr die neutes tamentliche WissenschaftCBR Currents in Biblical ResearchCC Concordia CommentaryCEQ The Critical Edition of Q Synopsis Including the Gospels of Matthew

and Luke Mark and Thomas with English German and French Translations of Q and Thomas

CBQ Catholic Biblical Quarterly CRINT Compendia Rerum Iudaicarum ad Novum Tes tamentumDJD Discoveries in the Judean DesertDSD Dead Sea DiscoveriesECC Eerdmans Critical CommentaryEs tBib Es tudios BiblicosETL Ephemerides Theologicae LovaniensesEvT Evangelische TheologieExpT The Expository TimesFB Forschung zur BibelFFRS Foundations and Facets Reference SeriesFRLANT Forschungen zur Religion und Literatur des Alten und Neuen Tes tamentsGTJ Grace Theological JournalHNT Handbuch zum Neuen Tes tamentHR His tory of ReligionsHTCNT Herderrsquos Theological Commentary on the New Tes tament

XIV Lis t of Abbreviations

HTR Harvard Theological ReviewHTS Harvard Theological S tudiesIBS Irish Biblical S tudiesICC The International Critical CommentaryIQP The International Q ProjectJAOS Journal of the American Oriental SocietyJBL Journal of Biblical LiteratureJCTCRS Jewish and Chris tian Texts in Contexts and Related S tudiesJECH Journal of Early Chris tian His toryJJS Journal of Jewish S tudiesJQR Jewish Quarterly ReviewJR Journal of ReligionJSJ Journal for the S tudy of JudaismJSJSup Journal for the S tudy of Judaism Supplement SeriesJSNT Journal for the S tudy of the New Tes tamentJSNTSup Journal for the S tudy of the New Tes tament Supplement SeriesJSOT Journal for the S tudy of the Old Tes tamentJSOTSup Journal for the S tudy of the Old Tes tament Supplement SeriesJSP Journal for the S tudy of the PseudepigraphaJSPSup Journal for the S tudy of the Pseudepigrapha Supplement SeriesJTC Journal for Theology and the ChurchJTS Journal of Theological S tudiesLingBibl Linguis tica BiblicaLNTS Library of New Tes tament S tudiesLS TS Library of Second Temple S tudiesLUA Lunds Universitets ArsskriftMTS Marburger theologische S tudienMThA Muumlns teraner theologische AbhandlungenNA Neutes tamentliche ArbeitenNHS Nag Hammadi S tudiesNHMS Nag Hammadi and Manichaean S tudiesNIBC The New International Biblical CommentaryNIGTC The New International Greek Tes tament Commentary NovT Novum Tes tamentumNovTSup Novum Tes tamentum SupplementsNTL The New Tes tament LibraryNTR New Tes tament ReadingsNTS New Tes tament S tudiesNTTS New Tes tament Tools and S tudiesOTL The Old Tes tament LibraryPBM Paternos ter Biblical MonographsPFES Publications of the Finnish Exegetical SocietyRB Revue bibliqueRevQ Revue de QumranSAC S tudies in Antiquity and Chris tianity SBL S tudies in Biblical LiteratureSBLECL Society of Biblical Literature Early Chris tianity and its LiteratureSBLEJL Society of Biblical Literature Early Judaism and its LiteratureSBLMS Society of Biblical Literature Monograph SeriesSBLSBS Society of Biblical Literature Sources for Biblical S tudySBLSP Society of Biblical Literature Seminar PapersSNTSMS Society for New Tes tament S tudies Monograph Series

XVLis t of Abbreviations

ScrHier Scripta HierosolymitanaSPhiloA S tudia Philonica AnnualS TDJ S tudies on the Texts of the Desert of JudahS tJ S tudia JudaicaSVTP S tudia in Veteris Tes tamenti PseudepigraphaSVTQ S t Vladimirrsquos Theological QuarterlyTAZ Texte und Arbeiten zum neutes tamentlichen ZeitalterTDNT Theological Dictionary of the New Tes tamentTENT Texts and Editions for New Tes tament S tudyTJT Toronto Journal of TheologyTS Theological S tudiesTTZ Trierer theologische ZeitschriftUNDCSJCA University of Notre Dame Center for the S tudy of Judaism and

Chris tianity in AntiquityVCSup Vigiliae Chris tianae Supplement SeriesVT Vetus Tes tamentumVTSup Vetus Tes tamentum Supplement SeriesWBC Word Biblical CommentaryWUNT Wissenchaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Tes tamentZDMG Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenlaumlndischen GesellschaftZKT Zeitschrift fuumlr katholische TheologieZNW Zeitschrift fuumlr die neutes tamentliche WissenschaftZTK Zeitschrift fuumlr Theologie und Kirche

Chapter One

Prolegomena

1 Introduction Recent Methodological Questions in Q Studies

A survey of the current trends in New Testament and Q studies reveals a some-what uncertain environment While the Two-Document Hypothesis (hereafter 2DH) continues to hold its own occasional skepticism with regard to Qrsquos ex-istence has by no means dissipated1 Within the ranks of those scholars who work with or trend toward the 2DH the written character of Q is not universally accepted2 Among those who accept the premise of a written Q there remain

1 For recent arguments against the 2DH see eg Mark S Goodacre The Case Against Q

Studies in Markan Priority and the Synoptic Problem (Harrisburg PA Trinity Press Interna-tional 2002) Francis Watson Gospel Writing A Canonical Perspective (Grand Rapids MI Eerdmans 2013) For responses to these scholars see eg Paul Foster ldquoIs It Possible to Dis-pense with Qrdquo NovT 45 (2003) 313ndash37 John S Kloppenborg ldquoOn Dispensing with Q Goodacre on the Relation of Luke to Matthewrdquo NTS 49 (2003) 210ndash36 Christopher M Tuck-ett ldquoWatson Q and LMrdquo in Gospel Interpretation and the Q-Hypothesis (ed Mogens Muumlller and Heike Omerzu LNTS 573 London TampT Clark 2018) 115ndash38 (for Watsonrsquos rejoinder see ldquoSeven Theses on the Synoptic Problem in Disagreement with Christopher Tuckettrdquo in Idem 139ndash47) For classic comprehensive cases in support of the 2DH see Joseph A Fitzmyer ldquoThe Priority of Mark and the lsquoQrsquo Source in Lukerdquo in Jesus and Manrsquos Hope (ed Donald G Miller Pittsburgh PA Pittsburgh Theological Seminary 1970) 131ndash70 W D Davies and Dale C Allison The Gospel According to Saint Matthew (ICC 26 3 vols Edinburgh TampT Clark 1988ndash97) 1115ndash21 John S Kloppenborg Verbin Excavating Q The History and Set-ting of the Sayings Gospel (Minneapolis MN Fortress Press 2000) 11ndash54 For recent investi-gations demonstrating the viability of the 2DH see Robert A Derrenbacker Ancient Composi-tional Practices and the Synoptic Problem (BETL 186 Leuven Leuven University Press 2005) Alan Kirk Q in Matthew Ancient Media Memory and Early Scribal Transmission of the Jesus Tradition (LNTS 564 London TampT Clark 2016) For additional recent statements by Q scholars see Simon J Joseph The Nonviolent Messiah Jesus Q and the Enochic Tradi-tion (Minneapolis MN Fortress Press 2014) 8ndash10 Giovanni B Bazzana Kingdom of Bureau-cracy The Political Ideology of Village Scribes in the Sayings Gospel Q (BETL 274 Leuven Peeters 2015) 2ndash3 While a close discussion of the synoptic problem lies outside the scope of this monograph it is perhaps worth emphasizing that the solutions of Goodacre and Watson are equally if not more so hypothetical than the 2DH

2 Eg Terence C Mournet Oral Tradition and Literary Dependency Variability and Sta-bility in the Synoptic Tradition and Q (WUNT 2195 Tuumlbingen Mohr Siebeck 2005) Armin D Baum Der muumlndliche Faktor und seine Bedeutung fuumlr die synoptische Frage (TAZ 49 Tuuml-bingen Francke 2008) James D G Dunn The Oral Gospel Tradition (Grand Rapids MI Eerdmans 2013) For responses to the arguments made by these and other scholars see John

2 Chapter One Prolegomena

important disagreements regarding the attainability of Qrsquos word-level recon-struction3 Additionally questions about the provenance of portions of two sec-ond-century documents the Didache and the pseudepigraphal Gospel of Thomas continue to affect the study of Qrsquos sources and redaction If the Q parallels contained in those documents derive from the canonical gospels ndash as some scholars have argued ndash then such parallels obviously have no bearing on Qrsquos compositional history If however certain sayings or combinations of say-ings reach the Didache and Thomas via autonomous channels apart from the canonical gospels and can be shown to not depend on Q then the hypothesis of a Vorlage shared by the parallels in question and Q becomes logical It is not difficult to see how these matters are critical to the study of Qrsquos stratigraphy After all one of its fundamental tasks is to identify possible modifications of traditional material thereby acquiring a better understanding of the documentrsquos redactional interests

This chapter will discuss two of the aforementioned issues While we pre-suppose the validity of the 2DH and Qrsquos written character in what follows we shall engage the feasibility of Qrsquos reconstruction and the attainability of the documentrsquos wording The former has recently been dismissed by a number of scholars who have pointed out the inferiority of the reconstructed Mark4 to the canonical version of the gospel while Qrsquos wording has come under renewed scrutiny This will be followed by arguments in support of the autonomy of Did 13bndash21 and portions of the Gospel of Thomas both contested subjects in recent academic discussion Some of the observations included in the treatment of these matters will cover familiar terrain However their configuration is de-signed to highlight the problematic nature of a number of current claims and to lay the methodological foundation for the present investigation as well as for a fresh treatment of the Sayings Source and related documents5

S Kloppenborg ldquoVariation and Reproduction of the Double Tradition and an Oral Qrdquo ETL 83 (2007) 53ndash80 Alan Kirk ldquoOrality Writing and Phantom Sources Appeals to Ancient Media in Some Recent Challenges to the Two Document Hypothesisrdquo NTS 58 (2011) 1ndash22 Idem Q in Matthew 151ndash66 220ndash24 293ndash97 Sarah E Rollens Framing Social Criticism in the Jesus Movement The Ideological Project in the Sayings Gospel Q (WUNT 2374 Tuumlbingen Mohr Siebeck 2014) 81ndash90 See also the earlier discussion in eg Joseph A Fitzmyer The Gospel According to Luke (AB 28 and 28A 2 vols New York NY Doubleday 1981ndash85) 75ndash81 John S Kloppenborg Formation of Q Trajectories in Ancient Wisdom Collections (SAC Phil-adelphia PA Fortress Press 1987) 42ndash51 Davies and Allison Matthew 1116 H T Fledder-mann Q A Reconstruction and Commentary (BTS 1 Leuven Peeters 2005) 41ndash68 Based on the case made collectively by the above scholars it will be a presupposition of this study that Q was a written document

3 Eg Dieter T Roth The Parables in Q (LNTS 582 London TampT Clark 2018) 30ndash44 See the discussion below in this chapter

4 Viz Markrsquos gospel as reconstructed from its reception by Matthew and Luke 5 It is necessary also to address the frequent identification of Q as a gospel Frans Neirynck

(ldquoQ From Source to Gospelrdquo ETL 71 [1995] 421) notes that ldquothe use of the term originated in the SBL Q Seminar and was strongly promoted by its presidents James M Robinson and John

2 The Study of Q as a Reconstructed Text 3

2 The Study of Q as a Reconstructed Text 2 The Study of Q as a Reconstructed Text It is one thing to assert based on the synoptic evidence that Q was a written document with a single recension of the finished text6 It is another matter to

S Kloppenborgrdquo For the rationale see eg John S Kloppenborg ldquoIntroductionrdquo in The Shape of Q Signal Essays on the Sayings Gospel (ed Idem Minneapolis MN Fortress Press 1994) 1 n 1 I am sympathetic with Neirynckrsquos view (ldquoQ From Source to Gospelrdquo 429) it is ldquoan advantage of the full designation lsquo(Synoptic) Sayings Source Qrsquo that it reminds us of the fact that we have no direct access to the text of Q it remains a hypothetical source text that we are to reconstruct from Matthew and Lukerdquo Furthermore there is ldquoa difference between recogniz-ing that the sayings of Jesus contain the gospel and designating the Sayings collection as a Gospelrdquo Edwin K Broadhead ldquoOn the (Mis)Definition of Qrdquo JSNT 68 (1999) 9

6 The alternative premise ndash of two separate recensions (QMatt and QLk) ndash is quite venerable Eg Rudolph Bultmann The History of the Synoptic Tradition (New York NY Harper amp Row 1963) 328 (originally published in 1921) In modern research it has continued to be accepted with a varying degree of certainty by a number of New Testament and Q scholars eg I Howard Marshall The Gospel of Luke A Commentary on the Greek Text (NIGTC Grand Rap-ids MI Eerdmans 1978) 30ndash1 Davies and Allison Matthew 1121 Migaku Sato Q und Prophetie Studien zur Gattungs- und Traditionsgeschichte der Quelle Q (WUNT 229 Tuuml-bingen Mohr Siebeck 1988) 18ndash19 Hans Dieter Betz The Sermon on the Mount (Hermeneia Minneapolis MI Fortress Press 1995) 7ndash9 Ulrich Luz Matthew 8ndash20 (Hermeneia Minne-apolis MN Fortress Press 2001) Idem Matthew 21ndash28 (Hermeneia Minneapolis MN For-tress Press 2005) Idem ldquoMatthew and Qrdquo in Studies in Matthew (Grand Rapids MI Eerd-mans 2005) 39ndash53 Idem Matthew 1ndash7 (Hermeneia Minneapolis MN Fortress Press 2007) Idem ldquoLooking at Q through the Eyes of Matthewrdquo in New Studies in the Synoptic Problem Oxford Conference April 2008 Essays in Honour of Christopher M Tuckett (ed Paul Foster Andrew Gregory John S Kloppenborg Joseph Verheyden BETL 239 Leuven Leuven Uni-versity Press 2011) 571ndash89 John T Carroll Luke A Commentary (NTL Louisville KY Westminster John Knox Press 2012) 8 Rollens Framing Social Criticism 86 n 10 Bazzana Kingdom of Bureaucracy 4ndash5 John S Kloppenborg ldquoA lsquoParting of the Waysrsquo in Qrdquo in Q in Context I The Separation between the Just and the Unjust in Early Judaism and in the Sayings Source (ed Markus Tiwald BBB 172 Goumlttingen Vandenhoeck amp Ruprecht 2015) 123 Klop-penborg (ibid) has recently stated ldquoIn what follows I will assume the still-dominant view of Q that it is a document that came to Matthew and Luke in approximately the same form I say lsquoapproximatelyrsquo because we must allow for some variation at least in wording of Q and perhaps even expansions ndash the kind of elaboration that Ulrich Luz and his students have proposedrdquo In my view the drawbacks of this hypothesis significantly outweigh its potential benefits Klop-penborg (Excavating Q 109) and Bazzana (Kingdom of Bureaucracy 4ndash5) appeal to the diver-sity of the NT manuscripts and their circulation patterns but this is an argument from analogy rather than a demonstration The only way of demonstrating the existence of such recensions would be by showing (preferably on multiple occasions) that Matthewrsquos or Lukersquos Sondergut text adjacent to or interpolated in a Q block of material is traditional coheres with the content of that Q block and of the Q document and is unlikely to have been omitted by the other evan-gelist This is virtually impossible to demonstrate conclusively and so the hypothesis enters the realm of speculation (eg Fitzmyer Luke 80) where ldquoin every case there are other possible explanationsrdquo (Luz ldquoLooking at Qrdquo 579) Further red flags lurk in the occasional connection between the multiple recension hypothesis and the sub-literary (Kleinliteratur) view of Q (eg ibid 578 584) Thus Luz (Matthew 1ndash7 19) and Sato (Q und Prophetie 72ndash77) envision Q as

4 Chapter One Prolegomena

produce a reliable reconstruction of that text The point of departure rests with Matthewrsquos and Lukersquos redaction of Mark Luke preserves the Markan order with only minor exceptions The implications of this naturally carry over to the reconstruction of Qrsquos sequence7 Based on the conclusions reached by Heinrich Julius Holtzmann in 18638 confirmed by Burnett Hillman Streeter and George DeWitt Castor in the first half of the twentieth century9 and reaffirmed by the

a notebook to which new sheets could be added at any time Some such approach to Q has formed the dominant paradigm in 2DH based synoptic studies until only recently See the sur-vey of scholarship in Alan Kirk The Composition of the Sayings Source Genre Synchrony and Wisdom Redaction in Q (NovTSup 91 Leiden Brill 1998) 2ndash64 As the discussion in chapters three and five of this study will suggest (in continuity with Kirkrsquos view) the Kleinlit-eratur paradigm constitutes a mischaracterization of Q This still leaves the option of Q receiv-ing further editing from its own tradents which essentially amounts to an additional layer of redaction (eg one would have to envision a Q4 stratum in Kloppenborgrsquos stratigraphy) The outline and profile of such a redaction (or in the case of QMatt and QLk redactions) remains to be demonstrated however Meanwhile the documentrsquos eventual disappearance and complete lack of attestation in the Church Fathers suggests caution in imagining any kind of significant textual proliferation Could multiple autonomous copies of Q go from being in possession by and being normative for some of the early Christianityrsquos most prominent communities to van-ishing not only from existence but also from subsequent memory It seems that the possibility of a single circulating copy at least deserves further consideration Finally Neirynckrsquos objection remains pertinent ldquothe need for positing an intermediate stage is it not a logical consequence of their too restrictive notion of Matthean and Lukan redactionrdquo Frans Neirynck ldquoQMt and QLk and the Reconstruction of Qrdquo ETL 66 (1990) 390 In other words Qrsquos putative textual fluidity has much to do with a restriction of Matthean andor Lukan redactorial freedom and derives logically from a view of Matthew andor Luke as conservative traditionalists Syreenirsquos obser-vations made with regard to the thesis of a QMatt offer an alternative ldquoInstead of such a literary evolution it would be quite natural to reckon with oral usage and application of Q sayings and sequences in Matthewrsquos community Oral variants and new combinations of various Q passages as well as combinations of Q and special material were to be expected if Q was used for pur-poses of community teaching and paraenesis Also ecclesiastical material which was affected or even inspired by Q sayings was likely to emerge Some literary reworking may have been made what I doubt however is the existence of a massively expanded QMt editionrdquo Kari Syreeni The Making of the Sermon on the Mount A Procedural Analysis of Matthewrsquos Redac-torial Activity (AASF 44 Helsinki Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia 1987) 161 Because the ex-istence of scribes other than the gospelrsquos author in Matthewrsquos community has not been demon-strated I hesitate to imagine a literary reworking of Q by that community prior to the gospelrsquos composition (a similar situation obtains on the Lukan side) With this minor adjustment Syreenirsquos statement describes the optimal alternative to the multiple recension hypothesis

7 It should be noted however that although Matthewrsquos approach to Q (when reconstructed based on its Lukan sequence) can be described as liberal Matthewrsquos ldquoappropriative movement through Q is consistently forwardrdquo indicating memory competence and ldquocognitive operations that follow the schematic organizational linesrdquo of the source Kirk Q in Matthew 166

8 Heinrich Julius Holtzmann Die synoptischen Evangelien Ihr Uhrsprung und geschicht-licher Charakter (Leipzig Wilhelm Engelmann 1986) 142ndash43

9 Burnett Hillman Streeter ldquoOn the Original Order of Qrdquo in Oxford Studies in the Synoptic Problem (ed William Sanday Oxford At the Clarendon Press 1911) 141ndash64 George DeWitt

2 The Study of Q as a Reconstructed Text 5

ensuing Q scholarship as well as a number of Matthean and Lukan scholars10 today it is possible to assert with ldquoa near unanimity that Luke best preserved the sequence of Q sayingsrdquo11

Q attained what currently remains its definitive reconstruction by the end of the twentieth century in the form of The Critical Edition of Q (hereafter CEQ)12 To call the CEQ ldquodefinitiverdquo of course is to neither imply its infalli-bility nor to expect it to produce the final say on the matter13 As noted by James M Robinson in the introduction to the CEQ it was a product ldquoof a team of scholars who have been working together since 1985 as the International Q Projectrdquo (hereafter IQP)14 The text and sequence of Q published in the CEQ

Castor Matthewrsquos Sayings of Jesus The Non-Marcan Common Source of Matthew and Luke (PhD diss University of Chicago 1918) 120ndash39

10 Eg T W Manson The Sayings of Jesus as recorded in the Gospels according to St Matthew and St Luke arranged with introduction and commentary (London SCM Press 1949 reprint 1971) 39ndash148 James M Robinson ldquoThe Sermon on the Mount Plain Work Sheets for the Reconstruction of Qrdquo SBLSP 22 (1983) 451ndash54 Arland D Jacobson The First Gospel An Introduction to Q (FFRS Sonoma CA Polebridge Press 1992) 45 Dale C Allison The Jesus Tradition in Q (Harrisburg PA Trinity Press International 1997) 2 n 6 Franҫois Bovon Luke 1 A Commentary on the Gospel of Luke 11ndash950 (Hermeneia Minneapolis MN Fortress Press 2002) 6ndash8 Kirk Q in Matthew 163ndash66

11 Kloppenborg Verbin Excavating Q 88 Noting that ldquomost recent reconstructions of Q include both (a) the double tradition and (b) items triply attested where the degree of agreement against Mark is substantial and where the agreements are not likely to be merely coincidentalrdquo Kloppenborg (ibid 92) uses these criteria to assign the following texts to Q (by Lukan versifi-cation) Q 37bndash9 16bndash17 41ndash13 620bndash23 27ndash33 35c 36ndash37b 38c 39ndash49 71bndash2 6bndash10 18ndash19 22ndash23 24ndash28 31ndash35 957ndash60 102ndash16 21ndash22 23bndash24 112ndash4 9ndash13 14ndash20 23 24ndash26 29ndash35 39ndash44 46ndash52 122ndash12 22bndash31 33ndash34 39ndash40 42bndash46 51ndash53 54bndash56 58ndash59 1318ndash19 20ndash21 24 26ndash27 28ndash30 34ndash35 14111814 1416ndash24 26ndash27 34ndash35 154ndash7 1613 16 17 18 171bndash2 3bndash4 6b 23ndash24 26ndash27 30 33 34ndash35 37b 1912ndash13 15bndash26 2228bndash30 Kloppenborg also assigns to Q some Sondergut materials which involve a different set of methodological considerations See the discussion in chapter four

12 James M Robinson Paul Hoffmann and John S Kloppenborg eds The Critical Edition of Q Synopsis including the Gospels of Matthew and Luke Mark and Thomas with English German and French Translations of Q and Thomas (Hermeneia Supplement Series Minneap-olis MN Fortress Press 2000)

13 It may suffice here to quote the editors James M Robinson ldquoHistory of Q Researchrdquo in The Critical Edition of Q lxxi ldquoIt is not to be assumed that the present critical text is a last wordrdquo John S Kloppenborg ldquoThe Use of the Synoptics or Q in Did 13bndash21rdquo in Matthew and the Didache Two Documents from the Same Jewish-Christian Milieu (ed Huub van de Sandt Minneapolis MN Fortress Press 2005) 115 ldquoWhile the Critical Edition should hardly be taken as the definitive reconstruction of Q it does provide a benchmark and a useful point of referencerdquo

14 Robinson ldquoHistory of Q Researchrdquo xix For a survey of IQPrsquos methodology and results as assessed at the time of the CEQrsquos publication see Christoph Heil ldquoDie Q-Rekonstruktion des Internationalen Q-Projekts Einfuumlhrung in Methodik und Resultaterdquo NovT 43 (2001) 128ndash43 For IQP work sessions see James M Robinson ldquoThe International Q Project Work Session 17 November 1989rdquo JBL 109 (1990) 499ndash501 Idem ldquoThe International Q Project Work

6 Chapter One Prolegomena

therefore represent a consensus among a group of scholars reflecting the pre-suppositions held by those scholars at a particular juncture in the history of Qrsquos research15 That it is only a necessary first step and demands continued reeval-uation becomes evident from the fact that some of the IQP members whose preferences were occasionally not reflected in the CEQ proceeded to release their own alternative reconstructions of Q either shortly before or after the CEQrsquos seminal publication16 Indeed the present study also makes several emendations of both the CEQrsquos reconstruction of the documentrsquos sequence and of its wording Overall however it is clear that the CEQ will continue to pro-vide the baseline for compositional studies of Q for years to come

The availability of the reconstructed text enables the literary analysis of Q A number of scholars however have recently expressed doubts regarding the attainability of not only Qrsquos wording but in fact of the documentrsquos full extent Cyril S Rodd has declared it ldquosheer conjecturerdquo to imagine ldquothat the passages which are common to Matthew and Luke comprise this Q document in its en-tiretyrdquo17 Joseph Allen Weaks has similarly called the text of Q ldquospeculativerdquo claiming that to rely on it as though it were ldquoan extant gospel textrdquo is ldquosimply not possiblerdquo18 Both scholars have tied the bulk of their objections to the ob-servation (called a ldquothought experimentrdquo by Dieter T Roth)19 that the text of Markrsquos gospel cannot be accurately reconstructed from its Matthean and Lukan reception While this argument has already been engaged by some scholars20 the deficiency of its logic appears to not have been sufficiently exposed as Rothrsquos renewed deployment of it in 2018 demonstrates ndash in a Q monograph21 It is therefore important to allow the reader to assess the difficulties

Session 16 November 1990rdquo JBL 110 (1991) 494ndash98 Idem ldquoThe International Q Project Work Sessions 12ndash14 July 22 November 1991rdquo JBL 111 (1992) 500ndash08 Idem ldquoThe Interna-tional Q Project Work Sessions 31 Julyndash2 August 20 November 1992rdquo JBL 112 (1993) 500ndash06 Idem ldquoThe International Q Project Work Sessions 6ndash8 August 18ndash19 November 1993rdquo JBL 113 (1994) 495ndash99 Idem ldquoThe International Q Project Work Sessions 23ndash27 May 22ndash26 August 17ndash18 November 1994rdquo JBL 114 (1995) 475ndash85 Idem ldquoThe International Q Pro-ject Editorial Board Meetings 1ndash10 June 16 November 1995 16ndash23 August 22 November 1996 Work Sessions 17 November 1995 23 November 1996rdquo JBL 116 (1997) 521ndash25

15 The full list of the IQPrsquos members may be found in The Critical Edition xvii 16 Kirk Composition 152ndash403 Fleddermann Commentary 874ndash913 17 Cyril S Rodd ldquoThe End of the Theology of Qrdquo ExpT 113 (2001) 12 Idem ldquoThe The-

ology of Q Yet Again A Reply to the Responses of Christopher Tuckett and Paul Fosterrdquo ExpT 114 (2002) 80ndash85

18 Joseph Allen Weaks ldquoMark without Mark Problematizing the Reliability of a Recon-structed Text of Qrdquo (PhD diss Brite Divinity School 2010) 344ndash45

19 Roth Parables 36 20 Eg Christopher M Tuckett ldquoThe Search for a Theology of Q A Dead Endrdquo ExpT 113

(2002) 291ndash94 Paul Foster ldquoIn Defense of the Study of Qrdquo ExpT 113 (2002) 295ndash300 21 Roth Parables 36ndash37 It should be noted of course that Roth does not wish to com-

pletely dismiss the accessibility of Qrsquos text His intention is to argue that ldquoscholarship should be rather more skeptical about the wording of Qrdquo (ibid 39)

2 The Study of Q as a Reconstructed Text 7

compromising the case that Rodd Weaks and Roth have found rather persua-sive Three observations stand to be made in this regard

First of all because it is a sayings collection Q does not lend itself to the same type of editorial abridgements as Mark The two documents are very dif-ferent Not nearly enough attention is given to this by Rodd Weaks and Roth all of whom hang their case to some degree on the fragmentary product that is the reconstructed Mark as though Q similarly contains a plot or even a remotely compatible story to saying ratio The abridgement of Markan pericopes by Luke and Matthew reflects editorial strategies appropriate to rewriting a biography viz a document exhibiting a large concentration of narrative material22 The Markan words of Jesus are omitted at a vastly different rate with the majority of those words preserved by both Matthew and Luke with minimal rephrasing23

22 Rodd (ldquoThe End of the Theology of Qrdquo 6) notes that ldquoalmost always each pericope in

[the reconstructed] lsquoMarkrsquo will be shorter than in the canonical gospelrdquo citing as examples the abridgements of Mk 21ndash12 (= Matt 91ndash8 Lk 517ndash26) and Mk 121ndash12 (= Matt 2133ndash46 Lk 209ndash19) However the healing of a man with the palsy (Mk 21ndash12) is a good example of a story whose narrative details welcome abridgements while the words of Jesus (Mk 25b 8bndash11) ndash notably including the key statements in Mk 25b 10 ndash are preserved correctly by both Matthew and Luke (Matt 92c 4bndash6 Lk 520b 22bndash24) As for the parable of the wicked tenants (Mk 121ndash12) this can be reliably reconstructed from its MatthewLuke reproduction missing only minor details The omitted details scarcely seem to affect the interpretation of the source text viz the intention of the parable as it was deployed in Markrsquos gospel

23 Mk 141 44 (= Matt 83ndash4 Lk 513ndash14) Mk 25 8ndash11 (= Matt 92 4ndash6 Lk 520 22ndash24) Mk 214 (= Matt 99 Lk 527) Mk 217 (= Matt 912ndash13 Lk 531ndash32) Mk 219ndash22 (= Matt 915ndash17 Lk 534ndash38) Mk 225ndash28 (= Matt 123ndash4 8 Lk 63ndash5) Mk 34ndash5 (= Matt 1212ndash13 Lk 69ndash10) Mk 335 (= Matt 1250 Lk 821) Mk 42ndash9 (= Matt 133ndash9 Lk 85ndash8) Mk 411ndash12 (= Matt 1311 13 Lk 810) Mk 414ndash20 (= Matt 1318ndash23 Lk 811ndash15) Mk 421ndash22 (= MattQ 515 MattQ 1026 Lk 816ndash17) Mk 424c (= MattQ 72 LkQ 638) Mk 425 (= Matt 1312 Lk 818) Mk 440 (= Matt 826 Lk 825) Mk 534 (= Matt 922 Lk 848) Mk 539 (= Matt 923ndash24 Lk 852) Mk 64bc (= Matt 1357 Lk 424) Mk 637 (= Matt 1416 Lk 913) Mk 827 29 (= Matt 1613 15 Lk 918 20) Mk 834ndash36 (= Matt 1624ndash26 Lk 923ndash25) Mk 91 (= Matt 1628 Lk 927) Mk 919 (= Matt 1717 Lk 941) Mk 931 (= Matt 1722ndash23 Lk 944) Mk 935 (= Matt 2311 Lk 2226) Mk 937 (= Matt 185 Lk 948) Mk 940 (= MattQ 1230 Lk 950) Mk 1014ndash15 (= Matt 183 1914 Lk 1816ndash17) Mk 1018ndash19 21 23 25 27 29ndash30 (= Matt 1917ndash19 21 23ndash24 26 29 Lk 1819ndash20 22 24ndash25 27 29ndash30) Mk 1033ndash34 (= Matt 2018ndash19 Lk 1831ndash33) Mk 1042ndash45 (= Matt 2025ndash28 Lk 2225ndash27) Mk 1051 (= Matt 2032 Lk 1841) Mk 112ndash3 (= Matt 212ndash3 Lk 1930ndash31) Mk 1117 (= Matt 2113 Lk 1946) Mk 1129ndash30 33 (= Matt 2124ndash25 27 Lk 203ndash4 8) Mk 121ndash10 (= Matt 2133ndash42 Lk 209ndash17) Mk 1215dndash17 (= Matt 2219ndash21 Lk 2024ndash25) Mk 1225ndash27 (= Matt 2230ndash32 Lk 2034ndash38) Mk 1230ndash31 (= Matt 2237ndash39 Lk 1027) Mk 1235ndash37 (= Matt 2241ndash45 Lk 2041ndash44) Mk 132 (= Matt 242 Lk 216) Mk 135ndash13 (Matt 244ndash13 Lk 218ndash19) Mk 1314c 17 19 (= Matt 2416 19 21 Lk 2121 23) Mk 1324ndash31 (= Matt 2429ndash35 Lk 2125ndash33) Mk 1413ndash14 (= Matt 2618 Lk 2210ndash11) Mk 1418 20ndash21 (= Matt 2621 23ndash24 Lk 2221ndash22) Mk 1422ndash25 (= Matt 2626ndash29 Lk 2216ndash20) Mk 1430 (= Matt 2634 Lk 2234) Mk 1436 (= Matt 2639 Lk 2242) Mk 1437ndash38 (= Matt 2640ndash41 Lk 2246) Mk 1448ndash49a (= Matt 2655 Lk 2252ndash53a) Mk 1462 (= Matt 2664 Lk 2269ndash70) Mk 152 (= Matt 2711 Lk 233)

8 Chapter One Prolegomena

and the non-Q related omissions limited to (a) statements forming an integral part of a narrative24 (b) statements commands and questions that are redun-dant25 (c) statements that cast a potentially negative light on Jesusrsquo family26 or disciples27 both established Markan themes28 (d) statements that are poten-tially problematic theologically29 (e) statements falling under none of the above categories that are abridged expanded or reworked by one of the evan-gelists30 (f) statements occurring in pericopes that have been eliminated com-pletely by Matthew or Luke31 Of these six categories the first three are un-likely to have been present in Q due to its lack of a plot relative scarcity of stories and absence of any interest in Jesusrsquo family or disciples The remaining three categories include only a few sayings outside of the Great Omission (more on that below) Consequently it appears that Matthew and Luke already elim-inating a minor percentage of the Markan Jesusrsquo words that lack Q parallels had no clear reason to omit even that much from Q

Secondly on a number of occasions one or both evangelists preserve dou-blets of the Markan sayings of Jesus which on the 2DH are assigned to Q32 This development is surprising in Lukersquos case since his tendency to avoid dou-blets is well known33 What is really decisive however is that in instances

24 Mk 125 138 435 59 19 530 541 1243 (omitted by Matthew) Mk 1036 1432

34 41ndash42 (omitted by Luke) Mk 1114 (either omitted or reworked in Lk 136ndash9) Mk 439 58 631 638 916 21 25 933 939c 1049 1234 (omitted or reworked by both Matthew and Luke)

25 Mk 424bd 1238 40 (omitted by Matthew) Mk 334 837 941 1211 1215b 1224 1318 20 23 (omitted by Luke) Mk 1449b (reworked in Lk 2253b) Mk 949 1024 1229 (omitted by both Matthew and Luke)

26 Mk 333ndash34 Mk 64de (omitted by Luke) 27 Mk 413 (omitted by Matthew and Luke) Mk 833 1038ndash40 (omitted by Luke) Mk

1427ndash28 (reworked in Lk 2231ndash32) 28 Eg Joel Marcus Mark (AB 27 and 27A 2 vols New York NY and New Haven CT

Doubleday and Yale 2000ndash2009) 279ndash80 310ndash11 378ndash80 509ndash15 653 677ndash81 999ndash1000 29 Mk 939 (omitted by Matthew and Luke) Mk 943ndash48 (omitted by Luke) Mk 1534

(reworked in Lk 2346) 30 Mk 115 (reworked and expanded in Lk 416ndash21) Mk 536 (abridged in Matt 923ndash26)

Mk 1314ab (reworked in Lk 2120) Mk 146ndash9 (reworked in Lk 736ndash50) Mk 1413ndash15 (abridged in Matt 2618)

31 Mk 426ndash29 99ndash13 (omitted by Luke) everything that belongs to Mk 645ndash826 (the Great Omission of the Markan material by Luke)

32 Mk 421 (= Lk 816 LkQ 1133) Mk 422 (= Lk 817 LkQ 122) Mk 425 (= Matt 1312 MattQ 2529 Lk 818 LkQ 1926) Mk 68 10ndash11 (= Lk 93ndash5 LkQ 104ndash5 8 10ndash11) Mk 834 (= MattQ 1038 Matt 1624 Lk 923 LkQ 1427) Mk 835 (= MattQ 1039 Matt 1625 Lk 924 LkQ 1733) Mk 838 (= Lk 926 LkQ 128ndash9) Mk 937 (= Matt 185 MattQ 1040 Lk 948 LkQ 1016) Mk 940 (Lk 950 LkQ 1123) Mk 1011ndash12 (= Matt 199 MattQ 532) Mk 1238ndash39 (= Lk 2046 LkQ 1143) Mk 139 11 (= Lk 2112ndash15 LkQ 1211ndash12) See further Fitzmyer Luke 81ndash82

33 See eg H Schuumlrmann ldquoDie Dubletten im Lukasevangeliumrdquo ZKT 75 (1953) 339ndash445 Idem ldquoDie Dublettenvermeidungen im Lukasevangeliumrdquo ZKT 76 (1954) 83ndash93

2 The Study of Q as a Reconstructed Text 9

when Luke is faced with a choice between Mark and Q and does not opt to retain both the preference is overwhelmingly given to the Q location and word-ing of the text34 Consequently it seems overly simplistic to suggest as Rodd does that ldquoas [the reconstructed] lsquoMarkrsquo is not Mark so in all probability the lsquoQrsquo of the scholars is not the historical document Qrdquo35 The evangelistsrsquo ten-dency to either retain the MarkQ parallels or ndash especially in Lukersquos case ndash to favor Q its wording and location over the Markan parallels shows that the two documents were not treated equally as far as the words of Jesus were concerned with the approach to Q being more conservative36

Thirdly the verse and word count discrepancy between the reconstructed and canonical Mark has been somewhat inflated as the percentages cited by scholars are routinely bolstered by the inclusion of the Great Omission On the 2DH there are two possible solutions to this well-known source-critical anom-aly the absence of Mk 645ndash826 from Lukersquos gospel is either intentional or stems from inheriting a shorter copy of Mark which lacked that material In either scenario Lukersquos omission of Mk 645ndash826 complicates the analogy be-tween the reconstructed Mark and Q If the omission was unintentional it tells us something only about the compositional history or textual transmission of Markrsquos gospel If however Lukersquos decision to skip Mk 645ndash826 was inten-tional is it not likely to have been motivated by Lukersquos avoidance of dou-blets37 A similar development is unlikely to have occurred in Lukersquos reception of Q as we have noted when faced with MarkQ doublets Luke tends to favor Qrsquos version over an available Markan parallel38 Consequently due to the sheer size of the Great Omission and regardless of the Omissionrsquos intentionality or

34 LkQ 112 4 9 (= Mk 1124ndash25) LkQ 1115 17ndash18 21 (= Mk 323ndash27) Lk 1210 (=

Mk 328ndash29) LkQ 1240 (= Mk 1332) LkQ 1318ndash19 (= Mk 430ndash32) LkQ 1330 (= Mk 1031) Lk 1618 (= Mk 1011ndash12) LkQ 171ndash2 (= Mk 942) LkQ 176 (= Mk 1123) LkQ 1723 31 (= Mk 1315ndash16 21) All of these are deployed by Luke in clusters of Q material rather than in the Lukan parallels to the respective Markan pericopes Mk 950 (= LkQ 1434ndash35) is similarly deployed away from its Markan context and surrounded by Q and L material Both Matthew and Luke favor the wording of Q 1434ndash35 over its Markan parallel

35 Rodd ldquoThe End of the Theology of Qrdquo 12 36 See eg Christopher M Tuckett Q and the History of Early Christianity Studies on Q

(Edinburgh TampT Clark 1996) 94 Luz ldquoQ in Matthewrdquo 50 37 Mk 645ndash52 contains a sea miracle similar to Mk 435ndash41 Mk 71ndash23 was likely elim-

inated to shift the lifting of the dietary restrictions to the post-Easter stage in Lukersquos narrative (Acts 109ndash16) Mk 724ndash30 was probably (a) deemed redundant (see LkQ 71ndash10) (b) re-garded as problematic due to the conflict between the Markan Jesusrsquo reluctance to perform a miracle for a Gentile person (Mk 727) and the Lukan Jesusrsquo programmatic openness to such developments (Lk 425ndash27) Mk 81ndash10 14ndash21 and 822ndash26 are clearly redundant (see Mk 635ndash44 Lk 912ndash17 Mk 1046ndash52 Lk 1835ndash43) Mk 811ndash13 has a Q parallel (= LkQ 1129ndash32)

38 On the L-M Hypothesis this would mean that Luke tends to favor Matthewrsquos version over an available Markan parallel

10 Chapter One Prolegomena

lack thereof the reconstructed Mark presents an analogy to Q that is at best tenuous

In light of the above observations my contention is that methodologically virtually the entire Q is likely to be accounted for in terms of its content39 That still leaves the question of the documentrsquos precise wording and its recovery Here Roth has argued that

there is a fundamental difference between conceiving of the ldquotext of Qrdquo as a reconstruction of its original wording and approaching it as a metaphorical and narratival realm an intertext as it were accessible through Matthew and Luke40

Roth further states as one of his monographrsquos objectives (which is primarily dedicated to the study of Qrsquos parables) an attempt to

advance Q studies by pursuing insight into the parables of Q through a different set of meth-odological approaches than those present in the reigning paradigm focusing upon word-level reconstruction The resultant exegetical work is not therefore in the first instance focused upon vocabulary and syntax of a reconstructed text but rather upon the narratival elements and structures characters images metaphors and theological emphases of an ldquointertextrdquo41

I see no reason to contest Rothrsquos objections to an uncritical acceptance of the CEQ text (of course the CEQ editors have already noted that it is only a work-ing reconstruction)42 Pending the surfacing of an actual copy of Q any recon-struction of its wording is necessarily going to remain hypothetical and thus subject to continued analysis Still to suggest that the hypothetical nature of the enterprise undermines its results perhaps runs the risk ldquothat a methodologi-cal limitation becomes an ontological description of Q itselfrdquo43 Roth admits that his own study of narratival and metaphorical elements ldquocannot function on an entirely lsquowordlessrsquo levelrdquo proposing as a solution that Qrsquos text should be accessed exclusively through the wording of Matthew and Luke44 Such drastic restrictions are in my opinion unnecessary In light of the previous discussion it is possible to assert from a methodologically sound position that Qrsquos recon-structions are not ldquopotentially faultyrdquo to the degree suggested by Roth45 While a precise word-by-word recovery may not be possible or even necessary in every verse of the synoptic double tradition a reliable near-word-level recon-struction of Q appears consistently attainable This is suggested by Lukersquos (and frequently Matthewrsquos) aforementioned preference of Qrsquos wording in the MarkQ parallels Matthewrsquos and Lukersquos slightly superior degree of verbal

39 See further Fleddermann Commentary 73ndash74 Luz ldquoQ in Matthewrdquo 45 (while positing

the existence of QMatt Luz concludes that it ldquodid not differ substantiallyrdquo from the main body of the Q source)

40 Roth Parables 41 41 Ibid 44ndash45 42 Ibid 38ndash39 Roth (ibid) also critiques Fleddermannrsquos alternative reconstruction 43 Kirk Q in Matthew 152 44 Roth Parables 40ndash41 45 Ibid 44

Index of Ancient Sources

Hebrew Bible (LXX)

Genesis414 28 3361ndash4 5062 4 (LXX) 115723 (LXX) 981316 331417 36174ndash6 1991710ndash14 1591817ndash18 1991826 (LXX) 981917 (LXX) 982218 199264 199

Exodus161ndash36 117171ndash7 1181715 (LXX) 1242114 (LXX) 1242225ndash26 1502320ndash21 23 1632415ndash16 (LXX) 472520 (LXX) 124

Numbers111ndash9 1172319 40

Deuteronomy324 (LXX) 146612ndash15 118613 (LXX) 116616 (LXX) 116 11882ndash3 11783 (LXX) 116811ndash20 118812ndash15 (LXX) 117

926 (LXX) 146159 (LXX) 205241ndash4 79 208 2092410ndash17 1502918ndash20 207319 25ndash26 209328ndash9 (LXX) 1213211 201

Joshua2313 (LXX) 207

Ruth212 201

1 Samuel27 (LXX) 1371821 (LXX) 207

1 Kings627 (LXX) 12486 (LXX) 1241717ndash24 162191ndash18 116 118 119194 (LXX) 117195 (LXX) 118198 (LXX) 117 1181910 14 (LXX) 1182219ndash23 (LXX) 121

2 Kings216 (LXX) 112 116418ndash37 16251ndash14 163

2 Chronicles58 (LXX) 1242314 125

Index of Ancient Sources246

Ezra91ndash2 1371018ndash44 137

Job16 11521 1151621 40256 40358 40387 115

Psalms2 16869 (LXX) 19785 40102 9 137178 2013510 137367 201605 (LXX) 124614 2016923 (LXX) 207722ndash12 1378018 40813 (LXX) 137901ndash2 4 (LXX) 124906 (LXX) 1249011ndash12 (LXX) 123914 2011063 (LXX) 1981091 (LXX) 4110916 22 13611826 1061457ndash8 (LXX) 1611463 401476 137

Proverbs1ndash9 55236 (LXX) 205264ndash5 189

Isaiah1ndash39 13511 168253ndash4 (LXX) 137315 201355 (LXX) 16140ndash55 135

426 168427 18 (LXX) 161435 198491ndash8 1685112 4055ndash66 135562 40563ndash8 136585ndash7 13860ndash62 135611 (LXX) 160 161611ndash2 (LXX) 48 134611ndash3 (LXX) 132 135 136 137665 (LXX) 1376618ndash20 164 198

Jeremiah317ndash18 164 1984918 33 405040 405143 40

Ezekiel8ndash11 112 11382 11440ndash48 112 113402 113403 114

Daniel713 27 40 41 168 213817 40

Amos13 (LXX) 20413ndash28 7528 15035 (LXX) 18086 (LXX) 137

Haggai220ndash22 163

Zechariah315 13787 198

Malachi16ndash29 163210ndash16 163

247Index of Ancient Sources

31 163 164 322ndash23 (LXX) 163

Old Tes tament Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha

1 Enoch1ndash5 761ndash36 4621ndash54 1226ndash11 526ndash16 4766 4573ndash6 1221021 164 198123ndash4 46124 113 125137 45139 45148ndash164 76151 46152ndash4 125171 11417ndash19 112 11320ndash36 112 113215 114242ndash257 113261ndash275 113323ndash6 11337ndash71 41 45 186 213381ndash6 122384ndash5 45391ndash3 45396 108413ndash8 76418 44421ndash2 (3) 126 171 201422 170451ndash6 76455 4546 52461ndash8 141462ndash4 42464ndash6 45468 46471ndash4 14148ndash49 52481 202481ndash10 141482 42

483 202483ndash7 168488ndash9 (10) 45 122492 4 168493 202505 76513 (5a) 168 172 20251ndash52 5252ndash56 112526 9 168531ndash5 45 122536 46 168542 45543ndash4 76545ndash6 45547 210554 45 108561ndash4 45565ndash8 43 44 45571 198591ndash6023 766010 4261ndash63 46 52621ndash9 45622ndash3 122624ndash6312 122625ndash14 42631ndash12 45 122632ndash4 106637 1236311 426312 76651ndash663 52671ndash681 52678ndash13 43 44 45 1226926ndash29 42 52701 42715ndash17 447113(14)ndash17 42 1418215ndash20 7683ndash84 52891ndash9 528973ndash74 1139038 164

Index of Ancient Sources248

1006 1681049ndash13 47

2 Enoch31ndash221 113101ndash6 112

3 Baruch3ndash17 113163 204

3 Enoch11ndash12 113

Ascension of Isaiah610ndash15 113

Baruch437 19855 198

Bel and the Dragon36 112 114 116

Jubilees11ndash8 209120 12122 114727 52102 52105 52106 121108ndash11 52 114 121114 121115 521114ndash1214 321220 1211525ndash34 1591531ndash32 114 1211928 121492 52

Letter of Aris teas155 145

Psalms of Solomon219 159823 30 1591112 1981731 164 1981810ndash12 76

Sirach21ndash17 72 86212 87143ndash7 2051410ndash11 202241ndash12 125247ndash11 1262410ndash11 1592525ndash26 2072611 2053113 2053522ndash3622 723824ndash3911 17243 76501ndash24 125

The Sentences of the Syriac Menander340ndash46 189

Tes tament of Abraham81ndash12 113

Tes tament of Levi26ndash57 113

Tes tament of Moses51ndash62 126

Tobit145ndash7 164 198

Vita Adae et Evae61ndash103 116121ndash161 115

Wisdom of Solomon410ndash15 46418ndash513 46

249Index of Ancient Sources

New Tes tament

Q32ndash958 (59ndash60) 101 103 104 108

126 155 173 17537 5237ndash9 16ndash17 5 54 64 68 70 90

104 11637ndash735 78 80 81 83 85

101 102 103317 54 9141ndash13 5 51 52 53 64 65

66 78 91 104 111 112 113 114 115 118 119 126 152 153 155 156

41ndash4 116 11745ndash8 114 119 121 122

123 15949ndash12 (13) 47 51 65 96 123

157 200416 91 129 130 131

153620ndash49 16 63 82 91 104

105 129 130 131 153

620b 12 91 132620bndash21 48 132 133 134

135 136 137620bndash23 5 131 132 143621a 12 20 91 132622 12 17 24 25 26

38 71 140 141 153 167 170 194 205

622ndash23 17 20 52 53 54 96 132 133 134 136 139 140 141 142 206

623c 64 82 129 132 139 140 142 143

627ndash35 (36) 13 16 71 129 147 151 152 153 154

629 24 91 150630 24 150631 91 152637ndash38 12 92640 92 144646 92 104 144 145

146 153 154 203

647ndash49 12 92 14471ndash10 9 64 92 104 126

155 156 158 169 197 199

76 145 20379 87 96 104 156

157 158 167 173 194 198 199

718ndash19 159 167718ndash23 159718ndash28 64 166718ndash960 92722 16 54 134 135

161 163 164 172727 96 163731ndash35 64 70 92 165 166

169 170 171733 51 53734 24 26 52 165 167

169 170 172735 166 170957ndash58 (59ndash60) 92 105 111 155

169 170 171957ndash62 63959ndash60 172 173958 24 25 26 27 38

52 71 164 165 169 170 171 172

959 145102ndash16 5 56 63 70 86

158 170 175 182 215

102ndash24 92102ndash1240 101 105 107 108

175 205104 48 92109 73 931012 93 1751012ndash15 54 64 82 861013ndash15 47 56 70 80 81

82 86 87 96 107 126 175 199 212

1016 72 931021 56 81 87 93 96

173 2091021ndash22 54 56 78 79 81

82 145 1941021ndash24 64 107

Index of Ancient Sources250

1022 81 93 114 116 145 146 203 209

1023ndash24 17 93 106112ndash4 9ndash13 5 63 78 93 117

176 177 179 180112b 48 178 184114 24 178119ndash13 12 93 176 177

178 179 180 1811114 51 1761114ndash20 52 531114ndash32 931114ndash52 64 107 1791118 51 53 93 114 121

1591124ndash26 51 53 9311(16) 29ndash32 9 54 70 96 2121130 24 26 52 1861133ndash52 93 2051134 93 2051139ndash52 70 107 126 1691142c 64 66 1251149 521149ndash51 47 53 54 66 96

118 119 157 2001151 52 200 205122ndash12 5 70 94 107 155

180 181 182 183 184 194

123 72 94124ndash5 54 70 73 181 182

190124ndash7 94 121 122 176

179 180 181 194 214

125 181 204128 24 26 38 54 185

187 188 189128ndash9 52 69 94 167 184

186 187 188 189 214

128ndash10 54 64 69 71 82 175 176 183 184 187 189 190 194 212

129 184 185 1881210 24 26 94 185 187

188 1891211ndash12 54 70 72 73 94

181 182 214

1222ndash31 (33ndash34) 63 73 176 177 178 179 180 190 192

1222ndash40 941224 23 178 1801227 231231 48 94 1841233 12 48 1911233ndash34 69 94 191 1921235ndash38 94 108 190 2031235ndash46 1081235ndash59 94 1081235ndash2230 101 105 108 109

197 2031239 17 18 95 1911239ndash40 18 20 54 70 71

94 105 175 190 191 192 193 203 212

1239ndash59 64 1911240 24 52 69 95 167

186 191 1931242ndash46 52 53 54 69 70

95 191 192 197 203 204 205 206 212

1245 96 2051246 2041251 20 951251ndash59 1081252ndash53 201256 171258ndash59 24 951318ndash19 20ndash21 5 20 48 63 95

108 2071318ndash24 951324 63 951325ndash30 54 63 82 871325ndash1423 54 95 96 126 158

1991327 52 53 96 118 1981328ndash29 96 198 1991334 52 125 2061334ndash35 47 53 54 63 66

81 82 83 96 105 106 107 108 109 118 119 125 157 194 198 200 201 202

1335 51 54 96 106 202

251Index of Ancient Sources

1411 54 961416ndash23 (24) 63 82 971423 541426 72 97 2151426ndash27 1733 20 63 72 971426ndash176 971427 54 97 140 141

182 2141434ndash35 63 97154ndash5a 7 20 63 97 108 2091613 12 63 94 971616 64 97 207 2091616ndash18 2061617 17 63 64 66 79

97 125 206 207 208 209

1616(17)ndash172 197 206 2081618 24 63 79 97 206

207 208 209171ndash2 97 207 208171ndash6 63173ndash4 18 20 98176 18 20 78 98 108

2101720ndash21 17 981723 98 2101723ndash37 54 64 69 70 71

98 167 170 197 210 211 212

1723ndash2230 108 2111724 26 30 24 52 98 991733 54 97 182 2141734ndash35 98 991912ndash26 64 69 99 108 197

203 204 205 206 212

1912ndash2230 991922 2052228ndash30 5 54 64 99 108

212

Matthew37 52310 9542 11745 12448 119 120413 130 1315ndash7 94 10251 119

54 13458 138511 (12) 52 205512 142515 7539 149 150540 15 150541 15 89 91 149 150542 150 151544 148 149544ndash45 91 149545 20861ndash18 94612 177619ndash21 94620 191623 205624 94625ndash34 94626 178627 177630 178 17975 1877 17779 177711 178 179712 152723 52724 26 9185ndash13 199810 155811ndash12 198 199819 169820 27 142 171821 172822 173829 12191ndash8 7920ndash22 97922 7937 92107 731026 71029 1801032 184 1891032ndash33 91 1841034 951038 731039 141115 134 163

Index of Ancient Sources252

1119 1691122ndash45 931125 2081217 731232 1841239 52 2051243 1241311 13 71342 951416 71521ndash28 97162bndash3 951613ndash28 1401617ndash19 471625 141171 1191717 7186 208186ndash22 97188ndash9 951825 971928 991929 992030 130219 1062131 972133ndash41 (42ndash46) 7 19221ndash14 18236ndash7 206237 1662334 522334ndash36 962335 522337 52 1972337ndash39 81 105 201243ndash41 210 211244ndash14 72423 982443 1912443ndash44 1932445 2062448 (49) 52 205251ndash13 972514ndash30 992526 28 2052530 992531 992541 95 121266ndash13 972640ndash41 7

2669 71 1302669ndash75 1892732 912755 97285 130289ndash10 972816ndash18 1192818 120

Mark114 21 131123ndash26 121124 130129ndash31 18821ndash12 731 14937ndash12 188313 114327 93328 188328ndash29 18443ndash8 193411ndash12 7413 177430ndash32 20 193438 177421ndash22 7435ndash41 9525ndash34 97534 761ndash6a 188615 163635ndash44 9637 7645ndash52 9645ndash826 971ndash23 9724ndash30 9 9781ndash10 9811ndash13 9822ndash26 9827 140827ndash98 47828 163831ndash33 121834ndash35 20835 141838 184 19092 11492ndash8 47

253Index of Ancient Sources

919 7943ndash47 951028 73 1791029 201035ndash40 1831039 1881046ndash52 91047 130119 1061117 7 1771122ndash23 25ab 18 201124 1801129ndash30 7121ndash9 (10ndash12) 7 19129 191211 191226 177133ndash37 210 211135ndash13 71315ndash16 991321 98143ndash9 971437ndash38 71447 95 1491462 411466ndash72 1891467 130151ndash5 951521 911541 97166 130

Luke15ndash25 10237 5242 11745 12246b 7 12046cd 120 121416 130416ndash30 188425ndash27 9438ndash39 188517ndash26 766 149617ndash19 188621 134622 205623 142625 134

627 149627ndash28 148628 149629 15 150630 150 151634 151635 91 208642 18646 146647ndash49 9179 155722 163734 169735 166 208810 7816ndash17 7824 177831 121848 7912ndash17 9913 7924 141926 190941 7957 169958 171959 172960 173102 92109 731017ndash20 1211021 208114 177115ndash8 97 177119 1771111 1771112 1171113 178 1791120 511121ndash22 931124 124 2051124ndash26 931129 52 2051143 166 2061149 521150 521151 52124 73 179126 180128 184

Index of Ancient Sources254

128ndash9 911211 731213ndash21 971223a 1771224 177 1781228 1791233 1911235ndash38 89 941239 1911239ndash40 1931242 2061245 52 2051249 89 951254ndash56 95131ndash35 1021327 52 1971328ndash29 1981334 52 1971415ndash24 181427 73158ndash10 97172 2081711ndash19 981720 981721 981722 981728ndash29 89 98 991731 991732 991733 971835ndash43 91912ndash27 991922 24 2051927 991938 96 1061941ndash44 961946 177209ndash16 (17ndash19) 7 192018 192037 177218ndash19 7223 1212228ndash30 992246 72249ndash51 952250 1492254ndash62 188234 14 952413ndash33 102

John446 158446ndash54 157448 158631ndash58 117844 121123 1061225ndash26 201231 1211430 1211611 1211828ndash1916 102

Acts23 9521ndash4 18951ndash11 189109ndash16 9121ndash2 183123ndash19 183

Romans1214 149

1 Corinthians412 14963 121 192132 18 20

2 Corinthians41ndash6 19244 121

Galatians113ndash14 18343 8ndash9 121 192

Ephesians21ndash2 121 192612 121 192

1 Thessalonians214ndash16 183218 121 19251ndash11 19252 20 19255ndash6 192

2 Thessalonians21ndash12 210 211

255Index of Ancient Sources

2 Timothy211ndash13 190

Hebrews1137 204

James 315ndash17 12444ndash7 121

1 Peter314 132 139 143319ndash20 47414 132 139 141 14358 121

2 Peter24ndash5 47 121

Jude16ndash7 121

Revelation110ndash20 113113 18635 19041ndash11 113123ndash4 121171ndash3 114173ndash18 112 113219ndash27 112 1132110 113

New Tes tament Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha

Gospel of Thomas1ndash71 1731ndash3 2161ndash4 1710 19 95111 1713 21161ndash2 20 95163 2017 1720ndash21 71 193201ndash4 20 192215ndash8 18 19 20 192243 36ndash39 17261ndash2 18262ndash331 1731 21361ndash3 19 143 180473 2148 18 19 20

54 137 13855 2058 17 13864 18 1965 1968 20 132 138 139

14068ndash69 19 139 143691 17 138692 19 20 137 13877 2179 2186 169 170103 17106ndash107 19 201131ndash2 9

Pseudo-Clementine Homilies12313 180

Dead Sea Scrolls

CD214ndash41 125412ndash14 121 124 125419ndash52 208

51ndash5 2091316ndash17 207122ndash3 121161ndash2 125

Index of Ancient Sources256

1QapGen 29 30 31 33 35 36 37 40

1QH430 40

1QM11 1211310ndash12 121175ndash6 51

1QpHab 56 125

1QS25 121211ndash15 207 208321ndash25 11749 18258 125119ndash10 1821120 40

1Q27 (1Q4QMys teries)1 i 1ndash8 56 202

4Q299 (1Q4QMys teries)3andashb ii 2ndash8 563andashb ii 9ndash16 56

4Q416 (4QIns truction)1 10ndash13 56 2021 12 1822 i 21ndashiv 13 562 ii 6 17 178

4Q417 (4QIns truction)1 i 6ndash9 561 i 10(11)ndash12 56 2021 i 12ndash13 561 i 14 561 i 16 115 1821 i 17 1821 i 24 56 2022 i 17ndash24 562 i 19 21ndash22 178

4Q418 (4QIns truction)69 ii 6ndash9 56 202

69 ii 12ndash13 5681 1ndash2 18281 2ndash5 5681 4 11581 5 11581 20 56 20288 56103 56107 56123 5ndash8 56

4Q423 (4QIns truction)5 3 565 5ndash6 56

4Q503 115

4Q521 16 54 135 137 159 160 161 162

4Q525 57 133

4QDeut j 1214 121

4QIsa 135

4QMMTC 4ndash9 125

11Q11 124

11Q13 135 137

11QPsa 191ndash18 121

11QT545 2075715ndash19 208669ndash11 207

Targums4QtgJob 314QtgLev 3111QtgJob 31 33 35 40

257Index of Ancient Sources

Josephus

Ant14133ndash146 4415103 451982 123

Bell188 46

1131ndash11 441161ndash5 461213 461335 452101ndash5 1232116 183

Babylonian Texts

Gilgamesh 112

Greek and Latin Authors

Dio CassiusHis t59271 120

HomerOd10503ndash15 1121112ndash22 112

PlatoPhaed111cndash112e 112

Senecade Ben2121ndash2 120

Seneca the ElderControv9210 183

TacitusAnn632 120

His t59 183

Apos tolic and Church Fathers

1 Clement132 153292 121394ndash5 121

2 Clement32 190134 148

Apos tolic Cons titutions721 152

722 148 150 151722ndash6 147725 149 150726 148 153

AthanasiusFes t Let 3911 14

Canons of the Holy Apos tles4ndash5 152

Index of Ancient Sources258

Chrysos tomHom Mt342 180

Clement of AlexandriaS trom4641 139 143

Didache11ndash63 1412c 15213b 148 14913bndash5b 11 12 13 15 16

71 147 151 15413bndash21 5 11 14 15 15013c 15113cndash4a 1413d 15 14814 1414a 1614b 15 14914c 91 15014d 15 149 150 15115a 15015b 148 15381ndash2 1482 16103bndash122a 14113 16113ndash137 14153ndash4 16161ndash8 210 211 212

EusebiusHis t Eccl3254

IrenaeusAdv Haer1101 1214162 121

Jus tin Martyr1 Apol159 148

2 Apol25 121

OrigenC Cels870 180

PolycarpPhilippians22ndash3 153

Shepherd of HermasMandate 24ndash6 153

Similitude535ndash8 138

Rabbinic Literature

j Ber3b 5b 5c 31 37 38

j Ket35a 31 37

j Šab3a 38d 31 37

j Taʿan65b 4069ab 125

R Gen72 313813 31 37796 31

R Num193 31 38

TargumsCairo BGen 414 31 33 34 37 41

259Index of Ancient Sources

Cairo FExod 1913 37Deut 346 37

Neof I Gen 414 31 33 41Gen 95ndash6 37Gen 4922 36

Papyri Manuscripts and Inscriptions

Br Mus Or 9271 14P Oxy 1 17P Oxy 654 17

P Oxy 655 17 143 180P Oxy 1782 14 15 148 151Sf III 16ndash17 40

Index of Modern Authors

Achtemeier P 139 141Adams S L 56 72 202Alexander P S 31 32Allison D C 1 2 3 5 12 22 24 66

75 77 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 90 91 94 96 98 99 103 105 107 112 117 119 120 123 125 129 130 131 133 134 135 136 138 139 140 144 147 148 149 150 152 153 155 158 160 163 169 170 172 175 176 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 193 197 198 200 205

Anderson A A 124Anderson F I 113Andrejevs O 25 164 172 190Arcari L 44Argall R A 47 72 202Arnal W E 23 24 48 59 61 63 65

66 67 68 78 86 104 123 125 132 134 136 150 191 194 208 214

Attridge H W 17Audet J-P 14Avigad N 29 30

Bailey K 102Bauckham R 12Baum A D 1Bazzana G B 1 3 24 59 178 198Beasley-Murray G R 158Berger K 104Bergmeier R 159 160 162Betz D H 3 24 51 103 146 179 183de Begraveze T 27Bird M F 159 198 199Black C C 11Black M 26 28 30 31 32 35 36 37

40 168Blenkinsopp J 135 136 137Boccaccini G 32 43 44 50Boring M E 38 183 184 185 188

192 211

Borsch F H 185Bovon F 5 19 93 95 96 98 99 106

140 177 179 184 185 198Bowman J W 28 33Boyarin D 23Breuer Y 34Brin G 208Broadhead E K 3 89Brodie T L 163Brooke G J 43 160Brown R E 11 12 102 130 157 158Broyles C C 123Bultmann R 3 60 98 111 132 156

158 184 185 186 187 188 201Burkett D 27 213Bussmann W 26

Campbell J Y 28 46Caragounis C C 27 29 39Carroll J T 3Carruth S 119Casey P M 29 34 35 37 39 41Cas tor G D 4 5Catchpole D R 21 77 90 96 99 129

131 145 147 156 157 159 164 175 188 198 208

Chang A 199Charlesworth J H 31 42 43 44 45

46 47 72 160 171 185Chazon E G 115 202Cheung L L 12Childs B S 163Chilton B D 26 36 39 117 130Clark D J 109Collins A Y 39 41 47 50 51 52 103

114 188 193 211Collins J J 23 40 43 48 49 50 51

52 53 57 76 77 121 126 160 161 162 163 168 202

Colpe C 25 26 28 29 31 32 36 37 39 40 45 140

Index of Modern Authors262

Conzelmann H 96 97Cotter W J 61 104 132 156 163 165

166 170 191Cromhout M 61 145 191Crossan J D 39 89 94 98 134

Dalman G 27 29 30Damm A 171Davidson M J 114Davies W D 1 2 3 91 99 119 120

131 138 139 140 149 150 169 172 179 180 184 185 193 197 200

DeConick A D 11 17 20 21 138 139 192

Derrenbacker R A 1 24Di Lella A A 73Dibelius M 12Diacuteez Macho A 30Dimant D 160DiTommaso L 57Doering L 208Downing F G 23 64Draper J A 13 14 15 16 68 156Dundenberg I 11Dunn J D G 1 149 183Dupont J 97 116Durham J I 163

Eldridge M D 117Elgvin T 49 56 57 115 202Eshel H 44

Fiebig P 26 27 28 34 37 39Fitzmyer J A 1 2 3 8 19 26 28 30

31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 82 91 95 97 98 117 118 119 130 131 133 138 139 140 146 149 163 177 179 208

Fleddermann H T 2 6 10 11 59 62 69 83 84 85 86 87 90 91 93 95 97 98 101 103 104 105 109 129 130 134 140 144 148 150 152 156 157 163 166 170 176 177 179 184 185 189 199 200 203 205 211

Flusser D 14 15Fos ter P 1 3 6 12 26Freedman H 32Frenschkowski M 145Frey J 56Freyne S 159 199

Funk F X 14 147

Garciacutea Martiacutenez F 49 57 160 162 202 208

Garrow A 13Gathercole S 17 19 20 138 139 181Gerber C 203Gibson J B 116Gieschen C A 147Ginsburger M 30Glover R 13 16Goering G S 72 125Goff M J 55 56 57 79 84 115 178

202Goodacre M 1 17 19Greenfield J C 27Greeven H 12Gregg B H 90 97 186 198 204Grenfell B P 14 17Guelich R A 193Guenther H O 26Gundry R H 150 181 197

Haenchen E 12 139 157 158 201Hahn F 185Han K S 124 125 200Hannah D D 42 43 45 46Hare D R A 38 39 40 184 185Harrington D J 33 55 57 202 Hartin P J 12 61 119 166Hasitschka M 118Heil C 5 38 60 99 119 181Higgins A J B 184Hill A E 163Hindley J C 43Hoffmann P 5 38 55 67 70 75 77

80 96 99 112 145 167 170 184 185

Holtzmann H J 4Hooker M D 45Horsley R 68 156 198 199 200van der Hors t P W 73Hossfeld F L 124Howard G 146Howes L 26 39 43 61 65 77 81 133

140 141 142 166 167 170 185 188 190 212

Hubbard B J 38Hultgren S 160 162Hunt A S 14 17

263Index of Modern Authors

van Iersel B M F 102

Jacobson A D 5 26 39 49 54 60 61 64 75 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 85 87 90 94 96 97 98 106 129 132 140 144 152 156 157 167 170 171 184 185 187 201 207 210

Jefford C N 13 14 15Jeremias J 179 198 204Jervis L A 55Jewett R 149Johnson L A 178 208Johnson L T 12Johnson-DeBaufre M 66 103 163Jonas H 51de Jonge H J 24 185Jongeling B 35Joseph S J 1 21 23 24 45 46 47 48

51 52 68 103 125 132 134 136 142 144 153 156 159 160 161 162 164 178 180 181 182 184 185 187 190 191 200 201 202 206 208 214 215

Jus t A A 102

Kahle P 26 30 31 36Kampen J L 162 209Kaufman S A 31 32 36 40Keener C S 183Kirk A 2 4 5 6 10 15 24 55 59 60

61 62 66 67 68 69 71 72 73 75 76 77 78 79 83 84 85 86 87 88 90 94 96 98 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 111 114 129 152 155 156 166 177 179 184 189 190 197 203 207 208 214 215

Kloppenborg J S 1 2 3 4 5 11 12 13 14 15 17 19 21 22 23 24 25 26 38 39 50 51 53 54 55 57 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 86 87 88 89 90 95 97 98 99 103 104 107 108 111 112 121 122 123 124 125 126 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 139 140 141 142 143 144 147 148 150 151 155 156 157 158 160 162 163 164 165 166 167 170 171 172 175 176 180 181 182 183 184 187 189

190 191 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 208 210 211 212 213

Knibb M A 46 202Koes ter H 15 38 48 60 61 63 66

148Koumlhler W D 16Kraus H-J 124Kutscher E Y 30 35 36

Lang B 201Laurence R 41Leives tad R 43Levine A-J 208Lichtenberger H 124Lindars B 29 34 37 39 43 184 185

188Lohfink N 118Lukaszewski A 25 27Luz U 3 10 60 74 75 78 81 87 90

91 93 95 96 97 99 102 106 111 131 134 140 142 145 148 150 151 166 169 180 181 184 185 197 198 199 201 204 207

Luumldemann G 183Luumlhrmann D 61 64 78 111 140 157

158 165 180 184

Mack B L 23 38 43 61 133 135 170Magness J 160Malherbe A 192 211Manson T W 5 28 101Maori Y 32Marcus J 8 11 41 47 102 183 188

193 199 211Marshall I H 3Martiacutenez R 166 167Martyn J L 183Maumlrz C-P 90 94McDermott J M 185McNamara M J 31Meadors E P 62 66 67 72 74 76 77

166 168 201Meadors G T 137Menken M J J 116 117Meyer A 27Meyer P D 157Middleton P 182Milik J P 36 42 43 187Milikowsky C 181Miller R J 63 201

Index of Modern Authors264

Mitchell D C 124Moller H B 29Moreland M 23Moss C 182Mournet T C 1Muraoka T 35 38Muumlnch C 203

Neirynck F 2 3 4 11 22 26 90 98 99 116 130 140 149

Nickelsburg G 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 52 53 76 106 112 113 122 126 141 168 172 202 210 213

Niebuhr K W 159Niederwimmer K 13 14 15 16 148

151 152Nielsen K 114 115Nolland J 179Novakovic L 160 162

Odeberg H 36Oegema G S 116Owen P 25 29 35

Patterson S J 17 18 21 61 63Perrin N 186Pervo R I 183Pietersma A 146Piovanelli P 44 45Piper R A 61 82 112 176 190Ploeg J P M 35Pokornyacute P 11 17 19 117 139Polag A 62 73 89 90 94Porter S E 180 181Porton G G 38Pries t J 126Propp W H C 163Puech Eacute 133 160 162

Ra Y 39 132 145 155 170 184 185Reicke B 141Riesner R 183Robbins M C 51 103 113 115 117

121 125Robbins V K 104Robinson J M 2 5 24 26 34 38 39

41 43 55 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 77 96 103 119 129 131 132 134 135 140 142 143 144 145

156 160 165 166 167 180 181 184 185 186 187 188 190 200 201 202

Rodd C S 6 7 9Rollens S E 2 3 23 24 26 61 132

182 191Roth D T 2 6 7 10 11 54 90 145

165 191 192 203 204 205 206Rothschild C K 90 159 164Royse J R 146Roumlsel M 146

Sacchi P 43 44 45 47Sandt H 5 14 15Sato M 3 59 62 74 75 76 77 79 80

82 83 87 90 94 98 111 134 170 176 184

Schalit A 44Schenk W 62 73 89 90 103 170 176Schiavo L 104 112 113Schiffman L H 57 160Schnackenburg R 12 157 158Schniedewind W M 160Schroumlter J 180Schulz S 74 132 165 167 176 179

201 210Schuumlrmann H 8 130 167 170Seeley D 132 141 142Segal M 43 114 121Sellew P 193Sevenich-Bax E 103 105Shelton J 163Shepherd D 29 35Shinall M C 51Shirock R J 102Sjoumlberg E 28 29 35 39 45Skeat T C 180Skehan P W 73Smith D A 96 201 202 203So K-C 157Sokoloff M 35Somov A 181Spranger P P 204S taples J A 145 146 154S teck O H 61 64 132 201S tone M E 45S treeter B H 4 12 130S trugnell J 55S tuckenbruck L T 27 30 47 51 65

114 121Syreeni K 4 15 153

265Index of Modern Authors

Tabor J D 160Tannehil R C 178 208Taylor N H 120 123 183Theissen G 123Theophilos M P 126Tigchelaar E J C 56Tiwald M 3 23 160Toumldt H E 47 184 185 186 187Tuckett C M 1 3 6 9 11 13 14 15

17 23 26 49 50 53 54 61 62 63 66 68 72 76 77 84 86 90 94 95 98 112 114 119 121 125 130 134 140 150 154 156 157 158 160 166 170 184 193 199 205 206 207 208 210

Uhlig S 45Uro R 26 62 185

Vaage L E 23 24 26 39 61 133 165 167 170 171 190 191 210

VanderKam J C 43 46 57 168Vassiliadis P 89 94de Vaux R 56Vermes G 26 28 29 31 32 33 34 35

36 37 38 39 40 43 140 160 184

Wacholder B Z 209

von Wahlde U C 12 158Wahlen C 51Walck L W 46 52Watson F 1Weaks J A 6 7Weinfeld M 118 146 207 208Weiser A 124Weiss B 130Wellhausen J 26Welch J W 102Wernberg-Mѳller P 36Wes termann C 135 136Williams P J 35Wilson W T 149Wins ton D 46 72Wise M O 160Witetschek S 86 167Wolter M 90van der Woude A S 35Wright III B J 72 202

Xeravits G G 202

York A D 32

Zeller D 63 69 111 165 212Zenger E 124

Index of Subjects

Abel-Main (Tell Abl) 45Abraham 32 157Agrippa I 123 183Ahab 118 121angel of Yahweh 163angelicheavenly rebellion 121 125Antigonus 43aphaeresis 27 32 34 36 38apocalypse 48ndash as incorrectly applied to Mk 133ndash37

211ndash as incorrectly applied to Q 1723ndash37

210 211apocalypticndash Chris tianity 53ndash discourse 211ndash framework 57 121ndash inaccurately used as a noun 49ndash literature 47 53 54 135ndash language in Ben Sira 72ndash tradition 56 57 186ndash wisdom ins tructions other than Q 56

57 77 202ndash worldview (outside of Q see its at-

tes tation in Q referenced separately below) 24 49 50 51 55 57 87 121

apocalypticism 25 87 58 62ndash and apocalypse 48 49ndash and eschatology 48ndash as a literary category 48 79ndash as a dis tortion of Godrsquos intended

order 23ndash as compatible with wisdom in late

second temple literature 57 62 66 70 72 154 202

ndash as having a place outside the genre of an apocalypse 49

ndash as synonymous with apocalyptic worldview 49

ndash in Pauline thought 192ndash in sectarian environments 53

ndash in recent Q scholarship 48ndash methodological definitions of 50 54

186Aramaic 25 26 46 70 140 187 204

213ndash OfficialImperialBiblical 26 27 35

40ndash Middle 26 27 30 32 33 34 35 36

37 38 40 41 52 167 170 187 188ndash Late 26 27 28 32 33 34 35 36 37

38 41 140 187ndash Galilean 29 36 38ndash Qumran 31 32 35 38Athaliah 125Augus tus 45

Babylonian Exile 118Banias 45βασιλείαndash as a hypothetical metaphor reflecting

the social interes ts of Qrsquos author(s) 48

ndash as a political entity 120ndash of God 23 48 73 95 108 123 132

177 178 182 183 184 192 194 206 207

ndash of Satan 51 114ndash realized 142beatitude(s) 82 91 93 105 131 132

133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 153

Bethsaida 45 56 93

Caesarea Philippi 46(Cairo) Geniza fragments 28 29 30 32

36 37Capernaum 45 56 93chiasm 83 85 101 102 103 109 118

120chias tic 85 101 103 106 107 108 120

152 197

Index of Subjects268

Chorazin 56 93chreia(s) 63 71 104 105 120 211chreiic 65 86 104 105 111 156chris tology (see the Q discussion refer-

enced separately below)ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 17ndash in Luke 19ndash in Mark 131circumcision 159 209Claudius 183cosmic mountain 114 119Cynic(s) 23

Dan 45 47Darius I 163Deuteronomis t 118Deuteronomis tic His tory 146deuteronomis ticndash agenda 156ndash context(s) 143 153ndash framework 53 54ndash motifs 118 127ndash orientation 64ndash outlook 61 82 114ndash redaction 80ndash rhetoric 136ndash s tratums trata 78ndash theme 78ndash tradition 79ndash unders tanding 64devil 51 66 114 117 119 120 121 123

124

Elijah 96 116 118 126 162 163 164ElijahElisha cycle 162 163Enoch 44 45 47 51 76 112 113 157

172 202ndash as a scribe 46ndash Book of Watchers 45 113 125ndash sapiential content in Watchers 76ndash Book of Parables 24 41 47 157 167

171 213ndash sapiential content in Parables 76ndash Epis tle of Enoch 43ndash his torical incarnation of 202ndash Seminar 47Enochicndash author 122ndash corpus 52 73ndash formulation 52

ndash framework 121ndash literaturetext 43 46 56ndash movement 47 53 157 210ndash mythology 113 114 122 164ndash Son of Man 172ndash tradents 46ndash tradition 43 46 47 79 113 122 157

215ndash Watchers myth 45 53 121eschatological prophetndash in 4Q521 160 162ndash in Q 164 165 166eschatology (see the Q discussion refer-

enced separately below) 47 48 50ndash in 1 Enoch 42 47 76 122 141 142

168 169ndash in 4Q521 159 160 162ndash in 4QIns truction 56ndash in Ben Sira 72ndash in Malachi 163 164ndash in Psalms of Solomon 159ndash in Trito-Isaiah 136Exodusndash legendmyth 117ndash imagerymotifs 116 163

form (literary)ndash and meaning 82ndash and worldview 76ndash apocalypse 49ndash criticism 61 62 63 67 68 69 70

74 156 170 214ndash miracle s tory 156ndash wisdom 84ndash (wisdom) ins truction 70 71

Gaius (Caligula) 44 46 123Galilee 23 36 44 45 47 56 73 131

171 194 215ndash village scribes 48ndash villagestowns 24 93 199Gentile(s) 9 87 96 120 126 155 157

158 159 164 167 168 169 173 198 199 209 215

Great Omission 8 9

HasidicHasidim 79 162Hebrew 25 35 39 40 41 42 204Hebrew Biblescriptures 24 118 127

136 160

269Index of Subjects

Hermogenes 171mt Hermon 45 46 47Herod the Great and the Herodian era

43 44 45 46 126Herodians 45(holy) Spirit 72 94 178 189Hulah Valley 45

Isaiah (see the Index of Ancient Sources for specific passages)

ndash Deutero 46 135 136 168 169ndash firs t-century reader of 135ndash Trito 51 54 135 136 137 143 154

163 200Israelndash in Ben Sira 125ndash in Daniel 168ndash in Deuteronomy 118ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 139ndash in the Hebrew Bible 198 199ndash in Jubilees 121ndash in Malachi 163ndash in Q 53 64 78 80 87 96 104 118

127 155 156 158 198 199ndash pre-exilic 50ndash traditional wisdom of 58ndash wilderness myth 117

James (son of Zebedee) 183Jerusalem 44 72 96 106 108 113 119

125 159 166 199 200ndash culttemple 136 137 163 214ndash pries thood 45 47 127Jesusndash as an apocalyptic figure in Q 38ndash as a literary character in Q 21ndash floating traditions ascribed to 48ndash his torical 21 29 37 43 47 73 116

141 142 164 165 171 172 186 198ndash his torical greeting of in Jerusalem

106ndash movement 23ndash tradition 161Jewish Chris tianityndash as a movement in a contes ted envi-

ronment 43 183ndash as a proliferation of groups and

communities 183ndash on the use of the term 23

ndash possible connection to the Enochic movement 47

Jewish War 200John (the Baptis t) 68 78 80 83 85 90

91 92 97 103 104 105 116 159 163 164 165 166 167 169 172

ndash followers of 159 165 166ndash his torical 159 165Journeysndash cosmicterres trial 76 112 113 114

119 122 127ndash heavenly 45 112 113Judea 36 44 200 215

Kallirrhoeuml 45Kleinliteratur 3 4 59 60 73 215

Lordrsquos Prayer 93 94 177Lot 97 99

Maccabean era 126Mas tema 121Matthew and Luke as conservative

traditionalis ts 4Matthewrsquos and Lukersquos redactorial

freedom 4Matthewrsquos use of Q 4messiah 106 116 162 164 210messiahship 123messianic 116 210Migdal 46mimesis 114 141minor agreements 15 130Minor Prophets 146Moses 117

Nag Hammadi 17Nimrod 32

oralndash possible cross-influence on the Gos-

pel of Thomas from the canonical gospels 11 193

ndash harmonization of Matthew and Luke 16

ndash life of the primitive community 60ndash performance 15 16 161ndash source utilization 15ndash tradition 17 98 151ndash transmission 188

Index of Subjects270

ndash usage and application of Q 4ndash usage of Matthew 15ndash variants of Q 4Oxyrhynchus 17

Paneion 46Parousia 116 186 193Parthian invasion of 40 BCE 44 46Paulndash his torical 149 183ndash possible awareness of the Q tradition

by 192persecutionndash as an apocalyptic motif 54ndash because of someone 142ndash in authentic Pauline corpus 149 183ndash in Q 52 54 78 94 107 118 122

126 132 133 134 140 141 142 143 144 175 180 181 182 184 190 194 200 206

ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 138ndash in the Parables of Enoch 141ndash in Trito-Isaiah 137 200ndash plausibility of 182 183Pharisees 65 68 94 166 169 205 206

214pleroma 39prophecyndash pre-exilic and Persian era (classical)

50ndash mixture of with wisdom 77Prophetisierung 75

Qndash apocalypticism apocalyptic motifs

features imagination framework and worldview 23 25 46 53 57 58 63 69 70 71 73 76 79 84 87 88 111 114 121 127 141 175 190 194 197 202 210 211 213 214

ndash apocalyptic document 48 51ndash apocalyptic wisdom ins truction 23

55 70 73 74 77 79 214ndash (apocalyptic) communitymovement

55 107 122 194 195 206 209ndash Aramaic roots 26ndash chris tology 70 81 83 87 93 104

115 116 123 130 131 142 144 145 147 153 154 156 157 159 164 166 167 194 214

ndash demonology 51 53ndash eschatological (apocalyptic) dis-

course 64 83 97 98 170 210 211 212

ndash eschatology 48 51 54 56 69 73 75 87 94 95 101 104 105 108 133 141 142 143 144 147 159 164 165 166 167 169 172 180 192 193 194 198 199 202 203 210

ndash final (literary) form 59 62 69 78 178

ndash hypothetical mid- (lower) level or sub-elite scribal origin 24 59

ndash hypothetical recensions 3 4 59 60 90 98

ndash hypothetical segregation of wisdom and apocalyptic s trata 60 66 67 70 213 214

ndash mission speech 23 56 86 87 92 104 105 107 173 182 194

ndash Pales tinian character 24ndash possible authenticity of its content

22 81ndash prophetic content 61 63 67 70 74

75 76 77 79 80 82 83 142 143 176

ndash recons truction (CEQ) 5 6 10 90 (see also recons truction [in this s tudy] below as such frequently follows the CEQ)

ndash recons truction (feasibility) 2 3 4 10 11

ndash recons truction (in this s tudy) 60 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 111 116 119 120 123 130 131 134 144 147 148 149 151 152 165 169 170 172 175 176 177 178 179 181 184 191 193 199 204 207 213 215

ndash recons truction (methodology) 5 89 90

ndash recons truction (skepticism) 2 10 59 (see also recons tructed Mark below)

ndash sapiential content 12 62 63 67 77 79 80 82 130 154 175 191 202 214

ndash sermon 63 82 91 92 103 105 127 129 130 131 134 135 138 140 144 145 147 152 153 154 155 156

ndash sophis ticated scribal traditions 24ndash sub-literary view of 3 59 60 74

271Index of Subjects

ndash tradents 4 59 67 125 135 147 181 182 197 199 202 203 207 209 214

ndash tradition 13 17 87 161 163 164 186 187 192 202

Quintillian 171Qumran (see the Index of Ancient

Sources for specific documents)ndash apocalyptic worldview 50 135ndash Aramaic corpus 33ndash beatitude collection 133ndash communitymovementYahad 44 53

56 121 135 136 137 157 160 161 206 207 208 209

ndash demonology 124ndash discovery 29ndash fellowship with angels 115ndash fragments of 1 Enoch 44ndash library 43ndash manualsrules 82ndash sapiential literature 25 55 56 57

58 62 69ndash social setting 43

recons tructed Mark 2 6 7 8 9 10RomeRomans 44 91 121 126 159

199 207ndash occupation of Judea 44

sage(s) 55 56 79 84Samaria 44Satan 50 51 52 53 114 115 117 118

120 121 159 192scribe(s) 102 205ndash ancient reading practices of 102ndash as a Q opponent group 68 169 205ndash as advanced or elite readers of Q

102 103ndash Enochic 46 215ndash in Matthewrsquos community (other than

Matthew) 4ndash in the Q community 48 135 195

215ndash in the text of Q 169 172ndash memory competence of 4 102ndash responsible for 2 Enoch 112ndash responsible for Did 13bndash5b 15scriptorium 46Sefire 27 37Sepphoris 38 46Sermon on the Mount 15 16 87 94

Sermon on the Plain 15 16(Deutero-Isaianic) Servant 136 168 169Sidon 199Simeon II 125Son of Man 47 115ndash Aramaic background of the phrase

25 26 28 37 153ndash as a messianic title in the Parables of

Enoch 28 46ndash circumlocutional non-titular use of

the phrase in Late Aramaic 34ndash classifications of the phrasersquos Q

ins tances 26ndash designation of as Son of Humanity in

some recent research 39ndash his torical incarnation of as under-

s tood by some ancient authors 165 172

ndash hypothetical non-titular (circumlocu-tional or generic) use of the definite phrase in Middle Aramaic by the his torical Jesus and in Q 28 29 34 37 38 39 42 43 52 71 140 142 167 170 186 187

ndash in Daniel 41 42 186 213ndash in Luke 142 186ndash in Mark 41ndash in Matthew 99 142 186ndash in Q 25 26 34 38 39 42 43 46 47

52 53 64 67 69 70 71 96 98 104 106 115 116 123 141 142 147 164 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 176 185 186 187 188 189 191 194 201 203 210 212 213

ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 170ndash in the Parables of Enoch 25 28 41

42 43 44 45 46 47 122 141 142 146 147 153 155 164 165 168 169 172 173 202 213

ndash non-titular use of the indefinite phrase in Middle Aramaic 41

ndash titular (including but not limited to chris tological) use of the definite phrase in Q 34 38 52 53 64 70 104 123 142 143 147 167 168 172 173 185 186 187 189 191 194 201 203 210 212 213

Sondergut 89 90ndash Matthean 91ndash Lukan 94 95 97 98 177

Index of Subjects272

Sophiandash myth (Enochic tradition) 172 202ndash myth (synoptic tradition) 96 200

201ndash words of 96 201synopticndash gospels 11 150 151ndash material 16 151ndash parallels 18 19ndash problem 1ndash Sayings Source 3 216ndash s tudies 4ndash tradition 17 21 26 98 101 131 151

158 205 215Syria 215

Talmud 30 36 37 38Targum 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

38 40 41ndash recons truction of the Pales tinian Tar-

gum 32Taricheae 46Tell Dan 45templendash apparatusins titution 50 96 107

113 119 125 126 127 137 157 197 200 205

ndash eschatological 76

ndash purityholiness of 65 123 137ndash mitigatingprotective role 51 124ndash of Augus tus at Paneion 45ndash second temple era 25 41 44 48 56

62 70 71 72 79 82 84 121 124 136 137 154 163 186 201 209 213 216

ndash liturgy 124ndash mounthill 113ndash pollution of as perceived by some

ancient authors 113 125 136Theon of Alexandria 171Tiberias 38Torah 58 64 72 79 112 207 208 209transfiguration 47tree of knowledge 113Tyre 199

Vermes-Fitzmyer debate 28 38 39

Watchers 45 53 121Wicked Pries t 125

Yahweh 117 118

Zechariah (son of Jehoiada) 200mt Zion 113

  • Cover13
  • Titel13
  • Preface
  • Table of Contents13
  • List of Abbreviations
  • Chapter One Prolegomena
    • 1 Introduction Recent Methodological Questions in Q Studies
    • 2 The Study of Q as a Reconstructed Text
      • Index of Ancient Sources
      • Index of Modern Authors
      • Index of Subjects
Page 7: Apocalypticism in the Synoptic Sayings Source€¦ · Apocalypticism in the Synoptic Sayings Source A Reassessment of Q’s Stratigraphy Mohr Siebeck. Olegs Andrejevs, born 1982;

IXTable of Contents

Chapter Four Recons truction 89

1 Introduction 89

2 Recons truction of Qrsquos Sequence 90

Chapter Five Macro Compositions in Q 101

1 Introduction 101

2 The Compositional S tructure of Q 32bndash960 103

3 The Compositional S tructure of Q 102ndash1240 105

4 The Compositional S tructure of Q 1235ndash2230 108

Chapter Six The Temptation S tory 111

1 Introduction 111

2 Q 41ndash13 Genre Interpretation and S tratigraphy 112

21 The S toryrsquos Genre A Cosmic Journey 11222 Q 41ndash13 as an Angelic Disputation 11423 The Firs t Sequence (Q 41ndash4) 11624 The Second Sequence (Q 45ndash8) 11925 The Third Sequence (Q 49ndash13) 123

3 Summary S tratigraphic Provenance of Q 41ndash13 126

Chapter Seven Q 416 620ndash49 129

1 Introduction 129

2 Ναζαρά (Q 416 ) 130

3 The Beatitudes (Q 620bndash23) 131

31 Recons truction and the Main Issues 13132 Is Mourning a Socioeconomic Index LXX Isa 611ndash3 as

the Intertextual Background of Q 620bndash2113233 The Q Beatitudes and their Thomasine Parallels 13734 Q 622ndash23 and 1 Pet 314 414 139

Table of ContentsX

35 Ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου in Q 622c 14036 The Prophets in Q 623c14337 Conclusion Q 620bndash23 as a Q2 Composition 143

4 ldquoWhy do you call me lsquoκύριε κύριεrsquordquo Q 646 and the Chris tological Bookends of the Sermon 144

5 The Sectio Evangelica (Q 627ndash635) and Q 636 147

51 The Shared Vorlage of Q 627ndash35 and Did 13bndash5b 14752 Q 627ndash36 Imitatio Dei and Divine Adoption 152

6 Summary S tratigraphic Provenance of Q 416 620ndash49 153

Chapter Eight Q 71ndash960 155

1 Introduction 155

2 Q and the Gentile Mission in Q 71ndash10 155

3 ldquoGo and Tell Johnrdquo (Q 718ndash23) 159

4 Σὺ εἶ ὁ ἐρχόμενος The Son of Manrsquos Earthly Mission in Q 734 and 958 165

41 Ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου in Q 73416542 Ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου in Q 95816943 Q 959ndash60 as a Q2 Text 172

5 Summary Compositional Unity of Q 71ndash35 957ndash60 173

Chapter Nine Q 102ndash1240 175

1 Introduction 175

2 S tratigraphic Provenance of Q 128ndash10 176

21 S tructural Similarity of Q 124ndash7 to Q 112bndash4 9ndash13 1222bndash34 17622 Q 122ndash12 as a Q1 ldquoPersecution Speechrdquo 18123 Ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου in Q 128ndash10184

231 Recons truction and the Main Issues 184232 Ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου in Q 128 185233 Ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου ndash in Q 129 188

XITable of Contents

234 Ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου in Q 1210 188235 Conclusion Q 128ndash10 as a Q1 Text 190

3 S tratigraphic Provenance of Q 1239ndash40 190

31 Q 1239-40 and Q 1233ndash34 19032 Q 1239-40 and Gos Thom 215ndash8192

4 Summary 194

Chapter 10 Q 1235ndash2230 197

1 Introduction 197

2 Ten Los t Tribes or Gentiles in Q 1328ndash29 198

3 Q and its Opponents200

31 Jesus and the Temple in Q 1149ndash51 1334ndash35 20032 Q2 and the Wicked Slaves 203

4 The Halakhic Compendium in Q 1617ndash172 206

5 S tratigraphic Provenance of Q 1723ndash37 210

51 Q 1723ndash37 as an Apocalyptic Discourse 21052 Ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου in Q 1723ndash37212

Chapter 11 Conclusion 213

Bibliography 217

Index of Ancient Sources 245

Index of Modern Authors 261

Index of Subjects 267

Lis t of Abbreviations

AASF Annales Academiae Scientiarum FennicaeAB Anchor BibleABD Anchor Bible DictionaryABRL Anchor Bible Reference LibraryAcOr Acta OrientaliaAGJU Arbeiten zur Geschichte des antiken Judentums und des Urchris tentumsAnBib Analecta BiblicaANTC Abingdon New Tes tament CommentariesBBB Bonner Biblische BeitraumlgeBeO Biblica et OrientaliaBETL Bibliotheca Ephemeridum Theologicarum LovaniensiumBib BiblicaBJRL Bulletin of the John Rylands University Library of Manches terBNTC Blackrsquos New Tes tament CommentaryBR Biblical ResearchBSR Bulletin for the S tudy of ReligionBTB Biblical Theology BulletinBTS Biblical Tools and S tudiesBWANT Beitraumlge zur Wissenschaft vom Alten und Neuen Tes tamentBZ Biblische ZeitschriftBZNW Beihefte zur Zeitschrift fuumlr die neutes tamentliche WissenschaftCBR Currents in Biblical ResearchCC Concordia CommentaryCEQ The Critical Edition of Q Synopsis Including the Gospels of Matthew

and Luke Mark and Thomas with English German and French Translations of Q and Thomas

CBQ Catholic Biblical Quarterly CRINT Compendia Rerum Iudaicarum ad Novum Tes tamentumDJD Discoveries in the Judean DesertDSD Dead Sea DiscoveriesECC Eerdmans Critical CommentaryEs tBib Es tudios BiblicosETL Ephemerides Theologicae LovaniensesEvT Evangelische TheologieExpT The Expository TimesFB Forschung zur BibelFFRS Foundations and Facets Reference SeriesFRLANT Forschungen zur Religion und Literatur des Alten und Neuen Tes tamentsGTJ Grace Theological JournalHNT Handbuch zum Neuen Tes tamentHR His tory of ReligionsHTCNT Herderrsquos Theological Commentary on the New Tes tament

XIV Lis t of Abbreviations

HTR Harvard Theological ReviewHTS Harvard Theological S tudiesIBS Irish Biblical S tudiesICC The International Critical CommentaryIQP The International Q ProjectJAOS Journal of the American Oriental SocietyJBL Journal of Biblical LiteratureJCTCRS Jewish and Chris tian Texts in Contexts and Related S tudiesJECH Journal of Early Chris tian His toryJJS Journal of Jewish S tudiesJQR Jewish Quarterly ReviewJR Journal of ReligionJSJ Journal for the S tudy of JudaismJSJSup Journal for the S tudy of Judaism Supplement SeriesJSNT Journal for the S tudy of the New Tes tamentJSNTSup Journal for the S tudy of the New Tes tament Supplement SeriesJSOT Journal for the S tudy of the Old Tes tamentJSOTSup Journal for the S tudy of the Old Tes tament Supplement SeriesJSP Journal for the S tudy of the PseudepigraphaJSPSup Journal for the S tudy of the Pseudepigrapha Supplement SeriesJTC Journal for Theology and the ChurchJTS Journal of Theological S tudiesLingBibl Linguis tica BiblicaLNTS Library of New Tes tament S tudiesLS TS Library of Second Temple S tudiesLUA Lunds Universitets ArsskriftMTS Marburger theologische S tudienMThA Muumlns teraner theologische AbhandlungenNA Neutes tamentliche ArbeitenNHS Nag Hammadi S tudiesNHMS Nag Hammadi and Manichaean S tudiesNIBC The New International Biblical CommentaryNIGTC The New International Greek Tes tament Commentary NovT Novum Tes tamentumNovTSup Novum Tes tamentum SupplementsNTL The New Tes tament LibraryNTR New Tes tament ReadingsNTS New Tes tament S tudiesNTTS New Tes tament Tools and S tudiesOTL The Old Tes tament LibraryPBM Paternos ter Biblical MonographsPFES Publications of the Finnish Exegetical SocietyRB Revue bibliqueRevQ Revue de QumranSAC S tudies in Antiquity and Chris tianity SBL S tudies in Biblical LiteratureSBLECL Society of Biblical Literature Early Chris tianity and its LiteratureSBLEJL Society of Biblical Literature Early Judaism and its LiteratureSBLMS Society of Biblical Literature Monograph SeriesSBLSBS Society of Biblical Literature Sources for Biblical S tudySBLSP Society of Biblical Literature Seminar PapersSNTSMS Society for New Tes tament S tudies Monograph Series

XVLis t of Abbreviations

ScrHier Scripta HierosolymitanaSPhiloA S tudia Philonica AnnualS TDJ S tudies on the Texts of the Desert of JudahS tJ S tudia JudaicaSVTP S tudia in Veteris Tes tamenti PseudepigraphaSVTQ S t Vladimirrsquos Theological QuarterlyTAZ Texte und Arbeiten zum neutes tamentlichen ZeitalterTDNT Theological Dictionary of the New Tes tamentTENT Texts and Editions for New Tes tament S tudyTJT Toronto Journal of TheologyTS Theological S tudiesTTZ Trierer theologische ZeitschriftUNDCSJCA University of Notre Dame Center for the S tudy of Judaism and

Chris tianity in AntiquityVCSup Vigiliae Chris tianae Supplement SeriesVT Vetus Tes tamentumVTSup Vetus Tes tamentum Supplement SeriesWBC Word Biblical CommentaryWUNT Wissenchaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Tes tamentZDMG Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenlaumlndischen GesellschaftZKT Zeitschrift fuumlr katholische TheologieZNW Zeitschrift fuumlr die neutes tamentliche WissenschaftZTK Zeitschrift fuumlr Theologie und Kirche

Chapter One

Prolegomena

1 Introduction Recent Methodological Questions in Q Studies

A survey of the current trends in New Testament and Q studies reveals a some-what uncertain environment While the Two-Document Hypothesis (hereafter 2DH) continues to hold its own occasional skepticism with regard to Qrsquos ex-istence has by no means dissipated1 Within the ranks of those scholars who work with or trend toward the 2DH the written character of Q is not universally accepted2 Among those who accept the premise of a written Q there remain

1 For recent arguments against the 2DH see eg Mark S Goodacre The Case Against Q

Studies in Markan Priority and the Synoptic Problem (Harrisburg PA Trinity Press Interna-tional 2002) Francis Watson Gospel Writing A Canonical Perspective (Grand Rapids MI Eerdmans 2013) For responses to these scholars see eg Paul Foster ldquoIs It Possible to Dis-pense with Qrdquo NovT 45 (2003) 313ndash37 John S Kloppenborg ldquoOn Dispensing with Q Goodacre on the Relation of Luke to Matthewrdquo NTS 49 (2003) 210ndash36 Christopher M Tuck-ett ldquoWatson Q and LMrdquo in Gospel Interpretation and the Q-Hypothesis (ed Mogens Muumlller and Heike Omerzu LNTS 573 London TampT Clark 2018) 115ndash38 (for Watsonrsquos rejoinder see ldquoSeven Theses on the Synoptic Problem in Disagreement with Christopher Tuckettrdquo in Idem 139ndash47) For classic comprehensive cases in support of the 2DH see Joseph A Fitzmyer ldquoThe Priority of Mark and the lsquoQrsquo Source in Lukerdquo in Jesus and Manrsquos Hope (ed Donald G Miller Pittsburgh PA Pittsburgh Theological Seminary 1970) 131ndash70 W D Davies and Dale C Allison The Gospel According to Saint Matthew (ICC 26 3 vols Edinburgh TampT Clark 1988ndash97) 1115ndash21 John S Kloppenborg Verbin Excavating Q The History and Set-ting of the Sayings Gospel (Minneapolis MN Fortress Press 2000) 11ndash54 For recent investi-gations demonstrating the viability of the 2DH see Robert A Derrenbacker Ancient Composi-tional Practices and the Synoptic Problem (BETL 186 Leuven Leuven University Press 2005) Alan Kirk Q in Matthew Ancient Media Memory and Early Scribal Transmission of the Jesus Tradition (LNTS 564 London TampT Clark 2016) For additional recent statements by Q scholars see Simon J Joseph The Nonviolent Messiah Jesus Q and the Enochic Tradi-tion (Minneapolis MN Fortress Press 2014) 8ndash10 Giovanni B Bazzana Kingdom of Bureau-cracy The Political Ideology of Village Scribes in the Sayings Gospel Q (BETL 274 Leuven Peeters 2015) 2ndash3 While a close discussion of the synoptic problem lies outside the scope of this monograph it is perhaps worth emphasizing that the solutions of Goodacre and Watson are equally if not more so hypothetical than the 2DH

2 Eg Terence C Mournet Oral Tradition and Literary Dependency Variability and Sta-bility in the Synoptic Tradition and Q (WUNT 2195 Tuumlbingen Mohr Siebeck 2005) Armin D Baum Der muumlndliche Faktor und seine Bedeutung fuumlr die synoptische Frage (TAZ 49 Tuuml-bingen Francke 2008) James D G Dunn The Oral Gospel Tradition (Grand Rapids MI Eerdmans 2013) For responses to the arguments made by these and other scholars see John

2 Chapter One Prolegomena

important disagreements regarding the attainability of Qrsquos word-level recon-struction3 Additionally questions about the provenance of portions of two sec-ond-century documents the Didache and the pseudepigraphal Gospel of Thomas continue to affect the study of Qrsquos sources and redaction If the Q parallels contained in those documents derive from the canonical gospels ndash as some scholars have argued ndash then such parallels obviously have no bearing on Qrsquos compositional history If however certain sayings or combinations of say-ings reach the Didache and Thomas via autonomous channels apart from the canonical gospels and can be shown to not depend on Q then the hypothesis of a Vorlage shared by the parallels in question and Q becomes logical It is not difficult to see how these matters are critical to the study of Qrsquos stratigraphy After all one of its fundamental tasks is to identify possible modifications of traditional material thereby acquiring a better understanding of the documentrsquos redactional interests

This chapter will discuss two of the aforementioned issues While we pre-suppose the validity of the 2DH and Qrsquos written character in what follows we shall engage the feasibility of Qrsquos reconstruction and the attainability of the documentrsquos wording The former has recently been dismissed by a number of scholars who have pointed out the inferiority of the reconstructed Mark4 to the canonical version of the gospel while Qrsquos wording has come under renewed scrutiny This will be followed by arguments in support of the autonomy of Did 13bndash21 and portions of the Gospel of Thomas both contested subjects in recent academic discussion Some of the observations included in the treatment of these matters will cover familiar terrain However their configuration is de-signed to highlight the problematic nature of a number of current claims and to lay the methodological foundation for the present investigation as well as for a fresh treatment of the Sayings Source and related documents5

S Kloppenborg ldquoVariation and Reproduction of the Double Tradition and an Oral Qrdquo ETL 83 (2007) 53ndash80 Alan Kirk ldquoOrality Writing and Phantom Sources Appeals to Ancient Media in Some Recent Challenges to the Two Document Hypothesisrdquo NTS 58 (2011) 1ndash22 Idem Q in Matthew 151ndash66 220ndash24 293ndash97 Sarah E Rollens Framing Social Criticism in the Jesus Movement The Ideological Project in the Sayings Gospel Q (WUNT 2374 Tuumlbingen Mohr Siebeck 2014) 81ndash90 See also the earlier discussion in eg Joseph A Fitzmyer The Gospel According to Luke (AB 28 and 28A 2 vols New York NY Doubleday 1981ndash85) 75ndash81 John S Kloppenborg Formation of Q Trajectories in Ancient Wisdom Collections (SAC Phil-adelphia PA Fortress Press 1987) 42ndash51 Davies and Allison Matthew 1116 H T Fledder-mann Q A Reconstruction and Commentary (BTS 1 Leuven Peeters 2005) 41ndash68 Based on the case made collectively by the above scholars it will be a presupposition of this study that Q was a written document

3 Eg Dieter T Roth The Parables in Q (LNTS 582 London TampT Clark 2018) 30ndash44 See the discussion below in this chapter

4 Viz Markrsquos gospel as reconstructed from its reception by Matthew and Luke 5 It is necessary also to address the frequent identification of Q as a gospel Frans Neirynck

(ldquoQ From Source to Gospelrdquo ETL 71 [1995] 421) notes that ldquothe use of the term originated in the SBL Q Seminar and was strongly promoted by its presidents James M Robinson and John

2 The Study of Q as a Reconstructed Text 3

2 The Study of Q as a Reconstructed Text 2 The Study of Q as a Reconstructed Text It is one thing to assert based on the synoptic evidence that Q was a written document with a single recension of the finished text6 It is another matter to

S Kloppenborgrdquo For the rationale see eg John S Kloppenborg ldquoIntroductionrdquo in The Shape of Q Signal Essays on the Sayings Gospel (ed Idem Minneapolis MN Fortress Press 1994) 1 n 1 I am sympathetic with Neirynckrsquos view (ldquoQ From Source to Gospelrdquo 429) it is ldquoan advantage of the full designation lsquo(Synoptic) Sayings Source Qrsquo that it reminds us of the fact that we have no direct access to the text of Q it remains a hypothetical source text that we are to reconstruct from Matthew and Lukerdquo Furthermore there is ldquoa difference between recogniz-ing that the sayings of Jesus contain the gospel and designating the Sayings collection as a Gospelrdquo Edwin K Broadhead ldquoOn the (Mis)Definition of Qrdquo JSNT 68 (1999) 9

6 The alternative premise ndash of two separate recensions (QMatt and QLk) ndash is quite venerable Eg Rudolph Bultmann The History of the Synoptic Tradition (New York NY Harper amp Row 1963) 328 (originally published in 1921) In modern research it has continued to be accepted with a varying degree of certainty by a number of New Testament and Q scholars eg I Howard Marshall The Gospel of Luke A Commentary on the Greek Text (NIGTC Grand Rap-ids MI Eerdmans 1978) 30ndash1 Davies and Allison Matthew 1121 Migaku Sato Q und Prophetie Studien zur Gattungs- und Traditionsgeschichte der Quelle Q (WUNT 229 Tuuml-bingen Mohr Siebeck 1988) 18ndash19 Hans Dieter Betz The Sermon on the Mount (Hermeneia Minneapolis MI Fortress Press 1995) 7ndash9 Ulrich Luz Matthew 8ndash20 (Hermeneia Minne-apolis MN Fortress Press 2001) Idem Matthew 21ndash28 (Hermeneia Minneapolis MN For-tress Press 2005) Idem ldquoMatthew and Qrdquo in Studies in Matthew (Grand Rapids MI Eerd-mans 2005) 39ndash53 Idem Matthew 1ndash7 (Hermeneia Minneapolis MN Fortress Press 2007) Idem ldquoLooking at Q through the Eyes of Matthewrdquo in New Studies in the Synoptic Problem Oxford Conference April 2008 Essays in Honour of Christopher M Tuckett (ed Paul Foster Andrew Gregory John S Kloppenborg Joseph Verheyden BETL 239 Leuven Leuven Uni-versity Press 2011) 571ndash89 John T Carroll Luke A Commentary (NTL Louisville KY Westminster John Knox Press 2012) 8 Rollens Framing Social Criticism 86 n 10 Bazzana Kingdom of Bureaucracy 4ndash5 John S Kloppenborg ldquoA lsquoParting of the Waysrsquo in Qrdquo in Q in Context I The Separation between the Just and the Unjust in Early Judaism and in the Sayings Source (ed Markus Tiwald BBB 172 Goumlttingen Vandenhoeck amp Ruprecht 2015) 123 Klop-penborg (ibid) has recently stated ldquoIn what follows I will assume the still-dominant view of Q that it is a document that came to Matthew and Luke in approximately the same form I say lsquoapproximatelyrsquo because we must allow for some variation at least in wording of Q and perhaps even expansions ndash the kind of elaboration that Ulrich Luz and his students have proposedrdquo In my view the drawbacks of this hypothesis significantly outweigh its potential benefits Klop-penborg (Excavating Q 109) and Bazzana (Kingdom of Bureaucracy 4ndash5) appeal to the diver-sity of the NT manuscripts and their circulation patterns but this is an argument from analogy rather than a demonstration The only way of demonstrating the existence of such recensions would be by showing (preferably on multiple occasions) that Matthewrsquos or Lukersquos Sondergut text adjacent to or interpolated in a Q block of material is traditional coheres with the content of that Q block and of the Q document and is unlikely to have been omitted by the other evan-gelist This is virtually impossible to demonstrate conclusively and so the hypothesis enters the realm of speculation (eg Fitzmyer Luke 80) where ldquoin every case there are other possible explanationsrdquo (Luz ldquoLooking at Qrdquo 579) Further red flags lurk in the occasional connection between the multiple recension hypothesis and the sub-literary (Kleinliteratur) view of Q (eg ibid 578 584) Thus Luz (Matthew 1ndash7 19) and Sato (Q und Prophetie 72ndash77) envision Q as

4 Chapter One Prolegomena

produce a reliable reconstruction of that text The point of departure rests with Matthewrsquos and Lukersquos redaction of Mark Luke preserves the Markan order with only minor exceptions The implications of this naturally carry over to the reconstruction of Qrsquos sequence7 Based on the conclusions reached by Heinrich Julius Holtzmann in 18638 confirmed by Burnett Hillman Streeter and George DeWitt Castor in the first half of the twentieth century9 and reaffirmed by the

a notebook to which new sheets could be added at any time Some such approach to Q has formed the dominant paradigm in 2DH based synoptic studies until only recently See the sur-vey of scholarship in Alan Kirk The Composition of the Sayings Source Genre Synchrony and Wisdom Redaction in Q (NovTSup 91 Leiden Brill 1998) 2ndash64 As the discussion in chapters three and five of this study will suggest (in continuity with Kirkrsquos view) the Kleinlit-eratur paradigm constitutes a mischaracterization of Q This still leaves the option of Q receiv-ing further editing from its own tradents which essentially amounts to an additional layer of redaction (eg one would have to envision a Q4 stratum in Kloppenborgrsquos stratigraphy) The outline and profile of such a redaction (or in the case of QMatt and QLk redactions) remains to be demonstrated however Meanwhile the documentrsquos eventual disappearance and complete lack of attestation in the Church Fathers suggests caution in imagining any kind of significant textual proliferation Could multiple autonomous copies of Q go from being in possession by and being normative for some of the early Christianityrsquos most prominent communities to van-ishing not only from existence but also from subsequent memory It seems that the possibility of a single circulating copy at least deserves further consideration Finally Neirynckrsquos objection remains pertinent ldquothe need for positing an intermediate stage is it not a logical consequence of their too restrictive notion of Matthean and Lukan redactionrdquo Frans Neirynck ldquoQMt and QLk and the Reconstruction of Qrdquo ETL 66 (1990) 390 In other words Qrsquos putative textual fluidity has much to do with a restriction of Matthean andor Lukan redactorial freedom and derives logically from a view of Matthew andor Luke as conservative traditionalists Syreenirsquos obser-vations made with regard to the thesis of a QMatt offer an alternative ldquoInstead of such a literary evolution it would be quite natural to reckon with oral usage and application of Q sayings and sequences in Matthewrsquos community Oral variants and new combinations of various Q passages as well as combinations of Q and special material were to be expected if Q was used for pur-poses of community teaching and paraenesis Also ecclesiastical material which was affected or even inspired by Q sayings was likely to emerge Some literary reworking may have been made what I doubt however is the existence of a massively expanded QMt editionrdquo Kari Syreeni The Making of the Sermon on the Mount A Procedural Analysis of Matthewrsquos Redac-torial Activity (AASF 44 Helsinki Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia 1987) 161 Because the ex-istence of scribes other than the gospelrsquos author in Matthewrsquos community has not been demon-strated I hesitate to imagine a literary reworking of Q by that community prior to the gospelrsquos composition (a similar situation obtains on the Lukan side) With this minor adjustment Syreenirsquos statement describes the optimal alternative to the multiple recension hypothesis

7 It should be noted however that although Matthewrsquos approach to Q (when reconstructed based on its Lukan sequence) can be described as liberal Matthewrsquos ldquoappropriative movement through Q is consistently forwardrdquo indicating memory competence and ldquocognitive operations that follow the schematic organizational linesrdquo of the source Kirk Q in Matthew 166

8 Heinrich Julius Holtzmann Die synoptischen Evangelien Ihr Uhrsprung und geschicht-licher Charakter (Leipzig Wilhelm Engelmann 1986) 142ndash43

9 Burnett Hillman Streeter ldquoOn the Original Order of Qrdquo in Oxford Studies in the Synoptic Problem (ed William Sanday Oxford At the Clarendon Press 1911) 141ndash64 George DeWitt

2 The Study of Q as a Reconstructed Text 5

ensuing Q scholarship as well as a number of Matthean and Lukan scholars10 today it is possible to assert with ldquoa near unanimity that Luke best preserved the sequence of Q sayingsrdquo11

Q attained what currently remains its definitive reconstruction by the end of the twentieth century in the form of The Critical Edition of Q (hereafter CEQ)12 To call the CEQ ldquodefinitiverdquo of course is to neither imply its infalli-bility nor to expect it to produce the final say on the matter13 As noted by James M Robinson in the introduction to the CEQ it was a product ldquoof a team of scholars who have been working together since 1985 as the International Q Projectrdquo (hereafter IQP)14 The text and sequence of Q published in the CEQ

Castor Matthewrsquos Sayings of Jesus The Non-Marcan Common Source of Matthew and Luke (PhD diss University of Chicago 1918) 120ndash39

10 Eg T W Manson The Sayings of Jesus as recorded in the Gospels according to St Matthew and St Luke arranged with introduction and commentary (London SCM Press 1949 reprint 1971) 39ndash148 James M Robinson ldquoThe Sermon on the Mount Plain Work Sheets for the Reconstruction of Qrdquo SBLSP 22 (1983) 451ndash54 Arland D Jacobson The First Gospel An Introduction to Q (FFRS Sonoma CA Polebridge Press 1992) 45 Dale C Allison The Jesus Tradition in Q (Harrisburg PA Trinity Press International 1997) 2 n 6 Franҫois Bovon Luke 1 A Commentary on the Gospel of Luke 11ndash950 (Hermeneia Minneapolis MN Fortress Press 2002) 6ndash8 Kirk Q in Matthew 163ndash66

11 Kloppenborg Verbin Excavating Q 88 Noting that ldquomost recent reconstructions of Q include both (a) the double tradition and (b) items triply attested where the degree of agreement against Mark is substantial and where the agreements are not likely to be merely coincidentalrdquo Kloppenborg (ibid 92) uses these criteria to assign the following texts to Q (by Lukan versifi-cation) Q 37bndash9 16bndash17 41ndash13 620bndash23 27ndash33 35c 36ndash37b 38c 39ndash49 71bndash2 6bndash10 18ndash19 22ndash23 24ndash28 31ndash35 957ndash60 102ndash16 21ndash22 23bndash24 112ndash4 9ndash13 14ndash20 23 24ndash26 29ndash35 39ndash44 46ndash52 122ndash12 22bndash31 33ndash34 39ndash40 42bndash46 51ndash53 54bndash56 58ndash59 1318ndash19 20ndash21 24 26ndash27 28ndash30 34ndash35 14111814 1416ndash24 26ndash27 34ndash35 154ndash7 1613 16 17 18 171bndash2 3bndash4 6b 23ndash24 26ndash27 30 33 34ndash35 37b 1912ndash13 15bndash26 2228bndash30 Kloppenborg also assigns to Q some Sondergut materials which involve a different set of methodological considerations See the discussion in chapter four

12 James M Robinson Paul Hoffmann and John S Kloppenborg eds The Critical Edition of Q Synopsis including the Gospels of Matthew and Luke Mark and Thomas with English German and French Translations of Q and Thomas (Hermeneia Supplement Series Minneap-olis MN Fortress Press 2000)

13 It may suffice here to quote the editors James M Robinson ldquoHistory of Q Researchrdquo in The Critical Edition of Q lxxi ldquoIt is not to be assumed that the present critical text is a last wordrdquo John S Kloppenborg ldquoThe Use of the Synoptics or Q in Did 13bndash21rdquo in Matthew and the Didache Two Documents from the Same Jewish-Christian Milieu (ed Huub van de Sandt Minneapolis MN Fortress Press 2005) 115 ldquoWhile the Critical Edition should hardly be taken as the definitive reconstruction of Q it does provide a benchmark and a useful point of referencerdquo

14 Robinson ldquoHistory of Q Researchrdquo xix For a survey of IQPrsquos methodology and results as assessed at the time of the CEQrsquos publication see Christoph Heil ldquoDie Q-Rekonstruktion des Internationalen Q-Projekts Einfuumlhrung in Methodik und Resultaterdquo NovT 43 (2001) 128ndash43 For IQP work sessions see James M Robinson ldquoThe International Q Project Work Session 17 November 1989rdquo JBL 109 (1990) 499ndash501 Idem ldquoThe International Q Project Work

6 Chapter One Prolegomena

therefore represent a consensus among a group of scholars reflecting the pre-suppositions held by those scholars at a particular juncture in the history of Qrsquos research15 That it is only a necessary first step and demands continued reeval-uation becomes evident from the fact that some of the IQP members whose preferences were occasionally not reflected in the CEQ proceeded to release their own alternative reconstructions of Q either shortly before or after the CEQrsquos seminal publication16 Indeed the present study also makes several emendations of both the CEQrsquos reconstruction of the documentrsquos sequence and of its wording Overall however it is clear that the CEQ will continue to pro-vide the baseline for compositional studies of Q for years to come

The availability of the reconstructed text enables the literary analysis of Q A number of scholars however have recently expressed doubts regarding the attainability of not only Qrsquos wording but in fact of the documentrsquos full extent Cyril S Rodd has declared it ldquosheer conjecturerdquo to imagine ldquothat the passages which are common to Matthew and Luke comprise this Q document in its en-tiretyrdquo17 Joseph Allen Weaks has similarly called the text of Q ldquospeculativerdquo claiming that to rely on it as though it were ldquoan extant gospel textrdquo is ldquosimply not possiblerdquo18 Both scholars have tied the bulk of their objections to the ob-servation (called a ldquothought experimentrdquo by Dieter T Roth)19 that the text of Markrsquos gospel cannot be accurately reconstructed from its Matthean and Lukan reception While this argument has already been engaged by some scholars20 the deficiency of its logic appears to not have been sufficiently exposed as Rothrsquos renewed deployment of it in 2018 demonstrates ndash in a Q monograph21 It is therefore important to allow the reader to assess the difficulties

Session 16 November 1990rdquo JBL 110 (1991) 494ndash98 Idem ldquoThe International Q Project Work Sessions 12ndash14 July 22 November 1991rdquo JBL 111 (1992) 500ndash08 Idem ldquoThe Interna-tional Q Project Work Sessions 31 Julyndash2 August 20 November 1992rdquo JBL 112 (1993) 500ndash06 Idem ldquoThe International Q Project Work Sessions 6ndash8 August 18ndash19 November 1993rdquo JBL 113 (1994) 495ndash99 Idem ldquoThe International Q Project Work Sessions 23ndash27 May 22ndash26 August 17ndash18 November 1994rdquo JBL 114 (1995) 475ndash85 Idem ldquoThe International Q Pro-ject Editorial Board Meetings 1ndash10 June 16 November 1995 16ndash23 August 22 November 1996 Work Sessions 17 November 1995 23 November 1996rdquo JBL 116 (1997) 521ndash25

15 The full list of the IQPrsquos members may be found in The Critical Edition xvii 16 Kirk Composition 152ndash403 Fleddermann Commentary 874ndash913 17 Cyril S Rodd ldquoThe End of the Theology of Qrdquo ExpT 113 (2001) 12 Idem ldquoThe The-

ology of Q Yet Again A Reply to the Responses of Christopher Tuckett and Paul Fosterrdquo ExpT 114 (2002) 80ndash85

18 Joseph Allen Weaks ldquoMark without Mark Problematizing the Reliability of a Recon-structed Text of Qrdquo (PhD diss Brite Divinity School 2010) 344ndash45

19 Roth Parables 36 20 Eg Christopher M Tuckett ldquoThe Search for a Theology of Q A Dead Endrdquo ExpT 113

(2002) 291ndash94 Paul Foster ldquoIn Defense of the Study of Qrdquo ExpT 113 (2002) 295ndash300 21 Roth Parables 36ndash37 It should be noted of course that Roth does not wish to com-

pletely dismiss the accessibility of Qrsquos text His intention is to argue that ldquoscholarship should be rather more skeptical about the wording of Qrdquo (ibid 39)

2 The Study of Q as a Reconstructed Text 7

compromising the case that Rodd Weaks and Roth have found rather persua-sive Three observations stand to be made in this regard

First of all because it is a sayings collection Q does not lend itself to the same type of editorial abridgements as Mark The two documents are very dif-ferent Not nearly enough attention is given to this by Rodd Weaks and Roth all of whom hang their case to some degree on the fragmentary product that is the reconstructed Mark as though Q similarly contains a plot or even a remotely compatible story to saying ratio The abridgement of Markan pericopes by Luke and Matthew reflects editorial strategies appropriate to rewriting a biography viz a document exhibiting a large concentration of narrative material22 The Markan words of Jesus are omitted at a vastly different rate with the majority of those words preserved by both Matthew and Luke with minimal rephrasing23

22 Rodd (ldquoThe End of the Theology of Qrdquo 6) notes that ldquoalmost always each pericope in

[the reconstructed] lsquoMarkrsquo will be shorter than in the canonical gospelrdquo citing as examples the abridgements of Mk 21ndash12 (= Matt 91ndash8 Lk 517ndash26) and Mk 121ndash12 (= Matt 2133ndash46 Lk 209ndash19) However the healing of a man with the palsy (Mk 21ndash12) is a good example of a story whose narrative details welcome abridgements while the words of Jesus (Mk 25b 8bndash11) ndash notably including the key statements in Mk 25b 10 ndash are preserved correctly by both Matthew and Luke (Matt 92c 4bndash6 Lk 520b 22bndash24) As for the parable of the wicked tenants (Mk 121ndash12) this can be reliably reconstructed from its MatthewLuke reproduction missing only minor details The omitted details scarcely seem to affect the interpretation of the source text viz the intention of the parable as it was deployed in Markrsquos gospel

23 Mk 141 44 (= Matt 83ndash4 Lk 513ndash14) Mk 25 8ndash11 (= Matt 92 4ndash6 Lk 520 22ndash24) Mk 214 (= Matt 99 Lk 527) Mk 217 (= Matt 912ndash13 Lk 531ndash32) Mk 219ndash22 (= Matt 915ndash17 Lk 534ndash38) Mk 225ndash28 (= Matt 123ndash4 8 Lk 63ndash5) Mk 34ndash5 (= Matt 1212ndash13 Lk 69ndash10) Mk 335 (= Matt 1250 Lk 821) Mk 42ndash9 (= Matt 133ndash9 Lk 85ndash8) Mk 411ndash12 (= Matt 1311 13 Lk 810) Mk 414ndash20 (= Matt 1318ndash23 Lk 811ndash15) Mk 421ndash22 (= MattQ 515 MattQ 1026 Lk 816ndash17) Mk 424c (= MattQ 72 LkQ 638) Mk 425 (= Matt 1312 Lk 818) Mk 440 (= Matt 826 Lk 825) Mk 534 (= Matt 922 Lk 848) Mk 539 (= Matt 923ndash24 Lk 852) Mk 64bc (= Matt 1357 Lk 424) Mk 637 (= Matt 1416 Lk 913) Mk 827 29 (= Matt 1613 15 Lk 918 20) Mk 834ndash36 (= Matt 1624ndash26 Lk 923ndash25) Mk 91 (= Matt 1628 Lk 927) Mk 919 (= Matt 1717 Lk 941) Mk 931 (= Matt 1722ndash23 Lk 944) Mk 935 (= Matt 2311 Lk 2226) Mk 937 (= Matt 185 Lk 948) Mk 940 (= MattQ 1230 Lk 950) Mk 1014ndash15 (= Matt 183 1914 Lk 1816ndash17) Mk 1018ndash19 21 23 25 27 29ndash30 (= Matt 1917ndash19 21 23ndash24 26 29 Lk 1819ndash20 22 24ndash25 27 29ndash30) Mk 1033ndash34 (= Matt 2018ndash19 Lk 1831ndash33) Mk 1042ndash45 (= Matt 2025ndash28 Lk 2225ndash27) Mk 1051 (= Matt 2032 Lk 1841) Mk 112ndash3 (= Matt 212ndash3 Lk 1930ndash31) Mk 1117 (= Matt 2113 Lk 1946) Mk 1129ndash30 33 (= Matt 2124ndash25 27 Lk 203ndash4 8) Mk 121ndash10 (= Matt 2133ndash42 Lk 209ndash17) Mk 1215dndash17 (= Matt 2219ndash21 Lk 2024ndash25) Mk 1225ndash27 (= Matt 2230ndash32 Lk 2034ndash38) Mk 1230ndash31 (= Matt 2237ndash39 Lk 1027) Mk 1235ndash37 (= Matt 2241ndash45 Lk 2041ndash44) Mk 132 (= Matt 242 Lk 216) Mk 135ndash13 (Matt 244ndash13 Lk 218ndash19) Mk 1314c 17 19 (= Matt 2416 19 21 Lk 2121 23) Mk 1324ndash31 (= Matt 2429ndash35 Lk 2125ndash33) Mk 1413ndash14 (= Matt 2618 Lk 2210ndash11) Mk 1418 20ndash21 (= Matt 2621 23ndash24 Lk 2221ndash22) Mk 1422ndash25 (= Matt 2626ndash29 Lk 2216ndash20) Mk 1430 (= Matt 2634 Lk 2234) Mk 1436 (= Matt 2639 Lk 2242) Mk 1437ndash38 (= Matt 2640ndash41 Lk 2246) Mk 1448ndash49a (= Matt 2655 Lk 2252ndash53a) Mk 1462 (= Matt 2664 Lk 2269ndash70) Mk 152 (= Matt 2711 Lk 233)

8 Chapter One Prolegomena

and the non-Q related omissions limited to (a) statements forming an integral part of a narrative24 (b) statements commands and questions that are redun-dant25 (c) statements that cast a potentially negative light on Jesusrsquo family26 or disciples27 both established Markan themes28 (d) statements that are poten-tially problematic theologically29 (e) statements falling under none of the above categories that are abridged expanded or reworked by one of the evan-gelists30 (f) statements occurring in pericopes that have been eliminated com-pletely by Matthew or Luke31 Of these six categories the first three are un-likely to have been present in Q due to its lack of a plot relative scarcity of stories and absence of any interest in Jesusrsquo family or disciples The remaining three categories include only a few sayings outside of the Great Omission (more on that below) Consequently it appears that Matthew and Luke already elim-inating a minor percentage of the Markan Jesusrsquo words that lack Q parallels had no clear reason to omit even that much from Q

Secondly on a number of occasions one or both evangelists preserve dou-blets of the Markan sayings of Jesus which on the 2DH are assigned to Q32 This development is surprising in Lukersquos case since his tendency to avoid dou-blets is well known33 What is really decisive however is that in instances

24 Mk 125 138 435 59 19 530 541 1243 (omitted by Matthew) Mk 1036 1432

34 41ndash42 (omitted by Luke) Mk 1114 (either omitted or reworked in Lk 136ndash9) Mk 439 58 631 638 916 21 25 933 939c 1049 1234 (omitted or reworked by both Matthew and Luke)

25 Mk 424bd 1238 40 (omitted by Matthew) Mk 334 837 941 1211 1215b 1224 1318 20 23 (omitted by Luke) Mk 1449b (reworked in Lk 2253b) Mk 949 1024 1229 (omitted by both Matthew and Luke)

26 Mk 333ndash34 Mk 64de (omitted by Luke) 27 Mk 413 (omitted by Matthew and Luke) Mk 833 1038ndash40 (omitted by Luke) Mk

1427ndash28 (reworked in Lk 2231ndash32) 28 Eg Joel Marcus Mark (AB 27 and 27A 2 vols New York NY and New Haven CT

Doubleday and Yale 2000ndash2009) 279ndash80 310ndash11 378ndash80 509ndash15 653 677ndash81 999ndash1000 29 Mk 939 (omitted by Matthew and Luke) Mk 943ndash48 (omitted by Luke) Mk 1534

(reworked in Lk 2346) 30 Mk 115 (reworked and expanded in Lk 416ndash21) Mk 536 (abridged in Matt 923ndash26)

Mk 1314ab (reworked in Lk 2120) Mk 146ndash9 (reworked in Lk 736ndash50) Mk 1413ndash15 (abridged in Matt 2618)

31 Mk 426ndash29 99ndash13 (omitted by Luke) everything that belongs to Mk 645ndash826 (the Great Omission of the Markan material by Luke)

32 Mk 421 (= Lk 816 LkQ 1133) Mk 422 (= Lk 817 LkQ 122) Mk 425 (= Matt 1312 MattQ 2529 Lk 818 LkQ 1926) Mk 68 10ndash11 (= Lk 93ndash5 LkQ 104ndash5 8 10ndash11) Mk 834 (= MattQ 1038 Matt 1624 Lk 923 LkQ 1427) Mk 835 (= MattQ 1039 Matt 1625 Lk 924 LkQ 1733) Mk 838 (= Lk 926 LkQ 128ndash9) Mk 937 (= Matt 185 MattQ 1040 Lk 948 LkQ 1016) Mk 940 (Lk 950 LkQ 1123) Mk 1011ndash12 (= Matt 199 MattQ 532) Mk 1238ndash39 (= Lk 2046 LkQ 1143) Mk 139 11 (= Lk 2112ndash15 LkQ 1211ndash12) See further Fitzmyer Luke 81ndash82

33 See eg H Schuumlrmann ldquoDie Dubletten im Lukasevangeliumrdquo ZKT 75 (1953) 339ndash445 Idem ldquoDie Dublettenvermeidungen im Lukasevangeliumrdquo ZKT 76 (1954) 83ndash93

2 The Study of Q as a Reconstructed Text 9

when Luke is faced with a choice between Mark and Q and does not opt to retain both the preference is overwhelmingly given to the Q location and word-ing of the text34 Consequently it seems overly simplistic to suggest as Rodd does that ldquoas [the reconstructed] lsquoMarkrsquo is not Mark so in all probability the lsquoQrsquo of the scholars is not the historical document Qrdquo35 The evangelistsrsquo ten-dency to either retain the MarkQ parallels or ndash especially in Lukersquos case ndash to favor Q its wording and location over the Markan parallels shows that the two documents were not treated equally as far as the words of Jesus were concerned with the approach to Q being more conservative36

Thirdly the verse and word count discrepancy between the reconstructed and canonical Mark has been somewhat inflated as the percentages cited by scholars are routinely bolstered by the inclusion of the Great Omission On the 2DH there are two possible solutions to this well-known source-critical anom-aly the absence of Mk 645ndash826 from Lukersquos gospel is either intentional or stems from inheriting a shorter copy of Mark which lacked that material In either scenario Lukersquos omission of Mk 645ndash826 complicates the analogy be-tween the reconstructed Mark and Q If the omission was unintentional it tells us something only about the compositional history or textual transmission of Markrsquos gospel If however Lukersquos decision to skip Mk 645ndash826 was inten-tional is it not likely to have been motivated by Lukersquos avoidance of dou-blets37 A similar development is unlikely to have occurred in Lukersquos reception of Q as we have noted when faced with MarkQ doublets Luke tends to favor Qrsquos version over an available Markan parallel38 Consequently due to the sheer size of the Great Omission and regardless of the Omissionrsquos intentionality or

34 LkQ 112 4 9 (= Mk 1124ndash25) LkQ 1115 17ndash18 21 (= Mk 323ndash27) Lk 1210 (=

Mk 328ndash29) LkQ 1240 (= Mk 1332) LkQ 1318ndash19 (= Mk 430ndash32) LkQ 1330 (= Mk 1031) Lk 1618 (= Mk 1011ndash12) LkQ 171ndash2 (= Mk 942) LkQ 176 (= Mk 1123) LkQ 1723 31 (= Mk 1315ndash16 21) All of these are deployed by Luke in clusters of Q material rather than in the Lukan parallels to the respective Markan pericopes Mk 950 (= LkQ 1434ndash35) is similarly deployed away from its Markan context and surrounded by Q and L material Both Matthew and Luke favor the wording of Q 1434ndash35 over its Markan parallel

35 Rodd ldquoThe End of the Theology of Qrdquo 12 36 See eg Christopher M Tuckett Q and the History of Early Christianity Studies on Q

(Edinburgh TampT Clark 1996) 94 Luz ldquoQ in Matthewrdquo 50 37 Mk 645ndash52 contains a sea miracle similar to Mk 435ndash41 Mk 71ndash23 was likely elim-

inated to shift the lifting of the dietary restrictions to the post-Easter stage in Lukersquos narrative (Acts 109ndash16) Mk 724ndash30 was probably (a) deemed redundant (see LkQ 71ndash10) (b) re-garded as problematic due to the conflict between the Markan Jesusrsquo reluctance to perform a miracle for a Gentile person (Mk 727) and the Lukan Jesusrsquo programmatic openness to such developments (Lk 425ndash27) Mk 81ndash10 14ndash21 and 822ndash26 are clearly redundant (see Mk 635ndash44 Lk 912ndash17 Mk 1046ndash52 Lk 1835ndash43) Mk 811ndash13 has a Q parallel (= LkQ 1129ndash32)

38 On the L-M Hypothesis this would mean that Luke tends to favor Matthewrsquos version over an available Markan parallel

10 Chapter One Prolegomena

lack thereof the reconstructed Mark presents an analogy to Q that is at best tenuous

In light of the above observations my contention is that methodologically virtually the entire Q is likely to be accounted for in terms of its content39 That still leaves the question of the documentrsquos precise wording and its recovery Here Roth has argued that

there is a fundamental difference between conceiving of the ldquotext of Qrdquo as a reconstruction of its original wording and approaching it as a metaphorical and narratival realm an intertext as it were accessible through Matthew and Luke40

Roth further states as one of his monographrsquos objectives (which is primarily dedicated to the study of Qrsquos parables) an attempt to

advance Q studies by pursuing insight into the parables of Q through a different set of meth-odological approaches than those present in the reigning paradigm focusing upon word-level reconstruction The resultant exegetical work is not therefore in the first instance focused upon vocabulary and syntax of a reconstructed text but rather upon the narratival elements and structures characters images metaphors and theological emphases of an ldquointertextrdquo41

I see no reason to contest Rothrsquos objections to an uncritical acceptance of the CEQ text (of course the CEQ editors have already noted that it is only a work-ing reconstruction)42 Pending the surfacing of an actual copy of Q any recon-struction of its wording is necessarily going to remain hypothetical and thus subject to continued analysis Still to suggest that the hypothetical nature of the enterprise undermines its results perhaps runs the risk ldquothat a methodologi-cal limitation becomes an ontological description of Q itselfrdquo43 Roth admits that his own study of narratival and metaphorical elements ldquocannot function on an entirely lsquowordlessrsquo levelrdquo proposing as a solution that Qrsquos text should be accessed exclusively through the wording of Matthew and Luke44 Such drastic restrictions are in my opinion unnecessary In light of the previous discussion it is possible to assert from a methodologically sound position that Qrsquos recon-structions are not ldquopotentially faultyrdquo to the degree suggested by Roth45 While a precise word-by-word recovery may not be possible or even necessary in every verse of the synoptic double tradition a reliable near-word-level recon-struction of Q appears consistently attainable This is suggested by Lukersquos (and frequently Matthewrsquos) aforementioned preference of Qrsquos wording in the MarkQ parallels Matthewrsquos and Lukersquos slightly superior degree of verbal

39 See further Fleddermann Commentary 73ndash74 Luz ldquoQ in Matthewrdquo 45 (while positing

the existence of QMatt Luz concludes that it ldquodid not differ substantiallyrdquo from the main body of the Q source)

40 Roth Parables 41 41 Ibid 44ndash45 42 Ibid 38ndash39 Roth (ibid) also critiques Fleddermannrsquos alternative reconstruction 43 Kirk Q in Matthew 152 44 Roth Parables 40ndash41 45 Ibid 44

Index of Ancient Sources

Hebrew Bible (LXX)

Genesis414 28 3361ndash4 5062 4 (LXX) 115723 (LXX) 981316 331417 36174ndash6 1991710ndash14 1591817ndash18 1991826 (LXX) 981917 (LXX) 982218 199264 199

Exodus161ndash36 117171ndash7 1181715 (LXX) 1242114 (LXX) 1242225ndash26 1502320ndash21 23 1632415ndash16 (LXX) 472520 (LXX) 124

Numbers111ndash9 1172319 40

Deuteronomy324 (LXX) 146612ndash15 118613 (LXX) 116616 (LXX) 116 11882ndash3 11783 (LXX) 116811ndash20 118812ndash15 (LXX) 117

926 (LXX) 146159 (LXX) 205241ndash4 79 208 2092410ndash17 1502918ndash20 207319 25ndash26 209328ndash9 (LXX) 1213211 201

Joshua2313 (LXX) 207

Ruth212 201

1 Samuel27 (LXX) 1371821 (LXX) 207

1 Kings627 (LXX) 12486 (LXX) 1241717ndash24 162191ndash18 116 118 119194 (LXX) 117195 (LXX) 118198 (LXX) 117 1181910 14 (LXX) 1182219ndash23 (LXX) 121

2 Kings216 (LXX) 112 116418ndash37 16251ndash14 163

2 Chronicles58 (LXX) 1242314 125

Index of Ancient Sources246

Ezra91ndash2 1371018ndash44 137

Job16 11521 1151621 40256 40358 40387 115

Psalms2 16869 (LXX) 19785 40102 9 137178 2013510 137367 201605 (LXX) 124614 2016923 (LXX) 207722ndash12 1378018 40813 (LXX) 137901ndash2 4 (LXX) 124906 (LXX) 1249011ndash12 (LXX) 123914 2011063 (LXX) 1981091 (LXX) 4110916 22 13611826 1061457ndash8 (LXX) 1611463 401476 137

Proverbs1ndash9 55236 (LXX) 205264ndash5 189

Isaiah1ndash39 13511 168253ndash4 (LXX) 137315 201355 (LXX) 16140ndash55 135

426 168427 18 (LXX) 161435 198491ndash8 1685112 4055ndash66 135562 40563ndash8 136585ndash7 13860ndash62 135611 (LXX) 160 161611ndash2 (LXX) 48 134611ndash3 (LXX) 132 135 136 137665 (LXX) 1376618ndash20 164 198

Jeremiah317ndash18 164 1984918 33 405040 405143 40

Ezekiel8ndash11 112 11382 11440ndash48 112 113402 113403 114

Daniel713 27 40 41 168 213817 40

Amos13 (LXX) 20413ndash28 7528 15035 (LXX) 18086 (LXX) 137

Haggai220ndash22 163

Zechariah315 13787 198

Malachi16ndash29 163210ndash16 163

247Index of Ancient Sources

31 163 164 322ndash23 (LXX) 163

Old Tes tament Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha

1 Enoch1ndash5 761ndash36 4621ndash54 1226ndash11 526ndash16 4766 4573ndash6 1221021 164 198123ndash4 46124 113 125137 45139 45148ndash164 76151 46152ndash4 125171 11417ndash19 112 11320ndash36 112 113215 114242ndash257 113261ndash275 113323ndash6 11337ndash71 41 45 186 213381ndash6 122384ndash5 45391ndash3 45396 108413ndash8 76418 44421ndash2 (3) 126 171 201422 170451ndash6 76455 4546 52461ndash8 141462ndash4 42464ndash6 45468 46471ndash4 14148ndash49 52481 202481ndash10 141482 42

483 202483ndash7 168488ndash9 (10) 45 122492 4 168493 202505 76513 (5a) 168 172 20251ndash52 5252ndash56 112526 9 168531ndash5 45 122536 46 168542 45543ndash4 76545ndash6 45547 210554 45 108561ndash4 45565ndash8 43 44 45571 198591ndash6023 766010 4261ndash63 46 52621ndash9 45622ndash3 122624ndash6312 122625ndash14 42631ndash12 45 122632ndash4 106637 1236311 426312 76651ndash663 52671ndash681 52678ndash13 43 44 45 1226926ndash29 42 52701 42715ndash17 447113(14)ndash17 42 1418215ndash20 7683ndash84 52891ndash9 528973ndash74 1139038 164

Index of Ancient Sources248

1006 1681049ndash13 47

2 Enoch31ndash221 113101ndash6 112

3 Baruch3ndash17 113163 204

3 Enoch11ndash12 113

Ascension of Isaiah610ndash15 113

Baruch437 19855 198

Bel and the Dragon36 112 114 116

Jubilees11ndash8 209120 12122 114727 52102 52105 52106 121108ndash11 52 114 121114 121115 521114ndash1214 321220 1211525ndash34 1591531ndash32 114 1211928 121492 52

Letter of Aris teas155 145

Psalms of Solomon219 159823 30 1591112 1981731 164 1981810ndash12 76

Sirach21ndash17 72 86212 87143ndash7 2051410ndash11 202241ndash12 125247ndash11 1262410ndash11 1592525ndash26 2072611 2053113 2053522ndash3622 723824ndash3911 17243 76501ndash24 125

The Sentences of the Syriac Menander340ndash46 189

Tes tament of Abraham81ndash12 113

Tes tament of Levi26ndash57 113

Tes tament of Moses51ndash62 126

Tobit145ndash7 164 198

Vita Adae et Evae61ndash103 116121ndash161 115

Wisdom of Solomon410ndash15 46418ndash513 46

249Index of Ancient Sources

New Tes tament

Q32ndash958 (59ndash60) 101 103 104 108

126 155 173 17537 5237ndash9 16ndash17 5 54 64 68 70 90

104 11637ndash735 78 80 81 83 85

101 102 103317 54 9141ndash13 5 51 52 53 64 65

66 78 91 104 111 112 113 114 115 118 119 126 152 153 155 156

41ndash4 116 11745ndash8 114 119 121 122

123 15949ndash12 (13) 47 51 65 96 123

157 200416 91 129 130 131

153620ndash49 16 63 82 91 104

105 129 130 131 153

620b 12 91 132620bndash21 48 132 133 134

135 136 137620bndash23 5 131 132 143621a 12 20 91 132622 12 17 24 25 26

38 71 140 141 153 167 170 194 205

622ndash23 17 20 52 53 54 96 132 133 134 136 139 140 141 142 206

623c 64 82 129 132 139 140 142 143

627ndash35 (36) 13 16 71 129 147 151 152 153 154

629 24 91 150630 24 150631 91 152637ndash38 12 92640 92 144646 92 104 144 145

146 153 154 203

647ndash49 12 92 14471ndash10 9 64 92 104 126

155 156 158 169 197 199

76 145 20379 87 96 104 156

157 158 167 173 194 198 199

718ndash19 159 167718ndash23 159718ndash28 64 166718ndash960 92722 16 54 134 135

161 163 164 172727 96 163731ndash35 64 70 92 165 166

169 170 171733 51 53734 24 26 52 165 167

169 170 172735 166 170957ndash58 (59ndash60) 92 105 111 155

169 170 171957ndash62 63959ndash60 172 173958 24 25 26 27 38

52 71 164 165 169 170 171 172

959 145102ndash16 5 56 63 70 86

158 170 175 182 215

102ndash24 92102ndash1240 101 105 107 108

175 205104 48 92109 73 931012 93 1751012ndash15 54 64 82 861013ndash15 47 56 70 80 81

82 86 87 96 107 126 175 199 212

1016 72 931021 56 81 87 93 96

173 2091021ndash22 54 56 78 79 81

82 145 1941021ndash24 64 107

Index of Ancient Sources250

1022 81 93 114 116 145 146 203 209

1023ndash24 17 93 106112ndash4 9ndash13 5 63 78 93 117

176 177 179 180112b 48 178 184114 24 178119ndash13 12 93 176 177

178 179 180 1811114 51 1761114ndash20 52 531114ndash32 931114ndash52 64 107 1791118 51 53 93 114 121

1591124ndash26 51 53 9311(16) 29ndash32 9 54 70 96 2121130 24 26 52 1861133ndash52 93 2051134 93 2051139ndash52 70 107 126 1691142c 64 66 1251149 521149ndash51 47 53 54 66 96

118 119 157 2001151 52 200 205122ndash12 5 70 94 107 155

180 181 182 183 184 194

123 72 94124ndash5 54 70 73 181 182

190124ndash7 94 121 122 176

179 180 181 194 214

125 181 204128 24 26 38 54 185

187 188 189128ndash9 52 69 94 167 184

186 187 188 189 214

128ndash10 54 64 69 71 82 175 176 183 184 187 189 190 194 212

129 184 185 1881210 24 26 94 185 187

188 1891211ndash12 54 70 72 73 94

181 182 214

1222ndash31 (33ndash34) 63 73 176 177 178 179 180 190 192

1222ndash40 941224 23 178 1801227 231231 48 94 1841233 12 48 1911233ndash34 69 94 191 1921235ndash38 94 108 190 2031235ndash46 1081235ndash59 94 1081235ndash2230 101 105 108 109

197 2031239 17 18 95 1911239ndash40 18 20 54 70 71

94 105 175 190 191 192 193 203 212

1239ndash59 64 1911240 24 52 69 95 167

186 191 1931242ndash46 52 53 54 69 70

95 191 192 197 203 204 205 206 212

1245 96 2051246 2041251 20 951251ndash59 1081252ndash53 201256 171258ndash59 24 951318ndash19 20ndash21 5 20 48 63 95

108 2071318ndash24 951324 63 951325ndash30 54 63 82 871325ndash1423 54 95 96 126 158

1991327 52 53 96 118 1981328ndash29 96 198 1991334 52 125 2061334ndash35 47 53 54 63 66

81 82 83 96 105 106 107 108 109 118 119 125 157 194 198 200 201 202

1335 51 54 96 106 202

251Index of Ancient Sources

1411 54 961416ndash23 (24) 63 82 971423 541426 72 97 2151426ndash27 1733 20 63 72 971426ndash176 971427 54 97 140 141

182 2141434ndash35 63 97154ndash5a 7 20 63 97 108 2091613 12 63 94 971616 64 97 207 2091616ndash18 2061617 17 63 64 66 79

97 125 206 207 208 209

1616(17)ndash172 197 206 2081618 24 63 79 97 206

207 208 209171ndash2 97 207 208171ndash6 63173ndash4 18 20 98176 18 20 78 98 108

2101720ndash21 17 981723 98 2101723ndash37 54 64 69 70 71

98 167 170 197 210 211 212

1723ndash2230 108 2111724 26 30 24 52 98 991733 54 97 182 2141734ndash35 98 991912ndash26 64 69 99 108 197

203 204 205 206 212

1912ndash2230 991922 2052228ndash30 5 54 64 99 108

212

Matthew37 52310 9542 11745 12448 119 120413 130 1315ndash7 94 10251 119

54 13458 138511 (12) 52 205512 142515 7539 149 150540 15 150541 15 89 91 149 150542 150 151544 148 149544ndash45 91 149545 20861ndash18 94612 177619ndash21 94620 191623 205624 94625ndash34 94626 178627 177630 178 17975 1877 17779 177711 178 179712 152723 52724 26 9185ndash13 199810 155811ndash12 198 199819 169820 27 142 171821 172822 173829 12191ndash8 7920ndash22 97922 7937 92107 731026 71029 1801032 184 1891032ndash33 91 1841034 951038 731039 141115 134 163

Index of Ancient Sources252

1119 1691122ndash45 931125 2081217 731232 1841239 52 2051243 1241311 13 71342 951416 71521ndash28 97162bndash3 951613ndash28 1401617ndash19 471625 141171 1191717 7186 208186ndash22 97188ndash9 951825 971928 991929 992030 130219 1062131 972133ndash41 (42ndash46) 7 19221ndash14 18236ndash7 206237 1662334 522334ndash36 962335 522337 52 1972337ndash39 81 105 201243ndash41 210 211244ndash14 72423 982443 1912443ndash44 1932445 2062448 (49) 52 205251ndash13 972514ndash30 992526 28 2052530 992531 992541 95 121266ndash13 972640ndash41 7

2669 71 1302669ndash75 1892732 912755 97285 130289ndash10 972816ndash18 1192818 120

Mark114 21 131123ndash26 121124 130129ndash31 18821ndash12 731 14937ndash12 188313 114327 93328 188328ndash29 18443ndash8 193411ndash12 7413 177430ndash32 20 193438 177421ndash22 7435ndash41 9525ndash34 97534 761ndash6a 188615 163635ndash44 9637 7645ndash52 9645ndash826 971ndash23 9724ndash30 9 9781ndash10 9811ndash13 9822ndash26 9827 140827ndash98 47828 163831ndash33 121834ndash35 20835 141838 184 19092 11492ndash8 47

253Index of Ancient Sources

919 7943ndash47 951028 73 1791029 201035ndash40 1831039 1881046ndash52 91047 130119 1061117 7 1771122ndash23 25ab 18 201124 1801129ndash30 7121ndash9 (10ndash12) 7 19129 191211 191226 177133ndash37 210 211135ndash13 71315ndash16 991321 98143ndash9 971437ndash38 71447 95 1491462 411466ndash72 1891467 130151ndash5 951521 911541 97166 130

Luke15ndash25 10237 5242 11745 12246b 7 12046cd 120 121416 130416ndash30 188425ndash27 9438ndash39 188517ndash26 766 149617ndash19 188621 134622 205623 142625 134

627 149627ndash28 148628 149629 15 150630 150 151634 151635 91 208642 18646 146647ndash49 9179 155722 163734 169735 166 208810 7816ndash17 7824 177831 121848 7912ndash17 9913 7924 141926 190941 7957 169958 171959 172960 173102 92109 731017ndash20 1211021 208114 177115ndash8 97 177119 1771111 1771112 1171113 178 1791120 511121ndash22 931124 124 2051124ndash26 931129 52 2051143 166 2061149 521150 521151 52124 73 179126 180128 184

Index of Ancient Sources254

128ndash9 911211 731213ndash21 971223a 1771224 177 1781228 1791233 1911235ndash38 89 941239 1911239ndash40 1931242 2061245 52 2051249 89 951254ndash56 95131ndash35 1021327 52 1971328ndash29 1981334 52 1971415ndash24 181427 73158ndash10 97172 2081711ndash19 981720 981721 981722 981728ndash29 89 98 991731 991732 991733 971835ndash43 91912ndash27 991922 24 2051927 991938 96 1061941ndash44 961946 177209ndash16 (17ndash19) 7 192018 192037 177218ndash19 7223 1212228ndash30 992246 72249ndash51 952250 1492254ndash62 188234 14 952413ndash33 102

John446 158446ndash54 157448 158631ndash58 117844 121123 1061225ndash26 201231 1211430 1211611 1211828ndash1916 102

Acts23 9521ndash4 18951ndash11 189109ndash16 9121ndash2 183123ndash19 183

Romans1214 149

1 Corinthians412 14963 121 192132 18 20

2 Corinthians41ndash6 19244 121

Galatians113ndash14 18343 8ndash9 121 192

Ephesians21ndash2 121 192612 121 192

1 Thessalonians214ndash16 183218 121 19251ndash11 19252 20 19255ndash6 192

2 Thessalonians21ndash12 210 211

255Index of Ancient Sources

2 Timothy211ndash13 190

Hebrews1137 204

James 315ndash17 12444ndash7 121

1 Peter314 132 139 143319ndash20 47414 132 139 141 14358 121

2 Peter24ndash5 47 121

Jude16ndash7 121

Revelation110ndash20 113113 18635 19041ndash11 113123ndash4 121171ndash3 114173ndash18 112 113219ndash27 112 1132110 113

New Tes tament Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha

Gospel of Thomas1ndash71 1731ndash3 2161ndash4 1710 19 95111 1713 21161ndash2 20 95163 2017 1720ndash21 71 193201ndash4 20 192215ndash8 18 19 20 192243 36ndash39 17261ndash2 18262ndash331 1731 21361ndash3 19 143 180473 2148 18 19 20

54 137 13855 2058 17 13864 18 1965 1968 20 132 138 139

14068ndash69 19 139 143691 17 138692 19 20 137 13877 2179 2186 169 170103 17106ndash107 19 201131ndash2 9

Pseudo-Clementine Homilies12313 180

Dead Sea Scrolls

CD214ndash41 125412ndash14 121 124 125419ndash52 208

51ndash5 2091316ndash17 207122ndash3 121161ndash2 125

Index of Ancient Sources256

1QapGen 29 30 31 33 35 36 37 40

1QH430 40

1QM11 1211310ndash12 121175ndash6 51

1QpHab 56 125

1QS25 121211ndash15 207 208321ndash25 11749 18258 125119ndash10 1821120 40

1Q27 (1Q4QMys teries)1 i 1ndash8 56 202

4Q299 (1Q4QMys teries)3andashb ii 2ndash8 563andashb ii 9ndash16 56

4Q416 (4QIns truction)1 10ndash13 56 2021 12 1822 i 21ndashiv 13 562 ii 6 17 178

4Q417 (4QIns truction)1 i 6ndash9 561 i 10(11)ndash12 56 2021 i 12ndash13 561 i 14 561 i 16 115 1821 i 17 1821 i 24 56 2022 i 17ndash24 562 i 19 21ndash22 178

4Q418 (4QIns truction)69 ii 6ndash9 56 202

69 ii 12ndash13 5681 1ndash2 18281 2ndash5 5681 4 11581 5 11581 20 56 20288 56103 56107 56123 5ndash8 56

4Q423 (4QIns truction)5 3 565 5ndash6 56

4Q503 115

4Q521 16 54 135 137 159 160 161 162

4Q525 57 133

4QDeut j 1214 121

4QIsa 135

4QMMTC 4ndash9 125

11Q11 124

11Q13 135 137

11QPsa 191ndash18 121

11QT545 2075715ndash19 208669ndash11 207

Targums4QtgJob 314QtgLev 3111QtgJob 31 33 35 40

257Index of Ancient Sources

Josephus

Ant14133ndash146 4415103 451982 123

Bell188 46

1131ndash11 441161ndash5 461213 461335 452101ndash5 1232116 183

Babylonian Texts

Gilgamesh 112

Greek and Latin Authors

Dio CassiusHis t59271 120

HomerOd10503ndash15 1121112ndash22 112

PlatoPhaed111cndash112e 112

Senecade Ben2121ndash2 120

Seneca the ElderControv9210 183

TacitusAnn632 120

His t59 183

Apos tolic and Church Fathers

1 Clement132 153292 121394ndash5 121

2 Clement32 190134 148

Apos tolic Cons titutions721 152

722 148 150 151722ndash6 147725 149 150726 148 153

AthanasiusFes t Let 3911 14

Canons of the Holy Apos tles4ndash5 152

Index of Ancient Sources258

Chrysos tomHom Mt342 180

Clement of AlexandriaS trom4641 139 143

Didache11ndash63 1412c 15213b 148 14913bndash5b 11 12 13 15 16

71 147 151 15413bndash21 5 11 14 15 15013c 15113cndash4a 1413d 15 14814 1414a 1614b 15 14914c 91 15014d 15 149 150 15115a 15015b 148 15381ndash2 1482 16103bndash122a 14113 16113ndash137 14153ndash4 16161ndash8 210 211 212

EusebiusHis t Eccl3254

IrenaeusAdv Haer1101 1214162 121

Jus tin Martyr1 Apol159 148

2 Apol25 121

OrigenC Cels870 180

PolycarpPhilippians22ndash3 153

Shepherd of HermasMandate 24ndash6 153

Similitude535ndash8 138

Rabbinic Literature

j Ber3b 5b 5c 31 37 38

j Ket35a 31 37

j Šab3a 38d 31 37

j Taʿan65b 4069ab 125

R Gen72 313813 31 37796 31

R Num193 31 38

TargumsCairo BGen 414 31 33 34 37 41

259Index of Ancient Sources

Cairo FExod 1913 37Deut 346 37

Neof I Gen 414 31 33 41Gen 95ndash6 37Gen 4922 36

Papyri Manuscripts and Inscriptions

Br Mus Or 9271 14P Oxy 1 17P Oxy 654 17

P Oxy 655 17 143 180P Oxy 1782 14 15 148 151Sf III 16ndash17 40

Index of Modern Authors

Achtemeier P 139 141Adams S L 56 72 202Alexander P S 31 32Allison D C 1 2 3 5 12 22 24 66

75 77 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 90 91 94 96 98 99 103 105 107 112 117 119 120 123 125 129 130 131 133 134 135 136 138 139 140 144 147 148 149 150 152 153 155 158 160 163 169 170 172 175 176 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 193 197 198 200 205

Anderson A A 124Anderson F I 113Andrejevs O 25 164 172 190Arcari L 44Argall R A 47 72 202Arnal W E 23 24 48 59 61 63 65

66 67 68 78 86 104 123 125 132 134 136 150 191 194 208 214

Attridge H W 17Audet J-P 14Avigad N 29 30

Bailey K 102Bauckham R 12Baum A D 1Bazzana G B 1 3 24 59 178 198Beasley-Murray G R 158Berger K 104Bergmeier R 159 160 162Betz D H 3 24 51 103 146 179 183de Begraveze T 27Bird M F 159 198 199Black C C 11Black M 26 28 30 31 32 35 36 37

40 168Blenkinsopp J 135 136 137Boccaccini G 32 43 44 50Boring M E 38 183 184 185 188

192 211

Borsch F H 185Bovon F 5 19 93 95 96 98 99 106

140 177 179 184 185 198Bowman J W 28 33Boyarin D 23Breuer Y 34Brin G 208Broadhead E K 3 89Brodie T L 163Brooke G J 43 160Brown R E 11 12 102 130 157 158Broyles C C 123Bultmann R 3 60 98 111 132 156

158 184 185 186 187 188 201Burkett D 27 213Bussmann W 26

Campbell J Y 28 46Caragounis C C 27 29 39Carroll J T 3Carruth S 119Casey P M 29 34 35 37 39 41Cas tor G D 4 5Catchpole D R 21 77 90 96 99 129

131 145 147 156 157 159 164 175 188 198 208

Chang A 199Charlesworth J H 31 42 43 44 45

46 47 72 160 171 185Chazon E G 115 202Cheung L L 12Childs B S 163Chilton B D 26 36 39 117 130Clark D J 109Collins A Y 39 41 47 50 51 52 103

114 188 193 211Collins J J 23 40 43 48 49 50 51

52 53 57 76 77 121 126 160 161 162 163 168 202

Colpe C 25 26 28 29 31 32 36 37 39 40 45 140

Index of Modern Authors262

Conzelmann H 96 97Cotter W J 61 104 132 156 163 165

166 170 191Cromhout M 61 145 191Crossan J D 39 89 94 98 134

Dalman G 27 29 30Damm A 171Davidson M J 114Davies W D 1 2 3 91 99 119 120

131 138 139 140 149 150 169 172 179 180 184 185 193 197 200

DeConick A D 11 17 20 21 138 139 192

Derrenbacker R A 1 24Di Lella A A 73Dibelius M 12Diacuteez Macho A 30Dimant D 160DiTommaso L 57Doering L 208Downing F G 23 64Draper J A 13 14 15 16 68 156Dundenberg I 11Dunn J D G 1 149 183Dupont J 97 116Durham J I 163

Eldridge M D 117Elgvin T 49 56 57 115 202Eshel H 44

Fiebig P 26 27 28 34 37 39Fitzmyer J A 1 2 3 8 19 26 28 30

31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 82 91 95 97 98 117 118 119 130 131 133 138 139 140 146 149 163 177 179 208

Fleddermann H T 2 6 10 11 59 62 69 83 84 85 86 87 90 91 93 95 97 98 101 103 104 105 109 129 130 134 140 144 148 150 152 156 157 163 166 170 176 177 179 184 185 189 199 200 203 205 211

Flusser D 14 15Fos ter P 1 3 6 12 26Freedman H 32Frenschkowski M 145Frey J 56Freyne S 159 199

Funk F X 14 147

Garciacutea Martiacutenez F 49 57 160 162 202 208

Garrow A 13Gathercole S 17 19 20 138 139 181Gerber C 203Gibson J B 116Gieschen C A 147Ginsburger M 30Glover R 13 16Goering G S 72 125Goff M J 55 56 57 79 84 115 178

202Goodacre M 1 17 19Greenfield J C 27Greeven H 12Gregg B H 90 97 186 198 204Grenfell B P 14 17Guelich R A 193Guenther H O 26Gundry R H 150 181 197

Haenchen E 12 139 157 158 201Hahn F 185Han K S 124 125 200Hannah D D 42 43 45 46Hare D R A 38 39 40 184 185Harrington D J 33 55 57 202 Hartin P J 12 61 119 166Hasitschka M 118Heil C 5 38 60 99 119 181Higgins A J B 184Hill A E 163Hindley J C 43Hoffmann P 5 38 55 67 70 75 77

80 96 99 112 145 167 170 184 185

Holtzmann H J 4Hooker M D 45Horsley R 68 156 198 199 200van der Hors t P W 73Hossfeld F L 124Howard G 146Howes L 26 39 43 61 65 77 81 133

140 141 142 166 167 170 185 188 190 212

Hubbard B J 38Hultgren S 160 162Hunt A S 14 17

263Index of Modern Authors

van Iersel B M F 102

Jacobson A D 5 26 39 49 54 60 61 64 75 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 85 87 90 94 96 97 98 106 129 132 140 144 152 156 157 167 170 171 184 185 187 201 207 210

Jefford C N 13 14 15Jeremias J 179 198 204Jervis L A 55Jewett R 149Johnson L A 178 208Johnson L T 12Johnson-DeBaufre M 66 103 163Jonas H 51de Jonge H J 24 185Jongeling B 35Joseph S J 1 21 23 24 45 46 47 48

51 52 68 103 125 132 134 136 142 144 153 156 159 160 161 162 164 178 180 181 182 184 185 187 190 191 200 201 202 206 208 214 215

Jus t A A 102

Kahle P 26 30 31 36Kampen J L 162 209Kaufman S A 31 32 36 40Keener C S 183Kirk A 2 4 5 6 10 15 24 55 59 60

61 62 66 67 68 69 71 72 73 75 76 77 78 79 83 84 85 86 87 88 90 94 96 98 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 111 114 129 152 155 156 166 177 179 184 189 190 197 203 207 208 214 215

Kloppenborg J S 1 2 3 4 5 11 12 13 14 15 17 19 21 22 23 24 25 26 38 39 50 51 53 54 55 57 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 86 87 88 89 90 95 97 98 99 103 104 107 108 111 112 121 122 123 124 125 126 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 139 140 141 142 143 144 147 148 150 151 155 156 157 158 160 162 163 164 165 166 167 170 171 172 175 176 180 181 182 183 184 187 189

190 191 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 208 210 211 212 213

Knibb M A 46 202Koes ter H 15 38 48 60 61 63 66

148Koumlhler W D 16Kraus H-J 124Kutscher E Y 30 35 36

Lang B 201Laurence R 41Leives tad R 43Levine A-J 208Lichtenberger H 124Lindars B 29 34 37 39 43 184 185

188Lohfink N 118Lukaszewski A 25 27Luz U 3 10 60 74 75 78 81 87 90

91 93 95 96 97 99 102 106 111 131 134 140 142 145 148 150 151 166 169 180 181 184 185 197 198 199 201 204 207

Luumldemann G 183Luumlhrmann D 61 64 78 111 140 157

158 165 180 184

Mack B L 23 38 43 61 133 135 170Magness J 160Malherbe A 192 211Manson T W 5 28 101Maori Y 32Marcus J 8 11 41 47 102 183 188

193 199 211Marshall I H 3Martiacutenez R 166 167Martyn J L 183Maumlrz C-P 90 94McDermott J M 185McNamara M J 31Meadors E P 62 66 67 72 74 76 77

166 168 201Meadors G T 137Menken M J J 116 117Meyer A 27Meyer P D 157Middleton P 182Milik J P 36 42 43 187Milikowsky C 181Miller R J 63 201

Index of Modern Authors264

Mitchell D C 124Moller H B 29Moreland M 23Moss C 182Mournet T C 1Muraoka T 35 38Muumlnch C 203

Neirynck F 2 3 4 11 22 26 90 98 99 116 130 140 149

Nickelsburg G 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 52 53 76 106 112 113 122 126 141 168 172 202 210 213

Niebuhr K W 159Niederwimmer K 13 14 15 16 148

151 152Nielsen K 114 115Nolland J 179Novakovic L 160 162

Odeberg H 36Oegema G S 116Owen P 25 29 35

Patterson S J 17 18 21 61 63Perrin N 186Pervo R I 183Pietersma A 146Piovanelli P 44 45Piper R A 61 82 112 176 190Ploeg J P M 35Pokornyacute P 11 17 19 117 139Polag A 62 73 89 90 94Porter S E 180 181Porton G G 38Pries t J 126Propp W H C 163Puech Eacute 133 160 162

Ra Y 39 132 145 155 170 184 185Reicke B 141Riesner R 183Robbins M C 51 103 113 115 117

121 125Robbins V K 104Robinson J M 2 5 24 26 34 38 39

41 43 55 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 77 96 103 119 129 131 132 134 135 140 142 143 144 145

156 160 165 166 167 180 181 184 185 186 187 188 190 200 201 202

Rodd C S 6 7 9Rollens S E 2 3 23 24 26 61 132

182 191Roth D T 2 6 7 10 11 54 90 145

165 191 192 203 204 205 206Rothschild C K 90 159 164Royse J R 146Roumlsel M 146

Sacchi P 43 44 45 47Sandt H 5 14 15Sato M 3 59 62 74 75 76 77 79 80

82 83 87 90 94 98 111 134 170 176 184

Schalit A 44Schenk W 62 73 89 90 103 170 176Schiavo L 104 112 113Schiffman L H 57 160Schnackenburg R 12 157 158Schniedewind W M 160Schroumlter J 180Schulz S 74 132 165 167 176 179

201 210Schuumlrmann H 8 130 167 170Seeley D 132 141 142Segal M 43 114 121Sellew P 193Sevenich-Bax E 103 105Shelton J 163Shepherd D 29 35Shinall M C 51Shirock R J 102Sjoumlberg E 28 29 35 39 45Skeat T C 180Skehan P W 73Smith D A 96 201 202 203So K-C 157Sokoloff M 35Somov A 181Spranger P P 204S taples J A 145 146 154S teck O H 61 64 132 201S tone M E 45S treeter B H 4 12 130S trugnell J 55S tuckenbruck L T 27 30 47 51 65

114 121Syreeni K 4 15 153

265Index of Modern Authors

Tabor J D 160Tannehil R C 178 208Taylor N H 120 123 183Theissen G 123Theophilos M P 126Tigchelaar E J C 56Tiwald M 3 23 160Toumldt H E 47 184 185 186 187Tuckett C M 1 3 6 9 11 13 14 15

17 23 26 49 50 53 54 61 62 63 66 68 72 76 77 84 86 90 94 95 98 112 114 119 121 125 130 134 140 150 154 156 157 158 160 166 170 184 193 199 205 206 207 208 210

Uhlig S 45Uro R 26 62 185

Vaage L E 23 24 26 39 61 133 165 167 170 171 190 191 210

VanderKam J C 43 46 57 168Vassiliadis P 89 94de Vaux R 56Vermes G 26 28 29 31 32 33 34 35

36 37 38 39 40 43 140 160 184

Wacholder B Z 209

von Wahlde U C 12 158Wahlen C 51Walck L W 46 52Watson F 1Weaks J A 6 7Weinfeld M 118 146 207 208Weiser A 124Weiss B 130Wellhausen J 26Welch J W 102Wernberg-Mѳller P 36Wes termann C 135 136Williams P J 35Wilson W T 149Wins ton D 46 72Wise M O 160Witetschek S 86 167Wolter M 90van der Woude A S 35Wright III B J 72 202

Xeravits G G 202

York A D 32

Zeller D 63 69 111 165 212Zenger E 124

Index of Subjects

Abel-Main (Tell Abl) 45Abraham 32 157Agrippa I 123 183Ahab 118 121angel of Yahweh 163angelicheavenly rebellion 121 125Antigonus 43aphaeresis 27 32 34 36 38apocalypse 48ndash as incorrectly applied to Mk 133ndash37

211ndash as incorrectly applied to Q 1723ndash37

210 211apocalypticndash Chris tianity 53ndash discourse 211ndash framework 57 121ndash inaccurately used as a noun 49ndash literature 47 53 54 135ndash language in Ben Sira 72ndash tradition 56 57 186ndash wisdom ins tructions other than Q 56

57 77 202ndash worldview (outside of Q see its at-

tes tation in Q referenced separately below) 24 49 50 51 55 57 87 121

apocalypticism 25 87 58 62ndash and apocalypse 48 49ndash and eschatology 48ndash as a literary category 48 79ndash as a dis tortion of Godrsquos intended

order 23ndash as compatible with wisdom in late

second temple literature 57 62 66 70 72 154 202

ndash as having a place outside the genre of an apocalypse 49

ndash as synonymous with apocalyptic worldview 49

ndash in Pauline thought 192ndash in sectarian environments 53

ndash in recent Q scholarship 48ndash methodological definitions of 50 54

186Aramaic 25 26 46 70 140 187 204

213ndash OfficialImperialBiblical 26 27 35

40ndash Middle 26 27 30 32 33 34 35 36

37 38 40 41 52 167 170 187 188ndash Late 26 27 28 32 33 34 35 36 37

38 41 140 187ndash Galilean 29 36 38ndash Qumran 31 32 35 38Athaliah 125Augus tus 45

Babylonian Exile 118Banias 45βασιλείαndash as a hypothetical metaphor reflecting

the social interes ts of Qrsquos author(s) 48

ndash as a political entity 120ndash of God 23 48 73 95 108 123 132

177 178 182 183 184 192 194 206 207

ndash of Satan 51 114ndash realized 142beatitude(s) 82 91 93 105 131 132

133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 153

Bethsaida 45 56 93

Caesarea Philippi 46(Cairo) Geniza fragments 28 29 30 32

36 37Capernaum 45 56 93chiasm 83 85 101 102 103 109 118

120chias tic 85 101 103 106 107 108 120

152 197

Index of Subjects268

Chorazin 56 93chreia(s) 63 71 104 105 120 211chreiic 65 86 104 105 111 156chris tology (see the Q discussion refer-

enced separately below)ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 17ndash in Luke 19ndash in Mark 131circumcision 159 209Claudius 183cosmic mountain 114 119Cynic(s) 23

Dan 45 47Darius I 163Deuteronomis t 118Deuteronomis tic His tory 146deuteronomis ticndash agenda 156ndash context(s) 143 153ndash framework 53 54ndash motifs 118 127ndash orientation 64ndash outlook 61 82 114ndash redaction 80ndash rhetoric 136ndash s tratums trata 78ndash theme 78ndash tradition 79ndash unders tanding 64devil 51 66 114 117 119 120 121 123

124

Elijah 96 116 118 126 162 163 164ElijahElisha cycle 162 163Enoch 44 45 47 51 76 112 113 157

172 202ndash as a scribe 46ndash Book of Watchers 45 113 125ndash sapiential content in Watchers 76ndash Book of Parables 24 41 47 157 167

171 213ndash sapiential content in Parables 76ndash Epis tle of Enoch 43ndash his torical incarnation of 202ndash Seminar 47Enochicndash author 122ndash corpus 52 73ndash formulation 52

ndash framework 121ndash literaturetext 43 46 56ndash movement 47 53 157 210ndash mythology 113 114 122 164ndash Son of Man 172ndash tradents 46ndash tradition 43 46 47 79 113 122 157

215ndash Watchers myth 45 53 121eschatological prophetndash in 4Q521 160 162ndash in Q 164 165 166eschatology (see the Q discussion refer-

enced separately below) 47 48 50ndash in 1 Enoch 42 47 76 122 141 142

168 169ndash in 4Q521 159 160 162ndash in 4QIns truction 56ndash in Ben Sira 72ndash in Malachi 163 164ndash in Psalms of Solomon 159ndash in Trito-Isaiah 136Exodusndash legendmyth 117ndash imagerymotifs 116 163

form (literary)ndash and meaning 82ndash and worldview 76ndash apocalypse 49ndash criticism 61 62 63 67 68 69 70

74 156 170 214ndash miracle s tory 156ndash wisdom 84ndash (wisdom) ins truction 70 71

Gaius (Caligula) 44 46 123Galilee 23 36 44 45 47 56 73 131

171 194 215ndash village scribes 48ndash villagestowns 24 93 199Gentile(s) 9 87 96 120 126 155 157

158 159 164 167 168 169 173 198 199 209 215

Great Omission 8 9

HasidicHasidim 79 162Hebrew 25 35 39 40 41 42 204Hebrew Biblescriptures 24 118 127

136 160

269Index of Subjects

Hermogenes 171mt Hermon 45 46 47Herod the Great and the Herodian era

43 44 45 46 126Herodians 45(holy) Spirit 72 94 178 189Hulah Valley 45

Isaiah (see the Index of Ancient Sources for specific passages)

ndash Deutero 46 135 136 168 169ndash firs t-century reader of 135ndash Trito 51 54 135 136 137 143 154

163 200Israelndash in Ben Sira 125ndash in Daniel 168ndash in Deuteronomy 118ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 139ndash in the Hebrew Bible 198 199ndash in Jubilees 121ndash in Malachi 163ndash in Q 53 64 78 80 87 96 104 118

127 155 156 158 198 199ndash pre-exilic 50ndash traditional wisdom of 58ndash wilderness myth 117

James (son of Zebedee) 183Jerusalem 44 72 96 106 108 113 119

125 159 166 199 200ndash culttemple 136 137 163 214ndash pries thood 45 47 127Jesusndash as an apocalyptic figure in Q 38ndash as a literary character in Q 21ndash floating traditions ascribed to 48ndash his torical 21 29 37 43 47 73 116

141 142 164 165 171 172 186 198ndash his torical greeting of in Jerusalem

106ndash movement 23ndash tradition 161Jewish Chris tianityndash as a movement in a contes ted envi-

ronment 43 183ndash as a proliferation of groups and

communities 183ndash on the use of the term 23

ndash possible connection to the Enochic movement 47

Jewish War 200John (the Baptis t) 68 78 80 83 85 90

91 92 97 103 104 105 116 159 163 164 165 166 167 169 172

ndash followers of 159 165 166ndash his torical 159 165Journeysndash cosmicterres trial 76 112 113 114

119 122 127ndash heavenly 45 112 113Judea 36 44 200 215

Kallirrhoeuml 45Kleinliteratur 3 4 59 60 73 215

Lordrsquos Prayer 93 94 177Lot 97 99

Maccabean era 126Mas tema 121Matthew and Luke as conservative

traditionalis ts 4Matthewrsquos and Lukersquos redactorial

freedom 4Matthewrsquos use of Q 4messiah 106 116 162 164 210messiahship 123messianic 116 210Migdal 46mimesis 114 141minor agreements 15 130Minor Prophets 146Moses 117

Nag Hammadi 17Nimrod 32

oralndash possible cross-influence on the Gos-

pel of Thomas from the canonical gospels 11 193

ndash harmonization of Matthew and Luke 16

ndash life of the primitive community 60ndash performance 15 16 161ndash source utilization 15ndash tradition 17 98 151ndash transmission 188

Index of Subjects270

ndash usage and application of Q 4ndash usage of Matthew 15ndash variants of Q 4Oxyrhynchus 17

Paneion 46Parousia 116 186 193Parthian invasion of 40 BCE 44 46Paulndash his torical 149 183ndash possible awareness of the Q tradition

by 192persecutionndash as an apocalyptic motif 54ndash because of someone 142ndash in authentic Pauline corpus 149 183ndash in Q 52 54 78 94 107 118 122

126 132 133 134 140 141 142 143 144 175 180 181 182 184 190 194 200 206

ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 138ndash in the Parables of Enoch 141ndash in Trito-Isaiah 137 200ndash plausibility of 182 183Pharisees 65 68 94 166 169 205 206

214pleroma 39prophecyndash pre-exilic and Persian era (classical)

50ndash mixture of with wisdom 77Prophetisierung 75

Qndash apocalypticism apocalyptic motifs

features imagination framework and worldview 23 25 46 53 57 58 63 69 70 71 73 76 79 84 87 88 111 114 121 127 141 175 190 194 197 202 210 211 213 214

ndash apocalyptic document 48 51ndash apocalyptic wisdom ins truction 23

55 70 73 74 77 79 214ndash (apocalyptic) communitymovement

55 107 122 194 195 206 209ndash Aramaic roots 26ndash chris tology 70 81 83 87 93 104

115 116 123 130 131 142 144 145 147 153 154 156 157 159 164 166 167 194 214

ndash demonology 51 53ndash eschatological (apocalyptic) dis-

course 64 83 97 98 170 210 211 212

ndash eschatology 48 51 54 56 69 73 75 87 94 95 101 104 105 108 133 141 142 143 144 147 159 164 165 166 167 169 172 180 192 193 194 198 199 202 203 210

ndash final (literary) form 59 62 69 78 178

ndash hypothetical mid- (lower) level or sub-elite scribal origin 24 59

ndash hypothetical recensions 3 4 59 60 90 98

ndash hypothetical segregation of wisdom and apocalyptic s trata 60 66 67 70 213 214

ndash mission speech 23 56 86 87 92 104 105 107 173 182 194

ndash Pales tinian character 24ndash possible authenticity of its content

22 81ndash prophetic content 61 63 67 70 74

75 76 77 79 80 82 83 142 143 176

ndash recons truction (CEQ) 5 6 10 90 (see also recons truction [in this s tudy] below as such frequently follows the CEQ)

ndash recons truction (feasibility) 2 3 4 10 11

ndash recons truction (in this s tudy) 60 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 111 116 119 120 123 130 131 134 144 147 148 149 151 152 165 169 170 172 175 176 177 178 179 181 184 191 193 199 204 207 213 215

ndash recons truction (methodology) 5 89 90

ndash recons truction (skepticism) 2 10 59 (see also recons tructed Mark below)

ndash sapiential content 12 62 63 67 77 79 80 82 130 154 175 191 202 214

ndash sermon 63 82 91 92 103 105 127 129 130 131 134 135 138 140 144 145 147 152 153 154 155 156

ndash sophis ticated scribal traditions 24ndash sub-literary view of 3 59 60 74

271Index of Subjects

ndash tradents 4 59 67 125 135 147 181 182 197 199 202 203 207 209 214

ndash tradition 13 17 87 161 163 164 186 187 192 202

Quintillian 171Qumran (see the Index of Ancient

Sources for specific documents)ndash apocalyptic worldview 50 135ndash Aramaic corpus 33ndash beatitude collection 133ndash communitymovementYahad 44 53

56 121 135 136 137 157 160 161 206 207 208 209

ndash demonology 124ndash discovery 29ndash fellowship with angels 115ndash fragments of 1 Enoch 44ndash library 43ndash manualsrules 82ndash sapiential literature 25 55 56 57

58 62 69ndash social setting 43

recons tructed Mark 2 6 7 8 9 10RomeRomans 44 91 121 126 159

199 207ndash occupation of Judea 44

sage(s) 55 56 79 84Samaria 44Satan 50 51 52 53 114 115 117 118

120 121 159 192scribe(s) 102 205ndash ancient reading practices of 102ndash as a Q opponent group 68 169 205ndash as advanced or elite readers of Q

102 103ndash Enochic 46 215ndash in Matthewrsquos community (other than

Matthew) 4ndash in the Q community 48 135 195

215ndash in the text of Q 169 172ndash memory competence of 4 102ndash responsible for 2 Enoch 112ndash responsible for Did 13bndash5b 15scriptorium 46Sefire 27 37Sepphoris 38 46Sermon on the Mount 15 16 87 94

Sermon on the Plain 15 16(Deutero-Isaianic) Servant 136 168 169Sidon 199Simeon II 125Son of Man 47 115ndash Aramaic background of the phrase

25 26 28 37 153ndash as a messianic title in the Parables of

Enoch 28 46ndash circumlocutional non-titular use of

the phrase in Late Aramaic 34ndash classifications of the phrasersquos Q

ins tances 26ndash designation of as Son of Humanity in

some recent research 39ndash his torical incarnation of as under-

s tood by some ancient authors 165 172

ndash hypothetical non-titular (circumlocu-tional or generic) use of the definite phrase in Middle Aramaic by the his torical Jesus and in Q 28 29 34 37 38 39 42 43 52 71 140 142 167 170 186 187

ndash in Daniel 41 42 186 213ndash in Luke 142 186ndash in Mark 41ndash in Matthew 99 142 186ndash in Q 25 26 34 38 39 42 43 46 47

52 53 64 67 69 70 71 96 98 104 106 115 116 123 141 142 147 164 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 176 185 186 187 188 189 191 194 201 203 210 212 213

ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 170ndash in the Parables of Enoch 25 28 41

42 43 44 45 46 47 122 141 142 146 147 153 155 164 165 168 169 172 173 202 213

ndash non-titular use of the indefinite phrase in Middle Aramaic 41

ndash titular (including but not limited to chris tological) use of the definite phrase in Q 34 38 52 53 64 70 104 123 142 143 147 167 168 172 173 185 186 187 189 191 194 201 203 210 212 213

Sondergut 89 90ndash Matthean 91ndash Lukan 94 95 97 98 177

Index of Subjects272

Sophiandash myth (Enochic tradition) 172 202ndash myth (synoptic tradition) 96 200

201ndash words of 96 201synopticndash gospels 11 150 151ndash material 16 151ndash parallels 18 19ndash problem 1ndash Sayings Source 3 216ndash s tudies 4ndash tradition 17 21 26 98 101 131 151

158 205 215Syria 215

Talmud 30 36 37 38Targum 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

38 40 41ndash recons truction of the Pales tinian Tar-

gum 32Taricheae 46Tell Dan 45templendash apparatusins titution 50 96 107

113 119 125 126 127 137 157 197 200 205

ndash eschatological 76

ndash purityholiness of 65 123 137ndash mitigatingprotective role 51 124ndash of Augus tus at Paneion 45ndash second temple era 25 41 44 48 56

62 70 71 72 79 82 84 121 124 136 137 154 163 186 201 209 213 216

ndash liturgy 124ndash mounthill 113ndash pollution of as perceived by some

ancient authors 113 125 136Theon of Alexandria 171Tiberias 38Torah 58 64 72 79 112 207 208 209transfiguration 47tree of knowledge 113Tyre 199

Vermes-Fitzmyer debate 28 38 39

Watchers 45 53 121Wicked Pries t 125

Yahweh 117 118

Zechariah (son of Jehoiada) 200mt Zion 113

  • Cover13
  • Titel13
  • Preface
  • Table of Contents13
  • List of Abbreviations
  • Chapter One Prolegomena
    • 1 Introduction Recent Methodological Questions in Q Studies
    • 2 The Study of Q as a Reconstructed Text
      • Index of Ancient Sources
      • Index of Modern Authors
      • Index of Subjects
Page 8: Apocalypticism in the Synoptic Sayings Source€¦ · Apocalypticism in the Synoptic Sayings Source A Reassessment of Q’s Stratigraphy Mohr Siebeck. Olegs Andrejevs, born 1982;

Table of ContentsX

35 Ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου in Q 622c 14036 The Prophets in Q 623c14337 Conclusion Q 620bndash23 as a Q2 Composition 143

4 ldquoWhy do you call me lsquoκύριε κύριεrsquordquo Q 646 and the Chris tological Bookends of the Sermon 144

5 The Sectio Evangelica (Q 627ndash635) and Q 636 147

51 The Shared Vorlage of Q 627ndash35 and Did 13bndash5b 14752 Q 627ndash36 Imitatio Dei and Divine Adoption 152

6 Summary S tratigraphic Provenance of Q 416 620ndash49 153

Chapter Eight Q 71ndash960 155

1 Introduction 155

2 Q and the Gentile Mission in Q 71ndash10 155

3 ldquoGo and Tell Johnrdquo (Q 718ndash23) 159

4 Σὺ εἶ ὁ ἐρχόμενος The Son of Manrsquos Earthly Mission in Q 734 and 958 165

41 Ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου in Q 73416542 Ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου in Q 95816943 Q 959ndash60 as a Q2 Text 172

5 Summary Compositional Unity of Q 71ndash35 957ndash60 173

Chapter Nine Q 102ndash1240 175

1 Introduction 175

2 S tratigraphic Provenance of Q 128ndash10 176

21 S tructural Similarity of Q 124ndash7 to Q 112bndash4 9ndash13 1222bndash34 17622 Q 122ndash12 as a Q1 ldquoPersecution Speechrdquo 18123 Ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου in Q 128ndash10184

231 Recons truction and the Main Issues 184232 Ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου in Q 128 185233 Ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου ndash in Q 129 188

XITable of Contents

234 Ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου in Q 1210 188235 Conclusion Q 128ndash10 as a Q1 Text 190

3 S tratigraphic Provenance of Q 1239ndash40 190

31 Q 1239-40 and Q 1233ndash34 19032 Q 1239-40 and Gos Thom 215ndash8192

4 Summary 194

Chapter 10 Q 1235ndash2230 197

1 Introduction 197

2 Ten Los t Tribes or Gentiles in Q 1328ndash29 198

3 Q and its Opponents200

31 Jesus and the Temple in Q 1149ndash51 1334ndash35 20032 Q2 and the Wicked Slaves 203

4 The Halakhic Compendium in Q 1617ndash172 206

5 S tratigraphic Provenance of Q 1723ndash37 210

51 Q 1723ndash37 as an Apocalyptic Discourse 21052 Ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου in Q 1723ndash37212

Chapter 11 Conclusion 213

Bibliography 217

Index of Ancient Sources 245

Index of Modern Authors 261

Index of Subjects 267

Lis t of Abbreviations

AASF Annales Academiae Scientiarum FennicaeAB Anchor BibleABD Anchor Bible DictionaryABRL Anchor Bible Reference LibraryAcOr Acta OrientaliaAGJU Arbeiten zur Geschichte des antiken Judentums und des Urchris tentumsAnBib Analecta BiblicaANTC Abingdon New Tes tament CommentariesBBB Bonner Biblische BeitraumlgeBeO Biblica et OrientaliaBETL Bibliotheca Ephemeridum Theologicarum LovaniensiumBib BiblicaBJRL Bulletin of the John Rylands University Library of Manches terBNTC Blackrsquos New Tes tament CommentaryBR Biblical ResearchBSR Bulletin for the S tudy of ReligionBTB Biblical Theology BulletinBTS Biblical Tools and S tudiesBWANT Beitraumlge zur Wissenschaft vom Alten und Neuen Tes tamentBZ Biblische ZeitschriftBZNW Beihefte zur Zeitschrift fuumlr die neutes tamentliche WissenschaftCBR Currents in Biblical ResearchCC Concordia CommentaryCEQ The Critical Edition of Q Synopsis Including the Gospels of Matthew

and Luke Mark and Thomas with English German and French Translations of Q and Thomas

CBQ Catholic Biblical Quarterly CRINT Compendia Rerum Iudaicarum ad Novum Tes tamentumDJD Discoveries in the Judean DesertDSD Dead Sea DiscoveriesECC Eerdmans Critical CommentaryEs tBib Es tudios BiblicosETL Ephemerides Theologicae LovaniensesEvT Evangelische TheologieExpT The Expository TimesFB Forschung zur BibelFFRS Foundations and Facets Reference SeriesFRLANT Forschungen zur Religion und Literatur des Alten und Neuen Tes tamentsGTJ Grace Theological JournalHNT Handbuch zum Neuen Tes tamentHR His tory of ReligionsHTCNT Herderrsquos Theological Commentary on the New Tes tament

XIV Lis t of Abbreviations

HTR Harvard Theological ReviewHTS Harvard Theological S tudiesIBS Irish Biblical S tudiesICC The International Critical CommentaryIQP The International Q ProjectJAOS Journal of the American Oriental SocietyJBL Journal of Biblical LiteratureJCTCRS Jewish and Chris tian Texts in Contexts and Related S tudiesJECH Journal of Early Chris tian His toryJJS Journal of Jewish S tudiesJQR Jewish Quarterly ReviewJR Journal of ReligionJSJ Journal for the S tudy of JudaismJSJSup Journal for the S tudy of Judaism Supplement SeriesJSNT Journal for the S tudy of the New Tes tamentJSNTSup Journal for the S tudy of the New Tes tament Supplement SeriesJSOT Journal for the S tudy of the Old Tes tamentJSOTSup Journal for the S tudy of the Old Tes tament Supplement SeriesJSP Journal for the S tudy of the PseudepigraphaJSPSup Journal for the S tudy of the Pseudepigrapha Supplement SeriesJTC Journal for Theology and the ChurchJTS Journal of Theological S tudiesLingBibl Linguis tica BiblicaLNTS Library of New Tes tament S tudiesLS TS Library of Second Temple S tudiesLUA Lunds Universitets ArsskriftMTS Marburger theologische S tudienMThA Muumlns teraner theologische AbhandlungenNA Neutes tamentliche ArbeitenNHS Nag Hammadi S tudiesNHMS Nag Hammadi and Manichaean S tudiesNIBC The New International Biblical CommentaryNIGTC The New International Greek Tes tament Commentary NovT Novum Tes tamentumNovTSup Novum Tes tamentum SupplementsNTL The New Tes tament LibraryNTR New Tes tament ReadingsNTS New Tes tament S tudiesNTTS New Tes tament Tools and S tudiesOTL The Old Tes tament LibraryPBM Paternos ter Biblical MonographsPFES Publications of the Finnish Exegetical SocietyRB Revue bibliqueRevQ Revue de QumranSAC S tudies in Antiquity and Chris tianity SBL S tudies in Biblical LiteratureSBLECL Society of Biblical Literature Early Chris tianity and its LiteratureSBLEJL Society of Biblical Literature Early Judaism and its LiteratureSBLMS Society of Biblical Literature Monograph SeriesSBLSBS Society of Biblical Literature Sources for Biblical S tudySBLSP Society of Biblical Literature Seminar PapersSNTSMS Society for New Tes tament S tudies Monograph Series

XVLis t of Abbreviations

ScrHier Scripta HierosolymitanaSPhiloA S tudia Philonica AnnualS TDJ S tudies on the Texts of the Desert of JudahS tJ S tudia JudaicaSVTP S tudia in Veteris Tes tamenti PseudepigraphaSVTQ S t Vladimirrsquos Theological QuarterlyTAZ Texte und Arbeiten zum neutes tamentlichen ZeitalterTDNT Theological Dictionary of the New Tes tamentTENT Texts and Editions for New Tes tament S tudyTJT Toronto Journal of TheologyTS Theological S tudiesTTZ Trierer theologische ZeitschriftUNDCSJCA University of Notre Dame Center for the S tudy of Judaism and

Chris tianity in AntiquityVCSup Vigiliae Chris tianae Supplement SeriesVT Vetus Tes tamentumVTSup Vetus Tes tamentum Supplement SeriesWBC Word Biblical CommentaryWUNT Wissenchaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Tes tamentZDMG Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenlaumlndischen GesellschaftZKT Zeitschrift fuumlr katholische TheologieZNW Zeitschrift fuumlr die neutes tamentliche WissenschaftZTK Zeitschrift fuumlr Theologie und Kirche

Chapter One

Prolegomena

1 Introduction Recent Methodological Questions in Q Studies

A survey of the current trends in New Testament and Q studies reveals a some-what uncertain environment While the Two-Document Hypothesis (hereafter 2DH) continues to hold its own occasional skepticism with regard to Qrsquos ex-istence has by no means dissipated1 Within the ranks of those scholars who work with or trend toward the 2DH the written character of Q is not universally accepted2 Among those who accept the premise of a written Q there remain

1 For recent arguments against the 2DH see eg Mark S Goodacre The Case Against Q

Studies in Markan Priority and the Synoptic Problem (Harrisburg PA Trinity Press Interna-tional 2002) Francis Watson Gospel Writing A Canonical Perspective (Grand Rapids MI Eerdmans 2013) For responses to these scholars see eg Paul Foster ldquoIs It Possible to Dis-pense with Qrdquo NovT 45 (2003) 313ndash37 John S Kloppenborg ldquoOn Dispensing with Q Goodacre on the Relation of Luke to Matthewrdquo NTS 49 (2003) 210ndash36 Christopher M Tuck-ett ldquoWatson Q and LMrdquo in Gospel Interpretation and the Q-Hypothesis (ed Mogens Muumlller and Heike Omerzu LNTS 573 London TampT Clark 2018) 115ndash38 (for Watsonrsquos rejoinder see ldquoSeven Theses on the Synoptic Problem in Disagreement with Christopher Tuckettrdquo in Idem 139ndash47) For classic comprehensive cases in support of the 2DH see Joseph A Fitzmyer ldquoThe Priority of Mark and the lsquoQrsquo Source in Lukerdquo in Jesus and Manrsquos Hope (ed Donald G Miller Pittsburgh PA Pittsburgh Theological Seminary 1970) 131ndash70 W D Davies and Dale C Allison The Gospel According to Saint Matthew (ICC 26 3 vols Edinburgh TampT Clark 1988ndash97) 1115ndash21 John S Kloppenborg Verbin Excavating Q The History and Set-ting of the Sayings Gospel (Minneapolis MN Fortress Press 2000) 11ndash54 For recent investi-gations demonstrating the viability of the 2DH see Robert A Derrenbacker Ancient Composi-tional Practices and the Synoptic Problem (BETL 186 Leuven Leuven University Press 2005) Alan Kirk Q in Matthew Ancient Media Memory and Early Scribal Transmission of the Jesus Tradition (LNTS 564 London TampT Clark 2016) For additional recent statements by Q scholars see Simon J Joseph The Nonviolent Messiah Jesus Q and the Enochic Tradi-tion (Minneapolis MN Fortress Press 2014) 8ndash10 Giovanni B Bazzana Kingdom of Bureau-cracy The Political Ideology of Village Scribes in the Sayings Gospel Q (BETL 274 Leuven Peeters 2015) 2ndash3 While a close discussion of the synoptic problem lies outside the scope of this monograph it is perhaps worth emphasizing that the solutions of Goodacre and Watson are equally if not more so hypothetical than the 2DH

2 Eg Terence C Mournet Oral Tradition and Literary Dependency Variability and Sta-bility in the Synoptic Tradition and Q (WUNT 2195 Tuumlbingen Mohr Siebeck 2005) Armin D Baum Der muumlndliche Faktor und seine Bedeutung fuumlr die synoptische Frage (TAZ 49 Tuuml-bingen Francke 2008) James D G Dunn The Oral Gospel Tradition (Grand Rapids MI Eerdmans 2013) For responses to the arguments made by these and other scholars see John

2 Chapter One Prolegomena

important disagreements regarding the attainability of Qrsquos word-level recon-struction3 Additionally questions about the provenance of portions of two sec-ond-century documents the Didache and the pseudepigraphal Gospel of Thomas continue to affect the study of Qrsquos sources and redaction If the Q parallels contained in those documents derive from the canonical gospels ndash as some scholars have argued ndash then such parallels obviously have no bearing on Qrsquos compositional history If however certain sayings or combinations of say-ings reach the Didache and Thomas via autonomous channels apart from the canonical gospels and can be shown to not depend on Q then the hypothesis of a Vorlage shared by the parallels in question and Q becomes logical It is not difficult to see how these matters are critical to the study of Qrsquos stratigraphy After all one of its fundamental tasks is to identify possible modifications of traditional material thereby acquiring a better understanding of the documentrsquos redactional interests

This chapter will discuss two of the aforementioned issues While we pre-suppose the validity of the 2DH and Qrsquos written character in what follows we shall engage the feasibility of Qrsquos reconstruction and the attainability of the documentrsquos wording The former has recently been dismissed by a number of scholars who have pointed out the inferiority of the reconstructed Mark4 to the canonical version of the gospel while Qrsquos wording has come under renewed scrutiny This will be followed by arguments in support of the autonomy of Did 13bndash21 and portions of the Gospel of Thomas both contested subjects in recent academic discussion Some of the observations included in the treatment of these matters will cover familiar terrain However their configuration is de-signed to highlight the problematic nature of a number of current claims and to lay the methodological foundation for the present investigation as well as for a fresh treatment of the Sayings Source and related documents5

S Kloppenborg ldquoVariation and Reproduction of the Double Tradition and an Oral Qrdquo ETL 83 (2007) 53ndash80 Alan Kirk ldquoOrality Writing and Phantom Sources Appeals to Ancient Media in Some Recent Challenges to the Two Document Hypothesisrdquo NTS 58 (2011) 1ndash22 Idem Q in Matthew 151ndash66 220ndash24 293ndash97 Sarah E Rollens Framing Social Criticism in the Jesus Movement The Ideological Project in the Sayings Gospel Q (WUNT 2374 Tuumlbingen Mohr Siebeck 2014) 81ndash90 See also the earlier discussion in eg Joseph A Fitzmyer The Gospel According to Luke (AB 28 and 28A 2 vols New York NY Doubleday 1981ndash85) 75ndash81 John S Kloppenborg Formation of Q Trajectories in Ancient Wisdom Collections (SAC Phil-adelphia PA Fortress Press 1987) 42ndash51 Davies and Allison Matthew 1116 H T Fledder-mann Q A Reconstruction and Commentary (BTS 1 Leuven Peeters 2005) 41ndash68 Based on the case made collectively by the above scholars it will be a presupposition of this study that Q was a written document

3 Eg Dieter T Roth The Parables in Q (LNTS 582 London TampT Clark 2018) 30ndash44 See the discussion below in this chapter

4 Viz Markrsquos gospel as reconstructed from its reception by Matthew and Luke 5 It is necessary also to address the frequent identification of Q as a gospel Frans Neirynck

(ldquoQ From Source to Gospelrdquo ETL 71 [1995] 421) notes that ldquothe use of the term originated in the SBL Q Seminar and was strongly promoted by its presidents James M Robinson and John

2 The Study of Q as a Reconstructed Text 3

2 The Study of Q as a Reconstructed Text 2 The Study of Q as a Reconstructed Text It is one thing to assert based on the synoptic evidence that Q was a written document with a single recension of the finished text6 It is another matter to

S Kloppenborgrdquo For the rationale see eg John S Kloppenborg ldquoIntroductionrdquo in The Shape of Q Signal Essays on the Sayings Gospel (ed Idem Minneapolis MN Fortress Press 1994) 1 n 1 I am sympathetic with Neirynckrsquos view (ldquoQ From Source to Gospelrdquo 429) it is ldquoan advantage of the full designation lsquo(Synoptic) Sayings Source Qrsquo that it reminds us of the fact that we have no direct access to the text of Q it remains a hypothetical source text that we are to reconstruct from Matthew and Lukerdquo Furthermore there is ldquoa difference between recogniz-ing that the sayings of Jesus contain the gospel and designating the Sayings collection as a Gospelrdquo Edwin K Broadhead ldquoOn the (Mis)Definition of Qrdquo JSNT 68 (1999) 9

6 The alternative premise ndash of two separate recensions (QMatt and QLk) ndash is quite venerable Eg Rudolph Bultmann The History of the Synoptic Tradition (New York NY Harper amp Row 1963) 328 (originally published in 1921) In modern research it has continued to be accepted with a varying degree of certainty by a number of New Testament and Q scholars eg I Howard Marshall The Gospel of Luke A Commentary on the Greek Text (NIGTC Grand Rap-ids MI Eerdmans 1978) 30ndash1 Davies and Allison Matthew 1121 Migaku Sato Q und Prophetie Studien zur Gattungs- und Traditionsgeschichte der Quelle Q (WUNT 229 Tuuml-bingen Mohr Siebeck 1988) 18ndash19 Hans Dieter Betz The Sermon on the Mount (Hermeneia Minneapolis MI Fortress Press 1995) 7ndash9 Ulrich Luz Matthew 8ndash20 (Hermeneia Minne-apolis MN Fortress Press 2001) Idem Matthew 21ndash28 (Hermeneia Minneapolis MN For-tress Press 2005) Idem ldquoMatthew and Qrdquo in Studies in Matthew (Grand Rapids MI Eerd-mans 2005) 39ndash53 Idem Matthew 1ndash7 (Hermeneia Minneapolis MN Fortress Press 2007) Idem ldquoLooking at Q through the Eyes of Matthewrdquo in New Studies in the Synoptic Problem Oxford Conference April 2008 Essays in Honour of Christopher M Tuckett (ed Paul Foster Andrew Gregory John S Kloppenborg Joseph Verheyden BETL 239 Leuven Leuven Uni-versity Press 2011) 571ndash89 John T Carroll Luke A Commentary (NTL Louisville KY Westminster John Knox Press 2012) 8 Rollens Framing Social Criticism 86 n 10 Bazzana Kingdom of Bureaucracy 4ndash5 John S Kloppenborg ldquoA lsquoParting of the Waysrsquo in Qrdquo in Q in Context I The Separation between the Just and the Unjust in Early Judaism and in the Sayings Source (ed Markus Tiwald BBB 172 Goumlttingen Vandenhoeck amp Ruprecht 2015) 123 Klop-penborg (ibid) has recently stated ldquoIn what follows I will assume the still-dominant view of Q that it is a document that came to Matthew and Luke in approximately the same form I say lsquoapproximatelyrsquo because we must allow for some variation at least in wording of Q and perhaps even expansions ndash the kind of elaboration that Ulrich Luz and his students have proposedrdquo In my view the drawbacks of this hypothesis significantly outweigh its potential benefits Klop-penborg (Excavating Q 109) and Bazzana (Kingdom of Bureaucracy 4ndash5) appeal to the diver-sity of the NT manuscripts and their circulation patterns but this is an argument from analogy rather than a demonstration The only way of demonstrating the existence of such recensions would be by showing (preferably on multiple occasions) that Matthewrsquos or Lukersquos Sondergut text adjacent to or interpolated in a Q block of material is traditional coheres with the content of that Q block and of the Q document and is unlikely to have been omitted by the other evan-gelist This is virtually impossible to demonstrate conclusively and so the hypothesis enters the realm of speculation (eg Fitzmyer Luke 80) where ldquoin every case there are other possible explanationsrdquo (Luz ldquoLooking at Qrdquo 579) Further red flags lurk in the occasional connection between the multiple recension hypothesis and the sub-literary (Kleinliteratur) view of Q (eg ibid 578 584) Thus Luz (Matthew 1ndash7 19) and Sato (Q und Prophetie 72ndash77) envision Q as

4 Chapter One Prolegomena

produce a reliable reconstruction of that text The point of departure rests with Matthewrsquos and Lukersquos redaction of Mark Luke preserves the Markan order with only minor exceptions The implications of this naturally carry over to the reconstruction of Qrsquos sequence7 Based on the conclusions reached by Heinrich Julius Holtzmann in 18638 confirmed by Burnett Hillman Streeter and George DeWitt Castor in the first half of the twentieth century9 and reaffirmed by the

a notebook to which new sheets could be added at any time Some such approach to Q has formed the dominant paradigm in 2DH based synoptic studies until only recently See the sur-vey of scholarship in Alan Kirk The Composition of the Sayings Source Genre Synchrony and Wisdom Redaction in Q (NovTSup 91 Leiden Brill 1998) 2ndash64 As the discussion in chapters three and five of this study will suggest (in continuity with Kirkrsquos view) the Kleinlit-eratur paradigm constitutes a mischaracterization of Q This still leaves the option of Q receiv-ing further editing from its own tradents which essentially amounts to an additional layer of redaction (eg one would have to envision a Q4 stratum in Kloppenborgrsquos stratigraphy) The outline and profile of such a redaction (or in the case of QMatt and QLk redactions) remains to be demonstrated however Meanwhile the documentrsquos eventual disappearance and complete lack of attestation in the Church Fathers suggests caution in imagining any kind of significant textual proliferation Could multiple autonomous copies of Q go from being in possession by and being normative for some of the early Christianityrsquos most prominent communities to van-ishing not only from existence but also from subsequent memory It seems that the possibility of a single circulating copy at least deserves further consideration Finally Neirynckrsquos objection remains pertinent ldquothe need for positing an intermediate stage is it not a logical consequence of their too restrictive notion of Matthean and Lukan redactionrdquo Frans Neirynck ldquoQMt and QLk and the Reconstruction of Qrdquo ETL 66 (1990) 390 In other words Qrsquos putative textual fluidity has much to do with a restriction of Matthean andor Lukan redactorial freedom and derives logically from a view of Matthew andor Luke as conservative traditionalists Syreenirsquos obser-vations made with regard to the thesis of a QMatt offer an alternative ldquoInstead of such a literary evolution it would be quite natural to reckon with oral usage and application of Q sayings and sequences in Matthewrsquos community Oral variants and new combinations of various Q passages as well as combinations of Q and special material were to be expected if Q was used for pur-poses of community teaching and paraenesis Also ecclesiastical material which was affected or even inspired by Q sayings was likely to emerge Some literary reworking may have been made what I doubt however is the existence of a massively expanded QMt editionrdquo Kari Syreeni The Making of the Sermon on the Mount A Procedural Analysis of Matthewrsquos Redac-torial Activity (AASF 44 Helsinki Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia 1987) 161 Because the ex-istence of scribes other than the gospelrsquos author in Matthewrsquos community has not been demon-strated I hesitate to imagine a literary reworking of Q by that community prior to the gospelrsquos composition (a similar situation obtains on the Lukan side) With this minor adjustment Syreenirsquos statement describes the optimal alternative to the multiple recension hypothesis

7 It should be noted however that although Matthewrsquos approach to Q (when reconstructed based on its Lukan sequence) can be described as liberal Matthewrsquos ldquoappropriative movement through Q is consistently forwardrdquo indicating memory competence and ldquocognitive operations that follow the schematic organizational linesrdquo of the source Kirk Q in Matthew 166

8 Heinrich Julius Holtzmann Die synoptischen Evangelien Ihr Uhrsprung und geschicht-licher Charakter (Leipzig Wilhelm Engelmann 1986) 142ndash43

9 Burnett Hillman Streeter ldquoOn the Original Order of Qrdquo in Oxford Studies in the Synoptic Problem (ed William Sanday Oxford At the Clarendon Press 1911) 141ndash64 George DeWitt

2 The Study of Q as a Reconstructed Text 5

ensuing Q scholarship as well as a number of Matthean and Lukan scholars10 today it is possible to assert with ldquoa near unanimity that Luke best preserved the sequence of Q sayingsrdquo11

Q attained what currently remains its definitive reconstruction by the end of the twentieth century in the form of The Critical Edition of Q (hereafter CEQ)12 To call the CEQ ldquodefinitiverdquo of course is to neither imply its infalli-bility nor to expect it to produce the final say on the matter13 As noted by James M Robinson in the introduction to the CEQ it was a product ldquoof a team of scholars who have been working together since 1985 as the International Q Projectrdquo (hereafter IQP)14 The text and sequence of Q published in the CEQ

Castor Matthewrsquos Sayings of Jesus The Non-Marcan Common Source of Matthew and Luke (PhD diss University of Chicago 1918) 120ndash39

10 Eg T W Manson The Sayings of Jesus as recorded in the Gospels according to St Matthew and St Luke arranged with introduction and commentary (London SCM Press 1949 reprint 1971) 39ndash148 James M Robinson ldquoThe Sermon on the Mount Plain Work Sheets for the Reconstruction of Qrdquo SBLSP 22 (1983) 451ndash54 Arland D Jacobson The First Gospel An Introduction to Q (FFRS Sonoma CA Polebridge Press 1992) 45 Dale C Allison The Jesus Tradition in Q (Harrisburg PA Trinity Press International 1997) 2 n 6 Franҫois Bovon Luke 1 A Commentary on the Gospel of Luke 11ndash950 (Hermeneia Minneapolis MN Fortress Press 2002) 6ndash8 Kirk Q in Matthew 163ndash66

11 Kloppenborg Verbin Excavating Q 88 Noting that ldquomost recent reconstructions of Q include both (a) the double tradition and (b) items triply attested where the degree of agreement against Mark is substantial and where the agreements are not likely to be merely coincidentalrdquo Kloppenborg (ibid 92) uses these criteria to assign the following texts to Q (by Lukan versifi-cation) Q 37bndash9 16bndash17 41ndash13 620bndash23 27ndash33 35c 36ndash37b 38c 39ndash49 71bndash2 6bndash10 18ndash19 22ndash23 24ndash28 31ndash35 957ndash60 102ndash16 21ndash22 23bndash24 112ndash4 9ndash13 14ndash20 23 24ndash26 29ndash35 39ndash44 46ndash52 122ndash12 22bndash31 33ndash34 39ndash40 42bndash46 51ndash53 54bndash56 58ndash59 1318ndash19 20ndash21 24 26ndash27 28ndash30 34ndash35 14111814 1416ndash24 26ndash27 34ndash35 154ndash7 1613 16 17 18 171bndash2 3bndash4 6b 23ndash24 26ndash27 30 33 34ndash35 37b 1912ndash13 15bndash26 2228bndash30 Kloppenborg also assigns to Q some Sondergut materials which involve a different set of methodological considerations See the discussion in chapter four

12 James M Robinson Paul Hoffmann and John S Kloppenborg eds The Critical Edition of Q Synopsis including the Gospels of Matthew and Luke Mark and Thomas with English German and French Translations of Q and Thomas (Hermeneia Supplement Series Minneap-olis MN Fortress Press 2000)

13 It may suffice here to quote the editors James M Robinson ldquoHistory of Q Researchrdquo in The Critical Edition of Q lxxi ldquoIt is not to be assumed that the present critical text is a last wordrdquo John S Kloppenborg ldquoThe Use of the Synoptics or Q in Did 13bndash21rdquo in Matthew and the Didache Two Documents from the Same Jewish-Christian Milieu (ed Huub van de Sandt Minneapolis MN Fortress Press 2005) 115 ldquoWhile the Critical Edition should hardly be taken as the definitive reconstruction of Q it does provide a benchmark and a useful point of referencerdquo

14 Robinson ldquoHistory of Q Researchrdquo xix For a survey of IQPrsquos methodology and results as assessed at the time of the CEQrsquos publication see Christoph Heil ldquoDie Q-Rekonstruktion des Internationalen Q-Projekts Einfuumlhrung in Methodik und Resultaterdquo NovT 43 (2001) 128ndash43 For IQP work sessions see James M Robinson ldquoThe International Q Project Work Session 17 November 1989rdquo JBL 109 (1990) 499ndash501 Idem ldquoThe International Q Project Work

6 Chapter One Prolegomena

therefore represent a consensus among a group of scholars reflecting the pre-suppositions held by those scholars at a particular juncture in the history of Qrsquos research15 That it is only a necessary first step and demands continued reeval-uation becomes evident from the fact that some of the IQP members whose preferences were occasionally not reflected in the CEQ proceeded to release their own alternative reconstructions of Q either shortly before or after the CEQrsquos seminal publication16 Indeed the present study also makes several emendations of both the CEQrsquos reconstruction of the documentrsquos sequence and of its wording Overall however it is clear that the CEQ will continue to pro-vide the baseline for compositional studies of Q for years to come

The availability of the reconstructed text enables the literary analysis of Q A number of scholars however have recently expressed doubts regarding the attainability of not only Qrsquos wording but in fact of the documentrsquos full extent Cyril S Rodd has declared it ldquosheer conjecturerdquo to imagine ldquothat the passages which are common to Matthew and Luke comprise this Q document in its en-tiretyrdquo17 Joseph Allen Weaks has similarly called the text of Q ldquospeculativerdquo claiming that to rely on it as though it were ldquoan extant gospel textrdquo is ldquosimply not possiblerdquo18 Both scholars have tied the bulk of their objections to the ob-servation (called a ldquothought experimentrdquo by Dieter T Roth)19 that the text of Markrsquos gospel cannot be accurately reconstructed from its Matthean and Lukan reception While this argument has already been engaged by some scholars20 the deficiency of its logic appears to not have been sufficiently exposed as Rothrsquos renewed deployment of it in 2018 demonstrates ndash in a Q monograph21 It is therefore important to allow the reader to assess the difficulties

Session 16 November 1990rdquo JBL 110 (1991) 494ndash98 Idem ldquoThe International Q Project Work Sessions 12ndash14 July 22 November 1991rdquo JBL 111 (1992) 500ndash08 Idem ldquoThe Interna-tional Q Project Work Sessions 31 Julyndash2 August 20 November 1992rdquo JBL 112 (1993) 500ndash06 Idem ldquoThe International Q Project Work Sessions 6ndash8 August 18ndash19 November 1993rdquo JBL 113 (1994) 495ndash99 Idem ldquoThe International Q Project Work Sessions 23ndash27 May 22ndash26 August 17ndash18 November 1994rdquo JBL 114 (1995) 475ndash85 Idem ldquoThe International Q Pro-ject Editorial Board Meetings 1ndash10 June 16 November 1995 16ndash23 August 22 November 1996 Work Sessions 17 November 1995 23 November 1996rdquo JBL 116 (1997) 521ndash25

15 The full list of the IQPrsquos members may be found in The Critical Edition xvii 16 Kirk Composition 152ndash403 Fleddermann Commentary 874ndash913 17 Cyril S Rodd ldquoThe End of the Theology of Qrdquo ExpT 113 (2001) 12 Idem ldquoThe The-

ology of Q Yet Again A Reply to the Responses of Christopher Tuckett and Paul Fosterrdquo ExpT 114 (2002) 80ndash85

18 Joseph Allen Weaks ldquoMark without Mark Problematizing the Reliability of a Recon-structed Text of Qrdquo (PhD diss Brite Divinity School 2010) 344ndash45

19 Roth Parables 36 20 Eg Christopher M Tuckett ldquoThe Search for a Theology of Q A Dead Endrdquo ExpT 113

(2002) 291ndash94 Paul Foster ldquoIn Defense of the Study of Qrdquo ExpT 113 (2002) 295ndash300 21 Roth Parables 36ndash37 It should be noted of course that Roth does not wish to com-

pletely dismiss the accessibility of Qrsquos text His intention is to argue that ldquoscholarship should be rather more skeptical about the wording of Qrdquo (ibid 39)

2 The Study of Q as a Reconstructed Text 7

compromising the case that Rodd Weaks and Roth have found rather persua-sive Three observations stand to be made in this regard

First of all because it is a sayings collection Q does not lend itself to the same type of editorial abridgements as Mark The two documents are very dif-ferent Not nearly enough attention is given to this by Rodd Weaks and Roth all of whom hang their case to some degree on the fragmentary product that is the reconstructed Mark as though Q similarly contains a plot or even a remotely compatible story to saying ratio The abridgement of Markan pericopes by Luke and Matthew reflects editorial strategies appropriate to rewriting a biography viz a document exhibiting a large concentration of narrative material22 The Markan words of Jesus are omitted at a vastly different rate with the majority of those words preserved by both Matthew and Luke with minimal rephrasing23

22 Rodd (ldquoThe End of the Theology of Qrdquo 6) notes that ldquoalmost always each pericope in

[the reconstructed] lsquoMarkrsquo will be shorter than in the canonical gospelrdquo citing as examples the abridgements of Mk 21ndash12 (= Matt 91ndash8 Lk 517ndash26) and Mk 121ndash12 (= Matt 2133ndash46 Lk 209ndash19) However the healing of a man with the palsy (Mk 21ndash12) is a good example of a story whose narrative details welcome abridgements while the words of Jesus (Mk 25b 8bndash11) ndash notably including the key statements in Mk 25b 10 ndash are preserved correctly by both Matthew and Luke (Matt 92c 4bndash6 Lk 520b 22bndash24) As for the parable of the wicked tenants (Mk 121ndash12) this can be reliably reconstructed from its MatthewLuke reproduction missing only minor details The omitted details scarcely seem to affect the interpretation of the source text viz the intention of the parable as it was deployed in Markrsquos gospel

23 Mk 141 44 (= Matt 83ndash4 Lk 513ndash14) Mk 25 8ndash11 (= Matt 92 4ndash6 Lk 520 22ndash24) Mk 214 (= Matt 99 Lk 527) Mk 217 (= Matt 912ndash13 Lk 531ndash32) Mk 219ndash22 (= Matt 915ndash17 Lk 534ndash38) Mk 225ndash28 (= Matt 123ndash4 8 Lk 63ndash5) Mk 34ndash5 (= Matt 1212ndash13 Lk 69ndash10) Mk 335 (= Matt 1250 Lk 821) Mk 42ndash9 (= Matt 133ndash9 Lk 85ndash8) Mk 411ndash12 (= Matt 1311 13 Lk 810) Mk 414ndash20 (= Matt 1318ndash23 Lk 811ndash15) Mk 421ndash22 (= MattQ 515 MattQ 1026 Lk 816ndash17) Mk 424c (= MattQ 72 LkQ 638) Mk 425 (= Matt 1312 Lk 818) Mk 440 (= Matt 826 Lk 825) Mk 534 (= Matt 922 Lk 848) Mk 539 (= Matt 923ndash24 Lk 852) Mk 64bc (= Matt 1357 Lk 424) Mk 637 (= Matt 1416 Lk 913) Mk 827 29 (= Matt 1613 15 Lk 918 20) Mk 834ndash36 (= Matt 1624ndash26 Lk 923ndash25) Mk 91 (= Matt 1628 Lk 927) Mk 919 (= Matt 1717 Lk 941) Mk 931 (= Matt 1722ndash23 Lk 944) Mk 935 (= Matt 2311 Lk 2226) Mk 937 (= Matt 185 Lk 948) Mk 940 (= MattQ 1230 Lk 950) Mk 1014ndash15 (= Matt 183 1914 Lk 1816ndash17) Mk 1018ndash19 21 23 25 27 29ndash30 (= Matt 1917ndash19 21 23ndash24 26 29 Lk 1819ndash20 22 24ndash25 27 29ndash30) Mk 1033ndash34 (= Matt 2018ndash19 Lk 1831ndash33) Mk 1042ndash45 (= Matt 2025ndash28 Lk 2225ndash27) Mk 1051 (= Matt 2032 Lk 1841) Mk 112ndash3 (= Matt 212ndash3 Lk 1930ndash31) Mk 1117 (= Matt 2113 Lk 1946) Mk 1129ndash30 33 (= Matt 2124ndash25 27 Lk 203ndash4 8) Mk 121ndash10 (= Matt 2133ndash42 Lk 209ndash17) Mk 1215dndash17 (= Matt 2219ndash21 Lk 2024ndash25) Mk 1225ndash27 (= Matt 2230ndash32 Lk 2034ndash38) Mk 1230ndash31 (= Matt 2237ndash39 Lk 1027) Mk 1235ndash37 (= Matt 2241ndash45 Lk 2041ndash44) Mk 132 (= Matt 242 Lk 216) Mk 135ndash13 (Matt 244ndash13 Lk 218ndash19) Mk 1314c 17 19 (= Matt 2416 19 21 Lk 2121 23) Mk 1324ndash31 (= Matt 2429ndash35 Lk 2125ndash33) Mk 1413ndash14 (= Matt 2618 Lk 2210ndash11) Mk 1418 20ndash21 (= Matt 2621 23ndash24 Lk 2221ndash22) Mk 1422ndash25 (= Matt 2626ndash29 Lk 2216ndash20) Mk 1430 (= Matt 2634 Lk 2234) Mk 1436 (= Matt 2639 Lk 2242) Mk 1437ndash38 (= Matt 2640ndash41 Lk 2246) Mk 1448ndash49a (= Matt 2655 Lk 2252ndash53a) Mk 1462 (= Matt 2664 Lk 2269ndash70) Mk 152 (= Matt 2711 Lk 233)

8 Chapter One Prolegomena

and the non-Q related omissions limited to (a) statements forming an integral part of a narrative24 (b) statements commands and questions that are redun-dant25 (c) statements that cast a potentially negative light on Jesusrsquo family26 or disciples27 both established Markan themes28 (d) statements that are poten-tially problematic theologically29 (e) statements falling under none of the above categories that are abridged expanded or reworked by one of the evan-gelists30 (f) statements occurring in pericopes that have been eliminated com-pletely by Matthew or Luke31 Of these six categories the first three are un-likely to have been present in Q due to its lack of a plot relative scarcity of stories and absence of any interest in Jesusrsquo family or disciples The remaining three categories include only a few sayings outside of the Great Omission (more on that below) Consequently it appears that Matthew and Luke already elim-inating a minor percentage of the Markan Jesusrsquo words that lack Q parallels had no clear reason to omit even that much from Q

Secondly on a number of occasions one or both evangelists preserve dou-blets of the Markan sayings of Jesus which on the 2DH are assigned to Q32 This development is surprising in Lukersquos case since his tendency to avoid dou-blets is well known33 What is really decisive however is that in instances

24 Mk 125 138 435 59 19 530 541 1243 (omitted by Matthew) Mk 1036 1432

34 41ndash42 (omitted by Luke) Mk 1114 (either omitted or reworked in Lk 136ndash9) Mk 439 58 631 638 916 21 25 933 939c 1049 1234 (omitted or reworked by both Matthew and Luke)

25 Mk 424bd 1238 40 (omitted by Matthew) Mk 334 837 941 1211 1215b 1224 1318 20 23 (omitted by Luke) Mk 1449b (reworked in Lk 2253b) Mk 949 1024 1229 (omitted by both Matthew and Luke)

26 Mk 333ndash34 Mk 64de (omitted by Luke) 27 Mk 413 (omitted by Matthew and Luke) Mk 833 1038ndash40 (omitted by Luke) Mk

1427ndash28 (reworked in Lk 2231ndash32) 28 Eg Joel Marcus Mark (AB 27 and 27A 2 vols New York NY and New Haven CT

Doubleday and Yale 2000ndash2009) 279ndash80 310ndash11 378ndash80 509ndash15 653 677ndash81 999ndash1000 29 Mk 939 (omitted by Matthew and Luke) Mk 943ndash48 (omitted by Luke) Mk 1534

(reworked in Lk 2346) 30 Mk 115 (reworked and expanded in Lk 416ndash21) Mk 536 (abridged in Matt 923ndash26)

Mk 1314ab (reworked in Lk 2120) Mk 146ndash9 (reworked in Lk 736ndash50) Mk 1413ndash15 (abridged in Matt 2618)

31 Mk 426ndash29 99ndash13 (omitted by Luke) everything that belongs to Mk 645ndash826 (the Great Omission of the Markan material by Luke)

32 Mk 421 (= Lk 816 LkQ 1133) Mk 422 (= Lk 817 LkQ 122) Mk 425 (= Matt 1312 MattQ 2529 Lk 818 LkQ 1926) Mk 68 10ndash11 (= Lk 93ndash5 LkQ 104ndash5 8 10ndash11) Mk 834 (= MattQ 1038 Matt 1624 Lk 923 LkQ 1427) Mk 835 (= MattQ 1039 Matt 1625 Lk 924 LkQ 1733) Mk 838 (= Lk 926 LkQ 128ndash9) Mk 937 (= Matt 185 MattQ 1040 Lk 948 LkQ 1016) Mk 940 (Lk 950 LkQ 1123) Mk 1011ndash12 (= Matt 199 MattQ 532) Mk 1238ndash39 (= Lk 2046 LkQ 1143) Mk 139 11 (= Lk 2112ndash15 LkQ 1211ndash12) See further Fitzmyer Luke 81ndash82

33 See eg H Schuumlrmann ldquoDie Dubletten im Lukasevangeliumrdquo ZKT 75 (1953) 339ndash445 Idem ldquoDie Dublettenvermeidungen im Lukasevangeliumrdquo ZKT 76 (1954) 83ndash93

2 The Study of Q as a Reconstructed Text 9

when Luke is faced with a choice between Mark and Q and does not opt to retain both the preference is overwhelmingly given to the Q location and word-ing of the text34 Consequently it seems overly simplistic to suggest as Rodd does that ldquoas [the reconstructed] lsquoMarkrsquo is not Mark so in all probability the lsquoQrsquo of the scholars is not the historical document Qrdquo35 The evangelistsrsquo ten-dency to either retain the MarkQ parallels or ndash especially in Lukersquos case ndash to favor Q its wording and location over the Markan parallels shows that the two documents were not treated equally as far as the words of Jesus were concerned with the approach to Q being more conservative36

Thirdly the verse and word count discrepancy between the reconstructed and canonical Mark has been somewhat inflated as the percentages cited by scholars are routinely bolstered by the inclusion of the Great Omission On the 2DH there are two possible solutions to this well-known source-critical anom-aly the absence of Mk 645ndash826 from Lukersquos gospel is either intentional or stems from inheriting a shorter copy of Mark which lacked that material In either scenario Lukersquos omission of Mk 645ndash826 complicates the analogy be-tween the reconstructed Mark and Q If the omission was unintentional it tells us something only about the compositional history or textual transmission of Markrsquos gospel If however Lukersquos decision to skip Mk 645ndash826 was inten-tional is it not likely to have been motivated by Lukersquos avoidance of dou-blets37 A similar development is unlikely to have occurred in Lukersquos reception of Q as we have noted when faced with MarkQ doublets Luke tends to favor Qrsquos version over an available Markan parallel38 Consequently due to the sheer size of the Great Omission and regardless of the Omissionrsquos intentionality or

34 LkQ 112 4 9 (= Mk 1124ndash25) LkQ 1115 17ndash18 21 (= Mk 323ndash27) Lk 1210 (=

Mk 328ndash29) LkQ 1240 (= Mk 1332) LkQ 1318ndash19 (= Mk 430ndash32) LkQ 1330 (= Mk 1031) Lk 1618 (= Mk 1011ndash12) LkQ 171ndash2 (= Mk 942) LkQ 176 (= Mk 1123) LkQ 1723 31 (= Mk 1315ndash16 21) All of these are deployed by Luke in clusters of Q material rather than in the Lukan parallels to the respective Markan pericopes Mk 950 (= LkQ 1434ndash35) is similarly deployed away from its Markan context and surrounded by Q and L material Both Matthew and Luke favor the wording of Q 1434ndash35 over its Markan parallel

35 Rodd ldquoThe End of the Theology of Qrdquo 12 36 See eg Christopher M Tuckett Q and the History of Early Christianity Studies on Q

(Edinburgh TampT Clark 1996) 94 Luz ldquoQ in Matthewrdquo 50 37 Mk 645ndash52 contains a sea miracle similar to Mk 435ndash41 Mk 71ndash23 was likely elim-

inated to shift the lifting of the dietary restrictions to the post-Easter stage in Lukersquos narrative (Acts 109ndash16) Mk 724ndash30 was probably (a) deemed redundant (see LkQ 71ndash10) (b) re-garded as problematic due to the conflict between the Markan Jesusrsquo reluctance to perform a miracle for a Gentile person (Mk 727) and the Lukan Jesusrsquo programmatic openness to such developments (Lk 425ndash27) Mk 81ndash10 14ndash21 and 822ndash26 are clearly redundant (see Mk 635ndash44 Lk 912ndash17 Mk 1046ndash52 Lk 1835ndash43) Mk 811ndash13 has a Q parallel (= LkQ 1129ndash32)

38 On the L-M Hypothesis this would mean that Luke tends to favor Matthewrsquos version over an available Markan parallel

10 Chapter One Prolegomena

lack thereof the reconstructed Mark presents an analogy to Q that is at best tenuous

In light of the above observations my contention is that methodologically virtually the entire Q is likely to be accounted for in terms of its content39 That still leaves the question of the documentrsquos precise wording and its recovery Here Roth has argued that

there is a fundamental difference between conceiving of the ldquotext of Qrdquo as a reconstruction of its original wording and approaching it as a metaphorical and narratival realm an intertext as it were accessible through Matthew and Luke40

Roth further states as one of his monographrsquos objectives (which is primarily dedicated to the study of Qrsquos parables) an attempt to

advance Q studies by pursuing insight into the parables of Q through a different set of meth-odological approaches than those present in the reigning paradigm focusing upon word-level reconstruction The resultant exegetical work is not therefore in the first instance focused upon vocabulary and syntax of a reconstructed text but rather upon the narratival elements and structures characters images metaphors and theological emphases of an ldquointertextrdquo41

I see no reason to contest Rothrsquos objections to an uncritical acceptance of the CEQ text (of course the CEQ editors have already noted that it is only a work-ing reconstruction)42 Pending the surfacing of an actual copy of Q any recon-struction of its wording is necessarily going to remain hypothetical and thus subject to continued analysis Still to suggest that the hypothetical nature of the enterprise undermines its results perhaps runs the risk ldquothat a methodologi-cal limitation becomes an ontological description of Q itselfrdquo43 Roth admits that his own study of narratival and metaphorical elements ldquocannot function on an entirely lsquowordlessrsquo levelrdquo proposing as a solution that Qrsquos text should be accessed exclusively through the wording of Matthew and Luke44 Such drastic restrictions are in my opinion unnecessary In light of the previous discussion it is possible to assert from a methodologically sound position that Qrsquos recon-structions are not ldquopotentially faultyrdquo to the degree suggested by Roth45 While a precise word-by-word recovery may not be possible or even necessary in every verse of the synoptic double tradition a reliable near-word-level recon-struction of Q appears consistently attainable This is suggested by Lukersquos (and frequently Matthewrsquos) aforementioned preference of Qrsquos wording in the MarkQ parallels Matthewrsquos and Lukersquos slightly superior degree of verbal

39 See further Fleddermann Commentary 73ndash74 Luz ldquoQ in Matthewrdquo 45 (while positing

the existence of QMatt Luz concludes that it ldquodid not differ substantiallyrdquo from the main body of the Q source)

40 Roth Parables 41 41 Ibid 44ndash45 42 Ibid 38ndash39 Roth (ibid) also critiques Fleddermannrsquos alternative reconstruction 43 Kirk Q in Matthew 152 44 Roth Parables 40ndash41 45 Ibid 44

Index of Ancient Sources

Hebrew Bible (LXX)

Genesis414 28 3361ndash4 5062 4 (LXX) 115723 (LXX) 981316 331417 36174ndash6 1991710ndash14 1591817ndash18 1991826 (LXX) 981917 (LXX) 982218 199264 199

Exodus161ndash36 117171ndash7 1181715 (LXX) 1242114 (LXX) 1242225ndash26 1502320ndash21 23 1632415ndash16 (LXX) 472520 (LXX) 124

Numbers111ndash9 1172319 40

Deuteronomy324 (LXX) 146612ndash15 118613 (LXX) 116616 (LXX) 116 11882ndash3 11783 (LXX) 116811ndash20 118812ndash15 (LXX) 117

926 (LXX) 146159 (LXX) 205241ndash4 79 208 2092410ndash17 1502918ndash20 207319 25ndash26 209328ndash9 (LXX) 1213211 201

Joshua2313 (LXX) 207

Ruth212 201

1 Samuel27 (LXX) 1371821 (LXX) 207

1 Kings627 (LXX) 12486 (LXX) 1241717ndash24 162191ndash18 116 118 119194 (LXX) 117195 (LXX) 118198 (LXX) 117 1181910 14 (LXX) 1182219ndash23 (LXX) 121

2 Kings216 (LXX) 112 116418ndash37 16251ndash14 163

2 Chronicles58 (LXX) 1242314 125

Index of Ancient Sources246

Ezra91ndash2 1371018ndash44 137

Job16 11521 1151621 40256 40358 40387 115

Psalms2 16869 (LXX) 19785 40102 9 137178 2013510 137367 201605 (LXX) 124614 2016923 (LXX) 207722ndash12 1378018 40813 (LXX) 137901ndash2 4 (LXX) 124906 (LXX) 1249011ndash12 (LXX) 123914 2011063 (LXX) 1981091 (LXX) 4110916 22 13611826 1061457ndash8 (LXX) 1611463 401476 137

Proverbs1ndash9 55236 (LXX) 205264ndash5 189

Isaiah1ndash39 13511 168253ndash4 (LXX) 137315 201355 (LXX) 16140ndash55 135

426 168427 18 (LXX) 161435 198491ndash8 1685112 4055ndash66 135562 40563ndash8 136585ndash7 13860ndash62 135611 (LXX) 160 161611ndash2 (LXX) 48 134611ndash3 (LXX) 132 135 136 137665 (LXX) 1376618ndash20 164 198

Jeremiah317ndash18 164 1984918 33 405040 405143 40

Ezekiel8ndash11 112 11382 11440ndash48 112 113402 113403 114

Daniel713 27 40 41 168 213817 40

Amos13 (LXX) 20413ndash28 7528 15035 (LXX) 18086 (LXX) 137

Haggai220ndash22 163

Zechariah315 13787 198

Malachi16ndash29 163210ndash16 163

247Index of Ancient Sources

31 163 164 322ndash23 (LXX) 163

Old Tes tament Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha

1 Enoch1ndash5 761ndash36 4621ndash54 1226ndash11 526ndash16 4766 4573ndash6 1221021 164 198123ndash4 46124 113 125137 45139 45148ndash164 76151 46152ndash4 125171 11417ndash19 112 11320ndash36 112 113215 114242ndash257 113261ndash275 113323ndash6 11337ndash71 41 45 186 213381ndash6 122384ndash5 45391ndash3 45396 108413ndash8 76418 44421ndash2 (3) 126 171 201422 170451ndash6 76455 4546 52461ndash8 141462ndash4 42464ndash6 45468 46471ndash4 14148ndash49 52481 202481ndash10 141482 42

483 202483ndash7 168488ndash9 (10) 45 122492 4 168493 202505 76513 (5a) 168 172 20251ndash52 5252ndash56 112526 9 168531ndash5 45 122536 46 168542 45543ndash4 76545ndash6 45547 210554 45 108561ndash4 45565ndash8 43 44 45571 198591ndash6023 766010 4261ndash63 46 52621ndash9 45622ndash3 122624ndash6312 122625ndash14 42631ndash12 45 122632ndash4 106637 1236311 426312 76651ndash663 52671ndash681 52678ndash13 43 44 45 1226926ndash29 42 52701 42715ndash17 447113(14)ndash17 42 1418215ndash20 7683ndash84 52891ndash9 528973ndash74 1139038 164

Index of Ancient Sources248

1006 1681049ndash13 47

2 Enoch31ndash221 113101ndash6 112

3 Baruch3ndash17 113163 204

3 Enoch11ndash12 113

Ascension of Isaiah610ndash15 113

Baruch437 19855 198

Bel and the Dragon36 112 114 116

Jubilees11ndash8 209120 12122 114727 52102 52105 52106 121108ndash11 52 114 121114 121115 521114ndash1214 321220 1211525ndash34 1591531ndash32 114 1211928 121492 52

Letter of Aris teas155 145

Psalms of Solomon219 159823 30 1591112 1981731 164 1981810ndash12 76

Sirach21ndash17 72 86212 87143ndash7 2051410ndash11 202241ndash12 125247ndash11 1262410ndash11 1592525ndash26 2072611 2053113 2053522ndash3622 723824ndash3911 17243 76501ndash24 125

The Sentences of the Syriac Menander340ndash46 189

Tes tament of Abraham81ndash12 113

Tes tament of Levi26ndash57 113

Tes tament of Moses51ndash62 126

Tobit145ndash7 164 198

Vita Adae et Evae61ndash103 116121ndash161 115

Wisdom of Solomon410ndash15 46418ndash513 46

249Index of Ancient Sources

New Tes tament

Q32ndash958 (59ndash60) 101 103 104 108

126 155 173 17537 5237ndash9 16ndash17 5 54 64 68 70 90

104 11637ndash735 78 80 81 83 85

101 102 103317 54 9141ndash13 5 51 52 53 64 65

66 78 91 104 111 112 113 114 115 118 119 126 152 153 155 156

41ndash4 116 11745ndash8 114 119 121 122

123 15949ndash12 (13) 47 51 65 96 123

157 200416 91 129 130 131

153620ndash49 16 63 82 91 104

105 129 130 131 153

620b 12 91 132620bndash21 48 132 133 134

135 136 137620bndash23 5 131 132 143621a 12 20 91 132622 12 17 24 25 26

38 71 140 141 153 167 170 194 205

622ndash23 17 20 52 53 54 96 132 133 134 136 139 140 141 142 206

623c 64 82 129 132 139 140 142 143

627ndash35 (36) 13 16 71 129 147 151 152 153 154

629 24 91 150630 24 150631 91 152637ndash38 12 92640 92 144646 92 104 144 145

146 153 154 203

647ndash49 12 92 14471ndash10 9 64 92 104 126

155 156 158 169 197 199

76 145 20379 87 96 104 156

157 158 167 173 194 198 199

718ndash19 159 167718ndash23 159718ndash28 64 166718ndash960 92722 16 54 134 135

161 163 164 172727 96 163731ndash35 64 70 92 165 166

169 170 171733 51 53734 24 26 52 165 167

169 170 172735 166 170957ndash58 (59ndash60) 92 105 111 155

169 170 171957ndash62 63959ndash60 172 173958 24 25 26 27 38

52 71 164 165 169 170 171 172

959 145102ndash16 5 56 63 70 86

158 170 175 182 215

102ndash24 92102ndash1240 101 105 107 108

175 205104 48 92109 73 931012 93 1751012ndash15 54 64 82 861013ndash15 47 56 70 80 81

82 86 87 96 107 126 175 199 212

1016 72 931021 56 81 87 93 96

173 2091021ndash22 54 56 78 79 81

82 145 1941021ndash24 64 107

Index of Ancient Sources250

1022 81 93 114 116 145 146 203 209

1023ndash24 17 93 106112ndash4 9ndash13 5 63 78 93 117

176 177 179 180112b 48 178 184114 24 178119ndash13 12 93 176 177

178 179 180 1811114 51 1761114ndash20 52 531114ndash32 931114ndash52 64 107 1791118 51 53 93 114 121

1591124ndash26 51 53 9311(16) 29ndash32 9 54 70 96 2121130 24 26 52 1861133ndash52 93 2051134 93 2051139ndash52 70 107 126 1691142c 64 66 1251149 521149ndash51 47 53 54 66 96

118 119 157 2001151 52 200 205122ndash12 5 70 94 107 155

180 181 182 183 184 194

123 72 94124ndash5 54 70 73 181 182

190124ndash7 94 121 122 176

179 180 181 194 214

125 181 204128 24 26 38 54 185

187 188 189128ndash9 52 69 94 167 184

186 187 188 189 214

128ndash10 54 64 69 71 82 175 176 183 184 187 189 190 194 212

129 184 185 1881210 24 26 94 185 187

188 1891211ndash12 54 70 72 73 94

181 182 214

1222ndash31 (33ndash34) 63 73 176 177 178 179 180 190 192

1222ndash40 941224 23 178 1801227 231231 48 94 1841233 12 48 1911233ndash34 69 94 191 1921235ndash38 94 108 190 2031235ndash46 1081235ndash59 94 1081235ndash2230 101 105 108 109

197 2031239 17 18 95 1911239ndash40 18 20 54 70 71

94 105 175 190 191 192 193 203 212

1239ndash59 64 1911240 24 52 69 95 167

186 191 1931242ndash46 52 53 54 69 70

95 191 192 197 203 204 205 206 212

1245 96 2051246 2041251 20 951251ndash59 1081252ndash53 201256 171258ndash59 24 951318ndash19 20ndash21 5 20 48 63 95

108 2071318ndash24 951324 63 951325ndash30 54 63 82 871325ndash1423 54 95 96 126 158

1991327 52 53 96 118 1981328ndash29 96 198 1991334 52 125 2061334ndash35 47 53 54 63 66

81 82 83 96 105 106 107 108 109 118 119 125 157 194 198 200 201 202

1335 51 54 96 106 202

251Index of Ancient Sources

1411 54 961416ndash23 (24) 63 82 971423 541426 72 97 2151426ndash27 1733 20 63 72 971426ndash176 971427 54 97 140 141

182 2141434ndash35 63 97154ndash5a 7 20 63 97 108 2091613 12 63 94 971616 64 97 207 2091616ndash18 2061617 17 63 64 66 79

97 125 206 207 208 209

1616(17)ndash172 197 206 2081618 24 63 79 97 206

207 208 209171ndash2 97 207 208171ndash6 63173ndash4 18 20 98176 18 20 78 98 108

2101720ndash21 17 981723 98 2101723ndash37 54 64 69 70 71

98 167 170 197 210 211 212

1723ndash2230 108 2111724 26 30 24 52 98 991733 54 97 182 2141734ndash35 98 991912ndash26 64 69 99 108 197

203 204 205 206 212

1912ndash2230 991922 2052228ndash30 5 54 64 99 108

212

Matthew37 52310 9542 11745 12448 119 120413 130 1315ndash7 94 10251 119

54 13458 138511 (12) 52 205512 142515 7539 149 150540 15 150541 15 89 91 149 150542 150 151544 148 149544ndash45 91 149545 20861ndash18 94612 177619ndash21 94620 191623 205624 94625ndash34 94626 178627 177630 178 17975 1877 17779 177711 178 179712 152723 52724 26 9185ndash13 199810 155811ndash12 198 199819 169820 27 142 171821 172822 173829 12191ndash8 7920ndash22 97922 7937 92107 731026 71029 1801032 184 1891032ndash33 91 1841034 951038 731039 141115 134 163

Index of Ancient Sources252

1119 1691122ndash45 931125 2081217 731232 1841239 52 2051243 1241311 13 71342 951416 71521ndash28 97162bndash3 951613ndash28 1401617ndash19 471625 141171 1191717 7186 208186ndash22 97188ndash9 951825 971928 991929 992030 130219 1062131 972133ndash41 (42ndash46) 7 19221ndash14 18236ndash7 206237 1662334 522334ndash36 962335 522337 52 1972337ndash39 81 105 201243ndash41 210 211244ndash14 72423 982443 1912443ndash44 1932445 2062448 (49) 52 205251ndash13 972514ndash30 992526 28 2052530 992531 992541 95 121266ndash13 972640ndash41 7

2669 71 1302669ndash75 1892732 912755 97285 130289ndash10 972816ndash18 1192818 120

Mark114 21 131123ndash26 121124 130129ndash31 18821ndash12 731 14937ndash12 188313 114327 93328 188328ndash29 18443ndash8 193411ndash12 7413 177430ndash32 20 193438 177421ndash22 7435ndash41 9525ndash34 97534 761ndash6a 188615 163635ndash44 9637 7645ndash52 9645ndash826 971ndash23 9724ndash30 9 9781ndash10 9811ndash13 9822ndash26 9827 140827ndash98 47828 163831ndash33 121834ndash35 20835 141838 184 19092 11492ndash8 47

253Index of Ancient Sources

919 7943ndash47 951028 73 1791029 201035ndash40 1831039 1881046ndash52 91047 130119 1061117 7 1771122ndash23 25ab 18 201124 1801129ndash30 7121ndash9 (10ndash12) 7 19129 191211 191226 177133ndash37 210 211135ndash13 71315ndash16 991321 98143ndash9 971437ndash38 71447 95 1491462 411466ndash72 1891467 130151ndash5 951521 911541 97166 130

Luke15ndash25 10237 5242 11745 12246b 7 12046cd 120 121416 130416ndash30 188425ndash27 9438ndash39 188517ndash26 766 149617ndash19 188621 134622 205623 142625 134

627 149627ndash28 148628 149629 15 150630 150 151634 151635 91 208642 18646 146647ndash49 9179 155722 163734 169735 166 208810 7816ndash17 7824 177831 121848 7912ndash17 9913 7924 141926 190941 7957 169958 171959 172960 173102 92109 731017ndash20 1211021 208114 177115ndash8 97 177119 1771111 1771112 1171113 178 1791120 511121ndash22 931124 124 2051124ndash26 931129 52 2051143 166 2061149 521150 521151 52124 73 179126 180128 184

Index of Ancient Sources254

128ndash9 911211 731213ndash21 971223a 1771224 177 1781228 1791233 1911235ndash38 89 941239 1911239ndash40 1931242 2061245 52 2051249 89 951254ndash56 95131ndash35 1021327 52 1971328ndash29 1981334 52 1971415ndash24 181427 73158ndash10 97172 2081711ndash19 981720 981721 981722 981728ndash29 89 98 991731 991732 991733 971835ndash43 91912ndash27 991922 24 2051927 991938 96 1061941ndash44 961946 177209ndash16 (17ndash19) 7 192018 192037 177218ndash19 7223 1212228ndash30 992246 72249ndash51 952250 1492254ndash62 188234 14 952413ndash33 102

John446 158446ndash54 157448 158631ndash58 117844 121123 1061225ndash26 201231 1211430 1211611 1211828ndash1916 102

Acts23 9521ndash4 18951ndash11 189109ndash16 9121ndash2 183123ndash19 183

Romans1214 149

1 Corinthians412 14963 121 192132 18 20

2 Corinthians41ndash6 19244 121

Galatians113ndash14 18343 8ndash9 121 192

Ephesians21ndash2 121 192612 121 192

1 Thessalonians214ndash16 183218 121 19251ndash11 19252 20 19255ndash6 192

2 Thessalonians21ndash12 210 211

255Index of Ancient Sources

2 Timothy211ndash13 190

Hebrews1137 204

James 315ndash17 12444ndash7 121

1 Peter314 132 139 143319ndash20 47414 132 139 141 14358 121

2 Peter24ndash5 47 121

Jude16ndash7 121

Revelation110ndash20 113113 18635 19041ndash11 113123ndash4 121171ndash3 114173ndash18 112 113219ndash27 112 1132110 113

New Tes tament Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha

Gospel of Thomas1ndash71 1731ndash3 2161ndash4 1710 19 95111 1713 21161ndash2 20 95163 2017 1720ndash21 71 193201ndash4 20 192215ndash8 18 19 20 192243 36ndash39 17261ndash2 18262ndash331 1731 21361ndash3 19 143 180473 2148 18 19 20

54 137 13855 2058 17 13864 18 1965 1968 20 132 138 139

14068ndash69 19 139 143691 17 138692 19 20 137 13877 2179 2186 169 170103 17106ndash107 19 201131ndash2 9

Pseudo-Clementine Homilies12313 180

Dead Sea Scrolls

CD214ndash41 125412ndash14 121 124 125419ndash52 208

51ndash5 2091316ndash17 207122ndash3 121161ndash2 125

Index of Ancient Sources256

1QapGen 29 30 31 33 35 36 37 40

1QH430 40

1QM11 1211310ndash12 121175ndash6 51

1QpHab 56 125

1QS25 121211ndash15 207 208321ndash25 11749 18258 125119ndash10 1821120 40

1Q27 (1Q4QMys teries)1 i 1ndash8 56 202

4Q299 (1Q4QMys teries)3andashb ii 2ndash8 563andashb ii 9ndash16 56

4Q416 (4QIns truction)1 10ndash13 56 2021 12 1822 i 21ndashiv 13 562 ii 6 17 178

4Q417 (4QIns truction)1 i 6ndash9 561 i 10(11)ndash12 56 2021 i 12ndash13 561 i 14 561 i 16 115 1821 i 17 1821 i 24 56 2022 i 17ndash24 562 i 19 21ndash22 178

4Q418 (4QIns truction)69 ii 6ndash9 56 202

69 ii 12ndash13 5681 1ndash2 18281 2ndash5 5681 4 11581 5 11581 20 56 20288 56103 56107 56123 5ndash8 56

4Q423 (4QIns truction)5 3 565 5ndash6 56

4Q503 115

4Q521 16 54 135 137 159 160 161 162

4Q525 57 133

4QDeut j 1214 121

4QIsa 135

4QMMTC 4ndash9 125

11Q11 124

11Q13 135 137

11QPsa 191ndash18 121

11QT545 2075715ndash19 208669ndash11 207

Targums4QtgJob 314QtgLev 3111QtgJob 31 33 35 40

257Index of Ancient Sources

Josephus

Ant14133ndash146 4415103 451982 123

Bell188 46

1131ndash11 441161ndash5 461213 461335 452101ndash5 1232116 183

Babylonian Texts

Gilgamesh 112

Greek and Latin Authors

Dio CassiusHis t59271 120

HomerOd10503ndash15 1121112ndash22 112

PlatoPhaed111cndash112e 112

Senecade Ben2121ndash2 120

Seneca the ElderControv9210 183

TacitusAnn632 120

His t59 183

Apos tolic and Church Fathers

1 Clement132 153292 121394ndash5 121

2 Clement32 190134 148

Apos tolic Cons titutions721 152

722 148 150 151722ndash6 147725 149 150726 148 153

AthanasiusFes t Let 3911 14

Canons of the Holy Apos tles4ndash5 152

Index of Ancient Sources258

Chrysos tomHom Mt342 180

Clement of AlexandriaS trom4641 139 143

Didache11ndash63 1412c 15213b 148 14913bndash5b 11 12 13 15 16

71 147 151 15413bndash21 5 11 14 15 15013c 15113cndash4a 1413d 15 14814 1414a 1614b 15 14914c 91 15014d 15 149 150 15115a 15015b 148 15381ndash2 1482 16103bndash122a 14113 16113ndash137 14153ndash4 16161ndash8 210 211 212

EusebiusHis t Eccl3254

IrenaeusAdv Haer1101 1214162 121

Jus tin Martyr1 Apol159 148

2 Apol25 121

OrigenC Cels870 180

PolycarpPhilippians22ndash3 153

Shepherd of HermasMandate 24ndash6 153

Similitude535ndash8 138

Rabbinic Literature

j Ber3b 5b 5c 31 37 38

j Ket35a 31 37

j Šab3a 38d 31 37

j Taʿan65b 4069ab 125

R Gen72 313813 31 37796 31

R Num193 31 38

TargumsCairo BGen 414 31 33 34 37 41

259Index of Ancient Sources

Cairo FExod 1913 37Deut 346 37

Neof I Gen 414 31 33 41Gen 95ndash6 37Gen 4922 36

Papyri Manuscripts and Inscriptions

Br Mus Or 9271 14P Oxy 1 17P Oxy 654 17

P Oxy 655 17 143 180P Oxy 1782 14 15 148 151Sf III 16ndash17 40

Index of Modern Authors

Achtemeier P 139 141Adams S L 56 72 202Alexander P S 31 32Allison D C 1 2 3 5 12 22 24 66

75 77 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 90 91 94 96 98 99 103 105 107 112 117 119 120 123 125 129 130 131 133 134 135 136 138 139 140 144 147 148 149 150 152 153 155 158 160 163 169 170 172 175 176 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 193 197 198 200 205

Anderson A A 124Anderson F I 113Andrejevs O 25 164 172 190Arcari L 44Argall R A 47 72 202Arnal W E 23 24 48 59 61 63 65

66 67 68 78 86 104 123 125 132 134 136 150 191 194 208 214

Attridge H W 17Audet J-P 14Avigad N 29 30

Bailey K 102Bauckham R 12Baum A D 1Bazzana G B 1 3 24 59 178 198Beasley-Murray G R 158Berger K 104Bergmeier R 159 160 162Betz D H 3 24 51 103 146 179 183de Begraveze T 27Bird M F 159 198 199Black C C 11Black M 26 28 30 31 32 35 36 37

40 168Blenkinsopp J 135 136 137Boccaccini G 32 43 44 50Boring M E 38 183 184 185 188

192 211

Borsch F H 185Bovon F 5 19 93 95 96 98 99 106

140 177 179 184 185 198Bowman J W 28 33Boyarin D 23Breuer Y 34Brin G 208Broadhead E K 3 89Brodie T L 163Brooke G J 43 160Brown R E 11 12 102 130 157 158Broyles C C 123Bultmann R 3 60 98 111 132 156

158 184 185 186 187 188 201Burkett D 27 213Bussmann W 26

Campbell J Y 28 46Caragounis C C 27 29 39Carroll J T 3Carruth S 119Casey P M 29 34 35 37 39 41Cas tor G D 4 5Catchpole D R 21 77 90 96 99 129

131 145 147 156 157 159 164 175 188 198 208

Chang A 199Charlesworth J H 31 42 43 44 45

46 47 72 160 171 185Chazon E G 115 202Cheung L L 12Childs B S 163Chilton B D 26 36 39 117 130Clark D J 109Collins A Y 39 41 47 50 51 52 103

114 188 193 211Collins J J 23 40 43 48 49 50 51

52 53 57 76 77 121 126 160 161 162 163 168 202

Colpe C 25 26 28 29 31 32 36 37 39 40 45 140

Index of Modern Authors262

Conzelmann H 96 97Cotter W J 61 104 132 156 163 165

166 170 191Cromhout M 61 145 191Crossan J D 39 89 94 98 134

Dalman G 27 29 30Damm A 171Davidson M J 114Davies W D 1 2 3 91 99 119 120

131 138 139 140 149 150 169 172 179 180 184 185 193 197 200

DeConick A D 11 17 20 21 138 139 192

Derrenbacker R A 1 24Di Lella A A 73Dibelius M 12Diacuteez Macho A 30Dimant D 160DiTommaso L 57Doering L 208Downing F G 23 64Draper J A 13 14 15 16 68 156Dundenberg I 11Dunn J D G 1 149 183Dupont J 97 116Durham J I 163

Eldridge M D 117Elgvin T 49 56 57 115 202Eshel H 44

Fiebig P 26 27 28 34 37 39Fitzmyer J A 1 2 3 8 19 26 28 30

31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 82 91 95 97 98 117 118 119 130 131 133 138 139 140 146 149 163 177 179 208

Fleddermann H T 2 6 10 11 59 62 69 83 84 85 86 87 90 91 93 95 97 98 101 103 104 105 109 129 130 134 140 144 148 150 152 156 157 163 166 170 176 177 179 184 185 189 199 200 203 205 211

Flusser D 14 15Fos ter P 1 3 6 12 26Freedman H 32Frenschkowski M 145Frey J 56Freyne S 159 199

Funk F X 14 147

Garciacutea Martiacutenez F 49 57 160 162 202 208

Garrow A 13Gathercole S 17 19 20 138 139 181Gerber C 203Gibson J B 116Gieschen C A 147Ginsburger M 30Glover R 13 16Goering G S 72 125Goff M J 55 56 57 79 84 115 178

202Goodacre M 1 17 19Greenfield J C 27Greeven H 12Gregg B H 90 97 186 198 204Grenfell B P 14 17Guelich R A 193Guenther H O 26Gundry R H 150 181 197

Haenchen E 12 139 157 158 201Hahn F 185Han K S 124 125 200Hannah D D 42 43 45 46Hare D R A 38 39 40 184 185Harrington D J 33 55 57 202 Hartin P J 12 61 119 166Hasitschka M 118Heil C 5 38 60 99 119 181Higgins A J B 184Hill A E 163Hindley J C 43Hoffmann P 5 38 55 67 70 75 77

80 96 99 112 145 167 170 184 185

Holtzmann H J 4Hooker M D 45Horsley R 68 156 198 199 200van der Hors t P W 73Hossfeld F L 124Howard G 146Howes L 26 39 43 61 65 77 81 133

140 141 142 166 167 170 185 188 190 212

Hubbard B J 38Hultgren S 160 162Hunt A S 14 17

263Index of Modern Authors

van Iersel B M F 102

Jacobson A D 5 26 39 49 54 60 61 64 75 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 85 87 90 94 96 97 98 106 129 132 140 144 152 156 157 167 170 171 184 185 187 201 207 210

Jefford C N 13 14 15Jeremias J 179 198 204Jervis L A 55Jewett R 149Johnson L A 178 208Johnson L T 12Johnson-DeBaufre M 66 103 163Jonas H 51de Jonge H J 24 185Jongeling B 35Joseph S J 1 21 23 24 45 46 47 48

51 52 68 103 125 132 134 136 142 144 153 156 159 160 161 162 164 178 180 181 182 184 185 187 190 191 200 201 202 206 208 214 215

Jus t A A 102

Kahle P 26 30 31 36Kampen J L 162 209Kaufman S A 31 32 36 40Keener C S 183Kirk A 2 4 5 6 10 15 24 55 59 60

61 62 66 67 68 69 71 72 73 75 76 77 78 79 83 84 85 86 87 88 90 94 96 98 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 111 114 129 152 155 156 166 177 179 184 189 190 197 203 207 208 214 215

Kloppenborg J S 1 2 3 4 5 11 12 13 14 15 17 19 21 22 23 24 25 26 38 39 50 51 53 54 55 57 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 86 87 88 89 90 95 97 98 99 103 104 107 108 111 112 121 122 123 124 125 126 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 139 140 141 142 143 144 147 148 150 151 155 156 157 158 160 162 163 164 165 166 167 170 171 172 175 176 180 181 182 183 184 187 189

190 191 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 208 210 211 212 213

Knibb M A 46 202Koes ter H 15 38 48 60 61 63 66

148Koumlhler W D 16Kraus H-J 124Kutscher E Y 30 35 36

Lang B 201Laurence R 41Leives tad R 43Levine A-J 208Lichtenberger H 124Lindars B 29 34 37 39 43 184 185

188Lohfink N 118Lukaszewski A 25 27Luz U 3 10 60 74 75 78 81 87 90

91 93 95 96 97 99 102 106 111 131 134 140 142 145 148 150 151 166 169 180 181 184 185 197 198 199 201 204 207

Luumldemann G 183Luumlhrmann D 61 64 78 111 140 157

158 165 180 184

Mack B L 23 38 43 61 133 135 170Magness J 160Malherbe A 192 211Manson T W 5 28 101Maori Y 32Marcus J 8 11 41 47 102 183 188

193 199 211Marshall I H 3Martiacutenez R 166 167Martyn J L 183Maumlrz C-P 90 94McDermott J M 185McNamara M J 31Meadors E P 62 66 67 72 74 76 77

166 168 201Meadors G T 137Menken M J J 116 117Meyer A 27Meyer P D 157Middleton P 182Milik J P 36 42 43 187Milikowsky C 181Miller R J 63 201

Index of Modern Authors264

Mitchell D C 124Moller H B 29Moreland M 23Moss C 182Mournet T C 1Muraoka T 35 38Muumlnch C 203

Neirynck F 2 3 4 11 22 26 90 98 99 116 130 140 149

Nickelsburg G 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 52 53 76 106 112 113 122 126 141 168 172 202 210 213

Niebuhr K W 159Niederwimmer K 13 14 15 16 148

151 152Nielsen K 114 115Nolland J 179Novakovic L 160 162

Odeberg H 36Oegema G S 116Owen P 25 29 35

Patterson S J 17 18 21 61 63Perrin N 186Pervo R I 183Pietersma A 146Piovanelli P 44 45Piper R A 61 82 112 176 190Ploeg J P M 35Pokornyacute P 11 17 19 117 139Polag A 62 73 89 90 94Porter S E 180 181Porton G G 38Pries t J 126Propp W H C 163Puech Eacute 133 160 162

Ra Y 39 132 145 155 170 184 185Reicke B 141Riesner R 183Robbins M C 51 103 113 115 117

121 125Robbins V K 104Robinson J M 2 5 24 26 34 38 39

41 43 55 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 77 96 103 119 129 131 132 134 135 140 142 143 144 145

156 160 165 166 167 180 181 184 185 186 187 188 190 200 201 202

Rodd C S 6 7 9Rollens S E 2 3 23 24 26 61 132

182 191Roth D T 2 6 7 10 11 54 90 145

165 191 192 203 204 205 206Rothschild C K 90 159 164Royse J R 146Roumlsel M 146

Sacchi P 43 44 45 47Sandt H 5 14 15Sato M 3 59 62 74 75 76 77 79 80

82 83 87 90 94 98 111 134 170 176 184

Schalit A 44Schenk W 62 73 89 90 103 170 176Schiavo L 104 112 113Schiffman L H 57 160Schnackenburg R 12 157 158Schniedewind W M 160Schroumlter J 180Schulz S 74 132 165 167 176 179

201 210Schuumlrmann H 8 130 167 170Seeley D 132 141 142Segal M 43 114 121Sellew P 193Sevenich-Bax E 103 105Shelton J 163Shepherd D 29 35Shinall M C 51Shirock R J 102Sjoumlberg E 28 29 35 39 45Skeat T C 180Skehan P W 73Smith D A 96 201 202 203So K-C 157Sokoloff M 35Somov A 181Spranger P P 204S taples J A 145 146 154S teck O H 61 64 132 201S tone M E 45S treeter B H 4 12 130S trugnell J 55S tuckenbruck L T 27 30 47 51 65

114 121Syreeni K 4 15 153

265Index of Modern Authors

Tabor J D 160Tannehil R C 178 208Taylor N H 120 123 183Theissen G 123Theophilos M P 126Tigchelaar E J C 56Tiwald M 3 23 160Toumldt H E 47 184 185 186 187Tuckett C M 1 3 6 9 11 13 14 15

17 23 26 49 50 53 54 61 62 63 66 68 72 76 77 84 86 90 94 95 98 112 114 119 121 125 130 134 140 150 154 156 157 158 160 166 170 184 193 199 205 206 207 208 210

Uhlig S 45Uro R 26 62 185

Vaage L E 23 24 26 39 61 133 165 167 170 171 190 191 210

VanderKam J C 43 46 57 168Vassiliadis P 89 94de Vaux R 56Vermes G 26 28 29 31 32 33 34 35

36 37 38 39 40 43 140 160 184

Wacholder B Z 209

von Wahlde U C 12 158Wahlen C 51Walck L W 46 52Watson F 1Weaks J A 6 7Weinfeld M 118 146 207 208Weiser A 124Weiss B 130Wellhausen J 26Welch J W 102Wernberg-Mѳller P 36Wes termann C 135 136Williams P J 35Wilson W T 149Wins ton D 46 72Wise M O 160Witetschek S 86 167Wolter M 90van der Woude A S 35Wright III B J 72 202

Xeravits G G 202

York A D 32

Zeller D 63 69 111 165 212Zenger E 124

Index of Subjects

Abel-Main (Tell Abl) 45Abraham 32 157Agrippa I 123 183Ahab 118 121angel of Yahweh 163angelicheavenly rebellion 121 125Antigonus 43aphaeresis 27 32 34 36 38apocalypse 48ndash as incorrectly applied to Mk 133ndash37

211ndash as incorrectly applied to Q 1723ndash37

210 211apocalypticndash Chris tianity 53ndash discourse 211ndash framework 57 121ndash inaccurately used as a noun 49ndash literature 47 53 54 135ndash language in Ben Sira 72ndash tradition 56 57 186ndash wisdom ins tructions other than Q 56

57 77 202ndash worldview (outside of Q see its at-

tes tation in Q referenced separately below) 24 49 50 51 55 57 87 121

apocalypticism 25 87 58 62ndash and apocalypse 48 49ndash and eschatology 48ndash as a literary category 48 79ndash as a dis tortion of Godrsquos intended

order 23ndash as compatible with wisdom in late

second temple literature 57 62 66 70 72 154 202

ndash as having a place outside the genre of an apocalypse 49

ndash as synonymous with apocalyptic worldview 49

ndash in Pauline thought 192ndash in sectarian environments 53

ndash in recent Q scholarship 48ndash methodological definitions of 50 54

186Aramaic 25 26 46 70 140 187 204

213ndash OfficialImperialBiblical 26 27 35

40ndash Middle 26 27 30 32 33 34 35 36

37 38 40 41 52 167 170 187 188ndash Late 26 27 28 32 33 34 35 36 37

38 41 140 187ndash Galilean 29 36 38ndash Qumran 31 32 35 38Athaliah 125Augus tus 45

Babylonian Exile 118Banias 45βασιλείαndash as a hypothetical metaphor reflecting

the social interes ts of Qrsquos author(s) 48

ndash as a political entity 120ndash of God 23 48 73 95 108 123 132

177 178 182 183 184 192 194 206 207

ndash of Satan 51 114ndash realized 142beatitude(s) 82 91 93 105 131 132

133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 153

Bethsaida 45 56 93

Caesarea Philippi 46(Cairo) Geniza fragments 28 29 30 32

36 37Capernaum 45 56 93chiasm 83 85 101 102 103 109 118

120chias tic 85 101 103 106 107 108 120

152 197

Index of Subjects268

Chorazin 56 93chreia(s) 63 71 104 105 120 211chreiic 65 86 104 105 111 156chris tology (see the Q discussion refer-

enced separately below)ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 17ndash in Luke 19ndash in Mark 131circumcision 159 209Claudius 183cosmic mountain 114 119Cynic(s) 23

Dan 45 47Darius I 163Deuteronomis t 118Deuteronomis tic His tory 146deuteronomis ticndash agenda 156ndash context(s) 143 153ndash framework 53 54ndash motifs 118 127ndash orientation 64ndash outlook 61 82 114ndash redaction 80ndash rhetoric 136ndash s tratums trata 78ndash theme 78ndash tradition 79ndash unders tanding 64devil 51 66 114 117 119 120 121 123

124

Elijah 96 116 118 126 162 163 164ElijahElisha cycle 162 163Enoch 44 45 47 51 76 112 113 157

172 202ndash as a scribe 46ndash Book of Watchers 45 113 125ndash sapiential content in Watchers 76ndash Book of Parables 24 41 47 157 167

171 213ndash sapiential content in Parables 76ndash Epis tle of Enoch 43ndash his torical incarnation of 202ndash Seminar 47Enochicndash author 122ndash corpus 52 73ndash formulation 52

ndash framework 121ndash literaturetext 43 46 56ndash movement 47 53 157 210ndash mythology 113 114 122 164ndash Son of Man 172ndash tradents 46ndash tradition 43 46 47 79 113 122 157

215ndash Watchers myth 45 53 121eschatological prophetndash in 4Q521 160 162ndash in Q 164 165 166eschatology (see the Q discussion refer-

enced separately below) 47 48 50ndash in 1 Enoch 42 47 76 122 141 142

168 169ndash in 4Q521 159 160 162ndash in 4QIns truction 56ndash in Ben Sira 72ndash in Malachi 163 164ndash in Psalms of Solomon 159ndash in Trito-Isaiah 136Exodusndash legendmyth 117ndash imagerymotifs 116 163

form (literary)ndash and meaning 82ndash and worldview 76ndash apocalypse 49ndash criticism 61 62 63 67 68 69 70

74 156 170 214ndash miracle s tory 156ndash wisdom 84ndash (wisdom) ins truction 70 71

Gaius (Caligula) 44 46 123Galilee 23 36 44 45 47 56 73 131

171 194 215ndash village scribes 48ndash villagestowns 24 93 199Gentile(s) 9 87 96 120 126 155 157

158 159 164 167 168 169 173 198 199 209 215

Great Omission 8 9

HasidicHasidim 79 162Hebrew 25 35 39 40 41 42 204Hebrew Biblescriptures 24 118 127

136 160

269Index of Subjects

Hermogenes 171mt Hermon 45 46 47Herod the Great and the Herodian era

43 44 45 46 126Herodians 45(holy) Spirit 72 94 178 189Hulah Valley 45

Isaiah (see the Index of Ancient Sources for specific passages)

ndash Deutero 46 135 136 168 169ndash firs t-century reader of 135ndash Trito 51 54 135 136 137 143 154

163 200Israelndash in Ben Sira 125ndash in Daniel 168ndash in Deuteronomy 118ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 139ndash in the Hebrew Bible 198 199ndash in Jubilees 121ndash in Malachi 163ndash in Q 53 64 78 80 87 96 104 118

127 155 156 158 198 199ndash pre-exilic 50ndash traditional wisdom of 58ndash wilderness myth 117

James (son of Zebedee) 183Jerusalem 44 72 96 106 108 113 119

125 159 166 199 200ndash culttemple 136 137 163 214ndash pries thood 45 47 127Jesusndash as an apocalyptic figure in Q 38ndash as a literary character in Q 21ndash floating traditions ascribed to 48ndash his torical 21 29 37 43 47 73 116

141 142 164 165 171 172 186 198ndash his torical greeting of in Jerusalem

106ndash movement 23ndash tradition 161Jewish Chris tianityndash as a movement in a contes ted envi-

ronment 43 183ndash as a proliferation of groups and

communities 183ndash on the use of the term 23

ndash possible connection to the Enochic movement 47

Jewish War 200John (the Baptis t) 68 78 80 83 85 90

91 92 97 103 104 105 116 159 163 164 165 166 167 169 172

ndash followers of 159 165 166ndash his torical 159 165Journeysndash cosmicterres trial 76 112 113 114

119 122 127ndash heavenly 45 112 113Judea 36 44 200 215

Kallirrhoeuml 45Kleinliteratur 3 4 59 60 73 215

Lordrsquos Prayer 93 94 177Lot 97 99

Maccabean era 126Mas tema 121Matthew and Luke as conservative

traditionalis ts 4Matthewrsquos and Lukersquos redactorial

freedom 4Matthewrsquos use of Q 4messiah 106 116 162 164 210messiahship 123messianic 116 210Migdal 46mimesis 114 141minor agreements 15 130Minor Prophets 146Moses 117

Nag Hammadi 17Nimrod 32

oralndash possible cross-influence on the Gos-

pel of Thomas from the canonical gospels 11 193

ndash harmonization of Matthew and Luke 16

ndash life of the primitive community 60ndash performance 15 16 161ndash source utilization 15ndash tradition 17 98 151ndash transmission 188

Index of Subjects270

ndash usage and application of Q 4ndash usage of Matthew 15ndash variants of Q 4Oxyrhynchus 17

Paneion 46Parousia 116 186 193Parthian invasion of 40 BCE 44 46Paulndash his torical 149 183ndash possible awareness of the Q tradition

by 192persecutionndash as an apocalyptic motif 54ndash because of someone 142ndash in authentic Pauline corpus 149 183ndash in Q 52 54 78 94 107 118 122

126 132 133 134 140 141 142 143 144 175 180 181 182 184 190 194 200 206

ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 138ndash in the Parables of Enoch 141ndash in Trito-Isaiah 137 200ndash plausibility of 182 183Pharisees 65 68 94 166 169 205 206

214pleroma 39prophecyndash pre-exilic and Persian era (classical)

50ndash mixture of with wisdom 77Prophetisierung 75

Qndash apocalypticism apocalyptic motifs

features imagination framework and worldview 23 25 46 53 57 58 63 69 70 71 73 76 79 84 87 88 111 114 121 127 141 175 190 194 197 202 210 211 213 214

ndash apocalyptic document 48 51ndash apocalyptic wisdom ins truction 23

55 70 73 74 77 79 214ndash (apocalyptic) communitymovement

55 107 122 194 195 206 209ndash Aramaic roots 26ndash chris tology 70 81 83 87 93 104

115 116 123 130 131 142 144 145 147 153 154 156 157 159 164 166 167 194 214

ndash demonology 51 53ndash eschatological (apocalyptic) dis-

course 64 83 97 98 170 210 211 212

ndash eschatology 48 51 54 56 69 73 75 87 94 95 101 104 105 108 133 141 142 143 144 147 159 164 165 166 167 169 172 180 192 193 194 198 199 202 203 210

ndash final (literary) form 59 62 69 78 178

ndash hypothetical mid- (lower) level or sub-elite scribal origin 24 59

ndash hypothetical recensions 3 4 59 60 90 98

ndash hypothetical segregation of wisdom and apocalyptic s trata 60 66 67 70 213 214

ndash mission speech 23 56 86 87 92 104 105 107 173 182 194

ndash Pales tinian character 24ndash possible authenticity of its content

22 81ndash prophetic content 61 63 67 70 74

75 76 77 79 80 82 83 142 143 176

ndash recons truction (CEQ) 5 6 10 90 (see also recons truction [in this s tudy] below as such frequently follows the CEQ)

ndash recons truction (feasibility) 2 3 4 10 11

ndash recons truction (in this s tudy) 60 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 111 116 119 120 123 130 131 134 144 147 148 149 151 152 165 169 170 172 175 176 177 178 179 181 184 191 193 199 204 207 213 215

ndash recons truction (methodology) 5 89 90

ndash recons truction (skepticism) 2 10 59 (see also recons tructed Mark below)

ndash sapiential content 12 62 63 67 77 79 80 82 130 154 175 191 202 214

ndash sermon 63 82 91 92 103 105 127 129 130 131 134 135 138 140 144 145 147 152 153 154 155 156

ndash sophis ticated scribal traditions 24ndash sub-literary view of 3 59 60 74

271Index of Subjects

ndash tradents 4 59 67 125 135 147 181 182 197 199 202 203 207 209 214

ndash tradition 13 17 87 161 163 164 186 187 192 202

Quintillian 171Qumran (see the Index of Ancient

Sources for specific documents)ndash apocalyptic worldview 50 135ndash Aramaic corpus 33ndash beatitude collection 133ndash communitymovementYahad 44 53

56 121 135 136 137 157 160 161 206 207 208 209

ndash demonology 124ndash discovery 29ndash fellowship with angels 115ndash fragments of 1 Enoch 44ndash library 43ndash manualsrules 82ndash sapiential literature 25 55 56 57

58 62 69ndash social setting 43

recons tructed Mark 2 6 7 8 9 10RomeRomans 44 91 121 126 159

199 207ndash occupation of Judea 44

sage(s) 55 56 79 84Samaria 44Satan 50 51 52 53 114 115 117 118

120 121 159 192scribe(s) 102 205ndash ancient reading practices of 102ndash as a Q opponent group 68 169 205ndash as advanced or elite readers of Q

102 103ndash Enochic 46 215ndash in Matthewrsquos community (other than

Matthew) 4ndash in the Q community 48 135 195

215ndash in the text of Q 169 172ndash memory competence of 4 102ndash responsible for 2 Enoch 112ndash responsible for Did 13bndash5b 15scriptorium 46Sefire 27 37Sepphoris 38 46Sermon on the Mount 15 16 87 94

Sermon on the Plain 15 16(Deutero-Isaianic) Servant 136 168 169Sidon 199Simeon II 125Son of Man 47 115ndash Aramaic background of the phrase

25 26 28 37 153ndash as a messianic title in the Parables of

Enoch 28 46ndash circumlocutional non-titular use of

the phrase in Late Aramaic 34ndash classifications of the phrasersquos Q

ins tances 26ndash designation of as Son of Humanity in

some recent research 39ndash his torical incarnation of as under-

s tood by some ancient authors 165 172

ndash hypothetical non-titular (circumlocu-tional or generic) use of the definite phrase in Middle Aramaic by the his torical Jesus and in Q 28 29 34 37 38 39 42 43 52 71 140 142 167 170 186 187

ndash in Daniel 41 42 186 213ndash in Luke 142 186ndash in Mark 41ndash in Matthew 99 142 186ndash in Q 25 26 34 38 39 42 43 46 47

52 53 64 67 69 70 71 96 98 104 106 115 116 123 141 142 147 164 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 176 185 186 187 188 189 191 194 201 203 210 212 213

ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 170ndash in the Parables of Enoch 25 28 41

42 43 44 45 46 47 122 141 142 146 147 153 155 164 165 168 169 172 173 202 213

ndash non-titular use of the indefinite phrase in Middle Aramaic 41

ndash titular (including but not limited to chris tological) use of the definite phrase in Q 34 38 52 53 64 70 104 123 142 143 147 167 168 172 173 185 186 187 189 191 194 201 203 210 212 213

Sondergut 89 90ndash Matthean 91ndash Lukan 94 95 97 98 177

Index of Subjects272

Sophiandash myth (Enochic tradition) 172 202ndash myth (synoptic tradition) 96 200

201ndash words of 96 201synopticndash gospels 11 150 151ndash material 16 151ndash parallels 18 19ndash problem 1ndash Sayings Source 3 216ndash s tudies 4ndash tradition 17 21 26 98 101 131 151

158 205 215Syria 215

Talmud 30 36 37 38Targum 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

38 40 41ndash recons truction of the Pales tinian Tar-

gum 32Taricheae 46Tell Dan 45templendash apparatusins titution 50 96 107

113 119 125 126 127 137 157 197 200 205

ndash eschatological 76

ndash purityholiness of 65 123 137ndash mitigatingprotective role 51 124ndash of Augus tus at Paneion 45ndash second temple era 25 41 44 48 56

62 70 71 72 79 82 84 121 124 136 137 154 163 186 201 209 213 216

ndash liturgy 124ndash mounthill 113ndash pollution of as perceived by some

ancient authors 113 125 136Theon of Alexandria 171Tiberias 38Torah 58 64 72 79 112 207 208 209transfiguration 47tree of knowledge 113Tyre 199

Vermes-Fitzmyer debate 28 38 39

Watchers 45 53 121Wicked Pries t 125

Yahweh 117 118

Zechariah (son of Jehoiada) 200mt Zion 113

  • Cover13
  • Titel13
  • Preface
  • Table of Contents13
  • List of Abbreviations
  • Chapter One Prolegomena
    • 1 Introduction Recent Methodological Questions in Q Studies
    • 2 The Study of Q as a Reconstructed Text
      • Index of Ancient Sources
      • Index of Modern Authors
      • Index of Subjects
Page 9: Apocalypticism in the Synoptic Sayings Source€¦ · Apocalypticism in the Synoptic Sayings Source A Reassessment of Q’s Stratigraphy Mohr Siebeck. Olegs Andrejevs, born 1982;

XITable of Contents

234 Ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου in Q 1210 188235 Conclusion Q 128ndash10 as a Q1 Text 190

3 S tratigraphic Provenance of Q 1239ndash40 190

31 Q 1239-40 and Q 1233ndash34 19032 Q 1239-40 and Gos Thom 215ndash8192

4 Summary 194

Chapter 10 Q 1235ndash2230 197

1 Introduction 197

2 Ten Los t Tribes or Gentiles in Q 1328ndash29 198

3 Q and its Opponents200

31 Jesus and the Temple in Q 1149ndash51 1334ndash35 20032 Q2 and the Wicked Slaves 203

4 The Halakhic Compendium in Q 1617ndash172 206

5 S tratigraphic Provenance of Q 1723ndash37 210

51 Q 1723ndash37 as an Apocalyptic Discourse 21052 Ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου in Q 1723ndash37212

Chapter 11 Conclusion 213

Bibliography 217

Index of Ancient Sources 245

Index of Modern Authors 261

Index of Subjects 267

Lis t of Abbreviations

AASF Annales Academiae Scientiarum FennicaeAB Anchor BibleABD Anchor Bible DictionaryABRL Anchor Bible Reference LibraryAcOr Acta OrientaliaAGJU Arbeiten zur Geschichte des antiken Judentums und des Urchris tentumsAnBib Analecta BiblicaANTC Abingdon New Tes tament CommentariesBBB Bonner Biblische BeitraumlgeBeO Biblica et OrientaliaBETL Bibliotheca Ephemeridum Theologicarum LovaniensiumBib BiblicaBJRL Bulletin of the John Rylands University Library of Manches terBNTC Blackrsquos New Tes tament CommentaryBR Biblical ResearchBSR Bulletin for the S tudy of ReligionBTB Biblical Theology BulletinBTS Biblical Tools and S tudiesBWANT Beitraumlge zur Wissenschaft vom Alten und Neuen Tes tamentBZ Biblische ZeitschriftBZNW Beihefte zur Zeitschrift fuumlr die neutes tamentliche WissenschaftCBR Currents in Biblical ResearchCC Concordia CommentaryCEQ The Critical Edition of Q Synopsis Including the Gospels of Matthew

and Luke Mark and Thomas with English German and French Translations of Q and Thomas

CBQ Catholic Biblical Quarterly CRINT Compendia Rerum Iudaicarum ad Novum Tes tamentumDJD Discoveries in the Judean DesertDSD Dead Sea DiscoveriesECC Eerdmans Critical CommentaryEs tBib Es tudios BiblicosETL Ephemerides Theologicae LovaniensesEvT Evangelische TheologieExpT The Expository TimesFB Forschung zur BibelFFRS Foundations and Facets Reference SeriesFRLANT Forschungen zur Religion und Literatur des Alten und Neuen Tes tamentsGTJ Grace Theological JournalHNT Handbuch zum Neuen Tes tamentHR His tory of ReligionsHTCNT Herderrsquos Theological Commentary on the New Tes tament

XIV Lis t of Abbreviations

HTR Harvard Theological ReviewHTS Harvard Theological S tudiesIBS Irish Biblical S tudiesICC The International Critical CommentaryIQP The International Q ProjectJAOS Journal of the American Oriental SocietyJBL Journal of Biblical LiteratureJCTCRS Jewish and Chris tian Texts in Contexts and Related S tudiesJECH Journal of Early Chris tian His toryJJS Journal of Jewish S tudiesJQR Jewish Quarterly ReviewJR Journal of ReligionJSJ Journal for the S tudy of JudaismJSJSup Journal for the S tudy of Judaism Supplement SeriesJSNT Journal for the S tudy of the New Tes tamentJSNTSup Journal for the S tudy of the New Tes tament Supplement SeriesJSOT Journal for the S tudy of the Old Tes tamentJSOTSup Journal for the S tudy of the Old Tes tament Supplement SeriesJSP Journal for the S tudy of the PseudepigraphaJSPSup Journal for the S tudy of the Pseudepigrapha Supplement SeriesJTC Journal for Theology and the ChurchJTS Journal of Theological S tudiesLingBibl Linguis tica BiblicaLNTS Library of New Tes tament S tudiesLS TS Library of Second Temple S tudiesLUA Lunds Universitets ArsskriftMTS Marburger theologische S tudienMThA Muumlns teraner theologische AbhandlungenNA Neutes tamentliche ArbeitenNHS Nag Hammadi S tudiesNHMS Nag Hammadi and Manichaean S tudiesNIBC The New International Biblical CommentaryNIGTC The New International Greek Tes tament Commentary NovT Novum Tes tamentumNovTSup Novum Tes tamentum SupplementsNTL The New Tes tament LibraryNTR New Tes tament ReadingsNTS New Tes tament S tudiesNTTS New Tes tament Tools and S tudiesOTL The Old Tes tament LibraryPBM Paternos ter Biblical MonographsPFES Publications of the Finnish Exegetical SocietyRB Revue bibliqueRevQ Revue de QumranSAC S tudies in Antiquity and Chris tianity SBL S tudies in Biblical LiteratureSBLECL Society of Biblical Literature Early Chris tianity and its LiteratureSBLEJL Society of Biblical Literature Early Judaism and its LiteratureSBLMS Society of Biblical Literature Monograph SeriesSBLSBS Society of Biblical Literature Sources for Biblical S tudySBLSP Society of Biblical Literature Seminar PapersSNTSMS Society for New Tes tament S tudies Monograph Series

XVLis t of Abbreviations

ScrHier Scripta HierosolymitanaSPhiloA S tudia Philonica AnnualS TDJ S tudies on the Texts of the Desert of JudahS tJ S tudia JudaicaSVTP S tudia in Veteris Tes tamenti PseudepigraphaSVTQ S t Vladimirrsquos Theological QuarterlyTAZ Texte und Arbeiten zum neutes tamentlichen ZeitalterTDNT Theological Dictionary of the New Tes tamentTENT Texts and Editions for New Tes tament S tudyTJT Toronto Journal of TheologyTS Theological S tudiesTTZ Trierer theologische ZeitschriftUNDCSJCA University of Notre Dame Center for the S tudy of Judaism and

Chris tianity in AntiquityVCSup Vigiliae Chris tianae Supplement SeriesVT Vetus Tes tamentumVTSup Vetus Tes tamentum Supplement SeriesWBC Word Biblical CommentaryWUNT Wissenchaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Tes tamentZDMG Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenlaumlndischen GesellschaftZKT Zeitschrift fuumlr katholische TheologieZNW Zeitschrift fuumlr die neutes tamentliche WissenschaftZTK Zeitschrift fuumlr Theologie und Kirche

Chapter One

Prolegomena

1 Introduction Recent Methodological Questions in Q Studies

A survey of the current trends in New Testament and Q studies reveals a some-what uncertain environment While the Two-Document Hypothesis (hereafter 2DH) continues to hold its own occasional skepticism with regard to Qrsquos ex-istence has by no means dissipated1 Within the ranks of those scholars who work with or trend toward the 2DH the written character of Q is not universally accepted2 Among those who accept the premise of a written Q there remain

1 For recent arguments against the 2DH see eg Mark S Goodacre The Case Against Q

Studies in Markan Priority and the Synoptic Problem (Harrisburg PA Trinity Press Interna-tional 2002) Francis Watson Gospel Writing A Canonical Perspective (Grand Rapids MI Eerdmans 2013) For responses to these scholars see eg Paul Foster ldquoIs It Possible to Dis-pense with Qrdquo NovT 45 (2003) 313ndash37 John S Kloppenborg ldquoOn Dispensing with Q Goodacre on the Relation of Luke to Matthewrdquo NTS 49 (2003) 210ndash36 Christopher M Tuck-ett ldquoWatson Q and LMrdquo in Gospel Interpretation and the Q-Hypothesis (ed Mogens Muumlller and Heike Omerzu LNTS 573 London TampT Clark 2018) 115ndash38 (for Watsonrsquos rejoinder see ldquoSeven Theses on the Synoptic Problem in Disagreement with Christopher Tuckettrdquo in Idem 139ndash47) For classic comprehensive cases in support of the 2DH see Joseph A Fitzmyer ldquoThe Priority of Mark and the lsquoQrsquo Source in Lukerdquo in Jesus and Manrsquos Hope (ed Donald G Miller Pittsburgh PA Pittsburgh Theological Seminary 1970) 131ndash70 W D Davies and Dale C Allison The Gospel According to Saint Matthew (ICC 26 3 vols Edinburgh TampT Clark 1988ndash97) 1115ndash21 John S Kloppenborg Verbin Excavating Q The History and Set-ting of the Sayings Gospel (Minneapolis MN Fortress Press 2000) 11ndash54 For recent investi-gations demonstrating the viability of the 2DH see Robert A Derrenbacker Ancient Composi-tional Practices and the Synoptic Problem (BETL 186 Leuven Leuven University Press 2005) Alan Kirk Q in Matthew Ancient Media Memory and Early Scribal Transmission of the Jesus Tradition (LNTS 564 London TampT Clark 2016) For additional recent statements by Q scholars see Simon J Joseph The Nonviolent Messiah Jesus Q and the Enochic Tradi-tion (Minneapolis MN Fortress Press 2014) 8ndash10 Giovanni B Bazzana Kingdom of Bureau-cracy The Political Ideology of Village Scribes in the Sayings Gospel Q (BETL 274 Leuven Peeters 2015) 2ndash3 While a close discussion of the synoptic problem lies outside the scope of this monograph it is perhaps worth emphasizing that the solutions of Goodacre and Watson are equally if not more so hypothetical than the 2DH

2 Eg Terence C Mournet Oral Tradition and Literary Dependency Variability and Sta-bility in the Synoptic Tradition and Q (WUNT 2195 Tuumlbingen Mohr Siebeck 2005) Armin D Baum Der muumlndliche Faktor und seine Bedeutung fuumlr die synoptische Frage (TAZ 49 Tuuml-bingen Francke 2008) James D G Dunn The Oral Gospel Tradition (Grand Rapids MI Eerdmans 2013) For responses to the arguments made by these and other scholars see John

2 Chapter One Prolegomena

important disagreements regarding the attainability of Qrsquos word-level recon-struction3 Additionally questions about the provenance of portions of two sec-ond-century documents the Didache and the pseudepigraphal Gospel of Thomas continue to affect the study of Qrsquos sources and redaction If the Q parallels contained in those documents derive from the canonical gospels ndash as some scholars have argued ndash then such parallels obviously have no bearing on Qrsquos compositional history If however certain sayings or combinations of say-ings reach the Didache and Thomas via autonomous channels apart from the canonical gospels and can be shown to not depend on Q then the hypothesis of a Vorlage shared by the parallels in question and Q becomes logical It is not difficult to see how these matters are critical to the study of Qrsquos stratigraphy After all one of its fundamental tasks is to identify possible modifications of traditional material thereby acquiring a better understanding of the documentrsquos redactional interests

This chapter will discuss two of the aforementioned issues While we pre-suppose the validity of the 2DH and Qrsquos written character in what follows we shall engage the feasibility of Qrsquos reconstruction and the attainability of the documentrsquos wording The former has recently been dismissed by a number of scholars who have pointed out the inferiority of the reconstructed Mark4 to the canonical version of the gospel while Qrsquos wording has come under renewed scrutiny This will be followed by arguments in support of the autonomy of Did 13bndash21 and portions of the Gospel of Thomas both contested subjects in recent academic discussion Some of the observations included in the treatment of these matters will cover familiar terrain However their configuration is de-signed to highlight the problematic nature of a number of current claims and to lay the methodological foundation for the present investigation as well as for a fresh treatment of the Sayings Source and related documents5

S Kloppenborg ldquoVariation and Reproduction of the Double Tradition and an Oral Qrdquo ETL 83 (2007) 53ndash80 Alan Kirk ldquoOrality Writing and Phantom Sources Appeals to Ancient Media in Some Recent Challenges to the Two Document Hypothesisrdquo NTS 58 (2011) 1ndash22 Idem Q in Matthew 151ndash66 220ndash24 293ndash97 Sarah E Rollens Framing Social Criticism in the Jesus Movement The Ideological Project in the Sayings Gospel Q (WUNT 2374 Tuumlbingen Mohr Siebeck 2014) 81ndash90 See also the earlier discussion in eg Joseph A Fitzmyer The Gospel According to Luke (AB 28 and 28A 2 vols New York NY Doubleday 1981ndash85) 75ndash81 John S Kloppenborg Formation of Q Trajectories in Ancient Wisdom Collections (SAC Phil-adelphia PA Fortress Press 1987) 42ndash51 Davies and Allison Matthew 1116 H T Fledder-mann Q A Reconstruction and Commentary (BTS 1 Leuven Peeters 2005) 41ndash68 Based on the case made collectively by the above scholars it will be a presupposition of this study that Q was a written document

3 Eg Dieter T Roth The Parables in Q (LNTS 582 London TampT Clark 2018) 30ndash44 See the discussion below in this chapter

4 Viz Markrsquos gospel as reconstructed from its reception by Matthew and Luke 5 It is necessary also to address the frequent identification of Q as a gospel Frans Neirynck

(ldquoQ From Source to Gospelrdquo ETL 71 [1995] 421) notes that ldquothe use of the term originated in the SBL Q Seminar and was strongly promoted by its presidents James M Robinson and John

2 The Study of Q as a Reconstructed Text 3

2 The Study of Q as a Reconstructed Text 2 The Study of Q as a Reconstructed Text It is one thing to assert based on the synoptic evidence that Q was a written document with a single recension of the finished text6 It is another matter to

S Kloppenborgrdquo For the rationale see eg John S Kloppenborg ldquoIntroductionrdquo in The Shape of Q Signal Essays on the Sayings Gospel (ed Idem Minneapolis MN Fortress Press 1994) 1 n 1 I am sympathetic with Neirynckrsquos view (ldquoQ From Source to Gospelrdquo 429) it is ldquoan advantage of the full designation lsquo(Synoptic) Sayings Source Qrsquo that it reminds us of the fact that we have no direct access to the text of Q it remains a hypothetical source text that we are to reconstruct from Matthew and Lukerdquo Furthermore there is ldquoa difference between recogniz-ing that the sayings of Jesus contain the gospel and designating the Sayings collection as a Gospelrdquo Edwin K Broadhead ldquoOn the (Mis)Definition of Qrdquo JSNT 68 (1999) 9

6 The alternative premise ndash of two separate recensions (QMatt and QLk) ndash is quite venerable Eg Rudolph Bultmann The History of the Synoptic Tradition (New York NY Harper amp Row 1963) 328 (originally published in 1921) In modern research it has continued to be accepted with a varying degree of certainty by a number of New Testament and Q scholars eg I Howard Marshall The Gospel of Luke A Commentary on the Greek Text (NIGTC Grand Rap-ids MI Eerdmans 1978) 30ndash1 Davies and Allison Matthew 1121 Migaku Sato Q und Prophetie Studien zur Gattungs- und Traditionsgeschichte der Quelle Q (WUNT 229 Tuuml-bingen Mohr Siebeck 1988) 18ndash19 Hans Dieter Betz The Sermon on the Mount (Hermeneia Minneapolis MI Fortress Press 1995) 7ndash9 Ulrich Luz Matthew 8ndash20 (Hermeneia Minne-apolis MN Fortress Press 2001) Idem Matthew 21ndash28 (Hermeneia Minneapolis MN For-tress Press 2005) Idem ldquoMatthew and Qrdquo in Studies in Matthew (Grand Rapids MI Eerd-mans 2005) 39ndash53 Idem Matthew 1ndash7 (Hermeneia Minneapolis MN Fortress Press 2007) Idem ldquoLooking at Q through the Eyes of Matthewrdquo in New Studies in the Synoptic Problem Oxford Conference April 2008 Essays in Honour of Christopher M Tuckett (ed Paul Foster Andrew Gregory John S Kloppenborg Joseph Verheyden BETL 239 Leuven Leuven Uni-versity Press 2011) 571ndash89 John T Carroll Luke A Commentary (NTL Louisville KY Westminster John Knox Press 2012) 8 Rollens Framing Social Criticism 86 n 10 Bazzana Kingdom of Bureaucracy 4ndash5 John S Kloppenborg ldquoA lsquoParting of the Waysrsquo in Qrdquo in Q in Context I The Separation between the Just and the Unjust in Early Judaism and in the Sayings Source (ed Markus Tiwald BBB 172 Goumlttingen Vandenhoeck amp Ruprecht 2015) 123 Klop-penborg (ibid) has recently stated ldquoIn what follows I will assume the still-dominant view of Q that it is a document that came to Matthew and Luke in approximately the same form I say lsquoapproximatelyrsquo because we must allow for some variation at least in wording of Q and perhaps even expansions ndash the kind of elaboration that Ulrich Luz and his students have proposedrdquo In my view the drawbacks of this hypothesis significantly outweigh its potential benefits Klop-penborg (Excavating Q 109) and Bazzana (Kingdom of Bureaucracy 4ndash5) appeal to the diver-sity of the NT manuscripts and their circulation patterns but this is an argument from analogy rather than a demonstration The only way of demonstrating the existence of such recensions would be by showing (preferably on multiple occasions) that Matthewrsquos or Lukersquos Sondergut text adjacent to or interpolated in a Q block of material is traditional coheres with the content of that Q block and of the Q document and is unlikely to have been omitted by the other evan-gelist This is virtually impossible to demonstrate conclusively and so the hypothesis enters the realm of speculation (eg Fitzmyer Luke 80) where ldquoin every case there are other possible explanationsrdquo (Luz ldquoLooking at Qrdquo 579) Further red flags lurk in the occasional connection between the multiple recension hypothesis and the sub-literary (Kleinliteratur) view of Q (eg ibid 578 584) Thus Luz (Matthew 1ndash7 19) and Sato (Q und Prophetie 72ndash77) envision Q as

4 Chapter One Prolegomena

produce a reliable reconstruction of that text The point of departure rests with Matthewrsquos and Lukersquos redaction of Mark Luke preserves the Markan order with only minor exceptions The implications of this naturally carry over to the reconstruction of Qrsquos sequence7 Based on the conclusions reached by Heinrich Julius Holtzmann in 18638 confirmed by Burnett Hillman Streeter and George DeWitt Castor in the first half of the twentieth century9 and reaffirmed by the

a notebook to which new sheets could be added at any time Some such approach to Q has formed the dominant paradigm in 2DH based synoptic studies until only recently See the sur-vey of scholarship in Alan Kirk The Composition of the Sayings Source Genre Synchrony and Wisdom Redaction in Q (NovTSup 91 Leiden Brill 1998) 2ndash64 As the discussion in chapters three and five of this study will suggest (in continuity with Kirkrsquos view) the Kleinlit-eratur paradigm constitutes a mischaracterization of Q This still leaves the option of Q receiv-ing further editing from its own tradents which essentially amounts to an additional layer of redaction (eg one would have to envision a Q4 stratum in Kloppenborgrsquos stratigraphy) The outline and profile of such a redaction (or in the case of QMatt and QLk redactions) remains to be demonstrated however Meanwhile the documentrsquos eventual disappearance and complete lack of attestation in the Church Fathers suggests caution in imagining any kind of significant textual proliferation Could multiple autonomous copies of Q go from being in possession by and being normative for some of the early Christianityrsquos most prominent communities to van-ishing not only from existence but also from subsequent memory It seems that the possibility of a single circulating copy at least deserves further consideration Finally Neirynckrsquos objection remains pertinent ldquothe need for positing an intermediate stage is it not a logical consequence of their too restrictive notion of Matthean and Lukan redactionrdquo Frans Neirynck ldquoQMt and QLk and the Reconstruction of Qrdquo ETL 66 (1990) 390 In other words Qrsquos putative textual fluidity has much to do with a restriction of Matthean andor Lukan redactorial freedom and derives logically from a view of Matthew andor Luke as conservative traditionalists Syreenirsquos obser-vations made with regard to the thesis of a QMatt offer an alternative ldquoInstead of such a literary evolution it would be quite natural to reckon with oral usage and application of Q sayings and sequences in Matthewrsquos community Oral variants and new combinations of various Q passages as well as combinations of Q and special material were to be expected if Q was used for pur-poses of community teaching and paraenesis Also ecclesiastical material which was affected or even inspired by Q sayings was likely to emerge Some literary reworking may have been made what I doubt however is the existence of a massively expanded QMt editionrdquo Kari Syreeni The Making of the Sermon on the Mount A Procedural Analysis of Matthewrsquos Redac-torial Activity (AASF 44 Helsinki Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia 1987) 161 Because the ex-istence of scribes other than the gospelrsquos author in Matthewrsquos community has not been demon-strated I hesitate to imagine a literary reworking of Q by that community prior to the gospelrsquos composition (a similar situation obtains on the Lukan side) With this minor adjustment Syreenirsquos statement describes the optimal alternative to the multiple recension hypothesis

7 It should be noted however that although Matthewrsquos approach to Q (when reconstructed based on its Lukan sequence) can be described as liberal Matthewrsquos ldquoappropriative movement through Q is consistently forwardrdquo indicating memory competence and ldquocognitive operations that follow the schematic organizational linesrdquo of the source Kirk Q in Matthew 166

8 Heinrich Julius Holtzmann Die synoptischen Evangelien Ihr Uhrsprung und geschicht-licher Charakter (Leipzig Wilhelm Engelmann 1986) 142ndash43

9 Burnett Hillman Streeter ldquoOn the Original Order of Qrdquo in Oxford Studies in the Synoptic Problem (ed William Sanday Oxford At the Clarendon Press 1911) 141ndash64 George DeWitt

2 The Study of Q as a Reconstructed Text 5

ensuing Q scholarship as well as a number of Matthean and Lukan scholars10 today it is possible to assert with ldquoa near unanimity that Luke best preserved the sequence of Q sayingsrdquo11

Q attained what currently remains its definitive reconstruction by the end of the twentieth century in the form of The Critical Edition of Q (hereafter CEQ)12 To call the CEQ ldquodefinitiverdquo of course is to neither imply its infalli-bility nor to expect it to produce the final say on the matter13 As noted by James M Robinson in the introduction to the CEQ it was a product ldquoof a team of scholars who have been working together since 1985 as the International Q Projectrdquo (hereafter IQP)14 The text and sequence of Q published in the CEQ

Castor Matthewrsquos Sayings of Jesus The Non-Marcan Common Source of Matthew and Luke (PhD diss University of Chicago 1918) 120ndash39

10 Eg T W Manson The Sayings of Jesus as recorded in the Gospels according to St Matthew and St Luke arranged with introduction and commentary (London SCM Press 1949 reprint 1971) 39ndash148 James M Robinson ldquoThe Sermon on the Mount Plain Work Sheets for the Reconstruction of Qrdquo SBLSP 22 (1983) 451ndash54 Arland D Jacobson The First Gospel An Introduction to Q (FFRS Sonoma CA Polebridge Press 1992) 45 Dale C Allison The Jesus Tradition in Q (Harrisburg PA Trinity Press International 1997) 2 n 6 Franҫois Bovon Luke 1 A Commentary on the Gospel of Luke 11ndash950 (Hermeneia Minneapolis MN Fortress Press 2002) 6ndash8 Kirk Q in Matthew 163ndash66

11 Kloppenborg Verbin Excavating Q 88 Noting that ldquomost recent reconstructions of Q include both (a) the double tradition and (b) items triply attested where the degree of agreement against Mark is substantial and where the agreements are not likely to be merely coincidentalrdquo Kloppenborg (ibid 92) uses these criteria to assign the following texts to Q (by Lukan versifi-cation) Q 37bndash9 16bndash17 41ndash13 620bndash23 27ndash33 35c 36ndash37b 38c 39ndash49 71bndash2 6bndash10 18ndash19 22ndash23 24ndash28 31ndash35 957ndash60 102ndash16 21ndash22 23bndash24 112ndash4 9ndash13 14ndash20 23 24ndash26 29ndash35 39ndash44 46ndash52 122ndash12 22bndash31 33ndash34 39ndash40 42bndash46 51ndash53 54bndash56 58ndash59 1318ndash19 20ndash21 24 26ndash27 28ndash30 34ndash35 14111814 1416ndash24 26ndash27 34ndash35 154ndash7 1613 16 17 18 171bndash2 3bndash4 6b 23ndash24 26ndash27 30 33 34ndash35 37b 1912ndash13 15bndash26 2228bndash30 Kloppenborg also assigns to Q some Sondergut materials which involve a different set of methodological considerations See the discussion in chapter four

12 James M Robinson Paul Hoffmann and John S Kloppenborg eds The Critical Edition of Q Synopsis including the Gospels of Matthew and Luke Mark and Thomas with English German and French Translations of Q and Thomas (Hermeneia Supplement Series Minneap-olis MN Fortress Press 2000)

13 It may suffice here to quote the editors James M Robinson ldquoHistory of Q Researchrdquo in The Critical Edition of Q lxxi ldquoIt is not to be assumed that the present critical text is a last wordrdquo John S Kloppenborg ldquoThe Use of the Synoptics or Q in Did 13bndash21rdquo in Matthew and the Didache Two Documents from the Same Jewish-Christian Milieu (ed Huub van de Sandt Minneapolis MN Fortress Press 2005) 115 ldquoWhile the Critical Edition should hardly be taken as the definitive reconstruction of Q it does provide a benchmark and a useful point of referencerdquo

14 Robinson ldquoHistory of Q Researchrdquo xix For a survey of IQPrsquos methodology and results as assessed at the time of the CEQrsquos publication see Christoph Heil ldquoDie Q-Rekonstruktion des Internationalen Q-Projekts Einfuumlhrung in Methodik und Resultaterdquo NovT 43 (2001) 128ndash43 For IQP work sessions see James M Robinson ldquoThe International Q Project Work Session 17 November 1989rdquo JBL 109 (1990) 499ndash501 Idem ldquoThe International Q Project Work

6 Chapter One Prolegomena

therefore represent a consensus among a group of scholars reflecting the pre-suppositions held by those scholars at a particular juncture in the history of Qrsquos research15 That it is only a necessary first step and demands continued reeval-uation becomes evident from the fact that some of the IQP members whose preferences were occasionally not reflected in the CEQ proceeded to release their own alternative reconstructions of Q either shortly before or after the CEQrsquos seminal publication16 Indeed the present study also makes several emendations of both the CEQrsquos reconstruction of the documentrsquos sequence and of its wording Overall however it is clear that the CEQ will continue to pro-vide the baseline for compositional studies of Q for years to come

The availability of the reconstructed text enables the literary analysis of Q A number of scholars however have recently expressed doubts regarding the attainability of not only Qrsquos wording but in fact of the documentrsquos full extent Cyril S Rodd has declared it ldquosheer conjecturerdquo to imagine ldquothat the passages which are common to Matthew and Luke comprise this Q document in its en-tiretyrdquo17 Joseph Allen Weaks has similarly called the text of Q ldquospeculativerdquo claiming that to rely on it as though it were ldquoan extant gospel textrdquo is ldquosimply not possiblerdquo18 Both scholars have tied the bulk of their objections to the ob-servation (called a ldquothought experimentrdquo by Dieter T Roth)19 that the text of Markrsquos gospel cannot be accurately reconstructed from its Matthean and Lukan reception While this argument has already been engaged by some scholars20 the deficiency of its logic appears to not have been sufficiently exposed as Rothrsquos renewed deployment of it in 2018 demonstrates ndash in a Q monograph21 It is therefore important to allow the reader to assess the difficulties

Session 16 November 1990rdquo JBL 110 (1991) 494ndash98 Idem ldquoThe International Q Project Work Sessions 12ndash14 July 22 November 1991rdquo JBL 111 (1992) 500ndash08 Idem ldquoThe Interna-tional Q Project Work Sessions 31 Julyndash2 August 20 November 1992rdquo JBL 112 (1993) 500ndash06 Idem ldquoThe International Q Project Work Sessions 6ndash8 August 18ndash19 November 1993rdquo JBL 113 (1994) 495ndash99 Idem ldquoThe International Q Project Work Sessions 23ndash27 May 22ndash26 August 17ndash18 November 1994rdquo JBL 114 (1995) 475ndash85 Idem ldquoThe International Q Pro-ject Editorial Board Meetings 1ndash10 June 16 November 1995 16ndash23 August 22 November 1996 Work Sessions 17 November 1995 23 November 1996rdquo JBL 116 (1997) 521ndash25

15 The full list of the IQPrsquos members may be found in The Critical Edition xvii 16 Kirk Composition 152ndash403 Fleddermann Commentary 874ndash913 17 Cyril S Rodd ldquoThe End of the Theology of Qrdquo ExpT 113 (2001) 12 Idem ldquoThe The-

ology of Q Yet Again A Reply to the Responses of Christopher Tuckett and Paul Fosterrdquo ExpT 114 (2002) 80ndash85

18 Joseph Allen Weaks ldquoMark without Mark Problematizing the Reliability of a Recon-structed Text of Qrdquo (PhD diss Brite Divinity School 2010) 344ndash45

19 Roth Parables 36 20 Eg Christopher M Tuckett ldquoThe Search for a Theology of Q A Dead Endrdquo ExpT 113

(2002) 291ndash94 Paul Foster ldquoIn Defense of the Study of Qrdquo ExpT 113 (2002) 295ndash300 21 Roth Parables 36ndash37 It should be noted of course that Roth does not wish to com-

pletely dismiss the accessibility of Qrsquos text His intention is to argue that ldquoscholarship should be rather more skeptical about the wording of Qrdquo (ibid 39)

2 The Study of Q as a Reconstructed Text 7

compromising the case that Rodd Weaks and Roth have found rather persua-sive Three observations stand to be made in this regard

First of all because it is a sayings collection Q does not lend itself to the same type of editorial abridgements as Mark The two documents are very dif-ferent Not nearly enough attention is given to this by Rodd Weaks and Roth all of whom hang their case to some degree on the fragmentary product that is the reconstructed Mark as though Q similarly contains a plot or even a remotely compatible story to saying ratio The abridgement of Markan pericopes by Luke and Matthew reflects editorial strategies appropriate to rewriting a biography viz a document exhibiting a large concentration of narrative material22 The Markan words of Jesus are omitted at a vastly different rate with the majority of those words preserved by both Matthew and Luke with minimal rephrasing23

22 Rodd (ldquoThe End of the Theology of Qrdquo 6) notes that ldquoalmost always each pericope in

[the reconstructed] lsquoMarkrsquo will be shorter than in the canonical gospelrdquo citing as examples the abridgements of Mk 21ndash12 (= Matt 91ndash8 Lk 517ndash26) and Mk 121ndash12 (= Matt 2133ndash46 Lk 209ndash19) However the healing of a man with the palsy (Mk 21ndash12) is a good example of a story whose narrative details welcome abridgements while the words of Jesus (Mk 25b 8bndash11) ndash notably including the key statements in Mk 25b 10 ndash are preserved correctly by both Matthew and Luke (Matt 92c 4bndash6 Lk 520b 22bndash24) As for the parable of the wicked tenants (Mk 121ndash12) this can be reliably reconstructed from its MatthewLuke reproduction missing only minor details The omitted details scarcely seem to affect the interpretation of the source text viz the intention of the parable as it was deployed in Markrsquos gospel

23 Mk 141 44 (= Matt 83ndash4 Lk 513ndash14) Mk 25 8ndash11 (= Matt 92 4ndash6 Lk 520 22ndash24) Mk 214 (= Matt 99 Lk 527) Mk 217 (= Matt 912ndash13 Lk 531ndash32) Mk 219ndash22 (= Matt 915ndash17 Lk 534ndash38) Mk 225ndash28 (= Matt 123ndash4 8 Lk 63ndash5) Mk 34ndash5 (= Matt 1212ndash13 Lk 69ndash10) Mk 335 (= Matt 1250 Lk 821) Mk 42ndash9 (= Matt 133ndash9 Lk 85ndash8) Mk 411ndash12 (= Matt 1311 13 Lk 810) Mk 414ndash20 (= Matt 1318ndash23 Lk 811ndash15) Mk 421ndash22 (= MattQ 515 MattQ 1026 Lk 816ndash17) Mk 424c (= MattQ 72 LkQ 638) Mk 425 (= Matt 1312 Lk 818) Mk 440 (= Matt 826 Lk 825) Mk 534 (= Matt 922 Lk 848) Mk 539 (= Matt 923ndash24 Lk 852) Mk 64bc (= Matt 1357 Lk 424) Mk 637 (= Matt 1416 Lk 913) Mk 827 29 (= Matt 1613 15 Lk 918 20) Mk 834ndash36 (= Matt 1624ndash26 Lk 923ndash25) Mk 91 (= Matt 1628 Lk 927) Mk 919 (= Matt 1717 Lk 941) Mk 931 (= Matt 1722ndash23 Lk 944) Mk 935 (= Matt 2311 Lk 2226) Mk 937 (= Matt 185 Lk 948) Mk 940 (= MattQ 1230 Lk 950) Mk 1014ndash15 (= Matt 183 1914 Lk 1816ndash17) Mk 1018ndash19 21 23 25 27 29ndash30 (= Matt 1917ndash19 21 23ndash24 26 29 Lk 1819ndash20 22 24ndash25 27 29ndash30) Mk 1033ndash34 (= Matt 2018ndash19 Lk 1831ndash33) Mk 1042ndash45 (= Matt 2025ndash28 Lk 2225ndash27) Mk 1051 (= Matt 2032 Lk 1841) Mk 112ndash3 (= Matt 212ndash3 Lk 1930ndash31) Mk 1117 (= Matt 2113 Lk 1946) Mk 1129ndash30 33 (= Matt 2124ndash25 27 Lk 203ndash4 8) Mk 121ndash10 (= Matt 2133ndash42 Lk 209ndash17) Mk 1215dndash17 (= Matt 2219ndash21 Lk 2024ndash25) Mk 1225ndash27 (= Matt 2230ndash32 Lk 2034ndash38) Mk 1230ndash31 (= Matt 2237ndash39 Lk 1027) Mk 1235ndash37 (= Matt 2241ndash45 Lk 2041ndash44) Mk 132 (= Matt 242 Lk 216) Mk 135ndash13 (Matt 244ndash13 Lk 218ndash19) Mk 1314c 17 19 (= Matt 2416 19 21 Lk 2121 23) Mk 1324ndash31 (= Matt 2429ndash35 Lk 2125ndash33) Mk 1413ndash14 (= Matt 2618 Lk 2210ndash11) Mk 1418 20ndash21 (= Matt 2621 23ndash24 Lk 2221ndash22) Mk 1422ndash25 (= Matt 2626ndash29 Lk 2216ndash20) Mk 1430 (= Matt 2634 Lk 2234) Mk 1436 (= Matt 2639 Lk 2242) Mk 1437ndash38 (= Matt 2640ndash41 Lk 2246) Mk 1448ndash49a (= Matt 2655 Lk 2252ndash53a) Mk 1462 (= Matt 2664 Lk 2269ndash70) Mk 152 (= Matt 2711 Lk 233)

8 Chapter One Prolegomena

and the non-Q related omissions limited to (a) statements forming an integral part of a narrative24 (b) statements commands and questions that are redun-dant25 (c) statements that cast a potentially negative light on Jesusrsquo family26 or disciples27 both established Markan themes28 (d) statements that are poten-tially problematic theologically29 (e) statements falling under none of the above categories that are abridged expanded or reworked by one of the evan-gelists30 (f) statements occurring in pericopes that have been eliminated com-pletely by Matthew or Luke31 Of these six categories the first three are un-likely to have been present in Q due to its lack of a plot relative scarcity of stories and absence of any interest in Jesusrsquo family or disciples The remaining three categories include only a few sayings outside of the Great Omission (more on that below) Consequently it appears that Matthew and Luke already elim-inating a minor percentage of the Markan Jesusrsquo words that lack Q parallels had no clear reason to omit even that much from Q

Secondly on a number of occasions one or both evangelists preserve dou-blets of the Markan sayings of Jesus which on the 2DH are assigned to Q32 This development is surprising in Lukersquos case since his tendency to avoid dou-blets is well known33 What is really decisive however is that in instances

24 Mk 125 138 435 59 19 530 541 1243 (omitted by Matthew) Mk 1036 1432

34 41ndash42 (omitted by Luke) Mk 1114 (either omitted or reworked in Lk 136ndash9) Mk 439 58 631 638 916 21 25 933 939c 1049 1234 (omitted or reworked by both Matthew and Luke)

25 Mk 424bd 1238 40 (omitted by Matthew) Mk 334 837 941 1211 1215b 1224 1318 20 23 (omitted by Luke) Mk 1449b (reworked in Lk 2253b) Mk 949 1024 1229 (omitted by both Matthew and Luke)

26 Mk 333ndash34 Mk 64de (omitted by Luke) 27 Mk 413 (omitted by Matthew and Luke) Mk 833 1038ndash40 (omitted by Luke) Mk

1427ndash28 (reworked in Lk 2231ndash32) 28 Eg Joel Marcus Mark (AB 27 and 27A 2 vols New York NY and New Haven CT

Doubleday and Yale 2000ndash2009) 279ndash80 310ndash11 378ndash80 509ndash15 653 677ndash81 999ndash1000 29 Mk 939 (omitted by Matthew and Luke) Mk 943ndash48 (omitted by Luke) Mk 1534

(reworked in Lk 2346) 30 Mk 115 (reworked and expanded in Lk 416ndash21) Mk 536 (abridged in Matt 923ndash26)

Mk 1314ab (reworked in Lk 2120) Mk 146ndash9 (reworked in Lk 736ndash50) Mk 1413ndash15 (abridged in Matt 2618)

31 Mk 426ndash29 99ndash13 (omitted by Luke) everything that belongs to Mk 645ndash826 (the Great Omission of the Markan material by Luke)

32 Mk 421 (= Lk 816 LkQ 1133) Mk 422 (= Lk 817 LkQ 122) Mk 425 (= Matt 1312 MattQ 2529 Lk 818 LkQ 1926) Mk 68 10ndash11 (= Lk 93ndash5 LkQ 104ndash5 8 10ndash11) Mk 834 (= MattQ 1038 Matt 1624 Lk 923 LkQ 1427) Mk 835 (= MattQ 1039 Matt 1625 Lk 924 LkQ 1733) Mk 838 (= Lk 926 LkQ 128ndash9) Mk 937 (= Matt 185 MattQ 1040 Lk 948 LkQ 1016) Mk 940 (Lk 950 LkQ 1123) Mk 1011ndash12 (= Matt 199 MattQ 532) Mk 1238ndash39 (= Lk 2046 LkQ 1143) Mk 139 11 (= Lk 2112ndash15 LkQ 1211ndash12) See further Fitzmyer Luke 81ndash82

33 See eg H Schuumlrmann ldquoDie Dubletten im Lukasevangeliumrdquo ZKT 75 (1953) 339ndash445 Idem ldquoDie Dublettenvermeidungen im Lukasevangeliumrdquo ZKT 76 (1954) 83ndash93

2 The Study of Q as a Reconstructed Text 9

when Luke is faced with a choice between Mark and Q and does not opt to retain both the preference is overwhelmingly given to the Q location and word-ing of the text34 Consequently it seems overly simplistic to suggest as Rodd does that ldquoas [the reconstructed] lsquoMarkrsquo is not Mark so in all probability the lsquoQrsquo of the scholars is not the historical document Qrdquo35 The evangelistsrsquo ten-dency to either retain the MarkQ parallels or ndash especially in Lukersquos case ndash to favor Q its wording and location over the Markan parallels shows that the two documents were not treated equally as far as the words of Jesus were concerned with the approach to Q being more conservative36

Thirdly the verse and word count discrepancy between the reconstructed and canonical Mark has been somewhat inflated as the percentages cited by scholars are routinely bolstered by the inclusion of the Great Omission On the 2DH there are two possible solutions to this well-known source-critical anom-aly the absence of Mk 645ndash826 from Lukersquos gospel is either intentional or stems from inheriting a shorter copy of Mark which lacked that material In either scenario Lukersquos omission of Mk 645ndash826 complicates the analogy be-tween the reconstructed Mark and Q If the omission was unintentional it tells us something only about the compositional history or textual transmission of Markrsquos gospel If however Lukersquos decision to skip Mk 645ndash826 was inten-tional is it not likely to have been motivated by Lukersquos avoidance of dou-blets37 A similar development is unlikely to have occurred in Lukersquos reception of Q as we have noted when faced with MarkQ doublets Luke tends to favor Qrsquos version over an available Markan parallel38 Consequently due to the sheer size of the Great Omission and regardless of the Omissionrsquos intentionality or

34 LkQ 112 4 9 (= Mk 1124ndash25) LkQ 1115 17ndash18 21 (= Mk 323ndash27) Lk 1210 (=

Mk 328ndash29) LkQ 1240 (= Mk 1332) LkQ 1318ndash19 (= Mk 430ndash32) LkQ 1330 (= Mk 1031) Lk 1618 (= Mk 1011ndash12) LkQ 171ndash2 (= Mk 942) LkQ 176 (= Mk 1123) LkQ 1723 31 (= Mk 1315ndash16 21) All of these are deployed by Luke in clusters of Q material rather than in the Lukan parallels to the respective Markan pericopes Mk 950 (= LkQ 1434ndash35) is similarly deployed away from its Markan context and surrounded by Q and L material Both Matthew and Luke favor the wording of Q 1434ndash35 over its Markan parallel

35 Rodd ldquoThe End of the Theology of Qrdquo 12 36 See eg Christopher M Tuckett Q and the History of Early Christianity Studies on Q

(Edinburgh TampT Clark 1996) 94 Luz ldquoQ in Matthewrdquo 50 37 Mk 645ndash52 contains a sea miracle similar to Mk 435ndash41 Mk 71ndash23 was likely elim-

inated to shift the lifting of the dietary restrictions to the post-Easter stage in Lukersquos narrative (Acts 109ndash16) Mk 724ndash30 was probably (a) deemed redundant (see LkQ 71ndash10) (b) re-garded as problematic due to the conflict between the Markan Jesusrsquo reluctance to perform a miracle for a Gentile person (Mk 727) and the Lukan Jesusrsquo programmatic openness to such developments (Lk 425ndash27) Mk 81ndash10 14ndash21 and 822ndash26 are clearly redundant (see Mk 635ndash44 Lk 912ndash17 Mk 1046ndash52 Lk 1835ndash43) Mk 811ndash13 has a Q parallel (= LkQ 1129ndash32)

38 On the L-M Hypothesis this would mean that Luke tends to favor Matthewrsquos version over an available Markan parallel

10 Chapter One Prolegomena

lack thereof the reconstructed Mark presents an analogy to Q that is at best tenuous

In light of the above observations my contention is that methodologically virtually the entire Q is likely to be accounted for in terms of its content39 That still leaves the question of the documentrsquos precise wording and its recovery Here Roth has argued that

there is a fundamental difference between conceiving of the ldquotext of Qrdquo as a reconstruction of its original wording and approaching it as a metaphorical and narratival realm an intertext as it were accessible through Matthew and Luke40

Roth further states as one of his monographrsquos objectives (which is primarily dedicated to the study of Qrsquos parables) an attempt to

advance Q studies by pursuing insight into the parables of Q through a different set of meth-odological approaches than those present in the reigning paradigm focusing upon word-level reconstruction The resultant exegetical work is not therefore in the first instance focused upon vocabulary and syntax of a reconstructed text but rather upon the narratival elements and structures characters images metaphors and theological emphases of an ldquointertextrdquo41

I see no reason to contest Rothrsquos objections to an uncritical acceptance of the CEQ text (of course the CEQ editors have already noted that it is only a work-ing reconstruction)42 Pending the surfacing of an actual copy of Q any recon-struction of its wording is necessarily going to remain hypothetical and thus subject to continued analysis Still to suggest that the hypothetical nature of the enterprise undermines its results perhaps runs the risk ldquothat a methodologi-cal limitation becomes an ontological description of Q itselfrdquo43 Roth admits that his own study of narratival and metaphorical elements ldquocannot function on an entirely lsquowordlessrsquo levelrdquo proposing as a solution that Qrsquos text should be accessed exclusively through the wording of Matthew and Luke44 Such drastic restrictions are in my opinion unnecessary In light of the previous discussion it is possible to assert from a methodologically sound position that Qrsquos recon-structions are not ldquopotentially faultyrdquo to the degree suggested by Roth45 While a precise word-by-word recovery may not be possible or even necessary in every verse of the synoptic double tradition a reliable near-word-level recon-struction of Q appears consistently attainable This is suggested by Lukersquos (and frequently Matthewrsquos) aforementioned preference of Qrsquos wording in the MarkQ parallels Matthewrsquos and Lukersquos slightly superior degree of verbal

39 See further Fleddermann Commentary 73ndash74 Luz ldquoQ in Matthewrdquo 45 (while positing

the existence of QMatt Luz concludes that it ldquodid not differ substantiallyrdquo from the main body of the Q source)

40 Roth Parables 41 41 Ibid 44ndash45 42 Ibid 38ndash39 Roth (ibid) also critiques Fleddermannrsquos alternative reconstruction 43 Kirk Q in Matthew 152 44 Roth Parables 40ndash41 45 Ibid 44

Index of Ancient Sources

Hebrew Bible (LXX)

Genesis414 28 3361ndash4 5062 4 (LXX) 115723 (LXX) 981316 331417 36174ndash6 1991710ndash14 1591817ndash18 1991826 (LXX) 981917 (LXX) 982218 199264 199

Exodus161ndash36 117171ndash7 1181715 (LXX) 1242114 (LXX) 1242225ndash26 1502320ndash21 23 1632415ndash16 (LXX) 472520 (LXX) 124

Numbers111ndash9 1172319 40

Deuteronomy324 (LXX) 146612ndash15 118613 (LXX) 116616 (LXX) 116 11882ndash3 11783 (LXX) 116811ndash20 118812ndash15 (LXX) 117

926 (LXX) 146159 (LXX) 205241ndash4 79 208 2092410ndash17 1502918ndash20 207319 25ndash26 209328ndash9 (LXX) 1213211 201

Joshua2313 (LXX) 207

Ruth212 201

1 Samuel27 (LXX) 1371821 (LXX) 207

1 Kings627 (LXX) 12486 (LXX) 1241717ndash24 162191ndash18 116 118 119194 (LXX) 117195 (LXX) 118198 (LXX) 117 1181910 14 (LXX) 1182219ndash23 (LXX) 121

2 Kings216 (LXX) 112 116418ndash37 16251ndash14 163

2 Chronicles58 (LXX) 1242314 125

Index of Ancient Sources246

Ezra91ndash2 1371018ndash44 137

Job16 11521 1151621 40256 40358 40387 115

Psalms2 16869 (LXX) 19785 40102 9 137178 2013510 137367 201605 (LXX) 124614 2016923 (LXX) 207722ndash12 1378018 40813 (LXX) 137901ndash2 4 (LXX) 124906 (LXX) 1249011ndash12 (LXX) 123914 2011063 (LXX) 1981091 (LXX) 4110916 22 13611826 1061457ndash8 (LXX) 1611463 401476 137

Proverbs1ndash9 55236 (LXX) 205264ndash5 189

Isaiah1ndash39 13511 168253ndash4 (LXX) 137315 201355 (LXX) 16140ndash55 135

426 168427 18 (LXX) 161435 198491ndash8 1685112 4055ndash66 135562 40563ndash8 136585ndash7 13860ndash62 135611 (LXX) 160 161611ndash2 (LXX) 48 134611ndash3 (LXX) 132 135 136 137665 (LXX) 1376618ndash20 164 198

Jeremiah317ndash18 164 1984918 33 405040 405143 40

Ezekiel8ndash11 112 11382 11440ndash48 112 113402 113403 114

Daniel713 27 40 41 168 213817 40

Amos13 (LXX) 20413ndash28 7528 15035 (LXX) 18086 (LXX) 137

Haggai220ndash22 163

Zechariah315 13787 198

Malachi16ndash29 163210ndash16 163

247Index of Ancient Sources

31 163 164 322ndash23 (LXX) 163

Old Tes tament Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha

1 Enoch1ndash5 761ndash36 4621ndash54 1226ndash11 526ndash16 4766 4573ndash6 1221021 164 198123ndash4 46124 113 125137 45139 45148ndash164 76151 46152ndash4 125171 11417ndash19 112 11320ndash36 112 113215 114242ndash257 113261ndash275 113323ndash6 11337ndash71 41 45 186 213381ndash6 122384ndash5 45391ndash3 45396 108413ndash8 76418 44421ndash2 (3) 126 171 201422 170451ndash6 76455 4546 52461ndash8 141462ndash4 42464ndash6 45468 46471ndash4 14148ndash49 52481 202481ndash10 141482 42

483 202483ndash7 168488ndash9 (10) 45 122492 4 168493 202505 76513 (5a) 168 172 20251ndash52 5252ndash56 112526 9 168531ndash5 45 122536 46 168542 45543ndash4 76545ndash6 45547 210554 45 108561ndash4 45565ndash8 43 44 45571 198591ndash6023 766010 4261ndash63 46 52621ndash9 45622ndash3 122624ndash6312 122625ndash14 42631ndash12 45 122632ndash4 106637 1236311 426312 76651ndash663 52671ndash681 52678ndash13 43 44 45 1226926ndash29 42 52701 42715ndash17 447113(14)ndash17 42 1418215ndash20 7683ndash84 52891ndash9 528973ndash74 1139038 164

Index of Ancient Sources248

1006 1681049ndash13 47

2 Enoch31ndash221 113101ndash6 112

3 Baruch3ndash17 113163 204

3 Enoch11ndash12 113

Ascension of Isaiah610ndash15 113

Baruch437 19855 198

Bel and the Dragon36 112 114 116

Jubilees11ndash8 209120 12122 114727 52102 52105 52106 121108ndash11 52 114 121114 121115 521114ndash1214 321220 1211525ndash34 1591531ndash32 114 1211928 121492 52

Letter of Aris teas155 145

Psalms of Solomon219 159823 30 1591112 1981731 164 1981810ndash12 76

Sirach21ndash17 72 86212 87143ndash7 2051410ndash11 202241ndash12 125247ndash11 1262410ndash11 1592525ndash26 2072611 2053113 2053522ndash3622 723824ndash3911 17243 76501ndash24 125

The Sentences of the Syriac Menander340ndash46 189

Tes tament of Abraham81ndash12 113

Tes tament of Levi26ndash57 113

Tes tament of Moses51ndash62 126

Tobit145ndash7 164 198

Vita Adae et Evae61ndash103 116121ndash161 115

Wisdom of Solomon410ndash15 46418ndash513 46

249Index of Ancient Sources

New Tes tament

Q32ndash958 (59ndash60) 101 103 104 108

126 155 173 17537 5237ndash9 16ndash17 5 54 64 68 70 90

104 11637ndash735 78 80 81 83 85

101 102 103317 54 9141ndash13 5 51 52 53 64 65

66 78 91 104 111 112 113 114 115 118 119 126 152 153 155 156

41ndash4 116 11745ndash8 114 119 121 122

123 15949ndash12 (13) 47 51 65 96 123

157 200416 91 129 130 131

153620ndash49 16 63 82 91 104

105 129 130 131 153

620b 12 91 132620bndash21 48 132 133 134

135 136 137620bndash23 5 131 132 143621a 12 20 91 132622 12 17 24 25 26

38 71 140 141 153 167 170 194 205

622ndash23 17 20 52 53 54 96 132 133 134 136 139 140 141 142 206

623c 64 82 129 132 139 140 142 143

627ndash35 (36) 13 16 71 129 147 151 152 153 154

629 24 91 150630 24 150631 91 152637ndash38 12 92640 92 144646 92 104 144 145

146 153 154 203

647ndash49 12 92 14471ndash10 9 64 92 104 126

155 156 158 169 197 199

76 145 20379 87 96 104 156

157 158 167 173 194 198 199

718ndash19 159 167718ndash23 159718ndash28 64 166718ndash960 92722 16 54 134 135

161 163 164 172727 96 163731ndash35 64 70 92 165 166

169 170 171733 51 53734 24 26 52 165 167

169 170 172735 166 170957ndash58 (59ndash60) 92 105 111 155

169 170 171957ndash62 63959ndash60 172 173958 24 25 26 27 38

52 71 164 165 169 170 171 172

959 145102ndash16 5 56 63 70 86

158 170 175 182 215

102ndash24 92102ndash1240 101 105 107 108

175 205104 48 92109 73 931012 93 1751012ndash15 54 64 82 861013ndash15 47 56 70 80 81

82 86 87 96 107 126 175 199 212

1016 72 931021 56 81 87 93 96

173 2091021ndash22 54 56 78 79 81

82 145 1941021ndash24 64 107

Index of Ancient Sources250

1022 81 93 114 116 145 146 203 209

1023ndash24 17 93 106112ndash4 9ndash13 5 63 78 93 117

176 177 179 180112b 48 178 184114 24 178119ndash13 12 93 176 177

178 179 180 1811114 51 1761114ndash20 52 531114ndash32 931114ndash52 64 107 1791118 51 53 93 114 121

1591124ndash26 51 53 9311(16) 29ndash32 9 54 70 96 2121130 24 26 52 1861133ndash52 93 2051134 93 2051139ndash52 70 107 126 1691142c 64 66 1251149 521149ndash51 47 53 54 66 96

118 119 157 2001151 52 200 205122ndash12 5 70 94 107 155

180 181 182 183 184 194

123 72 94124ndash5 54 70 73 181 182

190124ndash7 94 121 122 176

179 180 181 194 214

125 181 204128 24 26 38 54 185

187 188 189128ndash9 52 69 94 167 184

186 187 188 189 214

128ndash10 54 64 69 71 82 175 176 183 184 187 189 190 194 212

129 184 185 1881210 24 26 94 185 187

188 1891211ndash12 54 70 72 73 94

181 182 214

1222ndash31 (33ndash34) 63 73 176 177 178 179 180 190 192

1222ndash40 941224 23 178 1801227 231231 48 94 1841233 12 48 1911233ndash34 69 94 191 1921235ndash38 94 108 190 2031235ndash46 1081235ndash59 94 1081235ndash2230 101 105 108 109

197 2031239 17 18 95 1911239ndash40 18 20 54 70 71

94 105 175 190 191 192 193 203 212

1239ndash59 64 1911240 24 52 69 95 167

186 191 1931242ndash46 52 53 54 69 70

95 191 192 197 203 204 205 206 212

1245 96 2051246 2041251 20 951251ndash59 1081252ndash53 201256 171258ndash59 24 951318ndash19 20ndash21 5 20 48 63 95

108 2071318ndash24 951324 63 951325ndash30 54 63 82 871325ndash1423 54 95 96 126 158

1991327 52 53 96 118 1981328ndash29 96 198 1991334 52 125 2061334ndash35 47 53 54 63 66

81 82 83 96 105 106 107 108 109 118 119 125 157 194 198 200 201 202

1335 51 54 96 106 202

251Index of Ancient Sources

1411 54 961416ndash23 (24) 63 82 971423 541426 72 97 2151426ndash27 1733 20 63 72 971426ndash176 971427 54 97 140 141

182 2141434ndash35 63 97154ndash5a 7 20 63 97 108 2091613 12 63 94 971616 64 97 207 2091616ndash18 2061617 17 63 64 66 79

97 125 206 207 208 209

1616(17)ndash172 197 206 2081618 24 63 79 97 206

207 208 209171ndash2 97 207 208171ndash6 63173ndash4 18 20 98176 18 20 78 98 108

2101720ndash21 17 981723 98 2101723ndash37 54 64 69 70 71

98 167 170 197 210 211 212

1723ndash2230 108 2111724 26 30 24 52 98 991733 54 97 182 2141734ndash35 98 991912ndash26 64 69 99 108 197

203 204 205 206 212

1912ndash2230 991922 2052228ndash30 5 54 64 99 108

212

Matthew37 52310 9542 11745 12448 119 120413 130 1315ndash7 94 10251 119

54 13458 138511 (12) 52 205512 142515 7539 149 150540 15 150541 15 89 91 149 150542 150 151544 148 149544ndash45 91 149545 20861ndash18 94612 177619ndash21 94620 191623 205624 94625ndash34 94626 178627 177630 178 17975 1877 17779 177711 178 179712 152723 52724 26 9185ndash13 199810 155811ndash12 198 199819 169820 27 142 171821 172822 173829 12191ndash8 7920ndash22 97922 7937 92107 731026 71029 1801032 184 1891032ndash33 91 1841034 951038 731039 141115 134 163

Index of Ancient Sources252

1119 1691122ndash45 931125 2081217 731232 1841239 52 2051243 1241311 13 71342 951416 71521ndash28 97162bndash3 951613ndash28 1401617ndash19 471625 141171 1191717 7186 208186ndash22 97188ndash9 951825 971928 991929 992030 130219 1062131 972133ndash41 (42ndash46) 7 19221ndash14 18236ndash7 206237 1662334 522334ndash36 962335 522337 52 1972337ndash39 81 105 201243ndash41 210 211244ndash14 72423 982443 1912443ndash44 1932445 2062448 (49) 52 205251ndash13 972514ndash30 992526 28 2052530 992531 992541 95 121266ndash13 972640ndash41 7

2669 71 1302669ndash75 1892732 912755 97285 130289ndash10 972816ndash18 1192818 120

Mark114 21 131123ndash26 121124 130129ndash31 18821ndash12 731 14937ndash12 188313 114327 93328 188328ndash29 18443ndash8 193411ndash12 7413 177430ndash32 20 193438 177421ndash22 7435ndash41 9525ndash34 97534 761ndash6a 188615 163635ndash44 9637 7645ndash52 9645ndash826 971ndash23 9724ndash30 9 9781ndash10 9811ndash13 9822ndash26 9827 140827ndash98 47828 163831ndash33 121834ndash35 20835 141838 184 19092 11492ndash8 47

253Index of Ancient Sources

919 7943ndash47 951028 73 1791029 201035ndash40 1831039 1881046ndash52 91047 130119 1061117 7 1771122ndash23 25ab 18 201124 1801129ndash30 7121ndash9 (10ndash12) 7 19129 191211 191226 177133ndash37 210 211135ndash13 71315ndash16 991321 98143ndash9 971437ndash38 71447 95 1491462 411466ndash72 1891467 130151ndash5 951521 911541 97166 130

Luke15ndash25 10237 5242 11745 12246b 7 12046cd 120 121416 130416ndash30 188425ndash27 9438ndash39 188517ndash26 766 149617ndash19 188621 134622 205623 142625 134

627 149627ndash28 148628 149629 15 150630 150 151634 151635 91 208642 18646 146647ndash49 9179 155722 163734 169735 166 208810 7816ndash17 7824 177831 121848 7912ndash17 9913 7924 141926 190941 7957 169958 171959 172960 173102 92109 731017ndash20 1211021 208114 177115ndash8 97 177119 1771111 1771112 1171113 178 1791120 511121ndash22 931124 124 2051124ndash26 931129 52 2051143 166 2061149 521150 521151 52124 73 179126 180128 184

Index of Ancient Sources254

128ndash9 911211 731213ndash21 971223a 1771224 177 1781228 1791233 1911235ndash38 89 941239 1911239ndash40 1931242 2061245 52 2051249 89 951254ndash56 95131ndash35 1021327 52 1971328ndash29 1981334 52 1971415ndash24 181427 73158ndash10 97172 2081711ndash19 981720 981721 981722 981728ndash29 89 98 991731 991732 991733 971835ndash43 91912ndash27 991922 24 2051927 991938 96 1061941ndash44 961946 177209ndash16 (17ndash19) 7 192018 192037 177218ndash19 7223 1212228ndash30 992246 72249ndash51 952250 1492254ndash62 188234 14 952413ndash33 102

John446 158446ndash54 157448 158631ndash58 117844 121123 1061225ndash26 201231 1211430 1211611 1211828ndash1916 102

Acts23 9521ndash4 18951ndash11 189109ndash16 9121ndash2 183123ndash19 183

Romans1214 149

1 Corinthians412 14963 121 192132 18 20

2 Corinthians41ndash6 19244 121

Galatians113ndash14 18343 8ndash9 121 192

Ephesians21ndash2 121 192612 121 192

1 Thessalonians214ndash16 183218 121 19251ndash11 19252 20 19255ndash6 192

2 Thessalonians21ndash12 210 211

255Index of Ancient Sources

2 Timothy211ndash13 190

Hebrews1137 204

James 315ndash17 12444ndash7 121

1 Peter314 132 139 143319ndash20 47414 132 139 141 14358 121

2 Peter24ndash5 47 121

Jude16ndash7 121

Revelation110ndash20 113113 18635 19041ndash11 113123ndash4 121171ndash3 114173ndash18 112 113219ndash27 112 1132110 113

New Tes tament Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha

Gospel of Thomas1ndash71 1731ndash3 2161ndash4 1710 19 95111 1713 21161ndash2 20 95163 2017 1720ndash21 71 193201ndash4 20 192215ndash8 18 19 20 192243 36ndash39 17261ndash2 18262ndash331 1731 21361ndash3 19 143 180473 2148 18 19 20

54 137 13855 2058 17 13864 18 1965 1968 20 132 138 139

14068ndash69 19 139 143691 17 138692 19 20 137 13877 2179 2186 169 170103 17106ndash107 19 201131ndash2 9

Pseudo-Clementine Homilies12313 180

Dead Sea Scrolls

CD214ndash41 125412ndash14 121 124 125419ndash52 208

51ndash5 2091316ndash17 207122ndash3 121161ndash2 125

Index of Ancient Sources256

1QapGen 29 30 31 33 35 36 37 40

1QH430 40

1QM11 1211310ndash12 121175ndash6 51

1QpHab 56 125

1QS25 121211ndash15 207 208321ndash25 11749 18258 125119ndash10 1821120 40

1Q27 (1Q4QMys teries)1 i 1ndash8 56 202

4Q299 (1Q4QMys teries)3andashb ii 2ndash8 563andashb ii 9ndash16 56

4Q416 (4QIns truction)1 10ndash13 56 2021 12 1822 i 21ndashiv 13 562 ii 6 17 178

4Q417 (4QIns truction)1 i 6ndash9 561 i 10(11)ndash12 56 2021 i 12ndash13 561 i 14 561 i 16 115 1821 i 17 1821 i 24 56 2022 i 17ndash24 562 i 19 21ndash22 178

4Q418 (4QIns truction)69 ii 6ndash9 56 202

69 ii 12ndash13 5681 1ndash2 18281 2ndash5 5681 4 11581 5 11581 20 56 20288 56103 56107 56123 5ndash8 56

4Q423 (4QIns truction)5 3 565 5ndash6 56

4Q503 115

4Q521 16 54 135 137 159 160 161 162

4Q525 57 133

4QDeut j 1214 121

4QIsa 135

4QMMTC 4ndash9 125

11Q11 124

11Q13 135 137

11QPsa 191ndash18 121

11QT545 2075715ndash19 208669ndash11 207

Targums4QtgJob 314QtgLev 3111QtgJob 31 33 35 40

257Index of Ancient Sources

Josephus

Ant14133ndash146 4415103 451982 123

Bell188 46

1131ndash11 441161ndash5 461213 461335 452101ndash5 1232116 183

Babylonian Texts

Gilgamesh 112

Greek and Latin Authors

Dio CassiusHis t59271 120

HomerOd10503ndash15 1121112ndash22 112

PlatoPhaed111cndash112e 112

Senecade Ben2121ndash2 120

Seneca the ElderControv9210 183

TacitusAnn632 120

His t59 183

Apos tolic and Church Fathers

1 Clement132 153292 121394ndash5 121

2 Clement32 190134 148

Apos tolic Cons titutions721 152

722 148 150 151722ndash6 147725 149 150726 148 153

AthanasiusFes t Let 3911 14

Canons of the Holy Apos tles4ndash5 152

Index of Ancient Sources258

Chrysos tomHom Mt342 180

Clement of AlexandriaS trom4641 139 143

Didache11ndash63 1412c 15213b 148 14913bndash5b 11 12 13 15 16

71 147 151 15413bndash21 5 11 14 15 15013c 15113cndash4a 1413d 15 14814 1414a 1614b 15 14914c 91 15014d 15 149 150 15115a 15015b 148 15381ndash2 1482 16103bndash122a 14113 16113ndash137 14153ndash4 16161ndash8 210 211 212

EusebiusHis t Eccl3254

IrenaeusAdv Haer1101 1214162 121

Jus tin Martyr1 Apol159 148

2 Apol25 121

OrigenC Cels870 180

PolycarpPhilippians22ndash3 153

Shepherd of HermasMandate 24ndash6 153

Similitude535ndash8 138

Rabbinic Literature

j Ber3b 5b 5c 31 37 38

j Ket35a 31 37

j Šab3a 38d 31 37

j Taʿan65b 4069ab 125

R Gen72 313813 31 37796 31

R Num193 31 38

TargumsCairo BGen 414 31 33 34 37 41

259Index of Ancient Sources

Cairo FExod 1913 37Deut 346 37

Neof I Gen 414 31 33 41Gen 95ndash6 37Gen 4922 36

Papyri Manuscripts and Inscriptions

Br Mus Or 9271 14P Oxy 1 17P Oxy 654 17

P Oxy 655 17 143 180P Oxy 1782 14 15 148 151Sf III 16ndash17 40

Index of Modern Authors

Achtemeier P 139 141Adams S L 56 72 202Alexander P S 31 32Allison D C 1 2 3 5 12 22 24 66

75 77 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 90 91 94 96 98 99 103 105 107 112 117 119 120 123 125 129 130 131 133 134 135 136 138 139 140 144 147 148 149 150 152 153 155 158 160 163 169 170 172 175 176 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 193 197 198 200 205

Anderson A A 124Anderson F I 113Andrejevs O 25 164 172 190Arcari L 44Argall R A 47 72 202Arnal W E 23 24 48 59 61 63 65

66 67 68 78 86 104 123 125 132 134 136 150 191 194 208 214

Attridge H W 17Audet J-P 14Avigad N 29 30

Bailey K 102Bauckham R 12Baum A D 1Bazzana G B 1 3 24 59 178 198Beasley-Murray G R 158Berger K 104Bergmeier R 159 160 162Betz D H 3 24 51 103 146 179 183de Begraveze T 27Bird M F 159 198 199Black C C 11Black M 26 28 30 31 32 35 36 37

40 168Blenkinsopp J 135 136 137Boccaccini G 32 43 44 50Boring M E 38 183 184 185 188

192 211

Borsch F H 185Bovon F 5 19 93 95 96 98 99 106

140 177 179 184 185 198Bowman J W 28 33Boyarin D 23Breuer Y 34Brin G 208Broadhead E K 3 89Brodie T L 163Brooke G J 43 160Brown R E 11 12 102 130 157 158Broyles C C 123Bultmann R 3 60 98 111 132 156

158 184 185 186 187 188 201Burkett D 27 213Bussmann W 26

Campbell J Y 28 46Caragounis C C 27 29 39Carroll J T 3Carruth S 119Casey P M 29 34 35 37 39 41Cas tor G D 4 5Catchpole D R 21 77 90 96 99 129

131 145 147 156 157 159 164 175 188 198 208

Chang A 199Charlesworth J H 31 42 43 44 45

46 47 72 160 171 185Chazon E G 115 202Cheung L L 12Childs B S 163Chilton B D 26 36 39 117 130Clark D J 109Collins A Y 39 41 47 50 51 52 103

114 188 193 211Collins J J 23 40 43 48 49 50 51

52 53 57 76 77 121 126 160 161 162 163 168 202

Colpe C 25 26 28 29 31 32 36 37 39 40 45 140

Index of Modern Authors262

Conzelmann H 96 97Cotter W J 61 104 132 156 163 165

166 170 191Cromhout M 61 145 191Crossan J D 39 89 94 98 134

Dalman G 27 29 30Damm A 171Davidson M J 114Davies W D 1 2 3 91 99 119 120

131 138 139 140 149 150 169 172 179 180 184 185 193 197 200

DeConick A D 11 17 20 21 138 139 192

Derrenbacker R A 1 24Di Lella A A 73Dibelius M 12Diacuteez Macho A 30Dimant D 160DiTommaso L 57Doering L 208Downing F G 23 64Draper J A 13 14 15 16 68 156Dundenberg I 11Dunn J D G 1 149 183Dupont J 97 116Durham J I 163

Eldridge M D 117Elgvin T 49 56 57 115 202Eshel H 44

Fiebig P 26 27 28 34 37 39Fitzmyer J A 1 2 3 8 19 26 28 30

31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 82 91 95 97 98 117 118 119 130 131 133 138 139 140 146 149 163 177 179 208

Fleddermann H T 2 6 10 11 59 62 69 83 84 85 86 87 90 91 93 95 97 98 101 103 104 105 109 129 130 134 140 144 148 150 152 156 157 163 166 170 176 177 179 184 185 189 199 200 203 205 211

Flusser D 14 15Fos ter P 1 3 6 12 26Freedman H 32Frenschkowski M 145Frey J 56Freyne S 159 199

Funk F X 14 147

Garciacutea Martiacutenez F 49 57 160 162 202 208

Garrow A 13Gathercole S 17 19 20 138 139 181Gerber C 203Gibson J B 116Gieschen C A 147Ginsburger M 30Glover R 13 16Goering G S 72 125Goff M J 55 56 57 79 84 115 178

202Goodacre M 1 17 19Greenfield J C 27Greeven H 12Gregg B H 90 97 186 198 204Grenfell B P 14 17Guelich R A 193Guenther H O 26Gundry R H 150 181 197

Haenchen E 12 139 157 158 201Hahn F 185Han K S 124 125 200Hannah D D 42 43 45 46Hare D R A 38 39 40 184 185Harrington D J 33 55 57 202 Hartin P J 12 61 119 166Hasitschka M 118Heil C 5 38 60 99 119 181Higgins A J B 184Hill A E 163Hindley J C 43Hoffmann P 5 38 55 67 70 75 77

80 96 99 112 145 167 170 184 185

Holtzmann H J 4Hooker M D 45Horsley R 68 156 198 199 200van der Hors t P W 73Hossfeld F L 124Howard G 146Howes L 26 39 43 61 65 77 81 133

140 141 142 166 167 170 185 188 190 212

Hubbard B J 38Hultgren S 160 162Hunt A S 14 17

263Index of Modern Authors

van Iersel B M F 102

Jacobson A D 5 26 39 49 54 60 61 64 75 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 85 87 90 94 96 97 98 106 129 132 140 144 152 156 157 167 170 171 184 185 187 201 207 210

Jefford C N 13 14 15Jeremias J 179 198 204Jervis L A 55Jewett R 149Johnson L A 178 208Johnson L T 12Johnson-DeBaufre M 66 103 163Jonas H 51de Jonge H J 24 185Jongeling B 35Joseph S J 1 21 23 24 45 46 47 48

51 52 68 103 125 132 134 136 142 144 153 156 159 160 161 162 164 178 180 181 182 184 185 187 190 191 200 201 202 206 208 214 215

Jus t A A 102

Kahle P 26 30 31 36Kampen J L 162 209Kaufman S A 31 32 36 40Keener C S 183Kirk A 2 4 5 6 10 15 24 55 59 60

61 62 66 67 68 69 71 72 73 75 76 77 78 79 83 84 85 86 87 88 90 94 96 98 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 111 114 129 152 155 156 166 177 179 184 189 190 197 203 207 208 214 215

Kloppenborg J S 1 2 3 4 5 11 12 13 14 15 17 19 21 22 23 24 25 26 38 39 50 51 53 54 55 57 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 86 87 88 89 90 95 97 98 99 103 104 107 108 111 112 121 122 123 124 125 126 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 139 140 141 142 143 144 147 148 150 151 155 156 157 158 160 162 163 164 165 166 167 170 171 172 175 176 180 181 182 183 184 187 189

190 191 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 208 210 211 212 213

Knibb M A 46 202Koes ter H 15 38 48 60 61 63 66

148Koumlhler W D 16Kraus H-J 124Kutscher E Y 30 35 36

Lang B 201Laurence R 41Leives tad R 43Levine A-J 208Lichtenberger H 124Lindars B 29 34 37 39 43 184 185

188Lohfink N 118Lukaszewski A 25 27Luz U 3 10 60 74 75 78 81 87 90

91 93 95 96 97 99 102 106 111 131 134 140 142 145 148 150 151 166 169 180 181 184 185 197 198 199 201 204 207

Luumldemann G 183Luumlhrmann D 61 64 78 111 140 157

158 165 180 184

Mack B L 23 38 43 61 133 135 170Magness J 160Malherbe A 192 211Manson T W 5 28 101Maori Y 32Marcus J 8 11 41 47 102 183 188

193 199 211Marshall I H 3Martiacutenez R 166 167Martyn J L 183Maumlrz C-P 90 94McDermott J M 185McNamara M J 31Meadors E P 62 66 67 72 74 76 77

166 168 201Meadors G T 137Menken M J J 116 117Meyer A 27Meyer P D 157Middleton P 182Milik J P 36 42 43 187Milikowsky C 181Miller R J 63 201

Index of Modern Authors264

Mitchell D C 124Moller H B 29Moreland M 23Moss C 182Mournet T C 1Muraoka T 35 38Muumlnch C 203

Neirynck F 2 3 4 11 22 26 90 98 99 116 130 140 149

Nickelsburg G 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 52 53 76 106 112 113 122 126 141 168 172 202 210 213

Niebuhr K W 159Niederwimmer K 13 14 15 16 148

151 152Nielsen K 114 115Nolland J 179Novakovic L 160 162

Odeberg H 36Oegema G S 116Owen P 25 29 35

Patterson S J 17 18 21 61 63Perrin N 186Pervo R I 183Pietersma A 146Piovanelli P 44 45Piper R A 61 82 112 176 190Ploeg J P M 35Pokornyacute P 11 17 19 117 139Polag A 62 73 89 90 94Porter S E 180 181Porton G G 38Pries t J 126Propp W H C 163Puech Eacute 133 160 162

Ra Y 39 132 145 155 170 184 185Reicke B 141Riesner R 183Robbins M C 51 103 113 115 117

121 125Robbins V K 104Robinson J M 2 5 24 26 34 38 39

41 43 55 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 77 96 103 119 129 131 132 134 135 140 142 143 144 145

156 160 165 166 167 180 181 184 185 186 187 188 190 200 201 202

Rodd C S 6 7 9Rollens S E 2 3 23 24 26 61 132

182 191Roth D T 2 6 7 10 11 54 90 145

165 191 192 203 204 205 206Rothschild C K 90 159 164Royse J R 146Roumlsel M 146

Sacchi P 43 44 45 47Sandt H 5 14 15Sato M 3 59 62 74 75 76 77 79 80

82 83 87 90 94 98 111 134 170 176 184

Schalit A 44Schenk W 62 73 89 90 103 170 176Schiavo L 104 112 113Schiffman L H 57 160Schnackenburg R 12 157 158Schniedewind W M 160Schroumlter J 180Schulz S 74 132 165 167 176 179

201 210Schuumlrmann H 8 130 167 170Seeley D 132 141 142Segal M 43 114 121Sellew P 193Sevenich-Bax E 103 105Shelton J 163Shepherd D 29 35Shinall M C 51Shirock R J 102Sjoumlberg E 28 29 35 39 45Skeat T C 180Skehan P W 73Smith D A 96 201 202 203So K-C 157Sokoloff M 35Somov A 181Spranger P P 204S taples J A 145 146 154S teck O H 61 64 132 201S tone M E 45S treeter B H 4 12 130S trugnell J 55S tuckenbruck L T 27 30 47 51 65

114 121Syreeni K 4 15 153

265Index of Modern Authors

Tabor J D 160Tannehil R C 178 208Taylor N H 120 123 183Theissen G 123Theophilos M P 126Tigchelaar E J C 56Tiwald M 3 23 160Toumldt H E 47 184 185 186 187Tuckett C M 1 3 6 9 11 13 14 15

17 23 26 49 50 53 54 61 62 63 66 68 72 76 77 84 86 90 94 95 98 112 114 119 121 125 130 134 140 150 154 156 157 158 160 166 170 184 193 199 205 206 207 208 210

Uhlig S 45Uro R 26 62 185

Vaage L E 23 24 26 39 61 133 165 167 170 171 190 191 210

VanderKam J C 43 46 57 168Vassiliadis P 89 94de Vaux R 56Vermes G 26 28 29 31 32 33 34 35

36 37 38 39 40 43 140 160 184

Wacholder B Z 209

von Wahlde U C 12 158Wahlen C 51Walck L W 46 52Watson F 1Weaks J A 6 7Weinfeld M 118 146 207 208Weiser A 124Weiss B 130Wellhausen J 26Welch J W 102Wernberg-Mѳller P 36Wes termann C 135 136Williams P J 35Wilson W T 149Wins ton D 46 72Wise M O 160Witetschek S 86 167Wolter M 90van der Woude A S 35Wright III B J 72 202

Xeravits G G 202

York A D 32

Zeller D 63 69 111 165 212Zenger E 124

Index of Subjects

Abel-Main (Tell Abl) 45Abraham 32 157Agrippa I 123 183Ahab 118 121angel of Yahweh 163angelicheavenly rebellion 121 125Antigonus 43aphaeresis 27 32 34 36 38apocalypse 48ndash as incorrectly applied to Mk 133ndash37

211ndash as incorrectly applied to Q 1723ndash37

210 211apocalypticndash Chris tianity 53ndash discourse 211ndash framework 57 121ndash inaccurately used as a noun 49ndash literature 47 53 54 135ndash language in Ben Sira 72ndash tradition 56 57 186ndash wisdom ins tructions other than Q 56

57 77 202ndash worldview (outside of Q see its at-

tes tation in Q referenced separately below) 24 49 50 51 55 57 87 121

apocalypticism 25 87 58 62ndash and apocalypse 48 49ndash and eschatology 48ndash as a literary category 48 79ndash as a dis tortion of Godrsquos intended

order 23ndash as compatible with wisdom in late

second temple literature 57 62 66 70 72 154 202

ndash as having a place outside the genre of an apocalypse 49

ndash as synonymous with apocalyptic worldview 49

ndash in Pauline thought 192ndash in sectarian environments 53

ndash in recent Q scholarship 48ndash methodological definitions of 50 54

186Aramaic 25 26 46 70 140 187 204

213ndash OfficialImperialBiblical 26 27 35

40ndash Middle 26 27 30 32 33 34 35 36

37 38 40 41 52 167 170 187 188ndash Late 26 27 28 32 33 34 35 36 37

38 41 140 187ndash Galilean 29 36 38ndash Qumran 31 32 35 38Athaliah 125Augus tus 45

Babylonian Exile 118Banias 45βασιλείαndash as a hypothetical metaphor reflecting

the social interes ts of Qrsquos author(s) 48

ndash as a political entity 120ndash of God 23 48 73 95 108 123 132

177 178 182 183 184 192 194 206 207

ndash of Satan 51 114ndash realized 142beatitude(s) 82 91 93 105 131 132

133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 153

Bethsaida 45 56 93

Caesarea Philippi 46(Cairo) Geniza fragments 28 29 30 32

36 37Capernaum 45 56 93chiasm 83 85 101 102 103 109 118

120chias tic 85 101 103 106 107 108 120

152 197

Index of Subjects268

Chorazin 56 93chreia(s) 63 71 104 105 120 211chreiic 65 86 104 105 111 156chris tology (see the Q discussion refer-

enced separately below)ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 17ndash in Luke 19ndash in Mark 131circumcision 159 209Claudius 183cosmic mountain 114 119Cynic(s) 23

Dan 45 47Darius I 163Deuteronomis t 118Deuteronomis tic His tory 146deuteronomis ticndash agenda 156ndash context(s) 143 153ndash framework 53 54ndash motifs 118 127ndash orientation 64ndash outlook 61 82 114ndash redaction 80ndash rhetoric 136ndash s tratums trata 78ndash theme 78ndash tradition 79ndash unders tanding 64devil 51 66 114 117 119 120 121 123

124

Elijah 96 116 118 126 162 163 164ElijahElisha cycle 162 163Enoch 44 45 47 51 76 112 113 157

172 202ndash as a scribe 46ndash Book of Watchers 45 113 125ndash sapiential content in Watchers 76ndash Book of Parables 24 41 47 157 167

171 213ndash sapiential content in Parables 76ndash Epis tle of Enoch 43ndash his torical incarnation of 202ndash Seminar 47Enochicndash author 122ndash corpus 52 73ndash formulation 52

ndash framework 121ndash literaturetext 43 46 56ndash movement 47 53 157 210ndash mythology 113 114 122 164ndash Son of Man 172ndash tradents 46ndash tradition 43 46 47 79 113 122 157

215ndash Watchers myth 45 53 121eschatological prophetndash in 4Q521 160 162ndash in Q 164 165 166eschatology (see the Q discussion refer-

enced separately below) 47 48 50ndash in 1 Enoch 42 47 76 122 141 142

168 169ndash in 4Q521 159 160 162ndash in 4QIns truction 56ndash in Ben Sira 72ndash in Malachi 163 164ndash in Psalms of Solomon 159ndash in Trito-Isaiah 136Exodusndash legendmyth 117ndash imagerymotifs 116 163

form (literary)ndash and meaning 82ndash and worldview 76ndash apocalypse 49ndash criticism 61 62 63 67 68 69 70

74 156 170 214ndash miracle s tory 156ndash wisdom 84ndash (wisdom) ins truction 70 71

Gaius (Caligula) 44 46 123Galilee 23 36 44 45 47 56 73 131

171 194 215ndash village scribes 48ndash villagestowns 24 93 199Gentile(s) 9 87 96 120 126 155 157

158 159 164 167 168 169 173 198 199 209 215

Great Omission 8 9

HasidicHasidim 79 162Hebrew 25 35 39 40 41 42 204Hebrew Biblescriptures 24 118 127

136 160

269Index of Subjects

Hermogenes 171mt Hermon 45 46 47Herod the Great and the Herodian era

43 44 45 46 126Herodians 45(holy) Spirit 72 94 178 189Hulah Valley 45

Isaiah (see the Index of Ancient Sources for specific passages)

ndash Deutero 46 135 136 168 169ndash firs t-century reader of 135ndash Trito 51 54 135 136 137 143 154

163 200Israelndash in Ben Sira 125ndash in Daniel 168ndash in Deuteronomy 118ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 139ndash in the Hebrew Bible 198 199ndash in Jubilees 121ndash in Malachi 163ndash in Q 53 64 78 80 87 96 104 118

127 155 156 158 198 199ndash pre-exilic 50ndash traditional wisdom of 58ndash wilderness myth 117

James (son of Zebedee) 183Jerusalem 44 72 96 106 108 113 119

125 159 166 199 200ndash culttemple 136 137 163 214ndash pries thood 45 47 127Jesusndash as an apocalyptic figure in Q 38ndash as a literary character in Q 21ndash floating traditions ascribed to 48ndash his torical 21 29 37 43 47 73 116

141 142 164 165 171 172 186 198ndash his torical greeting of in Jerusalem

106ndash movement 23ndash tradition 161Jewish Chris tianityndash as a movement in a contes ted envi-

ronment 43 183ndash as a proliferation of groups and

communities 183ndash on the use of the term 23

ndash possible connection to the Enochic movement 47

Jewish War 200John (the Baptis t) 68 78 80 83 85 90

91 92 97 103 104 105 116 159 163 164 165 166 167 169 172

ndash followers of 159 165 166ndash his torical 159 165Journeysndash cosmicterres trial 76 112 113 114

119 122 127ndash heavenly 45 112 113Judea 36 44 200 215

Kallirrhoeuml 45Kleinliteratur 3 4 59 60 73 215

Lordrsquos Prayer 93 94 177Lot 97 99

Maccabean era 126Mas tema 121Matthew and Luke as conservative

traditionalis ts 4Matthewrsquos and Lukersquos redactorial

freedom 4Matthewrsquos use of Q 4messiah 106 116 162 164 210messiahship 123messianic 116 210Migdal 46mimesis 114 141minor agreements 15 130Minor Prophets 146Moses 117

Nag Hammadi 17Nimrod 32

oralndash possible cross-influence on the Gos-

pel of Thomas from the canonical gospels 11 193

ndash harmonization of Matthew and Luke 16

ndash life of the primitive community 60ndash performance 15 16 161ndash source utilization 15ndash tradition 17 98 151ndash transmission 188

Index of Subjects270

ndash usage and application of Q 4ndash usage of Matthew 15ndash variants of Q 4Oxyrhynchus 17

Paneion 46Parousia 116 186 193Parthian invasion of 40 BCE 44 46Paulndash his torical 149 183ndash possible awareness of the Q tradition

by 192persecutionndash as an apocalyptic motif 54ndash because of someone 142ndash in authentic Pauline corpus 149 183ndash in Q 52 54 78 94 107 118 122

126 132 133 134 140 141 142 143 144 175 180 181 182 184 190 194 200 206

ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 138ndash in the Parables of Enoch 141ndash in Trito-Isaiah 137 200ndash plausibility of 182 183Pharisees 65 68 94 166 169 205 206

214pleroma 39prophecyndash pre-exilic and Persian era (classical)

50ndash mixture of with wisdom 77Prophetisierung 75

Qndash apocalypticism apocalyptic motifs

features imagination framework and worldview 23 25 46 53 57 58 63 69 70 71 73 76 79 84 87 88 111 114 121 127 141 175 190 194 197 202 210 211 213 214

ndash apocalyptic document 48 51ndash apocalyptic wisdom ins truction 23

55 70 73 74 77 79 214ndash (apocalyptic) communitymovement

55 107 122 194 195 206 209ndash Aramaic roots 26ndash chris tology 70 81 83 87 93 104

115 116 123 130 131 142 144 145 147 153 154 156 157 159 164 166 167 194 214

ndash demonology 51 53ndash eschatological (apocalyptic) dis-

course 64 83 97 98 170 210 211 212

ndash eschatology 48 51 54 56 69 73 75 87 94 95 101 104 105 108 133 141 142 143 144 147 159 164 165 166 167 169 172 180 192 193 194 198 199 202 203 210

ndash final (literary) form 59 62 69 78 178

ndash hypothetical mid- (lower) level or sub-elite scribal origin 24 59

ndash hypothetical recensions 3 4 59 60 90 98

ndash hypothetical segregation of wisdom and apocalyptic s trata 60 66 67 70 213 214

ndash mission speech 23 56 86 87 92 104 105 107 173 182 194

ndash Pales tinian character 24ndash possible authenticity of its content

22 81ndash prophetic content 61 63 67 70 74

75 76 77 79 80 82 83 142 143 176

ndash recons truction (CEQ) 5 6 10 90 (see also recons truction [in this s tudy] below as such frequently follows the CEQ)

ndash recons truction (feasibility) 2 3 4 10 11

ndash recons truction (in this s tudy) 60 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 111 116 119 120 123 130 131 134 144 147 148 149 151 152 165 169 170 172 175 176 177 178 179 181 184 191 193 199 204 207 213 215

ndash recons truction (methodology) 5 89 90

ndash recons truction (skepticism) 2 10 59 (see also recons tructed Mark below)

ndash sapiential content 12 62 63 67 77 79 80 82 130 154 175 191 202 214

ndash sermon 63 82 91 92 103 105 127 129 130 131 134 135 138 140 144 145 147 152 153 154 155 156

ndash sophis ticated scribal traditions 24ndash sub-literary view of 3 59 60 74

271Index of Subjects

ndash tradents 4 59 67 125 135 147 181 182 197 199 202 203 207 209 214

ndash tradition 13 17 87 161 163 164 186 187 192 202

Quintillian 171Qumran (see the Index of Ancient

Sources for specific documents)ndash apocalyptic worldview 50 135ndash Aramaic corpus 33ndash beatitude collection 133ndash communitymovementYahad 44 53

56 121 135 136 137 157 160 161 206 207 208 209

ndash demonology 124ndash discovery 29ndash fellowship with angels 115ndash fragments of 1 Enoch 44ndash library 43ndash manualsrules 82ndash sapiential literature 25 55 56 57

58 62 69ndash social setting 43

recons tructed Mark 2 6 7 8 9 10RomeRomans 44 91 121 126 159

199 207ndash occupation of Judea 44

sage(s) 55 56 79 84Samaria 44Satan 50 51 52 53 114 115 117 118

120 121 159 192scribe(s) 102 205ndash ancient reading practices of 102ndash as a Q opponent group 68 169 205ndash as advanced or elite readers of Q

102 103ndash Enochic 46 215ndash in Matthewrsquos community (other than

Matthew) 4ndash in the Q community 48 135 195

215ndash in the text of Q 169 172ndash memory competence of 4 102ndash responsible for 2 Enoch 112ndash responsible for Did 13bndash5b 15scriptorium 46Sefire 27 37Sepphoris 38 46Sermon on the Mount 15 16 87 94

Sermon on the Plain 15 16(Deutero-Isaianic) Servant 136 168 169Sidon 199Simeon II 125Son of Man 47 115ndash Aramaic background of the phrase

25 26 28 37 153ndash as a messianic title in the Parables of

Enoch 28 46ndash circumlocutional non-titular use of

the phrase in Late Aramaic 34ndash classifications of the phrasersquos Q

ins tances 26ndash designation of as Son of Humanity in

some recent research 39ndash his torical incarnation of as under-

s tood by some ancient authors 165 172

ndash hypothetical non-titular (circumlocu-tional or generic) use of the definite phrase in Middle Aramaic by the his torical Jesus and in Q 28 29 34 37 38 39 42 43 52 71 140 142 167 170 186 187

ndash in Daniel 41 42 186 213ndash in Luke 142 186ndash in Mark 41ndash in Matthew 99 142 186ndash in Q 25 26 34 38 39 42 43 46 47

52 53 64 67 69 70 71 96 98 104 106 115 116 123 141 142 147 164 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 176 185 186 187 188 189 191 194 201 203 210 212 213

ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 170ndash in the Parables of Enoch 25 28 41

42 43 44 45 46 47 122 141 142 146 147 153 155 164 165 168 169 172 173 202 213

ndash non-titular use of the indefinite phrase in Middle Aramaic 41

ndash titular (including but not limited to chris tological) use of the definite phrase in Q 34 38 52 53 64 70 104 123 142 143 147 167 168 172 173 185 186 187 189 191 194 201 203 210 212 213

Sondergut 89 90ndash Matthean 91ndash Lukan 94 95 97 98 177

Index of Subjects272

Sophiandash myth (Enochic tradition) 172 202ndash myth (synoptic tradition) 96 200

201ndash words of 96 201synopticndash gospels 11 150 151ndash material 16 151ndash parallels 18 19ndash problem 1ndash Sayings Source 3 216ndash s tudies 4ndash tradition 17 21 26 98 101 131 151

158 205 215Syria 215

Talmud 30 36 37 38Targum 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

38 40 41ndash recons truction of the Pales tinian Tar-

gum 32Taricheae 46Tell Dan 45templendash apparatusins titution 50 96 107

113 119 125 126 127 137 157 197 200 205

ndash eschatological 76

ndash purityholiness of 65 123 137ndash mitigatingprotective role 51 124ndash of Augus tus at Paneion 45ndash second temple era 25 41 44 48 56

62 70 71 72 79 82 84 121 124 136 137 154 163 186 201 209 213 216

ndash liturgy 124ndash mounthill 113ndash pollution of as perceived by some

ancient authors 113 125 136Theon of Alexandria 171Tiberias 38Torah 58 64 72 79 112 207 208 209transfiguration 47tree of knowledge 113Tyre 199

Vermes-Fitzmyer debate 28 38 39

Watchers 45 53 121Wicked Pries t 125

Yahweh 117 118

Zechariah (son of Jehoiada) 200mt Zion 113

  • Cover13
  • Titel13
  • Preface
  • Table of Contents13
  • List of Abbreviations
  • Chapter One Prolegomena
    • 1 Introduction Recent Methodological Questions in Q Studies
    • 2 The Study of Q as a Reconstructed Text
      • Index of Ancient Sources
      • Index of Modern Authors
      • Index of Subjects
Page 10: Apocalypticism in the Synoptic Sayings Source€¦ · Apocalypticism in the Synoptic Sayings Source A Reassessment of Q’s Stratigraphy Mohr Siebeck. Olegs Andrejevs, born 1982;

Lis t of Abbreviations

AASF Annales Academiae Scientiarum FennicaeAB Anchor BibleABD Anchor Bible DictionaryABRL Anchor Bible Reference LibraryAcOr Acta OrientaliaAGJU Arbeiten zur Geschichte des antiken Judentums und des Urchris tentumsAnBib Analecta BiblicaANTC Abingdon New Tes tament CommentariesBBB Bonner Biblische BeitraumlgeBeO Biblica et OrientaliaBETL Bibliotheca Ephemeridum Theologicarum LovaniensiumBib BiblicaBJRL Bulletin of the John Rylands University Library of Manches terBNTC Blackrsquos New Tes tament CommentaryBR Biblical ResearchBSR Bulletin for the S tudy of ReligionBTB Biblical Theology BulletinBTS Biblical Tools and S tudiesBWANT Beitraumlge zur Wissenschaft vom Alten und Neuen Tes tamentBZ Biblische ZeitschriftBZNW Beihefte zur Zeitschrift fuumlr die neutes tamentliche WissenschaftCBR Currents in Biblical ResearchCC Concordia CommentaryCEQ The Critical Edition of Q Synopsis Including the Gospels of Matthew

and Luke Mark and Thomas with English German and French Translations of Q and Thomas

CBQ Catholic Biblical Quarterly CRINT Compendia Rerum Iudaicarum ad Novum Tes tamentumDJD Discoveries in the Judean DesertDSD Dead Sea DiscoveriesECC Eerdmans Critical CommentaryEs tBib Es tudios BiblicosETL Ephemerides Theologicae LovaniensesEvT Evangelische TheologieExpT The Expository TimesFB Forschung zur BibelFFRS Foundations and Facets Reference SeriesFRLANT Forschungen zur Religion und Literatur des Alten und Neuen Tes tamentsGTJ Grace Theological JournalHNT Handbuch zum Neuen Tes tamentHR His tory of ReligionsHTCNT Herderrsquos Theological Commentary on the New Tes tament

XIV Lis t of Abbreviations

HTR Harvard Theological ReviewHTS Harvard Theological S tudiesIBS Irish Biblical S tudiesICC The International Critical CommentaryIQP The International Q ProjectJAOS Journal of the American Oriental SocietyJBL Journal of Biblical LiteratureJCTCRS Jewish and Chris tian Texts in Contexts and Related S tudiesJECH Journal of Early Chris tian His toryJJS Journal of Jewish S tudiesJQR Jewish Quarterly ReviewJR Journal of ReligionJSJ Journal for the S tudy of JudaismJSJSup Journal for the S tudy of Judaism Supplement SeriesJSNT Journal for the S tudy of the New Tes tamentJSNTSup Journal for the S tudy of the New Tes tament Supplement SeriesJSOT Journal for the S tudy of the Old Tes tamentJSOTSup Journal for the S tudy of the Old Tes tament Supplement SeriesJSP Journal for the S tudy of the PseudepigraphaJSPSup Journal for the S tudy of the Pseudepigrapha Supplement SeriesJTC Journal for Theology and the ChurchJTS Journal of Theological S tudiesLingBibl Linguis tica BiblicaLNTS Library of New Tes tament S tudiesLS TS Library of Second Temple S tudiesLUA Lunds Universitets ArsskriftMTS Marburger theologische S tudienMThA Muumlns teraner theologische AbhandlungenNA Neutes tamentliche ArbeitenNHS Nag Hammadi S tudiesNHMS Nag Hammadi and Manichaean S tudiesNIBC The New International Biblical CommentaryNIGTC The New International Greek Tes tament Commentary NovT Novum Tes tamentumNovTSup Novum Tes tamentum SupplementsNTL The New Tes tament LibraryNTR New Tes tament ReadingsNTS New Tes tament S tudiesNTTS New Tes tament Tools and S tudiesOTL The Old Tes tament LibraryPBM Paternos ter Biblical MonographsPFES Publications of the Finnish Exegetical SocietyRB Revue bibliqueRevQ Revue de QumranSAC S tudies in Antiquity and Chris tianity SBL S tudies in Biblical LiteratureSBLECL Society of Biblical Literature Early Chris tianity and its LiteratureSBLEJL Society of Biblical Literature Early Judaism and its LiteratureSBLMS Society of Biblical Literature Monograph SeriesSBLSBS Society of Biblical Literature Sources for Biblical S tudySBLSP Society of Biblical Literature Seminar PapersSNTSMS Society for New Tes tament S tudies Monograph Series

XVLis t of Abbreviations

ScrHier Scripta HierosolymitanaSPhiloA S tudia Philonica AnnualS TDJ S tudies on the Texts of the Desert of JudahS tJ S tudia JudaicaSVTP S tudia in Veteris Tes tamenti PseudepigraphaSVTQ S t Vladimirrsquos Theological QuarterlyTAZ Texte und Arbeiten zum neutes tamentlichen ZeitalterTDNT Theological Dictionary of the New Tes tamentTENT Texts and Editions for New Tes tament S tudyTJT Toronto Journal of TheologyTS Theological S tudiesTTZ Trierer theologische ZeitschriftUNDCSJCA University of Notre Dame Center for the S tudy of Judaism and

Chris tianity in AntiquityVCSup Vigiliae Chris tianae Supplement SeriesVT Vetus Tes tamentumVTSup Vetus Tes tamentum Supplement SeriesWBC Word Biblical CommentaryWUNT Wissenchaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Tes tamentZDMG Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenlaumlndischen GesellschaftZKT Zeitschrift fuumlr katholische TheologieZNW Zeitschrift fuumlr die neutes tamentliche WissenschaftZTK Zeitschrift fuumlr Theologie und Kirche

Chapter One

Prolegomena

1 Introduction Recent Methodological Questions in Q Studies

A survey of the current trends in New Testament and Q studies reveals a some-what uncertain environment While the Two-Document Hypothesis (hereafter 2DH) continues to hold its own occasional skepticism with regard to Qrsquos ex-istence has by no means dissipated1 Within the ranks of those scholars who work with or trend toward the 2DH the written character of Q is not universally accepted2 Among those who accept the premise of a written Q there remain

1 For recent arguments against the 2DH see eg Mark S Goodacre The Case Against Q

Studies in Markan Priority and the Synoptic Problem (Harrisburg PA Trinity Press Interna-tional 2002) Francis Watson Gospel Writing A Canonical Perspective (Grand Rapids MI Eerdmans 2013) For responses to these scholars see eg Paul Foster ldquoIs It Possible to Dis-pense with Qrdquo NovT 45 (2003) 313ndash37 John S Kloppenborg ldquoOn Dispensing with Q Goodacre on the Relation of Luke to Matthewrdquo NTS 49 (2003) 210ndash36 Christopher M Tuck-ett ldquoWatson Q and LMrdquo in Gospel Interpretation and the Q-Hypothesis (ed Mogens Muumlller and Heike Omerzu LNTS 573 London TampT Clark 2018) 115ndash38 (for Watsonrsquos rejoinder see ldquoSeven Theses on the Synoptic Problem in Disagreement with Christopher Tuckettrdquo in Idem 139ndash47) For classic comprehensive cases in support of the 2DH see Joseph A Fitzmyer ldquoThe Priority of Mark and the lsquoQrsquo Source in Lukerdquo in Jesus and Manrsquos Hope (ed Donald G Miller Pittsburgh PA Pittsburgh Theological Seminary 1970) 131ndash70 W D Davies and Dale C Allison The Gospel According to Saint Matthew (ICC 26 3 vols Edinburgh TampT Clark 1988ndash97) 1115ndash21 John S Kloppenborg Verbin Excavating Q The History and Set-ting of the Sayings Gospel (Minneapolis MN Fortress Press 2000) 11ndash54 For recent investi-gations demonstrating the viability of the 2DH see Robert A Derrenbacker Ancient Composi-tional Practices and the Synoptic Problem (BETL 186 Leuven Leuven University Press 2005) Alan Kirk Q in Matthew Ancient Media Memory and Early Scribal Transmission of the Jesus Tradition (LNTS 564 London TampT Clark 2016) For additional recent statements by Q scholars see Simon J Joseph The Nonviolent Messiah Jesus Q and the Enochic Tradi-tion (Minneapolis MN Fortress Press 2014) 8ndash10 Giovanni B Bazzana Kingdom of Bureau-cracy The Political Ideology of Village Scribes in the Sayings Gospel Q (BETL 274 Leuven Peeters 2015) 2ndash3 While a close discussion of the synoptic problem lies outside the scope of this monograph it is perhaps worth emphasizing that the solutions of Goodacre and Watson are equally if not more so hypothetical than the 2DH

2 Eg Terence C Mournet Oral Tradition and Literary Dependency Variability and Sta-bility in the Synoptic Tradition and Q (WUNT 2195 Tuumlbingen Mohr Siebeck 2005) Armin D Baum Der muumlndliche Faktor und seine Bedeutung fuumlr die synoptische Frage (TAZ 49 Tuuml-bingen Francke 2008) James D G Dunn The Oral Gospel Tradition (Grand Rapids MI Eerdmans 2013) For responses to the arguments made by these and other scholars see John

2 Chapter One Prolegomena

important disagreements regarding the attainability of Qrsquos word-level recon-struction3 Additionally questions about the provenance of portions of two sec-ond-century documents the Didache and the pseudepigraphal Gospel of Thomas continue to affect the study of Qrsquos sources and redaction If the Q parallels contained in those documents derive from the canonical gospels ndash as some scholars have argued ndash then such parallels obviously have no bearing on Qrsquos compositional history If however certain sayings or combinations of say-ings reach the Didache and Thomas via autonomous channels apart from the canonical gospels and can be shown to not depend on Q then the hypothesis of a Vorlage shared by the parallels in question and Q becomes logical It is not difficult to see how these matters are critical to the study of Qrsquos stratigraphy After all one of its fundamental tasks is to identify possible modifications of traditional material thereby acquiring a better understanding of the documentrsquos redactional interests

This chapter will discuss two of the aforementioned issues While we pre-suppose the validity of the 2DH and Qrsquos written character in what follows we shall engage the feasibility of Qrsquos reconstruction and the attainability of the documentrsquos wording The former has recently been dismissed by a number of scholars who have pointed out the inferiority of the reconstructed Mark4 to the canonical version of the gospel while Qrsquos wording has come under renewed scrutiny This will be followed by arguments in support of the autonomy of Did 13bndash21 and portions of the Gospel of Thomas both contested subjects in recent academic discussion Some of the observations included in the treatment of these matters will cover familiar terrain However their configuration is de-signed to highlight the problematic nature of a number of current claims and to lay the methodological foundation for the present investigation as well as for a fresh treatment of the Sayings Source and related documents5

S Kloppenborg ldquoVariation and Reproduction of the Double Tradition and an Oral Qrdquo ETL 83 (2007) 53ndash80 Alan Kirk ldquoOrality Writing and Phantom Sources Appeals to Ancient Media in Some Recent Challenges to the Two Document Hypothesisrdquo NTS 58 (2011) 1ndash22 Idem Q in Matthew 151ndash66 220ndash24 293ndash97 Sarah E Rollens Framing Social Criticism in the Jesus Movement The Ideological Project in the Sayings Gospel Q (WUNT 2374 Tuumlbingen Mohr Siebeck 2014) 81ndash90 See also the earlier discussion in eg Joseph A Fitzmyer The Gospel According to Luke (AB 28 and 28A 2 vols New York NY Doubleday 1981ndash85) 75ndash81 John S Kloppenborg Formation of Q Trajectories in Ancient Wisdom Collections (SAC Phil-adelphia PA Fortress Press 1987) 42ndash51 Davies and Allison Matthew 1116 H T Fledder-mann Q A Reconstruction and Commentary (BTS 1 Leuven Peeters 2005) 41ndash68 Based on the case made collectively by the above scholars it will be a presupposition of this study that Q was a written document

3 Eg Dieter T Roth The Parables in Q (LNTS 582 London TampT Clark 2018) 30ndash44 See the discussion below in this chapter

4 Viz Markrsquos gospel as reconstructed from its reception by Matthew and Luke 5 It is necessary also to address the frequent identification of Q as a gospel Frans Neirynck

(ldquoQ From Source to Gospelrdquo ETL 71 [1995] 421) notes that ldquothe use of the term originated in the SBL Q Seminar and was strongly promoted by its presidents James M Robinson and John

2 The Study of Q as a Reconstructed Text 3

2 The Study of Q as a Reconstructed Text 2 The Study of Q as a Reconstructed Text It is one thing to assert based on the synoptic evidence that Q was a written document with a single recension of the finished text6 It is another matter to

S Kloppenborgrdquo For the rationale see eg John S Kloppenborg ldquoIntroductionrdquo in The Shape of Q Signal Essays on the Sayings Gospel (ed Idem Minneapolis MN Fortress Press 1994) 1 n 1 I am sympathetic with Neirynckrsquos view (ldquoQ From Source to Gospelrdquo 429) it is ldquoan advantage of the full designation lsquo(Synoptic) Sayings Source Qrsquo that it reminds us of the fact that we have no direct access to the text of Q it remains a hypothetical source text that we are to reconstruct from Matthew and Lukerdquo Furthermore there is ldquoa difference between recogniz-ing that the sayings of Jesus contain the gospel and designating the Sayings collection as a Gospelrdquo Edwin K Broadhead ldquoOn the (Mis)Definition of Qrdquo JSNT 68 (1999) 9

6 The alternative premise ndash of two separate recensions (QMatt and QLk) ndash is quite venerable Eg Rudolph Bultmann The History of the Synoptic Tradition (New York NY Harper amp Row 1963) 328 (originally published in 1921) In modern research it has continued to be accepted with a varying degree of certainty by a number of New Testament and Q scholars eg I Howard Marshall The Gospel of Luke A Commentary on the Greek Text (NIGTC Grand Rap-ids MI Eerdmans 1978) 30ndash1 Davies and Allison Matthew 1121 Migaku Sato Q und Prophetie Studien zur Gattungs- und Traditionsgeschichte der Quelle Q (WUNT 229 Tuuml-bingen Mohr Siebeck 1988) 18ndash19 Hans Dieter Betz The Sermon on the Mount (Hermeneia Minneapolis MI Fortress Press 1995) 7ndash9 Ulrich Luz Matthew 8ndash20 (Hermeneia Minne-apolis MN Fortress Press 2001) Idem Matthew 21ndash28 (Hermeneia Minneapolis MN For-tress Press 2005) Idem ldquoMatthew and Qrdquo in Studies in Matthew (Grand Rapids MI Eerd-mans 2005) 39ndash53 Idem Matthew 1ndash7 (Hermeneia Minneapolis MN Fortress Press 2007) Idem ldquoLooking at Q through the Eyes of Matthewrdquo in New Studies in the Synoptic Problem Oxford Conference April 2008 Essays in Honour of Christopher M Tuckett (ed Paul Foster Andrew Gregory John S Kloppenborg Joseph Verheyden BETL 239 Leuven Leuven Uni-versity Press 2011) 571ndash89 John T Carroll Luke A Commentary (NTL Louisville KY Westminster John Knox Press 2012) 8 Rollens Framing Social Criticism 86 n 10 Bazzana Kingdom of Bureaucracy 4ndash5 John S Kloppenborg ldquoA lsquoParting of the Waysrsquo in Qrdquo in Q in Context I The Separation between the Just and the Unjust in Early Judaism and in the Sayings Source (ed Markus Tiwald BBB 172 Goumlttingen Vandenhoeck amp Ruprecht 2015) 123 Klop-penborg (ibid) has recently stated ldquoIn what follows I will assume the still-dominant view of Q that it is a document that came to Matthew and Luke in approximately the same form I say lsquoapproximatelyrsquo because we must allow for some variation at least in wording of Q and perhaps even expansions ndash the kind of elaboration that Ulrich Luz and his students have proposedrdquo In my view the drawbacks of this hypothesis significantly outweigh its potential benefits Klop-penborg (Excavating Q 109) and Bazzana (Kingdom of Bureaucracy 4ndash5) appeal to the diver-sity of the NT manuscripts and their circulation patterns but this is an argument from analogy rather than a demonstration The only way of demonstrating the existence of such recensions would be by showing (preferably on multiple occasions) that Matthewrsquos or Lukersquos Sondergut text adjacent to or interpolated in a Q block of material is traditional coheres with the content of that Q block and of the Q document and is unlikely to have been omitted by the other evan-gelist This is virtually impossible to demonstrate conclusively and so the hypothesis enters the realm of speculation (eg Fitzmyer Luke 80) where ldquoin every case there are other possible explanationsrdquo (Luz ldquoLooking at Qrdquo 579) Further red flags lurk in the occasional connection between the multiple recension hypothesis and the sub-literary (Kleinliteratur) view of Q (eg ibid 578 584) Thus Luz (Matthew 1ndash7 19) and Sato (Q und Prophetie 72ndash77) envision Q as

4 Chapter One Prolegomena

produce a reliable reconstruction of that text The point of departure rests with Matthewrsquos and Lukersquos redaction of Mark Luke preserves the Markan order with only minor exceptions The implications of this naturally carry over to the reconstruction of Qrsquos sequence7 Based on the conclusions reached by Heinrich Julius Holtzmann in 18638 confirmed by Burnett Hillman Streeter and George DeWitt Castor in the first half of the twentieth century9 and reaffirmed by the

a notebook to which new sheets could be added at any time Some such approach to Q has formed the dominant paradigm in 2DH based synoptic studies until only recently See the sur-vey of scholarship in Alan Kirk The Composition of the Sayings Source Genre Synchrony and Wisdom Redaction in Q (NovTSup 91 Leiden Brill 1998) 2ndash64 As the discussion in chapters three and five of this study will suggest (in continuity with Kirkrsquos view) the Kleinlit-eratur paradigm constitutes a mischaracterization of Q This still leaves the option of Q receiv-ing further editing from its own tradents which essentially amounts to an additional layer of redaction (eg one would have to envision a Q4 stratum in Kloppenborgrsquos stratigraphy) The outline and profile of such a redaction (or in the case of QMatt and QLk redactions) remains to be demonstrated however Meanwhile the documentrsquos eventual disappearance and complete lack of attestation in the Church Fathers suggests caution in imagining any kind of significant textual proliferation Could multiple autonomous copies of Q go from being in possession by and being normative for some of the early Christianityrsquos most prominent communities to van-ishing not only from existence but also from subsequent memory It seems that the possibility of a single circulating copy at least deserves further consideration Finally Neirynckrsquos objection remains pertinent ldquothe need for positing an intermediate stage is it not a logical consequence of their too restrictive notion of Matthean and Lukan redactionrdquo Frans Neirynck ldquoQMt and QLk and the Reconstruction of Qrdquo ETL 66 (1990) 390 In other words Qrsquos putative textual fluidity has much to do with a restriction of Matthean andor Lukan redactorial freedom and derives logically from a view of Matthew andor Luke as conservative traditionalists Syreenirsquos obser-vations made with regard to the thesis of a QMatt offer an alternative ldquoInstead of such a literary evolution it would be quite natural to reckon with oral usage and application of Q sayings and sequences in Matthewrsquos community Oral variants and new combinations of various Q passages as well as combinations of Q and special material were to be expected if Q was used for pur-poses of community teaching and paraenesis Also ecclesiastical material which was affected or even inspired by Q sayings was likely to emerge Some literary reworking may have been made what I doubt however is the existence of a massively expanded QMt editionrdquo Kari Syreeni The Making of the Sermon on the Mount A Procedural Analysis of Matthewrsquos Redac-torial Activity (AASF 44 Helsinki Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia 1987) 161 Because the ex-istence of scribes other than the gospelrsquos author in Matthewrsquos community has not been demon-strated I hesitate to imagine a literary reworking of Q by that community prior to the gospelrsquos composition (a similar situation obtains on the Lukan side) With this minor adjustment Syreenirsquos statement describes the optimal alternative to the multiple recension hypothesis

7 It should be noted however that although Matthewrsquos approach to Q (when reconstructed based on its Lukan sequence) can be described as liberal Matthewrsquos ldquoappropriative movement through Q is consistently forwardrdquo indicating memory competence and ldquocognitive operations that follow the schematic organizational linesrdquo of the source Kirk Q in Matthew 166

8 Heinrich Julius Holtzmann Die synoptischen Evangelien Ihr Uhrsprung und geschicht-licher Charakter (Leipzig Wilhelm Engelmann 1986) 142ndash43

9 Burnett Hillman Streeter ldquoOn the Original Order of Qrdquo in Oxford Studies in the Synoptic Problem (ed William Sanday Oxford At the Clarendon Press 1911) 141ndash64 George DeWitt

2 The Study of Q as a Reconstructed Text 5

ensuing Q scholarship as well as a number of Matthean and Lukan scholars10 today it is possible to assert with ldquoa near unanimity that Luke best preserved the sequence of Q sayingsrdquo11

Q attained what currently remains its definitive reconstruction by the end of the twentieth century in the form of The Critical Edition of Q (hereafter CEQ)12 To call the CEQ ldquodefinitiverdquo of course is to neither imply its infalli-bility nor to expect it to produce the final say on the matter13 As noted by James M Robinson in the introduction to the CEQ it was a product ldquoof a team of scholars who have been working together since 1985 as the International Q Projectrdquo (hereafter IQP)14 The text and sequence of Q published in the CEQ

Castor Matthewrsquos Sayings of Jesus The Non-Marcan Common Source of Matthew and Luke (PhD diss University of Chicago 1918) 120ndash39

10 Eg T W Manson The Sayings of Jesus as recorded in the Gospels according to St Matthew and St Luke arranged with introduction and commentary (London SCM Press 1949 reprint 1971) 39ndash148 James M Robinson ldquoThe Sermon on the Mount Plain Work Sheets for the Reconstruction of Qrdquo SBLSP 22 (1983) 451ndash54 Arland D Jacobson The First Gospel An Introduction to Q (FFRS Sonoma CA Polebridge Press 1992) 45 Dale C Allison The Jesus Tradition in Q (Harrisburg PA Trinity Press International 1997) 2 n 6 Franҫois Bovon Luke 1 A Commentary on the Gospel of Luke 11ndash950 (Hermeneia Minneapolis MN Fortress Press 2002) 6ndash8 Kirk Q in Matthew 163ndash66

11 Kloppenborg Verbin Excavating Q 88 Noting that ldquomost recent reconstructions of Q include both (a) the double tradition and (b) items triply attested where the degree of agreement against Mark is substantial and where the agreements are not likely to be merely coincidentalrdquo Kloppenborg (ibid 92) uses these criteria to assign the following texts to Q (by Lukan versifi-cation) Q 37bndash9 16bndash17 41ndash13 620bndash23 27ndash33 35c 36ndash37b 38c 39ndash49 71bndash2 6bndash10 18ndash19 22ndash23 24ndash28 31ndash35 957ndash60 102ndash16 21ndash22 23bndash24 112ndash4 9ndash13 14ndash20 23 24ndash26 29ndash35 39ndash44 46ndash52 122ndash12 22bndash31 33ndash34 39ndash40 42bndash46 51ndash53 54bndash56 58ndash59 1318ndash19 20ndash21 24 26ndash27 28ndash30 34ndash35 14111814 1416ndash24 26ndash27 34ndash35 154ndash7 1613 16 17 18 171bndash2 3bndash4 6b 23ndash24 26ndash27 30 33 34ndash35 37b 1912ndash13 15bndash26 2228bndash30 Kloppenborg also assigns to Q some Sondergut materials which involve a different set of methodological considerations See the discussion in chapter four

12 James M Robinson Paul Hoffmann and John S Kloppenborg eds The Critical Edition of Q Synopsis including the Gospels of Matthew and Luke Mark and Thomas with English German and French Translations of Q and Thomas (Hermeneia Supplement Series Minneap-olis MN Fortress Press 2000)

13 It may suffice here to quote the editors James M Robinson ldquoHistory of Q Researchrdquo in The Critical Edition of Q lxxi ldquoIt is not to be assumed that the present critical text is a last wordrdquo John S Kloppenborg ldquoThe Use of the Synoptics or Q in Did 13bndash21rdquo in Matthew and the Didache Two Documents from the Same Jewish-Christian Milieu (ed Huub van de Sandt Minneapolis MN Fortress Press 2005) 115 ldquoWhile the Critical Edition should hardly be taken as the definitive reconstruction of Q it does provide a benchmark and a useful point of referencerdquo

14 Robinson ldquoHistory of Q Researchrdquo xix For a survey of IQPrsquos methodology and results as assessed at the time of the CEQrsquos publication see Christoph Heil ldquoDie Q-Rekonstruktion des Internationalen Q-Projekts Einfuumlhrung in Methodik und Resultaterdquo NovT 43 (2001) 128ndash43 For IQP work sessions see James M Robinson ldquoThe International Q Project Work Session 17 November 1989rdquo JBL 109 (1990) 499ndash501 Idem ldquoThe International Q Project Work

6 Chapter One Prolegomena

therefore represent a consensus among a group of scholars reflecting the pre-suppositions held by those scholars at a particular juncture in the history of Qrsquos research15 That it is only a necessary first step and demands continued reeval-uation becomes evident from the fact that some of the IQP members whose preferences were occasionally not reflected in the CEQ proceeded to release their own alternative reconstructions of Q either shortly before or after the CEQrsquos seminal publication16 Indeed the present study also makes several emendations of both the CEQrsquos reconstruction of the documentrsquos sequence and of its wording Overall however it is clear that the CEQ will continue to pro-vide the baseline for compositional studies of Q for years to come

The availability of the reconstructed text enables the literary analysis of Q A number of scholars however have recently expressed doubts regarding the attainability of not only Qrsquos wording but in fact of the documentrsquos full extent Cyril S Rodd has declared it ldquosheer conjecturerdquo to imagine ldquothat the passages which are common to Matthew and Luke comprise this Q document in its en-tiretyrdquo17 Joseph Allen Weaks has similarly called the text of Q ldquospeculativerdquo claiming that to rely on it as though it were ldquoan extant gospel textrdquo is ldquosimply not possiblerdquo18 Both scholars have tied the bulk of their objections to the ob-servation (called a ldquothought experimentrdquo by Dieter T Roth)19 that the text of Markrsquos gospel cannot be accurately reconstructed from its Matthean and Lukan reception While this argument has already been engaged by some scholars20 the deficiency of its logic appears to not have been sufficiently exposed as Rothrsquos renewed deployment of it in 2018 demonstrates ndash in a Q monograph21 It is therefore important to allow the reader to assess the difficulties

Session 16 November 1990rdquo JBL 110 (1991) 494ndash98 Idem ldquoThe International Q Project Work Sessions 12ndash14 July 22 November 1991rdquo JBL 111 (1992) 500ndash08 Idem ldquoThe Interna-tional Q Project Work Sessions 31 Julyndash2 August 20 November 1992rdquo JBL 112 (1993) 500ndash06 Idem ldquoThe International Q Project Work Sessions 6ndash8 August 18ndash19 November 1993rdquo JBL 113 (1994) 495ndash99 Idem ldquoThe International Q Project Work Sessions 23ndash27 May 22ndash26 August 17ndash18 November 1994rdquo JBL 114 (1995) 475ndash85 Idem ldquoThe International Q Pro-ject Editorial Board Meetings 1ndash10 June 16 November 1995 16ndash23 August 22 November 1996 Work Sessions 17 November 1995 23 November 1996rdquo JBL 116 (1997) 521ndash25

15 The full list of the IQPrsquos members may be found in The Critical Edition xvii 16 Kirk Composition 152ndash403 Fleddermann Commentary 874ndash913 17 Cyril S Rodd ldquoThe End of the Theology of Qrdquo ExpT 113 (2001) 12 Idem ldquoThe The-

ology of Q Yet Again A Reply to the Responses of Christopher Tuckett and Paul Fosterrdquo ExpT 114 (2002) 80ndash85

18 Joseph Allen Weaks ldquoMark without Mark Problematizing the Reliability of a Recon-structed Text of Qrdquo (PhD diss Brite Divinity School 2010) 344ndash45

19 Roth Parables 36 20 Eg Christopher M Tuckett ldquoThe Search for a Theology of Q A Dead Endrdquo ExpT 113

(2002) 291ndash94 Paul Foster ldquoIn Defense of the Study of Qrdquo ExpT 113 (2002) 295ndash300 21 Roth Parables 36ndash37 It should be noted of course that Roth does not wish to com-

pletely dismiss the accessibility of Qrsquos text His intention is to argue that ldquoscholarship should be rather more skeptical about the wording of Qrdquo (ibid 39)

2 The Study of Q as a Reconstructed Text 7

compromising the case that Rodd Weaks and Roth have found rather persua-sive Three observations stand to be made in this regard

First of all because it is a sayings collection Q does not lend itself to the same type of editorial abridgements as Mark The two documents are very dif-ferent Not nearly enough attention is given to this by Rodd Weaks and Roth all of whom hang their case to some degree on the fragmentary product that is the reconstructed Mark as though Q similarly contains a plot or even a remotely compatible story to saying ratio The abridgement of Markan pericopes by Luke and Matthew reflects editorial strategies appropriate to rewriting a biography viz a document exhibiting a large concentration of narrative material22 The Markan words of Jesus are omitted at a vastly different rate with the majority of those words preserved by both Matthew and Luke with minimal rephrasing23

22 Rodd (ldquoThe End of the Theology of Qrdquo 6) notes that ldquoalmost always each pericope in

[the reconstructed] lsquoMarkrsquo will be shorter than in the canonical gospelrdquo citing as examples the abridgements of Mk 21ndash12 (= Matt 91ndash8 Lk 517ndash26) and Mk 121ndash12 (= Matt 2133ndash46 Lk 209ndash19) However the healing of a man with the palsy (Mk 21ndash12) is a good example of a story whose narrative details welcome abridgements while the words of Jesus (Mk 25b 8bndash11) ndash notably including the key statements in Mk 25b 10 ndash are preserved correctly by both Matthew and Luke (Matt 92c 4bndash6 Lk 520b 22bndash24) As for the parable of the wicked tenants (Mk 121ndash12) this can be reliably reconstructed from its MatthewLuke reproduction missing only minor details The omitted details scarcely seem to affect the interpretation of the source text viz the intention of the parable as it was deployed in Markrsquos gospel

23 Mk 141 44 (= Matt 83ndash4 Lk 513ndash14) Mk 25 8ndash11 (= Matt 92 4ndash6 Lk 520 22ndash24) Mk 214 (= Matt 99 Lk 527) Mk 217 (= Matt 912ndash13 Lk 531ndash32) Mk 219ndash22 (= Matt 915ndash17 Lk 534ndash38) Mk 225ndash28 (= Matt 123ndash4 8 Lk 63ndash5) Mk 34ndash5 (= Matt 1212ndash13 Lk 69ndash10) Mk 335 (= Matt 1250 Lk 821) Mk 42ndash9 (= Matt 133ndash9 Lk 85ndash8) Mk 411ndash12 (= Matt 1311 13 Lk 810) Mk 414ndash20 (= Matt 1318ndash23 Lk 811ndash15) Mk 421ndash22 (= MattQ 515 MattQ 1026 Lk 816ndash17) Mk 424c (= MattQ 72 LkQ 638) Mk 425 (= Matt 1312 Lk 818) Mk 440 (= Matt 826 Lk 825) Mk 534 (= Matt 922 Lk 848) Mk 539 (= Matt 923ndash24 Lk 852) Mk 64bc (= Matt 1357 Lk 424) Mk 637 (= Matt 1416 Lk 913) Mk 827 29 (= Matt 1613 15 Lk 918 20) Mk 834ndash36 (= Matt 1624ndash26 Lk 923ndash25) Mk 91 (= Matt 1628 Lk 927) Mk 919 (= Matt 1717 Lk 941) Mk 931 (= Matt 1722ndash23 Lk 944) Mk 935 (= Matt 2311 Lk 2226) Mk 937 (= Matt 185 Lk 948) Mk 940 (= MattQ 1230 Lk 950) Mk 1014ndash15 (= Matt 183 1914 Lk 1816ndash17) Mk 1018ndash19 21 23 25 27 29ndash30 (= Matt 1917ndash19 21 23ndash24 26 29 Lk 1819ndash20 22 24ndash25 27 29ndash30) Mk 1033ndash34 (= Matt 2018ndash19 Lk 1831ndash33) Mk 1042ndash45 (= Matt 2025ndash28 Lk 2225ndash27) Mk 1051 (= Matt 2032 Lk 1841) Mk 112ndash3 (= Matt 212ndash3 Lk 1930ndash31) Mk 1117 (= Matt 2113 Lk 1946) Mk 1129ndash30 33 (= Matt 2124ndash25 27 Lk 203ndash4 8) Mk 121ndash10 (= Matt 2133ndash42 Lk 209ndash17) Mk 1215dndash17 (= Matt 2219ndash21 Lk 2024ndash25) Mk 1225ndash27 (= Matt 2230ndash32 Lk 2034ndash38) Mk 1230ndash31 (= Matt 2237ndash39 Lk 1027) Mk 1235ndash37 (= Matt 2241ndash45 Lk 2041ndash44) Mk 132 (= Matt 242 Lk 216) Mk 135ndash13 (Matt 244ndash13 Lk 218ndash19) Mk 1314c 17 19 (= Matt 2416 19 21 Lk 2121 23) Mk 1324ndash31 (= Matt 2429ndash35 Lk 2125ndash33) Mk 1413ndash14 (= Matt 2618 Lk 2210ndash11) Mk 1418 20ndash21 (= Matt 2621 23ndash24 Lk 2221ndash22) Mk 1422ndash25 (= Matt 2626ndash29 Lk 2216ndash20) Mk 1430 (= Matt 2634 Lk 2234) Mk 1436 (= Matt 2639 Lk 2242) Mk 1437ndash38 (= Matt 2640ndash41 Lk 2246) Mk 1448ndash49a (= Matt 2655 Lk 2252ndash53a) Mk 1462 (= Matt 2664 Lk 2269ndash70) Mk 152 (= Matt 2711 Lk 233)

8 Chapter One Prolegomena

and the non-Q related omissions limited to (a) statements forming an integral part of a narrative24 (b) statements commands and questions that are redun-dant25 (c) statements that cast a potentially negative light on Jesusrsquo family26 or disciples27 both established Markan themes28 (d) statements that are poten-tially problematic theologically29 (e) statements falling under none of the above categories that are abridged expanded or reworked by one of the evan-gelists30 (f) statements occurring in pericopes that have been eliminated com-pletely by Matthew or Luke31 Of these six categories the first three are un-likely to have been present in Q due to its lack of a plot relative scarcity of stories and absence of any interest in Jesusrsquo family or disciples The remaining three categories include only a few sayings outside of the Great Omission (more on that below) Consequently it appears that Matthew and Luke already elim-inating a minor percentage of the Markan Jesusrsquo words that lack Q parallels had no clear reason to omit even that much from Q

Secondly on a number of occasions one or both evangelists preserve dou-blets of the Markan sayings of Jesus which on the 2DH are assigned to Q32 This development is surprising in Lukersquos case since his tendency to avoid dou-blets is well known33 What is really decisive however is that in instances

24 Mk 125 138 435 59 19 530 541 1243 (omitted by Matthew) Mk 1036 1432

34 41ndash42 (omitted by Luke) Mk 1114 (either omitted or reworked in Lk 136ndash9) Mk 439 58 631 638 916 21 25 933 939c 1049 1234 (omitted or reworked by both Matthew and Luke)

25 Mk 424bd 1238 40 (omitted by Matthew) Mk 334 837 941 1211 1215b 1224 1318 20 23 (omitted by Luke) Mk 1449b (reworked in Lk 2253b) Mk 949 1024 1229 (omitted by both Matthew and Luke)

26 Mk 333ndash34 Mk 64de (omitted by Luke) 27 Mk 413 (omitted by Matthew and Luke) Mk 833 1038ndash40 (omitted by Luke) Mk

1427ndash28 (reworked in Lk 2231ndash32) 28 Eg Joel Marcus Mark (AB 27 and 27A 2 vols New York NY and New Haven CT

Doubleday and Yale 2000ndash2009) 279ndash80 310ndash11 378ndash80 509ndash15 653 677ndash81 999ndash1000 29 Mk 939 (omitted by Matthew and Luke) Mk 943ndash48 (omitted by Luke) Mk 1534

(reworked in Lk 2346) 30 Mk 115 (reworked and expanded in Lk 416ndash21) Mk 536 (abridged in Matt 923ndash26)

Mk 1314ab (reworked in Lk 2120) Mk 146ndash9 (reworked in Lk 736ndash50) Mk 1413ndash15 (abridged in Matt 2618)

31 Mk 426ndash29 99ndash13 (omitted by Luke) everything that belongs to Mk 645ndash826 (the Great Omission of the Markan material by Luke)

32 Mk 421 (= Lk 816 LkQ 1133) Mk 422 (= Lk 817 LkQ 122) Mk 425 (= Matt 1312 MattQ 2529 Lk 818 LkQ 1926) Mk 68 10ndash11 (= Lk 93ndash5 LkQ 104ndash5 8 10ndash11) Mk 834 (= MattQ 1038 Matt 1624 Lk 923 LkQ 1427) Mk 835 (= MattQ 1039 Matt 1625 Lk 924 LkQ 1733) Mk 838 (= Lk 926 LkQ 128ndash9) Mk 937 (= Matt 185 MattQ 1040 Lk 948 LkQ 1016) Mk 940 (Lk 950 LkQ 1123) Mk 1011ndash12 (= Matt 199 MattQ 532) Mk 1238ndash39 (= Lk 2046 LkQ 1143) Mk 139 11 (= Lk 2112ndash15 LkQ 1211ndash12) See further Fitzmyer Luke 81ndash82

33 See eg H Schuumlrmann ldquoDie Dubletten im Lukasevangeliumrdquo ZKT 75 (1953) 339ndash445 Idem ldquoDie Dublettenvermeidungen im Lukasevangeliumrdquo ZKT 76 (1954) 83ndash93

2 The Study of Q as a Reconstructed Text 9

when Luke is faced with a choice between Mark and Q and does not opt to retain both the preference is overwhelmingly given to the Q location and word-ing of the text34 Consequently it seems overly simplistic to suggest as Rodd does that ldquoas [the reconstructed] lsquoMarkrsquo is not Mark so in all probability the lsquoQrsquo of the scholars is not the historical document Qrdquo35 The evangelistsrsquo ten-dency to either retain the MarkQ parallels or ndash especially in Lukersquos case ndash to favor Q its wording and location over the Markan parallels shows that the two documents were not treated equally as far as the words of Jesus were concerned with the approach to Q being more conservative36

Thirdly the verse and word count discrepancy between the reconstructed and canonical Mark has been somewhat inflated as the percentages cited by scholars are routinely bolstered by the inclusion of the Great Omission On the 2DH there are two possible solutions to this well-known source-critical anom-aly the absence of Mk 645ndash826 from Lukersquos gospel is either intentional or stems from inheriting a shorter copy of Mark which lacked that material In either scenario Lukersquos omission of Mk 645ndash826 complicates the analogy be-tween the reconstructed Mark and Q If the omission was unintentional it tells us something only about the compositional history or textual transmission of Markrsquos gospel If however Lukersquos decision to skip Mk 645ndash826 was inten-tional is it not likely to have been motivated by Lukersquos avoidance of dou-blets37 A similar development is unlikely to have occurred in Lukersquos reception of Q as we have noted when faced with MarkQ doublets Luke tends to favor Qrsquos version over an available Markan parallel38 Consequently due to the sheer size of the Great Omission and regardless of the Omissionrsquos intentionality or

34 LkQ 112 4 9 (= Mk 1124ndash25) LkQ 1115 17ndash18 21 (= Mk 323ndash27) Lk 1210 (=

Mk 328ndash29) LkQ 1240 (= Mk 1332) LkQ 1318ndash19 (= Mk 430ndash32) LkQ 1330 (= Mk 1031) Lk 1618 (= Mk 1011ndash12) LkQ 171ndash2 (= Mk 942) LkQ 176 (= Mk 1123) LkQ 1723 31 (= Mk 1315ndash16 21) All of these are deployed by Luke in clusters of Q material rather than in the Lukan parallels to the respective Markan pericopes Mk 950 (= LkQ 1434ndash35) is similarly deployed away from its Markan context and surrounded by Q and L material Both Matthew and Luke favor the wording of Q 1434ndash35 over its Markan parallel

35 Rodd ldquoThe End of the Theology of Qrdquo 12 36 See eg Christopher M Tuckett Q and the History of Early Christianity Studies on Q

(Edinburgh TampT Clark 1996) 94 Luz ldquoQ in Matthewrdquo 50 37 Mk 645ndash52 contains a sea miracle similar to Mk 435ndash41 Mk 71ndash23 was likely elim-

inated to shift the lifting of the dietary restrictions to the post-Easter stage in Lukersquos narrative (Acts 109ndash16) Mk 724ndash30 was probably (a) deemed redundant (see LkQ 71ndash10) (b) re-garded as problematic due to the conflict between the Markan Jesusrsquo reluctance to perform a miracle for a Gentile person (Mk 727) and the Lukan Jesusrsquo programmatic openness to such developments (Lk 425ndash27) Mk 81ndash10 14ndash21 and 822ndash26 are clearly redundant (see Mk 635ndash44 Lk 912ndash17 Mk 1046ndash52 Lk 1835ndash43) Mk 811ndash13 has a Q parallel (= LkQ 1129ndash32)

38 On the L-M Hypothesis this would mean that Luke tends to favor Matthewrsquos version over an available Markan parallel

10 Chapter One Prolegomena

lack thereof the reconstructed Mark presents an analogy to Q that is at best tenuous

In light of the above observations my contention is that methodologically virtually the entire Q is likely to be accounted for in terms of its content39 That still leaves the question of the documentrsquos precise wording and its recovery Here Roth has argued that

there is a fundamental difference between conceiving of the ldquotext of Qrdquo as a reconstruction of its original wording and approaching it as a metaphorical and narratival realm an intertext as it were accessible through Matthew and Luke40

Roth further states as one of his monographrsquos objectives (which is primarily dedicated to the study of Qrsquos parables) an attempt to

advance Q studies by pursuing insight into the parables of Q through a different set of meth-odological approaches than those present in the reigning paradigm focusing upon word-level reconstruction The resultant exegetical work is not therefore in the first instance focused upon vocabulary and syntax of a reconstructed text but rather upon the narratival elements and structures characters images metaphors and theological emphases of an ldquointertextrdquo41

I see no reason to contest Rothrsquos objections to an uncritical acceptance of the CEQ text (of course the CEQ editors have already noted that it is only a work-ing reconstruction)42 Pending the surfacing of an actual copy of Q any recon-struction of its wording is necessarily going to remain hypothetical and thus subject to continued analysis Still to suggest that the hypothetical nature of the enterprise undermines its results perhaps runs the risk ldquothat a methodologi-cal limitation becomes an ontological description of Q itselfrdquo43 Roth admits that his own study of narratival and metaphorical elements ldquocannot function on an entirely lsquowordlessrsquo levelrdquo proposing as a solution that Qrsquos text should be accessed exclusively through the wording of Matthew and Luke44 Such drastic restrictions are in my opinion unnecessary In light of the previous discussion it is possible to assert from a methodologically sound position that Qrsquos recon-structions are not ldquopotentially faultyrdquo to the degree suggested by Roth45 While a precise word-by-word recovery may not be possible or even necessary in every verse of the synoptic double tradition a reliable near-word-level recon-struction of Q appears consistently attainable This is suggested by Lukersquos (and frequently Matthewrsquos) aforementioned preference of Qrsquos wording in the MarkQ parallels Matthewrsquos and Lukersquos slightly superior degree of verbal

39 See further Fleddermann Commentary 73ndash74 Luz ldquoQ in Matthewrdquo 45 (while positing

the existence of QMatt Luz concludes that it ldquodid not differ substantiallyrdquo from the main body of the Q source)

40 Roth Parables 41 41 Ibid 44ndash45 42 Ibid 38ndash39 Roth (ibid) also critiques Fleddermannrsquos alternative reconstruction 43 Kirk Q in Matthew 152 44 Roth Parables 40ndash41 45 Ibid 44

Index of Ancient Sources

Hebrew Bible (LXX)

Genesis414 28 3361ndash4 5062 4 (LXX) 115723 (LXX) 981316 331417 36174ndash6 1991710ndash14 1591817ndash18 1991826 (LXX) 981917 (LXX) 982218 199264 199

Exodus161ndash36 117171ndash7 1181715 (LXX) 1242114 (LXX) 1242225ndash26 1502320ndash21 23 1632415ndash16 (LXX) 472520 (LXX) 124

Numbers111ndash9 1172319 40

Deuteronomy324 (LXX) 146612ndash15 118613 (LXX) 116616 (LXX) 116 11882ndash3 11783 (LXX) 116811ndash20 118812ndash15 (LXX) 117

926 (LXX) 146159 (LXX) 205241ndash4 79 208 2092410ndash17 1502918ndash20 207319 25ndash26 209328ndash9 (LXX) 1213211 201

Joshua2313 (LXX) 207

Ruth212 201

1 Samuel27 (LXX) 1371821 (LXX) 207

1 Kings627 (LXX) 12486 (LXX) 1241717ndash24 162191ndash18 116 118 119194 (LXX) 117195 (LXX) 118198 (LXX) 117 1181910 14 (LXX) 1182219ndash23 (LXX) 121

2 Kings216 (LXX) 112 116418ndash37 16251ndash14 163

2 Chronicles58 (LXX) 1242314 125

Index of Ancient Sources246

Ezra91ndash2 1371018ndash44 137

Job16 11521 1151621 40256 40358 40387 115

Psalms2 16869 (LXX) 19785 40102 9 137178 2013510 137367 201605 (LXX) 124614 2016923 (LXX) 207722ndash12 1378018 40813 (LXX) 137901ndash2 4 (LXX) 124906 (LXX) 1249011ndash12 (LXX) 123914 2011063 (LXX) 1981091 (LXX) 4110916 22 13611826 1061457ndash8 (LXX) 1611463 401476 137

Proverbs1ndash9 55236 (LXX) 205264ndash5 189

Isaiah1ndash39 13511 168253ndash4 (LXX) 137315 201355 (LXX) 16140ndash55 135

426 168427 18 (LXX) 161435 198491ndash8 1685112 4055ndash66 135562 40563ndash8 136585ndash7 13860ndash62 135611 (LXX) 160 161611ndash2 (LXX) 48 134611ndash3 (LXX) 132 135 136 137665 (LXX) 1376618ndash20 164 198

Jeremiah317ndash18 164 1984918 33 405040 405143 40

Ezekiel8ndash11 112 11382 11440ndash48 112 113402 113403 114

Daniel713 27 40 41 168 213817 40

Amos13 (LXX) 20413ndash28 7528 15035 (LXX) 18086 (LXX) 137

Haggai220ndash22 163

Zechariah315 13787 198

Malachi16ndash29 163210ndash16 163

247Index of Ancient Sources

31 163 164 322ndash23 (LXX) 163

Old Tes tament Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha

1 Enoch1ndash5 761ndash36 4621ndash54 1226ndash11 526ndash16 4766 4573ndash6 1221021 164 198123ndash4 46124 113 125137 45139 45148ndash164 76151 46152ndash4 125171 11417ndash19 112 11320ndash36 112 113215 114242ndash257 113261ndash275 113323ndash6 11337ndash71 41 45 186 213381ndash6 122384ndash5 45391ndash3 45396 108413ndash8 76418 44421ndash2 (3) 126 171 201422 170451ndash6 76455 4546 52461ndash8 141462ndash4 42464ndash6 45468 46471ndash4 14148ndash49 52481 202481ndash10 141482 42

483 202483ndash7 168488ndash9 (10) 45 122492 4 168493 202505 76513 (5a) 168 172 20251ndash52 5252ndash56 112526 9 168531ndash5 45 122536 46 168542 45543ndash4 76545ndash6 45547 210554 45 108561ndash4 45565ndash8 43 44 45571 198591ndash6023 766010 4261ndash63 46 52621ndash9 45622ndash3 122624ndash6312 122625ndash14 42631ndash12 45 122632ndash4 106637 1236311 426312 76651ndash663 52671ndash681 52678ndash13 43 44 45 1226926ndash29 42 52701 42715ndash17 447113(14)ndash17 42 1418215ndash20 7683ndash84 52891ndash9 528973ndash74 1139038 164

Index of Ancient Sources248

1006 1681049ndash13 47

2 Enoch31ndash221 113101ndash6 112

3 Baruch3ndash17 113163 204

3 Enoch11ndash12 113

Ascension of Isaiah610ndash15 113

Baruch437 19855 198

Bel and the Dragon36 112 114 116

Jubilees11ndash8 209120 12122 114727 52102 52105 52106 121108ndash11 52 114 121114 121115 521114ndash1214 321220 1211525ndash34 1591531ndash32 114 1211928 121492 52

Letter of Aris teas155 145

Psalms of Solomon219 159823 30 1591112 1981731 164 1981810ndash12 76

Sirach21ndash17 72 86212 87143ndash7 2051410ndash11 202241ndash12 125247ndash11 1262410ndash11 1592525ndash26 2072611 2053113 2053522ndash3622 723824ndash3911 17243 76501ndash24 125

The Sentences of the Syriac Menander340ndash46 189

Tes tament of Abraham81ndash12 113

Tes tament of Levi26ndash57 113

Tes tament of Moses51ndash62 126

Tobit145ndash7 164 198

Vita Adae et Evae61ndash103 116121ndash161 115

Wisdom of Solomon410ndash15 46418ndash513 46

249Index of Ancient Sources

New Tes tament

Q32ndash958 (59ndash60) 101 103 104 108

126 155 173 17537 5237ndash9 16ndash17 5 54 64 68 70 90

104 11637ndash735 78 80 81 83 85

101 102 103317 54 9141ndash13 5 51 52 53 64 65

66 78 91 104 111 112 113 114 115 118 119 126 152 153 155 156

41ndash4 116 11745ndash8 114 119 121 122

123 15949ndash12 (13) 47 51 65 96 123

157 200416 91 129 130 131

153620ndash49 16 63 82 91 104

105 129 130 131 153

620b 12 91 132620bndash21 48 132 133 134

135 136 137620bndash23 5 131 132 143621a 12 20 91 132622 12 17 24 25 26

38 71 140 141 153 167 170 194 205

622ndash23 17 20 52 53 54 96 132 133 134 136 139 140 141 142 206

623c 64 82 129 132 139 140 142 143

627ndash35 (36) 13 16 71 129 147 151 152 153 154

629 24 91 150630 24 150631 91 152637ndash38 12 92640 92 144646 92 104 144 145

146 153 154 203

647ndash49 12 92 14471ndash10 9 64 92 104 126

155 156 158 169 197 199

76 145 20379 87 96 104 156

157 158 167 173 194 198 199

718ndash19 159 167718ndash23 159718ndash28 64 166718ndash960 92722 16 54 134 135

161 163 164 172727 96 163731ndash35 64 70 92 165 166

169 170 171733 51 53734 24 26 52 165 167

169 170 172735 166 170957ndash58 (59ndash60) 92 105 111 155

169 170 171957ndash62 63959ndash60 172 173958 24 25 26 27 38

52 71 164 165 169 170 171 172

959 145102ndash16 5 56 63 70 86

158 170 175 182 215

102ndash24 92102ndash1240 101 105 107 108

175 205104 48 92109 73 931012 93 1751012ndash15 54 64 82 861013ndash15 47 56 70 80 81

82 86 87 96 107 126 175 199 212

1016 72 931021 56 81 87 93 96

173 2091021ndash22 54 56 78 79 81

82 145 1941021ndash24 64 107

Index of Ancient Sources250

1022 81 93 114 116 145 146 203 209

1023ndash24 17 93 106112ndash4 9ndash13 5 63 78 93 117

176 177 179 180112b 48 178 184114 24 178119ndash13 12 93 176 177

178 179 180 1811114 51 1761114ndash20 52 531114ndash32 931114ndash52 64 107 1791118 51 53 93 114 121

1591124ndash26 51 53 9311(16) 29ndash32 9 54 70 96 2121130 24 26 52 1861133ndash52 93 2051134 93 2051139ndash52 70 107 126 1691142c 64 66 1251149 521149ndash51 47 53 54 66 96

118 119 157 2001151 52 200 205122ndash12 5 70 94 107 155

180 181 182 183 184 194

123 72 94124ndash5 54 70 73 181 182

190124ndash7 94 121 122 176

179 180 181 194 214

125 181 204128 24 26 38 54 185

187 188 189128ndash9 52 69 94 167 184

186 187 188 189 214

128ndash10 54 64 69 71 82 175 176 183 184 187 189 190 194 212

129 184 185 1881210 24 26 94 185 187

188 1891211ndash12 54 70 72 73 94

181 182 214

1222ndash31 (33ndash34) 63 73 176 177 178 179 180 190 192

1222ndash40 941224 23 178 1801227 231231 48 94 1841233 12 48 1911233ndash34 69 94 191 1921235ndash38 94 108 190 2031235ndash46 1081235ndash59 94 1081235ndash2230 101 105 108 109

197 2031239 17 18 95 1911239ndash40 18 20 54 70 71

94 105 175 190 191 192 193 203 212

1239ndash59 64 1911240 24 52 69 95 167

186 191 1931242ndash46 52 53 54 69 70

95 191 192 197 203 204 205 206 212

1245 96 2051246 2041251 20 951251ndash59 1081252ndash53 201256 171258ndash59 24 951318ndash19 20ndash21 5 20 48 63 95

108 2071318ndash24 951324 63 951325ndash30 54 63 82 871325ndash1423 54 95 96 126 158

1991327 52 53 96 118 1981328ndash29 96 198 1991334 52 125 2061334ndash35 47 53 54 63 66

81 82 83 96 105 106 107 108 109 118 119 125 157 194 198 200 201 202

1335 51 54 96 106 202

251Index of Ancient Sources

1411 54 961416ndash23 (24) 63 82 971423 541426 72 97 2151426ndash27 1733 20 63 72 971426ndash176 971427 54 97 140 141

182 2141434ndash35 63 97154ndash5a 7 20 63 97 108 2091613 12 63 94 971616 64 97 207 2091616ndash18 2061617 17 63 64 66 79

97 125 206 207 208 209

1616(17)ndash172 197 206 2081618 24 63 79 97 206

207 208 209171ndash2 97 207 208171ndash6 63173ndash4 18 20 98176 18 20 78 98 108

2101720ndash21 17 981723 98 2101723ndash37 54 64 69 70 71

98 167 170 197 210 211 212

1723ndash2230 108 2111724 26 30 24 52 98 991733 54 97 182 2141734ndash35 98 991912ndash26 64 69 99 108 197

203 204 205 206 212

1912ndash2230 991922 2052228ndash30 5 54 64 99 108

212

Matthew37 52310 9542 11745 12448 119 120413 130 1315ndash7 94 10251 119

54 13458 138511 (12) 52 205512 142515 7539 149 150540 15 150541 15 89 91 149 150542 150 151544 148 149544ndash45 91 149545 20861ndash18 94612 177619ndash21 94620 191623 205624 94625ndash34 94626 178627 177630 178 17975 1877 17779 177711 178 179712 152723 52724 26 9185ndash13 199810 155811ndash12 198 199819 169820 27 142 171821 172822 173829 12191ndash8 7920ndash22 97922 7937 92107 731026 71029 1801032 184 1891032ndash33 91 1841034 951038 731039 141115 134 163

Index of Ancient Sources252

1119 1691122ndash45 931125 2081217 731232 1841239 52 2051243 1241311 13 71342 951416 71521ndash28 97162bndash3 951613ndash28 1401617ndash19 471625 141171 1191717 7186 208186ndash22 97188ndash9 951825 971928 991929 992030 130219 1062131 972133ndash41 (42ndash46) 7 19221ndash14 18236ndash7 206237 1662334 522334ndash36 962335 522337 52 1972337ndash39 81 105 201243ndash41 210 211244ndash14 72423 982443 1912443ndash44 1932445 2062448 (49) 52 205251ndash13 972514ndash30 992526 28 2052530 992531 992541 95 121266ndash13 972640ndash41 7

2669 71 1302669ndash75 1892732 912755 97285 130289ndash10 972816ndash18 1192818 120

Mark114 21 131123ndash26 121124 130129ndash31 18821ndash12 731 14937ndash12 188313 114327 93328 188328ndash29 18443ndash8 193411ndash12 7413 177430ndash32 20 193438 177421ndash22 7435ndash41 9525ndash34 97534 761ndash6a 188615 163635ndash44 9637 7645ndash52 9645ndash826 971ndash23 9724ndash30 9 9781ndash10 9811ndash13 9822ndash26 9827 140827ndash98 47828 163831ndash33 121834ndash35 20835 141838 184 19092 11492ndash8 47

253Index of Ancient Sources

919 7943ndash47 951028 73 1791029 201035ndash40 1831039 1881046ndash52 91047 130119 1061117 7 1771122ndash23 25ab 18 201124 1801129ndash30 7121ndash9 (10ndash12) 7 19129 191211 191226 177133ndash37 210 211135ndash13 71315ndash16 991321 98143ndash9 971437ndash38 71447 95 1491462 411466ndash72 1891467 130151ndash5 951521 911541 97166 130

Luke15ndash25 10237 5242 11745 12246b 7 12046cd 120 121416 130416ndash30 188425ndash27 9438ndash39 188517ndash26 766 149617ndash19 188621 134622 205623 142625 134

627 149627ndash28 148628 149629 15 150630 150 151634 151635 91 208642 18646 146647ndash49 9179 155722 163734 169735 166 208810 7816ndash17 7824 177831 121848 7912ndash17 9913 7924 141926 190941 7957 169958 171959 172960 173102 92109 731017ndash20 1211021 208114 177115ndash8 97 177119 1771111 1771112 1171113 178 1791120 511121ndash22 931124 124 2051124ndash26 931129 52 2051143 166 2061149 521150 521151 52124 73 179126 180128 184

Index of Ancient Sources254

128ndash9 911211 731213ndash21 971223a 1771224 177 1781228 1791233 1911235ndash38 89 941239 1911239ndash40 1931242 2061245 52 2051249 89 951254ndash56 95131ndash35 1021327 52 1971328ndash29 1981334 52 1971415ndash24 181427 73158ndash10 97172 2081711ndash19 981720 981721 981722 981728ndash29 89 98 991731 991732 991733 971835ndash43 91912ndash27 991922 24 2051927 991938 96 1061941ndash44 961946 177209ndash16 (17ndash19) 7 192018 192037 177218ndash19 7223 1212228ndash30 992246 72249ndash51 952250 1492254ndash62 188234 14 952413ndash33 102

John446 158446ndash54 157448 158631ndash58 117844 121123 1061225ndash26 201231 1211430 1211611 1211828ndash1916 102

Acts23 9521ndash4 18951ndash11 189109ndash16 9121ndash2 183123ndash19 183

Romans1214 149

1 Corinthians412 14963 121 192132 18 20

2 Corinthians41ndash6 19244 121

Galatians113ndash14 18343 8ndash9 121 192

Ephesians21ndash2 121 192612 121 192

1 Thessalonians214ndash16 183218 121 19251ndash11 19252 20 19255ndash6 192

2 Thessalonians21ndash12 210 211

255Index of Ancient Sources

2 Timothy211ndash13 190

Hebrews1137 204

James 315ndash17 12444ndash7 121

1 Peter314 132 139 143319ndash20 47414 132 139 141 14358 121

2 Peter24ndash5 47 121

Jude16ndash7 121

Revelation110ndash20 113113 18635 19041ndash11 113123ndash4 121171ndash3 114173ndash18 112 113219ndash27 112 1132110 113

New Tes tament Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha

Gospel of Thomas1ndash71 1731ndash3 2161ndash4 1710 19 95111 1713 21161ndash2 20 95163 2017 1720ndash21 71 193201ndash4 20 192215ndash8 18 19 20 192243 36ndash39 17261ndash2 18262ndash331 1731 21361ndash3 19 143 180473 2148 18 19 20

54 137 13855 2058 17 13864 18 1965 1968 20 132 138 139

14068ndash69 19 139 143691 17 138692 19 20 137 13877 2179 2186 169 170103 17106ndash107 19 201131ndash2 9

Pseudo-Clementine Homilies12313 180

Dead Sea Scrolls

CD214ndash41 125412ndash14 121 124 125419ndash52 208

51ndash5 2091316ndash17 207122ndash3 121161ndash2 125

Index of Ancient Sources256

1QapGen 29 30 31 33 35 36 37 40

1QH430 40

1QM11 1211310ndash12 121175ndash6 51

1QpHab 56 125

1QS25 121211ndash15 207 208321ndash25 11749 18258 125119ndash10 1821120 40

1Q27 (1Q4QMys teries)1 i 1ndash8 56 202

4Q299 (1Q4QMys teries)3andashb ii 2ndash8 563andashb ii 9ndash16 56

4Q416 (4QIns truction)1 10ndash13 56 2021 12 1822 i 21ndashiv 13 562 ii 6 17 178

4Q417 (4QIns truction)1 i 6ndash9 561 i 10(11)ndash12 56 2021 i 12ndash13 561 i 14 561 i 16 115 1821 i 17 1821 i 24 56 2022 i 17ndash24 562 i 19 21ndash22 178

4Q418 (4QIns truction)69 ii 6ndash9 56 202

69 ii 12ndash13 5681 1ndash2 18281 2ndash5 5681 4 11581 5 11581 20 56 20288 56103 56107 56123 5ndash8 56

4Q423 (4QIns truction)5 3 565 5ndash6 56

4Q503 115

4Q521 16 54 135 137 159 160 161 162

4Q525 57 133

4QDeut j 1214 121

4QIsa 135

4QMMTC 4ndash9 125

11Q11 124

11Q13 135 137

11QPsa 191ndash18 121

11QT545 2075715ndash19 208669ndash11 207

Targums4QtgJob 314QtgLev 3111QtgJob 31 33 35 40

257Index of Ancient Sources

Josephus

Ant14133ndash146 4415103 451982 123

Bell188 46

1131ndash11 441161ndash5 461213 461335 452101ndash5 1232116 183

Babylonian Texts

Gilgamesh 112

Greek and Latin Authors

Dio CassiusHis t59271 120

HomerOd10503ndash15 1121112ndash22 112

PlatoPhaed111cndash112e 112

Senecade Ben2121ndash2 120

Seneca the ElderControv9210 183

TacitusAnn632 120

His t59 183

Apos tolic and Church Fathers

1 Clement132 153292 121394ndash5 121

2 Clement32 190134 148

Apos tolic Cons titutions721 152

722 148 150 151722ndash6 147725 149 150726 148 153

AthanasiusFes t Let 3911 14

Canons of the Holy Apos tles4ndash5 152

Index of Ancient Sources258

Chrysos tomHom Mt342 180

Clement of AlexandriaS trom4641 139 143

Didache11ndash63 1412c 15213b 148 14913bndash5b 11 12 13 15 16

71 147 151 15413bndash21 5 11 14 15 15013c 15113cndash4a 1413d 15 14814 1414a 1614b 15 14914c 91 15014d 15 149 150 15115a 15015b 148 15381ndash2 1482 16103bndash122a 14113 16113ndash137 14153ndash4 16161ndash8 210 211 212

EusebiusHis t Eccl3254

IrenaeusAdv Haer1101 1214162 121

Jus tin Martyr1 Apol159 148

2 Apol25 121

OrigenC Cels870 180

PolycarpPhilippians22ndash3 153

Shepherd of HermasMandate 24ndash6 153

Similitude535ndash8 138

Rabbinic Literature

j Ber3b 5b 5c 31 37 38

j Ket35a 31 37

j Šab3a 38d 31 37

j Taʿan65b 4069ab 125

R Gen72 313813 31 37796 31

R Num193 31 38

TargumsCairo BGen 414 31 33 34 37 41

259Index of Ancient Sources

Cairo FExod 1913 37Deut 346 37

Neof I Gen 414 31 33 41Gen 95ndash6 37Gen 4922 36

Papyri Manuscripts and Inscriptions

Br Mus Or 9271 14P Oxy 1 17P Oxy 654 17

P Oxy 655 17 143 180P Oxy 1782 14 15 148 151Sf III 16ndash17 40

Index of Modern Authors

Achtemeier P 139 141Adams S L 56 72 202Alexander P S 31 32Allison D C 1 2 3 5 12 22 24 66

75 77 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 90 91 94 96 98 99 103 105 107 112 117 119 120 123 125 129 130 131 133 134 135 136 138 139 140 144 147 148 149 150 152 153 155 158 160 163 169 170 172 175 176 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 193 197 198 200 205

Anderson A A 124Anderson F I 113Andrejevs O 25 164 172 190Arcari L 44Argall R A 47 72 202Arnal W E 23 24 48 59 61 63 65

66 67 68 78 86 104 123 125 132 134 136 150 191 194 208 214

Attridge H W 17Audet J-P 14Avigad N 29 30

Bailey K 102Bauckham R 12Baum A D 1Bazzana G B 1 3 24 59 178 198Beasley-Murray G R 158Berger K 104Bergmeier R 159 160 162Betz D H 3 24 51 103 146 179 183de Begraveze T 27Bird M F 159 198 199Black C C 11Black M 26 28 30 31 32 35 36 37

40 168Blenkinsopp J 135 136 137Boccaccini G 32 43 44 50Boring M E 38 183 184 185 188

192 211

Borsch F H 185Bovon F 5 19 93 95 96 98 99 106

140 177 179 184 185 198Bowman J W 28 33Boyarin D 23Breuer Y 34Brin G 208Broadhead E K 3 89Brodie T L 163Brooke G J 43 160Brown R E 11 12 102 130 157 158Broyles C C 123Bultmann R 3 60 98 111 132 156

158 184 185 186 187 188 201Burkett D 27 213Bussmann W 26

Campbell J Y 28 46Caragounis C C 27 29 39Carroll J T 3Carruth S 119Casey P M 29 34 35 37 39 41Cas tor G D 4 5Catchpole D R 21 77 90 96 99 129

131 145 147 156 157 159 164 175 188 198 208

Chang A 199Charlesworth J H 31 42 43 44 45

46 47 72 160 171 185Chazon E G 115 202Cheung L L 12Childs B S 163Chilton B D 26 36 39 117 130Clark D J 109Collins A Y 39 41 47 50 51 52 103

114 188 193 211Collins J J 23 40 43 48 49 50 51

52 53 57 76 77 121 126 160 161 162 163 168 202

Colpe C 25 26 28 29 31 32 36 37 39 40 45 140

Index of Modern Authors262

Conzelmann H 96 97Cotter W J 61 104 132 156 163 165

166 170 191Cromhout M 61 145 191Crossan J D 39 89 94 98 134

Dalman G 27 29 30Damm A 171Davidson M J 114Davies W D 1 2 3 91 99 119 120

131 138 139 140 149 150 169 172 179 180 184 185 193 197 200

DeConick A D 11 17 20 21 138 139 192

Derrenbacker R A 1 24Di Lella A A 73Dibelius M 12Diacuteez Macho A 30Dimant D 160DiTommaso L 57Doering L 208Downing F G 23 64Draper J A 13 14 15 16 68 156Dundenberg I 11Dunn J D G 1 149 183Dupont J 97 116Durham J I 163

Eldridge M D 117Elgvin T 49 56 57 115 202Eshel H 44

Fiebig P 26 27 28 34 37 39Fitzmyer J A 1 2 3 8 19 26 28 30

31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 82 91 95 97 98 117 118 119 130 131 133 138 139 140 146 149 163 177 179 208

Fleddermann H T 2 6 10 11 59 62 69 83 84 85 86 87 90 91 93 95 97 98 101 103 104 105 109 129 130 134 140 144 148 150 152 156 157 163 166 170 176 177 179 184 185 189 199 200 203 205 211

Flusser D 14 15Fos ter P 1 3 6 12 26Freedman H 32Frenschkowski M 145Frey J 56Freyne S 159 199

Funk F X 14 147

Garciacutea Martiacutenez F 49 57 160 162 202 208

Garrow A 13Gathercole S 17 19 20 138 139 181Gerber C 203Gibson J B 116Gieschen C A 147Ginsburger M 30Glover R 13 16Goering G S 72 125Goff M J 55 56 57 79 84 115 178

202Goodacre M 1 17 19Greenfield J C 27Greeven H 12Gregg B H 90 97 186 198 204Grenfell B P 14 17Guelich R A 193Guenther H O 26Gundry R H 150 181 197

Haenchen E 12 139 157 158 201Hahn F 185Han K S 124 125 200Hannah D D 42 43 45 46Hare D R A 38 39 40 184 185Harrington D J 33 55 57 202 Hartin P J 12 61 119 166Hasitschka M 118Heil C 5 38 60 99 119 181Higgins A J B 184Hill A E 163Hindley J C 43Hoffmann P 5 38 55 67 70 75 77

80 96 99 112 145 167 170 184 185

Holtzmann H J 4Hooker M D 45Horsley R 68 156 198 199 200van der Hors t P W 73Hossfeld F L 124Howard G 146Howes L 26 39 43 61 65 77 81 133

140 141 142 166 167 170 185 188 190 212

Hubbard B J 38Hultgren S 160 162Hunt A S 14 17

263Index of Modern Authors

van Iersel B M F 102

Jacobson A D 5 26 39 49 54 60 61 64 75 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 85 87 90 94 96 97 98 106 129 132 140 144 152 156 157 167 170 171 184 185 187 201 207 210

Jefford C N 13 14 15Jeremias J 179 198 204Jervis L A 55Jewett R 149Johnson L A 178 208Johnson L T 12Johnson-DeBaufre M 66 103 163Jonas H 51de Jonge H J 24 185Jongeling B 35Joseph S J 1 21 23 24 45 46 47 48

51 52 68 103 125 132 134 136 142 144 153 156 159 160 161 162 164 178 180 181 182 184 185 187 190 191 200 201 202 206 208 214 215

Jus t A A 102

Kahle P 26 30 31 36Kampen J L 162 209Kaufman S A 31 32 36 40Keener C S 183Kirk A 2 4 5 6 10 15 24 55 59 60

61 62 66 67 68 69 71 72 73 75 76 77 78 79 83 84 85 86 87 88 90 94 96 98 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 111 114 129 152 155 156 166 177 179 184 189 190 197 203 207 208 214 215

Kloppenborg J S 1 2 3 4 5 11 12 13 14 15 17 19 21 22 23 24 25 26 38 39 50 51 53 54 55 57 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 86 87 88 89 90 95 97 98 99 103 104 107 108 111 112 121 122 123 124 125 126 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 139 140 141 142 143 144 147 148 150 151 155 156 157 158 160 162 163 164 165 166 167 170 171 172 175 176 180 181 182 183 184 187 189

190 191 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 208 210 211 212 213

Knibb M A 46 202Koes ter H 15 38 48 60 61 63 66

148Koumlhler W D 16Kraus H-J 124Kutscher E Y 30 35 36

Lang B 201Laurence R 41Leives tad R 43Levine A-J 208Lichtenberger H 124Lindars B 29 34 37 39 43 184 185

188Lohfink N 118Lukaszewski A 25 27Luz U 3 10 60 74 75 78 81 87 90

91 93 95 96 97 99 102 106 111 131 134 140 142 145 148 150 151 166 169 180 181 184 185 197 198 199 201 204 207

Luumldemann G 183Luumlhrmann D 61 64 78 111 140 157

158 165 180 184

Mack B L 23 38 43 61 133 135 170Magness J 160Malherbe A 192 211Manson T W 5 28 101Maori Y 32Marcus J 8 11 41 47 102 183 188

193 199 211Marshall I H 3Martiacutenez R 166 167Martyn J L 183Maumlrz C-P 90 94McDermott J M 185McNamara M J 31Meadors E P 62 66 67 72 74 76 77

166 168 201Meadors G T 137Menken M J J 116 117Meyer A 27Meyer P D 157Middleton P 182Milik J P 36 42 43 187Milikowsky C 181Miller R J 63 201

Index of Modern Authors264

Mitchell D C 124Moller H B 29Moreland M 23Moss C 182Mournet T C 1Muraoka T 35 38Muumlnch C 203

Neirynck F 2 3 4 11 22 26 90 98 99 116 130 140 149

Nickelsburg G 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 52 53 76 106 112 113 122 126 141 168 172 202 210 213

Niebuhr K W 159Niederwimmer K 13 14 15 16 148

151 152Nielsen K 114 115Nolland J 179Novakovic L 160 162

Odeberg H 36Oegema G S 116Owen P 25 29 35

Patterson S J 17 18 21 61 63Perrin N 186Pervo R I 183Pietersma A 146Piovanelli P 44 45Piper R A 61 82 112 176 190Ploeg J P M 35Pokornyacute P 11 17 19 117 139Polag A 62 73 89 90 94Porter S E 180 181Porton G G 38Pries t J 126Propp W H C 163Puech Eacute 133 160 162

Ra Y 39 132 145 155 170 184 185Reicke B 141Riesner R 183Robbins M C 51 103 113 115 117

121 125Robbins V K 104Robinson J M 2 5 24 26 34 38 39

41 43 55 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 77 96 103 119 129 131 132 134 135 140 142 143 144 145

156 160 165 166 167 180 181 184 185 186 187 188 190 200 201 202

Rodd C S 6 7 9Rollens S E 2 3 23 24 26 61 132

182 191Roth D T 2 6 7 10 11 54 90 145

165 191 192 203 204 205 206Rothschild C K 90 159 164Royse J R 146Roumlsel M 146

Sacchi P 43 44 45 47Sandt H 5 14 15Sato M 3 59 62 74 75 76 77 79 80

82 83 87 90 94 98 111 134 170 176 184

Schalit A 44Schenk W 62 73 89 90 103 170 176Schiavo L 104 112 113Schiffman L H 57 160Schnackenburg R 12 157 158Schniedewind W M 160Schroumlter J 180Schulz S 74 132 165 167 176 179

201 210Schuumlrmann H 8 130 167 170Seeley D 132 141 142Segal M 43 114 121Sellew P 193Sevenich-Bax E 103 105Shelton J 163Shepherd D 29 35Shinall M C 51Shirock R J 102Sjoumlberg E 28 29 35 39 45Skeat T C 180Skehan P W 73Smith D A 96 201 202 203So K-C 157Sokoloff M 35Somov A 181Spranger P P 204S taples J A 145 146 154S teck O H 61 64 132 201S tone M E 45S treeter B H 4 12 130S trugnell J 55S tuckenbruck L T 27 30 47 51 65

114 121Syreeni K 4 15 153

265Index of Modern Authors

Tabor J D 160Tannehil R C 178 208Taylor N H 120 123 183Theissen G 123Theophilos M P 126Tigchelaar E J C 56Tiwald M 3 23 160Toumldt H E 47 184 185 186 187Tuckett C M 1 3 6 9 11 13 14 15

17 23 26 49 50 53 54 61 62 63 66 68 72 76 77 84 86 90 94 95 98 112 114 119 121 125 130 134 140 150 154 156 157 158 160 166 170 184 193 199 205 206 207 208 210

Uhlig S 45Uro R 26 62 185

Vaage L E 23 24 26 39 61 133 165 167 170 171 190 191 210

VanderKam J C 43 46 57 168Vassiliadis P 89 94de Vaux R 56Vermes G 26 28 29 31 32 33 34 35

36 37 38 39 40 43 140 160 184

Wacholder B Z 209

von Wahlde U C 12 158Wahlen C 51Walck L W 46 52Watson F 1Weaks J A 6 7Weinfeld M 118 146 207 208Weiser A 124Weiss B 130Wellhausen J 26Welch J W 102Wernberg-Mѳller P 36Wes termann C 135 136Williams P J 35Wilson W T 149Wins ton D 46 72Wise M O 160Witetschek S 86 167Wolter M 90van der Woude A S 35Wright III B J 72 202

Xeravits G G 202

York A D 32

Zeller D 63 69 111 165 212Zenger E 124

Index of Subjects

Abel-Main (Tell Abl) 45Abraham 32 157Agrippa I 123 183Ahab 118 121angel of Yahweh 163angelicheavenly rebellion 121 125Antigonus 43aphaeresis 27 32 34 36 38apocalypse 48ndash as incorrectly applied to Mk 133ndash37

211ndash as incorrectly applied to Q 1723ndash37

210 211apocalypticndash Chris tianity 53ndash discourse 211ndash framework 57 121ndash inaccurately used as a noun 49ndash literature 47 53 54 135ndash language in Ben Sira 72ndash tradition 56 57 186ndash wisdom ins tructions other than Q 56

57 77 202ndash worldview (outside of Q see its at-

tes tation in Q referenced separately below) 24 49 50 51 55 57 87 121

apocalypticism 25 87 58 62ndash and apocalypse 48 49ndash and eschatology 48ndash as a literary category 48 79ndash as a dis tortion of Godrsquos intended

order 23ndash as compatible with wisdom in late

second temple literature 57 62 66 70 72 154 202

ndash as having a place outside the genre of an apocalypse 49

ndash as synonymous with apocalyptic worldview 49

ndash in Pauline thought 192ndash in sectarian environments 53

ndash in recent Q scholarship 48ndash methodological definitions of 50 54

186Aramaic 25 26 46 70 140 187 204

213ndash OfficialImperialBiblical 26 27 35

40ndash Middle 26 27 30 32 33 34 35 36

37 38 40 41 52 167 170 187 188ndash Late 26 27 28 32 33 34 35 36 37

38 41 140 187ndash Galilean 29 36 38ndash Qumran 31 32 35 38Athaliah 125Augus tus 45

Babylonian Exile 118Banias 45βασιλείαndash as a hypothetical metaphor reflecting

the social interes ts of Qrsquos author(s) 48

ndash as a political entity 120ndash of God 23 48 73 95 108 123 132

177 178 182 183 184 192 194 206 207

ndash of Satan 51 114ndash realized 142beatitude(s) 82 91 93 105 131 132

133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 153

Bethsaida 45 56 93

Caesarea Philippi 46(Cairo) Geniza fragments 28 29 30 32

36 37Capernaum 45 56 93chiasm 83 85 101 102 103 109 118

120chias tic 85 101 103 106 107 108 120

152 197

Index of Subjects268

Chorazin 56 93chreia(s) 63 71 104 105 120 211chreiic 65 86 104 105 111 156chris tology (see the Q discussion refer-

enced separately below)ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 17ndash in Luke 19ndash in Mark 131circumcision 159 209Claudius 183cosmic mountain 114 119Cynic(s) 23

Dan 45 47Darius I 163Deuteronomis t 118Deuteronomis tic His tory 146deuteronomis ticndash agenda 156ndash context(s) 143 153ndash framework 53 54ndash motifs 118 127ndash orientation 64ndash outlook 61 82 114ndash redaction 80ndash rhetoric 136ndash s tratums trata 78ndash theme 78ndash tradition 79ndash unders tanding 64devil 51 66 114 117 119 120 121 123

124

Elijah 96 116 118 126 162 163 164ElijahElisha cycle 162 163Enoch 44 45 47 51 76 112 113 157

172 202ndash as a scribe 46ndash Book of Watchers 45 113 125ndash sapiential content in Watchers 76ndash Book of Parables 24 41 47 157 167

171 213ndash sapiential content in Parables 76ndash Epis tle of Enoch 43ndash his torical incarnation of 202ndash Seminar 47Enochicndash author 122ndash corpus 52 73ndash formulation 52

ndash framework 121ndash literaturetext 43 46 56ndash movement 47 53 157 210ndash mythology 113 114 122 164ndash Son of Man 172ndash tradents 46ndash tradition 43 46 47 79 113 122 157

215ndash Watchers myth 45 53 121eschatological prophetndash in 4Q521 160 162ndash in Q 164 165 166eschatology (see the Q discussion refer-

enced separately below) 47 48 50ndash in 1 Enoch 42 47 76 122 141 142

168 169ndash in 4Q521 159 160 162ndash in 4QIns truction 56ndash in Ben Sira 72ndash in Malachi 163 164ndash in Psalms of Solomon 159ndash in Trito-Isaiah 136Exodusndash legendmyth 117ndash imagerymotifs 116 163

form (literary)ndash and meaning 82ndash and worldview 76ndash apocalypse 49ndash criticism 61 62 63 67 68 69 70

74 156 170 214ndash miracle s tory 156ndash wisdom 84ndash (wisdom) ins truction 70 71

Gaius (Caligula) 44 46 123Galilee 23 36 44 45 47 56 73 131

171 194 215ndash village scribes 48ndash villagestowns 24 93 199Gentile(s) 9 87 96 120 126 155 157

158 159 164 167 168 169 173 198 199 209 215

Great Omission 8 9

HasidicHasidim 79 162Hebrew 25 35 39 40 41 42 204Hebrew Biblescriptures 24 118 127

136 160

269Index of Subjects

Hermogenes 171mt Hermon 45 46 47Herod the Great and the Herodian era

43 44 45 46 126Herodians 45(holy) Spirit 72 94 178 189Hulah Valley 45

Isaiah (see the Index of Ancient Sources for specific passages)

ndash Deutero 46 135 136 168 169ndash firs t-century reader of 135ndash Trito 51 54 135 136 137 143 154

163 200Israelndash in Ben Sira 125ndash in Daniel 168ndash in Deuteronomy 118ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 139ndash in the Hebrew Bible 198 199ndash in Jubilees 121ndash in Malachi 163ndash in Q 53 64 78 80 87 96 104 118

127 155 156 158 198 199ndash pre-exilic 50ndash traditional wisdom of 58ndash wilderness myth 117

James (son of Zebedee) 183Jerusalem 44 72 96 106 108 113 119

125 159 166 199 200ndash culttemple 136 137 163 214ndash pries thood 45 47 127Jesusndash as an apocalyptic figure in Q 38ndash as a literary character in Q 21ndash floating traditions ascribed to 48ndash his torical 21 29 37 43 47 73 116

141 142 164 165 171 172 186 198ndash his torical greeting of in Jerusalem

106ndash movement 23ndash tradition 161Jewish Chris tianityndash as a movement in a contes ted envi-

ronment 43 183ndash as a proliferation of groups and

communities 183ndash on the use of the term 23

ndash possible connection to the Enochic movement 47

Jewish War 200John (the Baptis t) 68 78 80 83 85 90

91 92 97 103 104 105 116 159 163 164 165 166 167 169 172

ndash followers of 159 165 166ndash his torical 159 165Journeysndash cosmicterres trial 76 112 113 114

119 122 127ndash heavenly 45 112 113Judea 36 44 200 215

Kallirrhoeuml 45Kleinliteratur 3 4 59 60 73 215

Lordrsquos Prayer 93 94 177Lot 97 99

Maccabean era 126Mas tema 121Matthew and Luke as conservative

traditionalis ts 4Matthewrsquos and Lukersquos redactorial

freedom 4Matthewrsquos use of Q 4messiah 106 116 162 164 210messiahship 123messianic 116 210Migdal 46mimesis 114 141minor agreements 15 130Minor Prophets 146Moses 117

Nag Hammadi 17Nimrod 32

oralndash possible cross-influence on the Gos-

pel of Thomas from the canonical gospels 11 193

ndash harmonization of Matthew and Luke 16

ndash life of the primitive community 60ndash performance 15 16 161ndash source utilization 15ndash tradition 17 98 151ndash transmission 188

Index of Subjects270

ndash usage and application of Q 4ndash usage of Matthew 15ndash variants of Q 4Oxyrhynchus 17

Paneion 46Parousia 116 186 193Parthian invasion of 40 BCE 44 46Paulndash his torical 149 183ndash possible awareness of the Q tradition

by 192persecutionndash as an apocalyptic motif 54ndash because of someone 142ndash in authentic Pauline corpus 149 183ndash in Q 52 54 78 94 107 118 122

126 132 133 134 140 141 142 143 144 175 180 181 182 184 190 194 200 206

ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 138ndash in the Parables of Enoch 141ndash in Trito-Isaiah 137 200ndash plausibility of 182 183Pharisees 65 68 94 166 169 205 206

214pleroma 39prophecyndash pre-exilic and Persian era (classical)

50ndash mixture of with wisdom 77Prophetisierung 75

Qndash apocalypticism apocalyptic motifs

features imagination framework and worldview 23 25 46 53 57 58 63 69 70 71 73 76 79 84 87 88 111 114 121 127 141 175 190 194 197 202 210 211 213 214

ndash apocalyptic document 48 51ndash apocalyptic wisdom ins truction 23

55 70 73 74 77 79 214ndash (apocalyptic) communitymovement

55 107 122 194 195 206 209ndash Aramaic roots 26ndash chris tology 70 81 83 87 93 104

115 116 123 130 131 142 144 145 147 153 154 156 157 159 164 166 167 194 214

ndash demonology 51 53ndash eschatological (apocalyptic) dis-

course 64 83 97 98 170 210 211 212

ndash eschatology 48 51 54 56 69 73 75 87 94 95 101 104 105 108 133 141 142 143 144 147 159 164 165 166 167 169 172 180 192 193 194 198 199 202 203 210

ndash final (literary) form 59 62 69 78 178

ndash hypothetical mid- (lower) level or sub-elite scribal origin 24 59

ndash hypothetical recensions 3 4 59 60 90 98

ndash hypothetical segregation of wisdom and apocalyptic s trata 60 66 67 70 213 214

ndash mission speech 23 56 86 87 92 104 105 107 173 182 194

ndash Pales tinian character 24ndash possible authenticity of its content

22 81ndash prophetic content 61 63 67 70 74

75 76 77 79 80 82 83 142 143 176

ndash recons truction (CEQ) 5 6 10 90 (see also recons truction [in this s tudy] below as such frequently follows the CEQ)

ndash recons truction (feasibility) 2 3 4 10 11

ndash recons truction (in this s tudy) 60 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 111 116 119 120 123 130 131 134 144 147 148 149 151 152 165 169 170 172 175 176 177 178 179 181 184 191 193 199 204 207 213 215

ndash recons truction (methodology) 5 89 90

ndash recons truction (skepticism) 2 10 59 (see also recons tructed Mark below)

ndash sapiential content 12 62 63 67 77 79 80 82 130 154 175 191 202 214

ndash sermon 63 82 91 92 103 105 127 129 130 131 134 135 138 140 144 145 147 152 153 154 155 156

ndash sophis ticated scribal traditions 24ndash sub-literary view of 3 59 60 74

271Index of Subjects

ndash tradents 4 59 67 125 135 147 181 182 197 199 202 203 207 209 214

ndash tradition 13 17 87 161 163 164 186 187 192 202

Quintillian 171Qumran (see the Index of Ancient

Sources for specific documents)ndash apocalyptic worldview 50 135ndash Aramaic corpus 33ndash beatitude collection 133ndash communitymovementYahad 44 53

56 121 135 136 137 157 160 161 206 207 208 209

ndash demonology 124ndash discovery 29ndash fellowship with angels 115ndash fragments of 1 Enoch 44ndash library 43ndash manualsrules 82ndash sapiential literature 25 55 56 57

58 62 69ndash social setting 43

recons tructed Mark 2 6 7 8 9 10RomeRomans 44 91 121 126 159

199 207ndash occupation of Judea 44

sage(s) 55 56 79 84Samaria 44Satan 50 51 52 53 114 115 117 118

120 121 159 192scribe(s) 102 205ndash ancient reading practices of 102ndash as a Q opponent group 68 169 205ndash as advanced or elite readers of Q

102 103ndash Enochic 46 215ndash in Matthewrsquos community (other than

Matthew) 4ndash in the Q community 48 135 195

215ndash in the text of Q 169 172ndash memory competence of 4 102ndash responsible for 2 Enoch 112ndash responsible for Did 13bndash5b 15scriptorium 46Sefire 27 37Sepphoris 38 46Sermon on the Mount 15 16 87 94

Sermon on the Plain 15 16(Deutero-Isaianic) Servant 136 168 169Sidon 199Simeon II 125Son of Man 47 115ndash Aramaic background of the phrase

25 26 28 37 153ndash as a messianic title in the Parables of

Enoch 28 46ndash circumlocutional non-titular use of

the phrase in Late Aramaic 34ndash classifications of the phrasersquos Q

ins tances 26ndash designation of as Son of Humanity in

some recent research 39ndash his torical incarnation of as under-

s tood by some ancient authors 165 172

ndash hypothetical non-titular (circumlocu-tional or generic) use of the definite phrase in Middle Aramaic by the his torical Jesus and in Q 28 29 34 37 38 39 42 43 52 71 140 142 167 170 186 187

ndash in Daniel 41 42 186 213ndash in Luke 142 186ndash in Mark 41ndash in Matthew 99 142 186ndash in Q 25 26 34 38 39 42 43 46 47

52 53 64 67 69 70 71 96 98 104 106 115 116 123 141 142 147 164 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 176 185 186 187 188 189 191 194 201 203 210 212 213

ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 170ndash in the Parables of Enoch 25 28 41

42 43 44 45 46 47 122 141 142 146 147 153 155 164 165 168 169 172 173 202 213

ndash non-titular use of the indefinite phrase in Middle Aramaic 41

ndash titular (including but not limited to chris tological) use of the definite phrase in Q 34 38 52 53 64 70 104 123 142 143 147 167 168 172 173 185 186 187 189 191 194 201 203 210 212 213

Sondergut 89 90ndash Matthean 91ndash Lukan 94 95 97 98 177

Index of Subjects272

Sophiandash myth (Enochic tradition) 172 202ndash myth (synoptic tradition) 96 200

201ndash words of 96 201synopticndash gospels 11 150 151ndash material 16 151ndash parallels 18 19ndash problem 1ndash Sayings Source 3 216ndash s tudies 4ndash tradition 17 21 26 98 101 131 151

158 205 215Syria 215

Talmud 30 36 37 38Targum 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

38 40 41ndash recons truction of the Pales tinian Tar-

gum 32Taricheae 46Tell Dan 45templendash apparatusins titution 50 96 107

113 119 125 126 127 137 157 197 200 205

ndash eschatological 76

ndash purityholiness of 65 123 137ndash mitigatingprotective role 51 124ndash of Augus tus at Paneion 45ndash second temple era 25 41 44 48 56

62 70 71 72 79 82 84 121 124 136 137 154 163 186 201 209 213 216

ndash liturgy 124ndash mounthill 113ndash pollution of as perceived by some

ancient authors 113 125 136Theon of Alexandria 171Tiberias 38Torah 58 64 72 79 112 207 208 209transfiguration 47tree of knowledge 113Tyre 199

Vermes-Fitzmyer debate 28 38 39

Watchers 45 53 121Wicked Pries t 125

Yahweh 117 118

Zechariah (son of Jehoiada) 200mt Zion 113

  • Cover13
  • Titel13
  • Preface
  • Table of Contents13
  • List of Abbreviations
  • Chapter One Prolegomena
    • 1 Introduction Recent Methodological Questions in Q Studies
    • 2 The Study of Q as a Reconstructed Text
      • Index of Ancient Sources
      • Index of Modern Authors
      • Index of Subjects
Page 11: Apocalypticism in the Synoptic Sayings Source€¦ · Apocalypticism in the Synoptic Sayings Source A Reassessment of Q’s Stratigraphy Mohr Siebeck. Olegs Andrejevs, born 1982;

XIV Lis t of Abbreviations

HTR Harvard Theological ReviewHTS Harvard Theological S tudiesIBS Irish Biblical S tudiesICC The International Critical CommentaryIQP The International Q ProjectJAOS Journal of the American Oriental SocietyJBL Journal of Biblical LiteratureJCTCRS Jewish and Chris tian Texts in Contexts and Related S tudiesJECH Journal of Early Chris tian His toryJJS Journal of Jewish S tudiesJQR Jewish Quarterly ReviewJR Journal of ReligionJSJ Journal for the S tudy of JudaismJSJSup Journal for the S tudy of Judaism Supplement SeriesJSNT Journal for the S tudy of the New Tes tamentJSNTSup Journal for the S tudy of the New Tes tament Supplement SeriesJSOT Journal for the S tudy of the Old Tes tamentJSOTSup Journal for the S tudy of the Old Tes tament Supplement SeriesJSP Journal for the S tudy of the PseudepigraphaJSPSup Journal for the S tudy of the Pseudepigrapha Supplement SeriesJTC Journal for Theology and the ChurchJTS Journal of Theological S tudiesLingBibl Linguis tica BiblicaLNTS Library of New Tes tament S tudiesLS TS Library of Second Temple S tudiesLUA Lunds Universitets ArsskriftMTS Marburger theologische S tudienMThA Muumlns teraner theologische AbhandlungenNA Neutes tamentliche ArbeitenNHS Nag Hammadi S tudiesNHMS Nag Hammadi and Manichaean S tudiesNIBC The New International Biblical CommentaryNIGTC The New International Greek Tes tament Commentary NovT Novum Tes tamentumNovTSup Novum Tes tamentum SupplementsNTL The New Tes tament LibraryNTR New Tes tament ReadingsNTS New Tes tament S tudiesNTTS New Tes tament Tools and S tudiesOTL The Old Tes tament LibraryPBM Paternos ter Biblical MonographsPFES Publications of the Finnish Exegetical SocietyRB Revue bibliqueRevQ Revue de QumranSAC S tudies in Antiquity and Chris tianity SBL S tudies in Biblical LiteratureSBLECL Society of Biblical Literature Early Chris tianity and its LiteratureSBLEJL Society of Biblical Literature Early Judaism and its LiteratureSBLMS Society of Biblical Literature Monograph SeriesSBLSBS Society of Biblical Literature Sources for Biblical S tudySBLSP Society of Biblical Literature Seminar PapersSNTSMS Society for New Tes tament S tudies Monograph Series

XVLis t of Abbreviations

ScrHier Scripta HierosolymitanaSPhiloA S tudia Philonica AnnualS TDJ S tudies on the Texts of the Desert of JudahS tJ S tudia JudaicaSVTP S tudia in Veteris Tes tamenti PseudepigraphaSVTQ S t Vladimirrsquos Theological QuarterlyTAZ Texte und Arbeiten zum neutes tamentlichen ZeitalterTDNT Theological Dictionary of the New Tes tamentTENT Texts and Editions for New Tes tament S tudyTJT Toronto Journal of TheologyTS Theological S tudiesTTZ Trierer theologische ZeitschriftUNDCSJCA University of Notre Dame Center for the S tudy of Judaism and

Chris tianity in AntiquityVCSup Vigiliae Chris tianae Supplement SeriesVT Vetus Tes tamentumVTSup Vetus Tes tamentum Supplement SeriesWBC Word Biblical CommentaryWUNT Wissenchaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Tes tamentZDMG Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenlaumlndischen GesellschaftZKT Zeitschrift fuumlr katholische TheologieZNW Zeitschrift fuumlr die neutes tamentliche WissenschaftZTK Zeitschrift fuumlr Theologie und Kirche

Chapter One

Prolegomena

1 Introduction Recent Methodological Questions in Q Studies

A survey of the current trends in New Testament and Q studies reveals a some-what uncertain environment While the Two-Document Hypothesis (hereafter 2DH) continues to hold its own occasional skepticism with regard to Qrsquos ex-istence has by no means dissipated1 Within the ranks of those scholars who work with or trend toward the 2DH the written character of Q is not universally accepted2 Among those who accept the premise of a written Q there remain

1 For recent arguments against the 2DH see eg Mark S Goodacre The Case Against Q

Studies in Markan Priority and the Synoptic Problem (Harrisburg PA Trinity Press Interna-tional 2002) Francis Watson Gospel Writing A Canonical Perspective (Grand Rapids MI Eerdmans 2013) For responses to these scholars see eg Paul Foster ldquoIs It Possible to Dis-pense with Qrdquo NovT 45 (2003) 313ndash37 John S Kloppenborg ldquoOn Dispensing with Q Goodacre on the Relation of Luke to Matthewrdquo NTS 49 (2003) 210ndash36 Christopher M Tuck-ett ldquoWatson Q and LMrdquo in Gospel Interpretation and the Q-Hypothesis (ed Mogens Muumlller and Heike Omerzu LNTS 573 London TampT Clark 2018) 115ndash38 (for Watsonrsquos rejoinder see ldquoSeven Theses on the Synoptic Problem in Disagreement with Christopher Tuckettrdquo in Idem 139ndash47) For classic comprehensive cases in support of the 2DH see Joseph A Fitzmyer ldquoThe Priority of Mark and the lsquoQrsquo Source in Lukerdquo in Jesus and Manrsquos Hope (ed Donald G Miller Pittsburgh PA Pittsburgh Theological Seminary 1970) 131ndash70 W D Davies and Dale C Allison The Gospel According to Saint Matthew (ICC 26 3 vols Edinburgh TampT Clark 1988ndash97) 1115ndash21 John S Kloppenborg Verbin Excavating Q The History and Set-ting of the Sayings Gospel (Minneapolis MN Fortress Press 2000) 11ndash54 For recent investi-gations demonstrating the viability of the 2DH see Robert A Derrenbacker Ancient Composi-tional Practices and the Synoptic Problem (BETL 186 Leuven Leuven University Press 2005) Alan Kirk Q in Matthew Ancient Media Memory and Early Scribal Transmission of the Jesus Tradition (LNTS 564 London TampT Clark 2016) For additional recent statements by Q scholars see Simon J Joseph The Nonviolent Messiah Jesus Q and the Enochic Tradi-tion (Minneapolis MN Fortress Press 2014) 8ndash10 Giovanni B Bazzana Kingdom of Bureau-cracy The Political Ideology of Village Scribes in the Sayings Gospel Q (BETL 274 Leuven Peeters 2015) 2ndash3 While a close discussion of the synoptic problem lies outside the scope of this monograph it is perhaps worth emphasizing that the solutions of Goodacre and Watson are equally if not more so hypothetical than the 2DH

2 Eg Terence C Mournet Oral Tradition and Literary Dependency Variability and Sta-bility in the Synoptic Tradition and Q (WUNT 2195 Tuumlbingen Mohr Siebeck 2005) Armin D Baum Der muumlndliche Faktor und seine Bedeutung fuumlr die synoptische Frage (TAZ 49 Tuuml-bingen Francke 2008) James D G Dunn The Oral Gospel Tradition (Grand Rapids MI Eerdmans 2013) For responses to the arguments made by these and other scholars see John

2 Chapter One Prolegomena

important disagreements regarding the attainability of Qrsquos word-level recon-struction3 Additionally questions about the provenance of portions of two sec-ond-century documents the Didache and the pseudepigraphal Gospel of Thomas continue to affect the study of Qrsquos sources and redaction If the Q parallels contained in those documents derive from the canonical gospels ndash as some scholars have argued ndash then such parallels obviously have no bearing on Qrsquos compositional history If however certain sayings or combinations of say-ings reach the Didache and Thomas via autonomous channels apart from the canonical gospels and can be shown to not depend on Q then the hypothesis of a Vorlage shared by the parallels in question and Q becomes logical It is not difficult to see how these matters are critical to the study of Qrsquos stratigraphy After all one of its fundamental tasks is to identify possible modifications of traditional material thereby acquiring a better understanding of the documentrsquos redactional interests

This chapter will discuss two of the aforementioned issues While we pre-suppose the validity of the 2DH and Qrsquos written character in what follows we shall engage the feasibility of Qrsquos reconstruction and the attainability of the documentrsquos wording The former has recently been dismissed by a number of scholars who have pointed out the inferiority of the reconstructed Mark4 to the canonical version of the gospel while Qrsquos wording has come under renewed scrutiny This will be followed by arguments in support of the autonomy of Did 13bndash21 and portions of the Gospel of Thomas both contested subjects in recent academic discussion Some of the observations included in the treatment of these matters will cover familiar terrain However their configuration is de-signed to highlight the problematic nature of a number of current claims and to lay the methodological foundation for the present investigation as well as for a fresh treatment of the Sayings Source and related documents5

S Kloppenborg ldquoVariation and Reproduction of the Double Tradition and an Oral Qrdquo ETL 83 (2007) 53ndash80 Alan Kirk ldquoOrality Writing and Phantom Sources Appeals to Ancient Media in Some Recent Challenges to the Two Document Hypothesisrdquo NTS 58 (2011) 1ndash22 Idem Q in Matthew 151ndash66 220ndash24 293ndash97 Sarah E Rollens Framing Social Criticism in the Jesus Movement The Ideological Project in the Sayings Gospel Q (WUNT 2374 Tuumlbingen Mohr Siebeck 2014) 81ndash90 See also the earlier discussion in eg Joseph A Fitzmyer The Gospel According to Luke (AB 28 and 28A 2 vols New York NY Doubleday 1981ndash85) 75ndash81 John S Kloppenborg Formation of Q Trajectories in Ancient Wisdom Collections (SAC Phil-adelphia PA Fortress Press 1987) 42ndash51 Davies and Allison Matthew 1116 H T Fledder-mann Q A Reconstruction and Commentary (BTS 1 Leuven Peeters 2005) 41ndash68 Based on the case made collectively by the above scholars it will be a presupposition of this study that Q was a written document

3 Eg Dieter T Roth The Parables in Q (LNTS 582 London TampT Clark 2018) 30ndash44 See the discussion below in this chapter

4 Viz Markrsquos gospel as reconstructed from its reception by Matthew and Luke 5 It is necessary also to address the frequent identification of Q as a gospel Frans Neirynck

(ldquoQ From Source to Gospelrdquo ETL 71 [1995] 421) notes that ldquothe use of the term originated in the SBL Q Seminar and was strongly promoted by its presidents James M Robinson and John

2 The Study of Q as a Reconstructed Text 3

2 The Study of Q as a Reconstructed Text 2 The Study of Q as a Reconstructed Text It is one thing to assert based on the synoptic evidence that Q was a written document with a single recension of the finished text6 It is another matter to

S Kloppenborgrdquo For the rationale see eg John S Kloppenborg ldquoIntroductionrdquo in The Shape of Q Signal Essays on the Sayings Gospel (ed Idem Minneapolis MN Fortress Press 1994) 1 n 1 I am sympathetic with Neirynckrsquos view (ldquoQ From Source to Gospelrdquo 429) it is ldquoan advantage of the full designation lsquo(Synoptic) Sayings Source Qrsquo that it reminds us of the fact that we have no direct access to the text of Q it remains a hypothetical source text that we are to reconstruct from Matthew and Lukerdquo Furthermore there is ldquoa difference between recogniz-ing that the sayings of Jesus contain the gospel and designating the Sayings collection as a Gospelrdquo Edwin K Broadhead ldquoOn the (Mis)Definition of Qrdquo JSNT 68 (1999) 9

6 The alternative premise ndash of two separate recensions (QMatt and QLk) ndash is quite venerable Eg Rudolph Bultmann The History of the Synoptic Tradition (New York NY Harper amp Row 1963) 328 (originally published in 1921) In modern research it has continued to be accepted with a varying degree of certainty by a number of New Testament and Q scholars eg I Howard Marshall The Gospel of Luke A Commentary on the Greek Text (NIGTC Grand Rap-ids MI Eerdmans 1978) 30ndash1 Davies and Allison Matthew 1121 Migaku Sato Q und Prophetie Studien zur Gattungs- und Traditionsgeschichte der Quelle Q (WUNT 229 Tuuml-bingen Mohr Siebeck 1988) 18ndash19 Hans Dieter Betz The Sermon on the Mount (Hermeneia Minneapolis MI Fortress Press 1995) 7ndash9 Ulrich Luz Matthew 8ndash20 (Hermeneia Minne-apolis MN Fortress Press 2001) Idem Matthew 21ndash28 (Hermeneia Minneapolis MN For-tress Press 2005) Idem ldquoMatthew and Qrdquo in Studies in Matthew (Grand Rapids MI Eerd-mans 2005) 39ndash53 Idem Matthew 1ndash7 (Hermeneia Minneapolis MN Fortress Press 2007) Idem ldquoLooking at Q through the Eyes of Matthewrdquo in New Studies in the Synoptic Problem Oxford Conference April 2008 Essays in Honour of Christopher M Tuckett (ed Paul Foster Andrew Gregory John S Kloppenborg Joseph Verheyden BETL 239 Leuven Leuven Uni-versity Press 2011) 571ndash89 John T Carroll Luke A Commentary (NTL Louisville KY Westminster John Knox Press 2012) 8 Rollens Framing Social Criticism 86 n 10 Bazzana Kingdom of Bureaucracy 4ndash5 John S Kloppenborg ldquoA lsquoParting of the Waysrsquo in Qrdquo in Q in Context I The Separation between the Just and the Unjust in Early Judaism and in the Sayings Source (ed Markus Tiwald BBB 172 Goumlttingen Vandenhoeck amp Ruprecht 2015) 123 Klop-penborg (ibid) has recently stated ldquoIn what follows I will assume the still-dominant view of Q that it is a document that came to Matthew and Luke in approximately the same form I say lsquoapproximatelyrsquo because we must allow for some variation at least in wording of Q and perhaps even expansions ndash the kind of elaboration that Ulrich Luz and his students have proposedrdquo In my view the drawbacks of this hypothesis significantly outweigh its potential benefits Klop-penborg (Excavating Q 109) and Bazzana (Kingdom of Bureaucracy 4ndash5) appeal to the diver-sity of the NT manuscripts and their circulation patterns but this is an argument from analogy rather than a demonstration The only way of demonstrating the existence of such recensions would be by showing (preferably on multiple occasions) that Matthewrsquos or Lukersquos Sondergut text adjacent to or interpolated in a Q block of material is traditional coheres with the content of that Q block and of the Q document and is unlikely to have been omitted by the other evan-gelist This is virtually impossible to demonstrate conclusively and so the hypothesis enters the realm of speculation (eg Fitzmyer Luke 80) where ldquoin every case there are other possible explanationsrdquo (Luz ldquoLooking at Qrdquo 579) Further red flags lurk in the occasional connection between the multiple recension hypothesis and the sub-literary (Kleinliteratur) view of Q (eg ibid 578 584) Thus Luz (Matthew 1ndash7 19) and Sato (Q und Prophetie 72ndash77) envision Q as

4 Chapter One Prolegomena

produce a reliable reconstruction of that text The point of departure rests with Matthewrsquos and Lukersquos redaction of Mark Luke preserves the Markan order with only minor exceptions The implications of this naturally carry over to the reconstruction of Qrsquos sequence7 Based on the conclusions reached by Heinrich Julius Holtzmann in 18638 confirmed by Burnett Hillman Streeter and George DeWitt Castor in the first half of the twentieth century9 and reaffirmed by the

a notebook to which new sheets could be added at any time Some such approach to Q has formed the dominant paradigm in 2DH based synoptic studies until only recently See the sur-vey of scholarship in Alan Kirk The Composition of the Sayings Source Genre Synchrony and Wisdom Redaction in Q (NovTSup 91 Leiden Brill 1998) 2ndash64 As the discussion in chapters three and five of this study will suggest (in continuity with Kirkrsquos view) the Kleinlit-eratur paradigm constitutes a mischaracterization of Q This still leaves the option of Q receiv-ing further editing from its own tradents which essentially amounts to an additional layer of redaction (eg one would have to envision a Q4 stratum in Kloppenborgrsquos stratigraphy) The outline and profile of such a redaction (or in the case of QMatt and QLk redactions) remains to be demonstrated however Meanwhile the documentrsquos eventual disappearance and complete lack of attestation in the Church Fathers suggests caution in imagining any kind of significant textual proliferation Could multiple autonomous copies of Q go from being in possession by and being normative for some of the early Christianityrsquos most prominent communities to van-ishing not only from existence but also from subsequent memory It seems that the possibility of a single circulating copy at least deserves further consideration Finally Neirynckrsquos objection remains pertinent ldquothe need for positing an intermediate stage is it not a logical consequence of their too restrictive notion of Matthean and Lukan redactionrdquo Frans Neirynck ldquoQMt and QLk and the Reconstruction of Qrdquo ETL 66 (1990) 390 In other words Qrsquos putative textual fluidity has much to do with a restriction of Matthean andor Lukan redactorial freedom and derives logically from a view of Matthew andor Luke as conservative traditionalists Syreenirsquos obser-vations made with regard to the thesis of a QMatt offer an alternative ldquoInstead of such a literary evolution it would be quite natural to reckon with oral usage and application of Q sayings and sequences in Matthewrsquos community Oral variants and new combinations of various Q passages as well as combinations of Q and special material were to be expected if Q was used for pur-poses of community teaching and paraenesis Also ecclesiastical material which was affected or even inspired by Q sayings was likely to emerge Some literary reworking may have been made what I doubt however is the existence of a massively expanded QMt editionrdquo Kari Syreeni The Making of the Sermon on the Mount A Procedural Analysis of Matthewrsquos Redac-torial Activity (AASF 44 Helsinki Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia 1987) 161 Because the ex-istence of scribes other than the gospelrsquos author in Matthewrsquos community has not been demon-strated I hesitate to imagine a literary reworking of Q by that community prior to the gospelrsquos composition (a similar situation obtains on the Lukan side) With this minor adjustment Syreenirsquos statement describes the optimal alternative to the multiple recension hypothesis

7 It should be noted however that although Matthewrsquos approach to Q (when reconstructed based on its Lukan sequence) can be described as liberal Matthewrsquos ldquoappropriative movement through Q is consistently forwardrdquo indicating memory competence and ldquocognitive operations that follow the schematic organizational linesrdquo of the source Kirk Q in Matthew 166

8 Heinrich Julius Holtzmann Die synoptischen Evangelien Ihr Uhrsprung und geschicht-licher Charakter (Leipzig Wilhelm Engelmann 1986) 142ndash43

9 Burnett Hillman Streeter ldquoOn the Original Order of Qrdquo in Oxford Studies in the Synoptic Problem (ed William Sanday Oxford At the Clarendon Press 1911) 141ndash64 George DeWitt

2 The Study of Q as a Reconstructed Text 5

ensuing Q scholarship as well as a number of Matthean and Lukan scholars10 today it is possible to assert with ldquoa near unanimity that Luke best preserved the sequence of Q sayingsrdquo11

Q attained what currently remains its definitive reconstruction by the end of the twentieth century in the form of The Critical Edition of Q (hereafter CEQ)12 To call the CEQ ldquodefinitiverdquo of course is to neither imply its infalli-bility nor to expect it to produce the final say on the matter13 As noted by James M Robinson in the introduction to the CEQ it was a product ldquoof a team of scholars who have been working together since 1985 as the International Q Projectrdquo (hereafter IQP)14 The text and sequence of Q published in the CEQ

Castor Matthewrsquos Sayings of Jesus The Non-Marcan Common Source of Matthew and Luke (PhD diss University of Chicago 1918) 120ndash39

10 Eg T W Manson The Sayings of Jesus as recorded in the Gospels according to St Matthew and St Luke arranged with introduction and commentary (London SCM Press 1949 reprint 1971) 39ndash148 James M Robinson ldquoThe Sermon on the Mount Plain Work Sheets for the Reconstruction of Qrdquo SBLSP 22 (1983) 451ndash54 Arland D Jacobson The First Gospel An Introduction to Q (FFRS Sonoma CA Polebridge Press 1992) 45 Dale C Allison The Jesus Tradition in Q (Harrisburg PA Trinity Press International 1997) 2 n 6 Franҫois Bovon Luke 1 A Commentary on the Gospel of Luke 11ndash950 (Hermeneia Minneapolis MN Fortress Press 2002) 6ndash8 Kirk Q in Matthew 163ndash66

11 Kloppenborg Verbin Excavating Q 88 Noting that ldquomost recent reconstructions of Q include both (a) the double tradition and (b) items triply attested where the degree of agreement against Mark is substantial and where the agreements are not likely to be merely coincidentalrdquo Kloppenborg (ibid 92) uses these criteria to assign the following texts to Q (by Lukan versifi-cation) Q 37bndash9 16bndash17 41ndash13 620bndash23 27ndash33 35c 36ndash37b 38c 39ndash49 71bndash2 6bndash10 18ndash19 22ndash23 24ndash28 31ndash35 957ndash60 102ndash16 21ndash22 23bndash24 112ndash4 9ndash13 14ndash20 23 24ndash26 29ndash35 39ndash44 46ndash52 122ndash12 22bndash31 33ndash34 39ndash40 42bndash46 51ndash53 54bndash56 58ndash59 1318ndash19 20ndash21 24 26ndash27 28ndash30 34ndash35 14111814 1416ndash24 26ndash27 34ndash35 154ndash7 1613 16 17 18 171bndash2 3bndash4 6b 23ndash24 26ndash27 30 33 34ndash35 37b 1912ndash13 15bndash26 2228bndash30 Kloppenborg also assigns to Q some Sondergut materials which involve a different set of methodological considerations See the discussion in chapter four

12 James M Robinson Paul Hoffmann and John S Kloppenborg eds The Critical Edition of Q Synopsis including the Gospels of Matthew and Luke Mark and Thomas with English German and French Translations of Q and Thomas (Hermeneia Supplement Series Minneap-olis MN Fortress Press 2000)

13 It may suffice here to quote the editors James M Robinson ldquoHistory of Q Researchrdquo in The Critical Edition of Q lxxi ldquoIt is not to be assumed that the present critical text is a last wordrdquo John S Kloppenborg ldquoThe Use of the Synoptics or Q in Did 13bndash21rdquo in Matthew and the Didache Two Documents from the Same Jewish-Christian Milieu (ed Huub van de Sandt Minneapolis MN Fortress Press 2005) 115 ldquoWhile the Critical Edition should hardly be taken as the definitive reconstruction of Q it does provide a benchmark and a useful point of referencerdquo

14 Robinson ldquoHistory of Q Researchrdquo xix For a survey of IQPrsquos methodology and results as assessed at the time of the CEQrsquos publication see Christoph Heil ldquoDie Q-Rekonstruktion des Internationalen Q-Projekts Einfuumlhrung in Methodik und Resultaterdquo NovT 43 (2001) 128ndash43 For IQP work sessions see James M Robinson ldquoThe International Q Project Work Session 17 November 1989rdquo JBL 109 (1990) 499ndash501 Idem ldquoThe International Q Project Work

6 Chapter One Prolegomena

therefore represent a consensus among a group of scholars reflecting the pre-suppositions held by those scholars at a particular juncture in the history of Qrsquos research15 That it is only a necessary first step and demands continued reeval-uation becomes evident from the fact that some of the IQP members whose preferences were occasionally not reflected in the CEQ proceeded to release their own alternative reconstructions of Q either shortly before or after the CEQrsquos seminal publication16 Indeed the present study also makes several emendations of both the CEQrsquos reconstruction of the documentrsquos sequence and of its wording Overall however it is clear that the CEQ will continue to pro-vide the baseline for compositional studies of Q for years to come

The availability of the reconstructed text enables the literary analysis of Q A number of scholars however have recently expressed doubts regarding the attainability of not only Qrsquos wording but in fact of the documentrsquos full extent Cyril S Rodd has declared it ldquosheer conjecturerdquo to imagine ldquothat the passages which are common to Matthew and Luke comprise this Q document in its en-tiretyrdquo17 Joseph Allen Weaks has similarly called the text of Q ldquospeculativerdquo claiming that to rely on it as though it were ldquoan extant gospel textrdquo is ldquosimply not possiblerdquo18 Both scholars have tied the bulk of their objections to the ob-servation (called a ldquothought experimentrdquo by Dieter T Roth)19 that the text of Markrsquos gospel cannot be accurately reconstructed from its Matthean and Lukan reception While this argument has already been engaged by some scholars20 the deficiency of its logic appears to not have been sufficiently exposed as Rothrsquos renewed deployment of it in 2018 demonstrates ndash in a Q monograph21 It is therefore important to allow the reader to assess the difficulties

Session 16 November 1990rdquo JBL 110 (1991) 494ndash98 Idem ldquoThe International Q Project Work Sessions 12ndash14 July 22 November 1991rdquo JBL 111 (1992) 500ndash08 Idem ldquoThe Interna-tional Q Project Work Sessions 31 Julyndash2 August 20 November 1992rdquo JBL 112 (1993) 500ndash06 Idem ldquoThe International Q Project Work Sessions 6ndash8 August 18ndash19 November 1993rdquo JBL 113 (1994) 495ndash99 Idem ldquoThe International Q Project Work Sessions 23ndash27 May 22ndash26 August 17ndash18 November 1994rdquo JBL 114 (1995) 475ndash85 Idem ldquoThe International Q Pro-ject Editorial Board Meetings 1ndash10 June 16 November 1995 16ndash23 August 22 November 1996 Work Sessions 17 November 1995 23 November 1996rdquo JBL 116 (1997) 521ndash25

15 The full list of the IQPrsquos members may be found in The Critical Edition xvii 16 Kirk Composition 152ndash403 Fleddermann Commentary 874ndash913 17 Cyril S Rodd ldquoThe End of the Theology of Qrdquo ExpT 113 (2001) 12 Idem ldquoThe The-

ology of Q Yet Again A Reply to the Responses of Christopher Tuckett and Paul Fosterrdquo ExpT 114 (2002) 80ndash85

18 Joseph Allen Weaks ldquoMark without Mark Problematizing the Reliability of a Recon-structed Text of Qrdquo (PhD diss Brite Divinity School 2010) 344ndash45

19 Roth Parables 36 20 Eg Christopher M Tuckett ldquoThe Search for a Theology of Q A Dead Endrdquo ExpT 113

(2002) 291ndash94 Paul Foster ldquoIn Defense of the Study of Qrdquo ExpT 113 (2002) 295ndash300 21 Roth Parables 36ndash37 It should be noted of course that Roth does not wish to com-

pletely dismiss the accessibility of Qrsquos text His intention is to argue that ldquoscholarship should be rather more skeptical about the wording of Qrdquo (ibid 39)

2 The Study of Q as a Reconstructed Text 7

compromising the case that Rodd Weaks and Roth have found rather persua-sive Three observations stand to be made in this regard

First of all because it is a sayings collection Q does not lend itself to the same type of editorial abridgements as Mark The two documents are very dif-ferent Not nearly enough attention is given to this by Rodd Weaks and Roth all of whom hang their case to some degree on the fragmentary product that is the reconstructed Mark as though Q similarly contains a plot or even a remotely compatible story to saying ratio The abridgement of Markan pericopes by Luke and Matthew reflects editorial strategies appropriate to rewriting a biography viz a document exhibiting a large concentration of narrative material22 The Markan words of Jesus are omitted at a vastly different rate with the majority of those words preserved by both Matthew and Luke with minimal rephrasing23

22 Rodd (ldquoThe End of the Theology of Qrdquo 6) notes that ldquoalmost always each pericope in

[the reconstructed] lsquoMarkrsquo will be shorter than in the canonical gospelrdquo citing as examples the abridgements of Mk 21ndash12 (= Matt 91ndash8 Lk 517ndash26) and Mk 121ndash12 (= Matt 2133ndash46 Lk 209ndash19) However the healing of a man with the palsy (Mk 21ndash12) is a good example of a story whose narrative details welcome abridgements while the words of Jesus (Mk 25b 8bndash11) ndash notably including the key statements in Mk 25b 10 ndash are preserved correctly by both Matthew and Luke (Matt 92c 4bndash6 Lk 520b 22bndash24) As for the parable of the wicked tenants (Mk 121ndash12) this can be reliably reconstructed from its MatthewLuke reproduction missing only minor details The omitted details scarcely seem to affect the interpretation of the source text viz the intention of the parable as it was deployed in Markrsquos gospel

23 Mk 141 44 (= Matt 83ndash4 Lk 513ndash14) Mk 25 8ndash11 (= Matt 92 4ndash6 Lk 520 22ndash24) Mk 214 (= Matt 99 Lk 527) Mk 217 (= Matt 912ndash13 Lk 531ndash32) Mk 219ndash22 (= Matt 915ndash17 Lk 534ndash38) Mk 225ndash28 (= Matt 123ndash4 8 Lk 63ndash5) Mk 34ndash5 (= Matt 1212ndash13 Lk 69ndash10) Mk 335 (= Matt 1250 Lk 821) Mk 42ndash9 (= Matt 133ndash9 Lk 85ndash8) Mk 411ndash12 (= Matt 1311 13 Lk 810) Mk 414ndash20 (= Matt 1318ndash23 Lk 811ndash15) Mk 421ndash22 (= MattQ 515 MattQ 1026 Lk 816ndash17) Mk 424c (= MattQ 72 LkQ 638) Mk 425 (= Matt 1312 Lk 818) Mk 440 (= Matt 826 Lk 825) Mk 534 (= Matt 922 Lk 848) Mk 539 (= Matt 923ndash24 Lk 852) Mk 64bc (= Matt 1357 Lk 424) Mk 637 (= Matt 1416 Lk 913) Mk 827 29 (= Matt 1613 15 Lk 918 20) Mk 834ndash36 (= Matt 1624ndash26 Lk 923ndash25) Mk 91 (= Matt 1628 Lk 927) Mk 919 (= Matt 1717 Lk 941) Mk 931 (= Matt 1722ndash23 Lk 944) Mk 935 (= Matt 2311 Lk 2226) Mk 937 (= Matt 185 Lk 948) Mk 940 (= MattQ 1230 Lk 950) Mk 1014ndash15 (= Matt 183 1914 Lk 1816ndash17) Mk 1018ndash19 21 23 25 27 29ndash30 (= Matt 1917ndash19 21 23ndash24 26 29 Lk 1819ndash20 22 24ndash25 27 29ndash30) Mk 1033ndash34 (= Matt 2018ndash19 Lk 1831ndash33) Mk 1042ndash45 (= Matt 2025ndash28 Lk 2225ndash27) Mk 1051 (= Matt 2032 Lk 1841) Mk 112ndash3 (= Matt 212ndash3 Lk 1930ndash31) Mk 1117 (= Matt 2113 Lk 1946) Mk 1129ndash30 33 (= Matt 2124ndash25 27 Lk 203ndash4 8) Mk 121ndash10 (= Matt 2133ndash42 Lk 209ndash17) Mk 1215dndash17 (= Matt 2219ndash21 Lk 2024ndash25) Mk 1225ndash27 (= Matt 2230ndash32 Lk 2034ndash38) Mk 1230ndash31 (= Matt 2237ndash39 Lk 1027) Mk 1235ndash37 (= Matt 2241ndash45 Lk 2041ndash44) Mk 132 (= Matt 242 Lk 216) Mk 135ndash13 (Matt 244ndash13 Lk 218ndash19) Mk 1314c 17 19 (= Matt 2416 19 21 Lk 2121 23) Mk 1324ndash31 (= Matt 2429ndash35 Lk 2125ndash33) Mk 1413ndash14 (= Matt 2618 Lk 2210ndash11) Mk 1418 20ndash21 (= Matt 2621 23ndash24 Lk 2221ndash22) Mk 1422ndash25 (= Matt 2626ndash29 Lk 2216ndash20) Mk 1430 (= Matt 2634 Lk 2234) Mk 1436 (= Matt 2639 Lk 2242) Mk 1437ndash38 (= Matt 2640ndash41 Lk 2246) Mk 1448ndash49a (= Matt 2655 Lk 2252ndash53a) Mk 1462 (= Matt 2664 Lk 2269ndash70) Mk 152 (= Matt 2711 Lk 233)

8 Chapter One Prolegomena

and the non-Q related omissions limited to (a) statements forming an integral part of a narrative24 (b) statements commands and questions that are redun-dant25 (c) statements that cast a potentially negative light on Jesusrsquo family26 or disciples27 both established Markan themes28 (d) statements that are poten-tially problematic theologically29 (e) statements falling under none of the above categories that are abridged expanded or reworked by one of the evan-gelists30 (f) statements occurring in pericopes that have been eliminated com-pletely by Matthew or Luke31 Of these six categories the first three are un-likely to have been present in Q due to its lack of a plot relative scarcity of stories and absence of any interest in Jesusrsquo family or disciples The remaining three categories include only a few sayings outside of the Great Omission (more on that below) Consequently it appears that Matthew and Luke already elim-inating a minor percentage of the Markan Jesusrsquo words that lack Q parallels had no clear reason to omit even that much from Q

Secondly on a number of occasions one or both evangelists preserve dou-blets of the Markan sayings of Jesus which on the 2DH are assigned to Q32 This development is surprising in Lukersquos case since his tendency to avoid dou-blets is well known33 What is really decisive however is that in instances

24 Mk 125 138 435 59 19 530 541 1243 (omitted by Matthew) Mk 1036 1432

34 41ndash42 (omitted by Luke) Mk 1114 (either omitted or reworked in Lk 136ndash9) Mk 439 58 631 638 916 21 25 933 939c 1049 1234 (omitted or reworked by both Matthew and Luke)

25 Mk 424bd 1238 40 (omitted by Matthew) Mk 334 837 941 1211 1215b 1224 1318 20 23 (omitted by Luke) Mk 1449b (reworked in Lk 2253b) Mk 949 1024 1229 (omitted by both Matthew and Luke)

26 Mk 333ndash34 Mk 64de (omitted by Luke) 27 Mk 413 (omitted by Matthew and Luke) Mk 833 1038ndash40 (omitted by Luke) Mk

1427ndash28 (reworked in Lk 2231ndash32) 28 Eg Joel Marcus Mark (AB 27 and 27A 2 vols New York NY and New Haven CT

Doubleday and Yale 2000ndash2009) 279ndash80 310ndash11 378ndash80 509ndash15 653 677ndash81 999ndash1000 29 Mk 939 (omitted by Matthew and Luke) Mk 943ndash48 (omitted by Luke) Mk 1534

(reworked in Lk 2346) 30 Mk 115 (reworked and expanded in Lk 416ndash21) Mk 536 (abridged in Matt 923ndash26)

Mk 1314ab (reworked in Lk 2120) Mk 146ndash9 (reworked in Lk 736ndash50) Mk 1413ndash15 (abridged in Matt 2618)

31 Mk 426ndash29 99ndash13 (omitted by Luke) everything that belongs to Mk 645ndash826 (the Great Omission of the Markan material by Luke)

32 Mk 421 (= Lk 816 LkQ 1133) Mk 422 (= Lk 817 LkQ 122) Mk 425 (= Matt 1312 MattQ 2529 Lk 818 LkQ 1926) Mk 68 10ndash11 (= Lk 93ndash5 LkQ 104ndash5 8 10ndash11) Mk 834 (= MattQ 1038 Matt 1624 Lk 923 LkQ 1427) Mk 835 (= MattQ 1039 Matt 1625 Lk 924 LkQ 1733) Mk 838 (= Lk 926 LkQ 128ndash9) Mk 937 (= Matt 185 MattQ 1040 Lk 948 LkQ 1016) Mk 940 (Lk 950 LkQ 1123) Mk 1011ndash12 (= Matt 199 MattQ 532) Mk 1238ndash39 (= Lk 2046 LkQ 1143) Mk 139 11 (= Lk 2112ndash15 LkQ 1211ndash12) See further Fitzmyer Luke 81ndash82

33 See eg H Schuumlrmann ldquoDie Dubletten im Lukasevangeliumrdquo ZKT 75 (1953) 339ndash445 Idem ldquoDie Dublettenvermeidungen im Lukasevangeliumrdquo ZKT 76 (1954) 83ndash93

2 The Study of Q as a Reconstructed Text 9

when Luke is faced with a choice between Mark and Q and does not opt to retain both the preference is overwhelmingly given to the Q location and word-ing of the text34 Consequently it seems overly simplistic to suggest as Rodd does that ldquoas [the reconstructed] lsquoMarkrsquo is not Mark so in all probability the lsquoQrsquo of the scholars is not the historical document Qrdquo35 The evangelistsrsquo ten-dency to either retain the MarkQ parallels or ndash especially in Lukersquos case ndash to favor Q its wording and location over the Markan parallels shows that the two documents were not treated equally as far as the words of Jesus were concerned with the approach to Q being more conservative36

Thirdly the verse and word count discrepancy between the reconstructed and canonical Mark has been somewhat inflated as the percentages cited by scholars are routinely bolstered by the inclusion of the Great Omission On the 2DH there are two possible solutions to this well-known source-critical anom-aly the absence of Mk 645ndash826 from Lukersquos gospel is either intentional or stems from inheriting a shorter copy of Mark which lacked that material In either scenario Lukersquos omission of Mk 645ndash826 complicates the analogy be-tween the reconstructed Mark and Q If the omission was unintentional it tells us something only about the compositional history or textual transmission of Markrsquos gospel If however Lukersquos decision to skip Mk 645ndash826 was inten-tional is it not likely to have been motivated by Lukersquos avoidance of dou-blets37 A similar development is unlikely to have occurred in Lukersquos reception of Q as we have noted when faced with MarkQ doublets Luke tends to favor Qrsquos version over an available Markan parallel38 Consequently due to the sheer size of the Great Omission and regardless of the Omissionrsquos intentionality or

34 LkQ 112 4 9 (= Mk 1124ndash25) LkQ 1115 17ndash18 21 (= Mk 323ndash27) Lk 1210 (=

Mk 328ndash29) LkQ 1240 (= Mk 1332) LkQ 1318ndash19 (= Mk 430ndash32) LkQ 1330 (= Mk 1031) Lk 1618 (= Mk 1011ndash12) LkQ 171ndash2 (= Mk 942) LkQ 176 (= Mk 1123) LkQ 1723 31 (= Mk 1315ndash16 21) All of these are deployed by Luke in clusters of Q material rather than in the Lukan parallels to the respective Markan pericopes Mk 950 (= LkQ 1434ndash35) is similarly deployed away from its Markan context and surrounded by Q and L material Both Matthew and Luke favor the wording of Q 1434ndash35 over its Markan parallel

35 Rodd ldquoThe End of the Theology of Qrdquo 12 36 See eg Christopher M Tuckett Q and the History of Early Christianity Studies on Q

(Edinburgh TampT Clark 1996) 94 Luz ldquoQ in Matthewrdquo 50 37 Mk 645ndash52 contains a sea miracle similar to Mk 435ndash41 Mk 71ndash23 was likely elim-

inated to shift the lifting of the dietary restrictions to the post-Easter stage in Lukersquos narrative (Acts 109ndash16) Mk 724ndash30 was probably (a) deemed redundant (see LkQ 71ndash10) (b) re-garded as problematic due to the conflict between the Markan Jesusrsquo reluctance to perform a miracle for a Gentile person (Mk 727) and the Lukan Jesusrsquo programmatic openness to such developments (Lk 425ndash27) Mk 81ndash10 14ndash21 and 822ndash26 are clearly redundant (see Mk 635ndash44 Lk 912ndash17 Mk 1046ndash52 Lk 1835ndash43) Mk 811ndash13 has a Q parallel (= LkQ 1129ndash32)

38 On the L-M Hypothesis this would mean that Luke tends to favor Matthewrsquos version over an available Markan parallel

10 Chapter One Prolegomena

lack thereof the reconstructed Mark presents an analogy to Q that is at best tenuous

In light of the above observations my contention is that methodologically virtually the entire Q is likely to be accounted for in terms of its content39 That still leaves the question of the documentrsquos precise wording and its recovery Here Roth has argued that

there is a fundamental difference between conceiving of the ldquotext of Qrdquo as a reconstruction of its original wording and approaching it as a metaphorical and narratival realm an intertext as it were accessible through Matthew and Luke40

Roth further states as one of his monographrsquos objectives (which is primarily dedicated to the study of Qrsquos parables) an attempt to

advance Q studies by pursuing insight into the parables of Q through a different set of meth-odological approaches than those present in the reigning paradigm focusing upon word-level reconstruction The resultant exegetical work is not therefore in the first instance focused upon vocabulary and syntax of a reconstructed text but rather upon the narratival elements and structures characters images metaphors and theological emphases of an ldquointertextrdquo41

I see no reason to contest Rothrsquos objections to an uncritical acceptance of the CEQ text (of course the CEQ editors have already noted that it is only a work-ing reconstruction)42 Pending the surfacing of an actual copy of Q any recon-struction of its wording is necessarily going to remain hypothetical and thus subject to continued analysis Still to suggest that the hypothetical nature of the enterprise undermines its results perhaps runs the risk ldquothat a methodologi-cal limitation becomes an ontological description of Q itselfrdquo43 Roth admits that his own study of narratival and metaphorical elements ldquocannot function on an entirely lsquowordlessrsquo levelrdquo proposing as a solution that Qrsquos text should be accessed exclusively through the wording of Matthew and Luke44 Such drastic restrictions are in my opinion unnecessary In light of the previous discussion it is possible to assert from a methodologically sound position that Qrsquos recon-structions are not ldquopotentially faultyrdquo to the degree suggested by Roth45 While a precise word-by-word recovery may not be possible or even necessary in every verse of the synoptic double tradition a reliable near-word-level recon-struction of Q appears consistently attainable This is suggested by Lukersquos (and frequently Matthewrsquos) aforementioned preference of Qrsquos wording in the MarkQ parallels Matthewrsquos and Lukersquos slightly superior degree of verbal

39 See further Fleddermann Commentary 73ndash74 Luz ldquoQ in Matthewrdquo 45 (while positing

the existence of QMatt Luz concludes that it ldquodid not differ substantiallyrdquo from the main body of the Q source)

40 Roth Parables 41 41 Ibid 44ndash45 42 Ibid 38ndash39 Roth (ibid) also critiques Fleddermannrsquos alternative reconstruction 43 Kirk Q in Matthew 152 44 Roth Parables 40ndash41 45 Ibid 44

Index of Ancient Sources

Hebrew Bible (LXX)

Genesis414 28 3361ndash4 5062 4 (LXX) 115723 (LXX) 981316 331417 36174ndash6 1991710ndash14 1591817ndash18 1991826 (LXX) 981917 (LXX) 982218 199264 199

Exodus161ndash36 117171ndash7 1181715 (LXX) 1242114 (LXX) 1242225ndash26 1502320ndash21 23 1632415ndash16 (LXX) 472520 (LXX) 124

Numbers111ndash9 1172319 40

Deuteronomy324 (LXX) 146612ndash15 118613 (LXX) 116616 (LXX) 116 11882ndash3 11783 (LXX) 116811ndash20 118812ndash15 (LXX) 117

926 (LXX) 146159 (LXX) 205241ndash4 79 208 2092410ndash17 1502918ndash20 207319 25ndash26 209328ndash9 (LXX) 1213211 201

Joshua2313 (LXX) 207

Ruth212 201

1 Samuel27 (LXX) 1371821 (LXX) 207

1 Kings627 (LXX) 12486 (LXX) 1241717ndash24 162191ndash18 116 118 119194 (LXX) 117195 (LXX) 118198 (LXX) 117 1181910 14 (LXX) 1182219ndash23 (LXX) 121

2 Kings216 (LXX) 112 116418ndash37 16251ndash14 163

2 Chronicles58 (LXX) 1242314 125

Index of Ancient Sources246

Ezra91ndash2 1371018ndash44 137

Job16 11521 1151621 40256 40358 40387 115

Psalms2 16869 (LXX) 19785 40102 9 137178 2013510 137367 201605 (LXX) 124614 2016923 (LXX) 207722ndash12 1378018 40813 (LXX) 137901ndash2 4 (LXX) 124906 (LXX) 1249011ndash12 (LXX) 123914 2011063 (LXX) 1981091 (LXX) 4110916 22 13611826 1061457ndash8 (LXX) 1611463 401476 137

Proverbs1ndash9 55236 (LXX) 205264ndash5 189

Isaiah1ndash39 13511 168253ndash4 (LXX) 137315 201355 (LXX) 16140ndash55 135

426 168427 18 (LXX) 161435 198491ndash8 1685112 4055ndash66 135562 40563ndash8 136585ndash7 13860ndash62 135611 (LXX) 160 161611ndash2 (LXX) 48 134611ndash3 (LXX) 132 135 136 137665 (LXX) 1376618ndash20 164 198

Jeremiah317ndash18 164 1984918 33 405040 405143 40

Ezekiel8ndash11 112 11382 11440ndash48 112 113402 113403 114

Daniel713 27 40 41 168 213817 40

Amos13 (LXX) 20413ndash28 7528 15035 (LXX) 18086 (LXX) 137

Haggai220ndash22 163

Zechariah315 13787 198

Malachi16ndash29 163210ndash16 163

247Index of Ancient Sources

31 163 164 322ndash23 (LXX) 163

Old Tes tament Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha

1 Enoch1ndash5 761ndash36 4621ndash54 1226ndash11 526ndash16 4766 4573ndash6 1221021 164 198123ndash4 46124 113 125137 45139 45148ndash164 76151 46152ndash4 125171 11417ndash19 112 11320ndash36 112 113215 114242ndash257 113261ndash275 113323ndash6 11337ndash71 41 45 186 213381ndash6 122384ndash5 45391ndash3 45396 108413ndash8 76418 44421ndash2 (3) 126 171 201422 170451ndash6 76455 4546 52461ndash8 141462ndash4 42464ndash6 45468 46471ndash4 14148ndash49 52481 202481ndash10 141482 42

483 202483ndash7 168488ndash9 (10) 45 122492 4 168493 202505 76513 (5a) 168 172 20251ndash52 5252ndash56 112526 9 168531ndash5 45 122536 46 168542 45543ndash4 76545ndash6 45547 210554 45 108561ndash4 45565ndash8 43 44 45571 198591ndash6023 766010 4261ndash63 46 52621ndash9 45622ndash3 122624ndash6312 122625ndash14 42631ndash12 45 122632ndash4 106637 1236311 426312 76651ndash663 52671ndash681 52678ndash13 43 44 45 1226926ndash29 42 52701 42715ndash17 447113(14)ndash17 42 1418215ndash20 7683ndash84 52891ndash9 528973ndash74 1139038 164

Index of Ancient Sources248

1006 1681049ndash13 47

2 Enoch31ndash221 113101ndash6 112

3 Baruch3ndash17 113163 204

3 Enoch11ndash12 113

Ascension of Isaiah610ndash15 113

Baruch437 19855 198

Bel and the Dragon36 112 114 116

Jubilees11ndash8 209120 12122 114727 52102 52105 52106 121108ndash11 52 114 121114 121115 521114ndash1214 321220 1211525ndash34 1591531ndash32 114 1211928 121492 52

Letter of Aris teas155 145

Psalms of Solomon219 159823 30 1591112 1981731 164 1981810ndash12 76

Sirach21ndash17 72 86212 87143ndash7 2051410ndash11 202241ndash12 125247ndash11 1262410ndash11 1592525ndash26 2072611 2053113 2053522ndash3622 723824ndash3911 17243 76501ndash24 125

The Sentences of the Syriac Menander340ndash46 189

Tes tament of Abraham81ndash12 113

Tes tament of Levi26ndash57 113

Tes tament of Moses51ndash62 126

Tobit145ndash7 164 198

Vita Adae et Evae61ndash103 116121ndash161 115

Wisdom of Solomon410ndash15 46418ndash513 46

249Index of Ancient Sources

New Tes tament

Q32ndash958 (59ndash60) 101 103 104 108

126 155 173 17537 5237ndash9 16ndash17 5 54 64 68 70 90

104 11637ndash735 78 80 81 83 85

101 102 103317 54 9141ndash13 5 51 52 53 64 65

66 78 91 104 111 112 113 114 115 118 119 126 152 153 155 156

41ndash4 116 11745ndash8 114 119 121 122

123 15949ndash12 (13) 47 51 65 96 123

157 200416 91 129 130 131

153620ndash49 16 63 82 91 104

105 129 130 131 153

620b 12 91 132620bndash21 48 132 133 134

135 136 137620bndash23 5 131 132 143621a 12 20 91 132622 12 17 24 25 26

38 71 140 141 153 167 170 194 205

622ndash23 17 20 52 53 54 96 132 133 134 136 139 140 141 142 206

623c 64 82 129 132 139 140 142 143

627ndash35 (36) 13 16 71 129 147 151 152 153 154

629 24 91 150630 24 150631 91 152637ndash38 12 92640 92 144646 92 104 144 145

146 153 154 203

647ndash49 12 92 14471ndash10 9 64 92 104 126

155 156 158 169 197 199

76 145 20379 87 96 104 156

157 158 167 173 194 198 199

718ndash19 159 167718ndash23 159718ndash28 64 166718ndash960 92722 16 54 134 135

161 163 164 172727 96 163731ndash35 64 70 92 165 166

169 170 171733 51 53734 24 26 52 165 167

169 170 172735 166 170957ndash58 (59ndash60) 92 105 111 155

169 170 171957ndash62 63959ndash60 172 173958 24 25 26 27 38

52 71 164 165 169 170 171 172

959 145102ndash16 5 56 63 70 86

158 170 175 182 215

102ndash24 92102ndash1240 101 105 107 108

175 205104 48 92109 73 931012 93 1751012ndash15 54 64 82 861013ndash15 47 56 70 80 81

82 86 87 96 107 126 175 199 212

1016 72 931021 56 81 87 93 96

173 2091021ndash22 54 56 78 79 81

82 145 1941021ndash24 64 107

Index of Ancient Sources250

1022 81 93 114 116 145 146 203 209

1023ndash24 17 93 106112ndash4 9ndash13 5 63 78 93 117

176 177 179 180112b 48 178 184114 24 178119ndash13 12 93 176 177

178 179 180 1811114 51 1761114ndash20 52 531114ndash32 931114ndash52 64 107 1791118 51 53 93 114 121

1591124ndash26 51 53 9311(16) 29ndash32 9 54 70 96 2121130 24 26 52 1861133ndash52 93 2051134 93 2051139ndash52 70 107 126 1691142c 64 66 1251149 521149ndash51 47 53 54 66 96

118 119 157 2001151 52 200 205122ndash12 5 70 94 107 155

180 181 182 183 184 194

123 72 94124ndash5 54 70 73 181 182

190124ndash7 94 121 122 176

179 180 181 194 214

125 181 204128 24 26 38 54 185

187 188 189128ndash9 52 69 94 167 184

186 187 188 189 214

128ndash10 54 64 69 71 82 175 176 183 184 187 189 190 194 212

129 184 185 1881210 24 26 94 185 187

188 1891211ndash12 54 70 72 73 94

181 182 214

1222ndash31 (33ndash34) 63 73 176 177 178 179 180 190 192

1222ndash40 941224 23 178 1801227 231231 48 94 1841233 12 48 1911233ndash34 69 94 191 1921235ndash38 94 108 190 2031235ndash46 1081235ndash59 94 1081235ndash2230 101 105 108 109

197 2031239 17 18 95 1911239ndash40 18 20 54 70 71

94 105 175 190 191 192 193 203 212

1239ndash59 64 1911240 24 52 69 95 167

186 191 1931242ndash46 52 53 54 69 70

95 191 192 197 203 204 205 206 212

1245 96 2051246 2041251 20 951251ndash59 1081252ndash53 201256 171258ndash59 24 951318ndash19 20ndash21 5 20 48 63 95

108 2071318ndash24 951324 63 951325ndash30 54 63 82 871325ndash1423 54 95 96 126 158

1991327 52 53 96 118 1981328ndash29 96 198 1991334 52 125 2061334ndash35 47 53 54 63 66

81 82 83 96 105 106 107 108 109 118 119 125 157 194 198 200 201 202

1335 51 54 96 106 202

251Index of Ancient Sources

1411 54 961416ndash23 (24) 63 82 971423 541426 72 97 2151426ndash27 1733 20 63 72 971426ndash176 971427 54 97 140 141

182 2141434ndash35 63 97154ndash5a 7 20 63 97 108 2091613 12 63 94 971616 64 97 207 2091616ndash18 2061617 17 63 64 66 79

97 125 206 207 208 209

1616(17)ndash172 197 206 2081618 24 63 79 97 206

207 208 209171ndash2 97 207 208171ndash6 63173ndash4 18 20 98176 18 20 78 98 108

2101720ndash21 17 981723 98 2101723ndash37 54 64 69 70 71

98 167 170 197 210 211 212

1723ndash2230 108 2111724 26 30 24 52 98 991733 54 97 182 2141734ndash35 98 991912ndash26 64 69 99 108 197

203 204 205 206 212

1912ndash2230 991922 2052228ndash30 5 54 64 99 108

212

Matthew37 52310 9542 11745 12448 119 120413 130 1315ndash7 94 10251 119

54 13458 138511 (12) 52 205512 142515 7539 149 150540 15 150541 15 89 91 149 150542 150 151544 148 149544ndash45 91 149545 20861ndash18 94612 177619ndash21 94620 191623 205624 94625ndash34 94626 178627 177630 178 17975 1877 17779 177711 178 179712 152723 52724 26 9185ndash13 199810 155811ndash12 198 199819 169820 27 142 171821 172822 173829 12191ndash8 7920ndash22 97922 7937 92107 731026 71029 1801032 184 1891032ndash33 91 1841034 951038 731039 141115 134 163

Index of Ancient Sources252

1119 1691122ndash45 931125 2081217 731232 1841239 52 2051243 1241311 13 71342 951416 71521ndash28 97162bndash3 951613ndash28 1401617ndash19 471625 141171 1191717 7186 208186ndash22 97188ndash9 951825 971928 991929 992030 130219 1062131 972133ndash41 (42ndash46) 7 19221ndash14 18236ndash7 206237 1662334 522334ndash36 962335 522337 52 1972337ndash39 81 105 201243ndash41 210 211244ndash14 72423 982443 1912443ndash44 1932445 2062448 (49) 52 205251ndash13 972514ndash30 992526 28 2052530 992531 992541 95 121266ndash13 972640ndash41 7

2669 71 1302669ndash75 1892732 912755 97285 130289ndash10 972816ndash18 1192818 120

Mark114 21 131123ndash26 121124 130129ndash31 18821ndash12 731 14937ndash12 188313 114327 93328 188328ndash29 18443ndash8 193411ndash12 7413 177430ndash32 20 193438 177421ndash22 7435ndash41 9525ndash34 97534 761ndash6a 188615 163635ndash44 9637 7645ndash52 9645ndash826 971ndash23 9724ndash30 9 9781ndash10 9811ndash13 9822ndash26 9827 140827ndash98 47828 163831ndash33 121834ndash35 20835 141838 184 19092 11492ndash8 47

253Index of Ancient Sources

919 7943ndash47 951028 73 1791029 201035ndash40 1831039 1881046ndash52 91047 130119 1061117 7 1771122ndash23 25ab 18 201124 1801129ndash30 7121ndash9 (10ndash12) 7 19129 191211 191226 177133ndash37 210 211135ndash13 71315ndash16 991321 98143ndash9 971437ndash38 71447 95 1491462 411466ndash72 1891467 130151ndash5 951521 911541 97166 130

Luke15ndash25 10237 5242 11745 12246b 7 12046cd 120 121416 130416ndash30 188425ndash27 9438ndash39 188517ndash26 766 149617ndash19 188621 134622 205623 142625 134

627 149627ndash28 148628 149629 15 150630 150 151634 151635 91 208642 18646 146647ndash49 9179 155722 163734 169735 166 208810 7816ndash17 7824 177831 121848 7912ndash17 9913 7924 141926 190941 7957 169958 171959 172960 173102 92109 731017ndash20 1211021 208114 177115ndash8 97 177119 1771111 1771112 1171113 178 1791120 511121ndash22 931124 124 2051124ndash26 931129 52 2051143 166 2061149 521150 521151 52124 73 179126 180128 184

Index of Ancient Sources254

128ndash9 911211 731213ndash21 971223a 1771224 177 1781228 1791233 1911235ndash38 89 941239 1911239ndash40 1931242 2061245 52 2051249 89 951254ndash56 95131ndash35 1021327 52 1971328ndash29 1981334 52 1971415ndash24 181427 73158ndash10 97172 2081711ndash19 981720 981721 981722 981728ndash29 89 98 991731 991732 991733 971835ndash43 91912ndash27 991922 24 2051927 991938 96 1061941ndash44 961946 177209ndash16 (17ndash19) 7 192018 192037 177218ndash19 7223 1212228ndash30 992246 72249ndash51 952250 1492254ndash62 188234 14 952413ndash33 102

John446 158446ndash54 157448 158631ndash58 117844 121123 1061225ndash26 201231 1211430 1211611 1211828ndash1916 102

Acts23 9521ndash4 18951ndash11 189109ndash16 9121ndash2 183123ndash19 183

Romans1214 149

1 Corinthians412 14963 121 192132 18 20

2 Corinthians41ndash6 19244 121

Galatians113ndash14 18343 8ndash9 121 192

Ephesians21ndash2 121 192612 121 192

1 Thessalonians214ndash16 183218 121 19251ndash11 19252 20 19255ndash6 192

2 Thessalonians21ndash12 210 211

255Index of Ancient Sources

2 Timothy211ndash13 190

Hebrews1137 204

James 315ndash17 12444ndash7 121

1 Peter314 132 139 143319ndash20 47414 132 139 141 14358 121

2 Peter24ndash5 47 121

Jude16ndash7 121

Revelation110ndash20 113113 18635 19041ndash11 113123ndash4 121171ndash3 114173ndash18 112 113219ndash27 112 1132110 113

New Tes tament Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha

Gospel of Thomas1ndash71 1731ndash3 2161ndash4 1710 19 95111 1713 21161ndash2 20 95163 2017 1720ndash21 71 193201ndash4 20 192215ndash8 18 19 20 192243 36ndash39 17261ndash2 18262ndash331 1731 21361ndash3 19 143 180473 2148 18 19 20

54 137 13855 2058 17 13864 18 1965 1968 20 132 138 139

14068ndash69 19 139 143691 17 138692 19 20 137 13877 2179 2186 169 170103 17106ndash107 19 201131ndash2 9

Pseudo-Clementine Homilies12313 180

Dead Sea Scrolls

CD214ndash41 125412ndash14 121 124 125419ndash52 208

51ndash5 2091316ndash17 207122ndash3 121161ndash2 125

Index of Ancient Sources256

1QapGen 29 30 31 33 35 36 37 40

1QH430 40

1QM11 1211310ndash12 121175ndash6 51

1QpHab 56 125

1QS25 121211ndash15 207 208321ndash25 11749 18258 125119ndash10 1821120 40

1Q27 (1Q4QMys teries)1 i 1ndash8 56 202

4Q299 (1Q4QMys teries)3andashb ii 2ndash8 563andashb ii 9ndash16 56

4Q416 (4QIns truction)1 10ndash13 56 2021 12 1822 i 21ndashiv 13 562 ii 6 17 178

4Q417 (4QIns truction)1 i 6ndash9 561 i 10(11)ndash12 56 2021 i 12ndash13 561 i 14 561 i 16 115 1821 i 17 1821 i 24 56 2022 i 17ndash24 562 i 19 21ndash22 178

4Q418 (4QIns truction)69 ii 6ndash9 56 202

69 ii 12ndash13 5681 1ndash2 18281 2ndash5 5681 4 11581 5 11581 20 56 20288 56103 56107 56123 5ndash8 56

4Q423 (4QIns truction)5 3 565 5ndash6 56

4Q503 115

4Q521 16 54 135 137 159 160 161 162

4Q525 57 133

4QDeut j 1214 121

4QIsa 135

4QMMTC 4ndash9 125

11Q11 124

11Q13 135 137

11QPsa 191ndash18 121

11QT545 2075715ndash19 208669ndash11 207

Targums4QtgJob 314QtgLev 3111QtgJob 31 33 35 40

257Index of Ancient Sources

Josephus

Ant14133ndash146 4415103 451982 123

Bell188 46

1131ndash11 441161ndash5 461213 461335 452101ndash5 1232116 183

Babylonian Texts

Gilgamesh 112

Greek and Latin Authors

Dio CassiusHis t59271 120

HomerOd10503ndash15 1121112ndash22 112

PlatoPhaed111cndash112e 112

Senecade Ben2121ndash2 120

Seneca the ElderControv9210 183

TacitusAnn632 120

His t59 183

Apos tolic and Church Fathers

1 Clement132 153292 121394ndash5 121

2 Clement32 190134 148

Apos tolic Cons titutions721 152

722 148 150 151722ndash6 147725 149 150726 148 153

AthanasiusFes t Let 3911 14

Canons of the Holy Apos tles4ndash5 152

Index of Ancient Sources258

Chrysos tomHom Mt342 180

Clement of AlexandriaS trom4641 139 143

Didache11ndash63 1412c 15213b 148 14913bndash5b 11 12 13 15 16

71 147 151 15413bndash21 5 11 14 15 15013c 15113cndash4a 1413d 15 14814 1414a 1614b 15 14914c 91 15014d 15 149 150 15115a 15015b 148 15381ndash2 1482 16103bndash122a 14113 16113ndash137 14153ndash4 16161ndash8 210 211 212

EusebiusHis t Eccl3254

IrenaeusAdv Haer1101 1214162 121

Jus tin Martyr1 Apol159 148

2 Apol25 121

OrigenC Cels870 180

PolycarpPhilippians22ndash3 153

Shepherd of HermasMandate 24ndash6 153

Similitude535ndash8 138

Rabbinic Literature

j Ber3b 5b 5c 31 37 38

j Ket35a 31 37

j Šab3a 38d 31 37

j Taʿan65b 4069ab 125

R Gen72 313813 31 37796 31

R Num193 31 38

TargumsCairo BGen 414 31 33 34 37 41

259Index of Ancient Sources

Cairo FExod 1913 37Deut 346 37

Neof I Gen 414 31 33 41Gen 95ndash6 37Gen 4922 36

Papyri Manuscripts and Inscriptions

Br Mus Or 9271 14P Oxy 1 17P Oxy 654 17

P Oxy 655 17 143 180P Oxy 1782 14 15 148 151Sf III 16ndash17 40

Index of Modern Authors

Achtemeier P 139 141Adams S L 56 72 202Alexander P S 31 32Allison D C 1 2 3 5 12 22 24 66

75 77 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 90 91 94 96 98 99 103 105 107 112 117 119 120 123 125 129 130 131 133 134 135 136 138 139 140 144 147 148 149 150 152 153 155 158 160 163 169 170 172 175 176 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 193 197 198 200 205

Anderson A A 124Anderson F I 113Andrejevs O 25 164 172 190Arcari L 44Argall R A 47 72 202Arnal W E 23 24 48 59 61 63 65

66 67 68 78 86 104 123 125 132 134 136 150 191 194 208 214

Attridge H W 17Audet J-P 14Avigad N 29 30

Bailey K 102Bauckham R 12Baum A D 1Bazzana G B 1 3 24 59 178 198Beasley-Murray G R 158Berger K 104Bergmeier R 159 160 162Betz D H 3 24 51 103 146 179 183de Begraveze T 27Bird M F 159 198 199Black C C 11Black M 26 28 30 31 32 35 36 37

40 168Blenkinsopp J 135 136 137Boccaccini G 32 43 44 50Boring M E 38 183 184 185 188

192 211

Borsch F H 185Bovon F 5 19 93 95 96 98 99 106

140 177 179 184 185 198Bowman J W 28 33Boyarin D 23Breuer Y 34Brin G 208Broadhead E K 3 89Brodie T L 163Brooke G J 43 160Brown R E 11 12 102 130 157 158Broyles C C 123Bultmann R 3 60 98 111 132 156

158 184 185 186 187 188 201Burkett D 27 213Bussmann W 26

Campbell J Y 28 46Caragounis C C 27 29 39Carroll J T 3Carruth S 119Casey P M 29 34 35 37 39 41Cas tor G D 4 5Catchpole D R 21 77 90 96 99 129

131 145 147 156 157 159 164 175 188 198 208

Chang A 199Charlesworth J H 31 42 43 44 45

46 47 72 160 171 185Chazon E G 115 202Cheung L L 12Childs B S 163Chilton B D 26 36 39 117 130Clark D J 109Collins A Y 39 41 47 50 51 52 103

114 188 193 211Collins J J 23 40 43 48 49 50 51

52 53 57 76 77 121 126 160 161 162 163 168 202

Colpe C 25 26 28 29 31 32 36 37 39 40 45 140

Index of Modern Authors262

Conzelmann H 96 97Cotter W J 61 104 132 156 163 165

166 170 191Cromhout M 61 145 191Crossan J D 39 89 94 98 134

Dalman G 27 29 30Damm A 171Davidson M J 114Davies W D 1 2 3 91 99 119 120

131 138 139 140 149 150 169 172 179 180 184 185 193 197 200

DeConick A D 11 17 20 21 138 139 192

Derrenbacker R A 1 24Di Lella A A 73Dibelius M 12Diacuteez Macho A 30Dimant D 160DiTommaso L 57Doering L 208Downing F G 23 64Draper J A 13 14 15 16 68 156Dundenberg I 11Dunn J D G 1 149 183Dupont J 97 116Durham J I 163

Eldridge M D 117Elgvin T 49 56 57 115 202Eshel H 44

Fiebig P 26 27 28 34 37 39Fitzmyer J A 1 2 3 8 19 26 28 30

31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 82 91 95 97 98 117 118 119 130 131 133 138 139 140 146 149 163 177 179 208

Fleddermann H T 2 6 10 11 59 62 69 83 84 85 86 87 90 91 93 95 97 98 101 103 104 105 109 129 130 134 140 144 148 150 152 156 157 163 166 170 176 177 179 184 185 189 199 200 203 205 211

Flusser D 14 15Fos ter P 1 3 6 12 26Freedman H 32Frenschkowski M 145Frey J 56Freyne S 159 199

Funk F X 14 147

Garciacutea Martiacutenez F 49 57 160 162 202 208

Garrow A 13Gathercole S 17 19 20 138 139 181Gerber C 203Gibson J B 116Gieschen C A 147Ginsburger M 30Glover R 13 16Goering G S 72 125Goff M J 55 56 57 79 84 115 178

202Goodacre M 1 17 19Greenfield J C 27Greeven H 12Gregg B H 90 97 186 198 204Grenfell B P 14 17Guelich R A 193Guenther H O 26Gundry R H 150 181 197

Haenchen E 12 139 157 158 201Hahn F 185Han K S 124 125 200Hannah D D 42 43 45 46Hare D R A 38 39 40 184 185Harrington D J 33 55 57 202 Hartin P J 12 61 119 166Hasitschka M 118Heil C 5 38 60 99 119 181Higgins A J B 184Hill A E 163Hindley J C 43Hoffmann P 5 38 55 67 70 75 77

80 96 99 112 145 167 170 184 185

Holtzmann H J 4Hooker M D 45Horsley R 68 156 198 199 200van der Hors t P W 73Hossfeld F L 124Howard G 146Howes L 26 39 43 61 65 77 81 133

140 141 142 166 167 170 185 188 190 212

Hubbard B J 38Hultgren S 160 162Hunt A S 14 17

263Index of Modern Authors

van Iersel B M F 102

Jacobson A D 5 26 39 49 54 60 61 64 75 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 85 87 90 94 96 97 98 106 129 132 140 144 152 156 157 167 170 171 184 185 187 201 207 210

Jefford C N 13 14 15Jeremias J 179 198 204Jervis L A 55Jewett R 149Johnson L A 178 208Johnson L T 12Johnson-DeBaufre M 66 103 163Jonas H 51de Jonge H J 24 185Jongeling B 35Joseph S J 1 21 23 24 45 46 47 48

51 52 68 103 125 132 134 136 142 144 153 156 159 160 161 162 164 178 180 181 182 184 185 187 190 191 200 201 202 206 208 214 215

Jus t A A 102

Kahle P 26 30 31 36Kampen J L 162 209Kaufman S A 31 32 36 40Keener C S 183Kirk A 2 4 5 6 10 15 24 55 59 60

61 62 66 67 68 69 71 72 73 75 76 77 78 79 83 84 85 86 87 88 90 94 96 98 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 111 114 129 152 155 156 166 177 179 184 189 190 197 203 207 208 214 215

Kloppenborg J S 1 2 3 4 5 11 12 13 14 15 17 19 21 22 23 24 25 26 38 39 50 51 53 54 55 57 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 86 87 88 89 90 95 97 98 99 103 104 107 108 111 112 121 122 123 124 125 126 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 139 140 141 142 143 144 147 148 150 151 155 156 157 158 160 162 163 164 165 166 167 170 171 172 175 176 180 181 182 183 184 187 189

190 191 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 208 210 211 212 213

Knibb M A 46 202Koes ter H 15 38 48 60 61 63 66

148Koumlhler W D 16Kraus H-J 124Kutscher E Y 30 35 36

Lang B 201Laurence R 41Leives tad R 43Levine A-J 208Lichtenberger H 124Lindars B 29 34 37 39 43 184 185

188Lohfink N 118Lukaszewski A 25 27Luz U 3 10 60 74 75 78 81 87 90

91 93 95 96 97 99 102 106 111 131 134 140 142 145 148 150 151 166 169 180 181 184 185 197 198 199 201 204 207

Luumldemann G 183Luumlhrmann D 61 64 78 111 140 157

158 165 180 184

Mack B L 23 38 43 61 133 135 170Magness J 160Malherbe A 192 211Manson T W 5 28 101Maori Y 32Marcus J 8 11 41 47 102 183 188

193 199 211Marshall I H 3Martiacutenez R 166 167Martyn J L 183Maumlrz C-P 90 94McDermott J M 185McNamara M J 31Meadors E P 62 66 67 72 74 76 77

166 168 201Meadors G T 137Menken M J J 116 117Meyer A 27Meyer P D 157Middleton P 182Milik J P 36 42 43 187Milikowsky C 181Miller R J 63 201

Index of Modern Authors264

Mitchell D C 124Moller H B 29Moreland M 23Moss C 182Mournet T C 1Muraoka T 35 38Muumlnch C 203

Neirynck F 2 3 4 11 22 26 90 98 99 116 130 140 149

Nickelsburg G 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 52 53 76 106 112 113 122 126 141 168 172 202 210 213

Niebuhr K W 159Niederwimmer K 13 14 15 16 148

151 152Nielsen K 114 115Nolland J 179Novakovic L 160 162

Odeberg H 36Oegema G S 116Owen P 25 29 35

Patterson S J 17 18 21 61 63Perrin N 186Pervo R I 183Pietersma A 146Piovanelli P 44 45Piper R A 61 82 112 176 190Ploeg J P M 35Pokornyacute P 11 17 19 117 139Polag A 62 73 89 90 94Porter S E 180 181Porton G G 38Pries t J 126Propp W H C 163Puech Eacute 133 160 162

Ra Y 39 132 145 155 170 184 185Reicke B 141Riesner R 183Robbins M C 51 103 113 115 117

121 125Robbins V K 104Robinson J M 2 5 24 26 34 38 39

41 43 55 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 77 96 103 119 129 131 132 134 135 140 142 143 144 145

156 160 165 166 167 180 181 184 185 186 187 188 190 200 201 202

Rodd C S 6 7 9Rollens S E 2 3 23 24 26 61 132

182 191Roth D T 2 6 7 10 11 54 90 145

165 191 192 203 204 205 206Rothschild C K 90 159 164Royse J R 146Roumlsel M 146

Sacchi P 43 44 45 47Sandt H 5 14 15Sato M 3 59 62 74 75 76 77 79 80

82 83 87 90 94 98 111 134 170 176 184

Schalit A 44Schenk W 62 73 89 90 103 170 176Schiavo L 104 112 113Schiffman L H 57 160Schnackenburg R 12 157 158Schniedewind W M 160Schroumlter J 180Schulz S 74 132 165 167 176 179

201 210Schuumlrmann H 8 130 167 170Seeley D 132 141 142Segal M 43 114 121Sellew P 193Sevenich-Bax E 103 105Shelton J 163Shepherd D 29 35Shinall M C 51Shirock R J 102Sjoumlberg E 28 29 35 39 45Skeat T C 180Skehan P W 73Smith D A 96 201 202 203So K-C 157Sokoloff M 35Somov A 181Spranger P P 204S taples J A 145 146 154S teck O H 61 64 132 201S tone M E 45S treeter B H 4 12 130S trugnell J 55S tuckenbruck L T 27 30 47 51 65

114 121Syreeni K 4 15 153

265Index of Modern Authors

Tabor J D 160Tannehil R C 178 208Taylor N H 120 123 183Theissen G 123Theophilos M P 126Tigchelaar E J C 56Tiwald M 3 23 160Toumldt H E 47 184 185 186 187Tuckett C M 1 3 6 9 11 13 14 15

17 23 26 49 50 53 54 61 62 63 66 68 72 76 77 84 86 90 94 95 98 112 114 119 121 125 130 134 140 150 154 156 157 158 160 166 170 184 193 199 205 206 207 208 210

Uhlig S 45Uro R 26 62 185

Vaage L E 23 24 26 39 61 133 165 167 170 171 190 191 210

VanderKam J C 43 46 57 168Vassiliadis P 89 94de Vaux R 56Vermes G 26 28 29 31 32 33 34 35

36 37 38 39 40 43 140 160 184

Wacholder B Z 209

von Wahlde U C 12 158Wahlen C 51Walck L W 46 52Watson F 1Weaks J A 6 7Weinfeld M 118 146 207 208Weiser A 124Weiss B 130Wellhausen J 26Welch J W 102Wernberg-Mѳller P 36Wes termann C 135 136Williams P J 35Wilson W T 149Wins ton D 46 72Wise M O 160Witetschek S 86 167Wolter M 90van der Woude A S 35Wright III B J 72 202

Xeravits G G 202

York A D 32

Zeller D 63 69 111 165 212Zenger E 124

Index of Subjects

Abel-Main (Tell Abl) 45Abraham 32 157Agrippa I 123 183Ahab 118 121angel of Yahweh 163angelicheavenly rebellion 121 125Antigonus 43aphaeresis 27 32 34 36 38apocalypse 48ndash as incorrectly applied to Mk 133ndash37

211ndash as incorrectly applied to Q 1723ndash37

210 211apocalypticndash Chris tianity 53ndash discourse 211ndash framework 57 121ndash inaccurately used as a noun 49ndash literature 47 53 54 135ndash language in Ben Sira 72ndash tradition 56 57 186ndash wisdom ins tructions other than Q 56

57 77 202ndash worldview (outside of Q see its at-

tes tation in Q referenced separately below) 24 49 50 51 55 57 87 121

apocalypticism 25 87 58 62ndash and apocalypse 48 49ndash and eschatology 48ndash as a literary category 48 79ndash as a dis tortion of Godrsquos intended

order 23ndash as compatible with wisdom in late

second temple literature 57 62 66 70 72 154 202

ndash as having a place outside the genre of an apocalypse 49

ndash as synonymous with apocalyptic worldview 49

ndash in Pauline thought 192ndash in sectarian environments 53

ndash in recent Q scholarship 48ndash methodological definitions of 50 54

186Aramaic 25 26 46 70 140 187 204

213ndash OfficialImperialBiblical 26 27 35

40ndash Middle 26 27 30 32 33 34 35 36

37 38 40 41 52 167 170 187 188ndash Late 26 27 28 32 33 34 35 36 37

38 41 140 187ndash Galilean 29 36 38ndash Qumran 31 32 35 38Athaliah 125Augus tus 45

Babylonian Exile 118Banias 45βασιλείαndash as a hypothetical metaphor reflecting

the social interes ts of Qrsquos author(s) 48

ndash as a political entity 120ndash of God 23 48 73 95 108 123 132

177 178 182 183 184 192 194 206 207

ndash of Satan 51 114ndash realized 142beatitude(s) 82 91 93 105 131 132

133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 153

Bethsaida 45 56 93

Caesarea Philippi 46(Cairo) Geniza fragments 28 29 30 32

36 37Capernaum 45 56 93chiasm 83 85 101 102 103 109 118

120chias tic 85 101 103 106 107 108 120

152 197

Index of Subjects268

Chorazin 56 93chreia(s) 63 71 104 105 120 211chreiic 65 86 104 105 111 156chris tology (see the Q discussion refer-

enced separately below)ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 17ndash in Luke 19ndash in Mark 131circumcision 159 209Claudius 183cosmic mountain 114 119Cynic(s) 23

Dan 45 47Darius I 163Deuteronomis t 118Deuteronomis tic His tory 146deuteronomis ticndash agenda 156ndash context(s) 143 153ndash framework 53 54ndash motifs 118 127ndash orientation 64ndash outlook 61 82 114ndash redaction 80ndash rhetoric 136ndash s tratums trata 78ndash theme 78ndash tradition 79ndash unders tanding 64devil 51 66 114 117 119 120 121 123

124

Elijah 96 116 118 126 162 163 164ElijahElisha cycle 162 163Enoch 44 45 47 51 76 112 113 157

172 202ndash as a scribe 46ndash Book of Watchers 45 113 125ndash sapiential content in Watchers 76ndash Book of Parables 24 41 47 157 167

171 213ndash sapiential content in Parables 76ndash Epis tle of Enoch 43ndash his torical incarnation of 202ndash Seminar 47Enochicndash author 122ndash corpus 52 73ndash formulation 52

ndash framework 121ndash literaturetext 43 46 56ndash movement 47 53 157 210ndash mythology 113 114 122 164ndash Son of Man 172ndash tradents 46ndash tradition 43 46 47 79 113 122 157

215ndash Watchers myth 45 53 121eschatological prophetndash in 4Q521 160 162ndash in Q 164 165 166eschatology (see the Q discussion refer-

enced separately below) 47 48 50ndash in 1 Enoch 42 47 76 122 141 142

168 169ndash in 4Q521 159 160 162ndash in 4QIns truction 56ndash in Ben Sira 72ndash in Malachi 163 164ndash in Psalms of Solomon 159ndash in Trito-Isaiah 136Exodusndash legendmyth 117ndash imagerymotifs 116 163

form (literary)ndash and meaning 82ndash and worldview 76ndash apocalypse 49ndash criticism 61 62 63 67 68 69 70

74 156 170 214ndash miracle s tory 156ndash wisdom 84ndash (wisdom) ins truction 70 71

Gaius (Caligula) 44 46 123Galilee 23 36 44 45 47 56 73 131

171 194 215ndash village scribes 48ndash villagestowns 24 93 199Gentile(s) 9 87 96 120 126 155 157

158 159 164 167 168 169 173 198 199 209 215

Great Omission 8 9

HasidicHasidim 79 162Hebrew 25 35 39 40 41 42 204Hebrew Biblescriptures 24 118 127

136 160

269Index of Subjects

Hermogenes 171mt Hermon 45 46 47Herod the Great and the Herodian era

43 44 45 46 126Herodians 45(holy) Spirit 72 94 178 189Hulah Valley 45

Isaiah (see the Index of Ancient Sources for specific passages)

ndash Deutero 46 135 136 168 169ndash firs t-century reader of 135ndash Trito 51 54 135 136 137 143 154

163 200Israelndash in Ben Sira 125ndash in Daniel 168ndash in Deuteronomy 118ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 139ndash in the Hebrew Bible 198 199ndash in Jubilees 121ndash in Malachi 163ndash in Q 53 64 78 80 87 96 104 118

127 155 156 158 198 199ndash pre-exilic 50ndash traditional wisdom of 58ndash wilderness myth 117

James (son of Zebedee) 183Jerusalem 44 72 96 106 108 113 119

125 159 166 199 200ndash culttemple 136 137 163 214ndash pries thood 45 47 127Jesusndash as an apocalyptic figure in Q 38ndash as a literary character in Q 21ndash floating traditions ascribed to 48ndash his torical 21 29 37 43 47 73 116

141 142 164 165 171 172 186 198ndash his torical greeting of in Jerusalem

106ndash movement 23ndash tradition 161Jewish Chris tianityndash as a movement in a contes ted envi-

ronment 43 183ndash as a proliferation of groups and

communities 183ndash on the use of the term 23

ndash possible connection to the Enochic movement 47

Jewish War 200John (the Baptis t) 68 78 80 83 85 90

91 92 97 103 104 105 116 159 163 164 165 166 167 169 172

ndash followers of 159 165 166ndash his torical 159 165Journeysndash cosmicterres trial 76 112 113 114

119 122 127ndash heavenly 45 112 113Judea 36 44 200 215

Kallirrhoeuml 45Kleinliteratur 3 4 59 60 73 215

Lordrsquos Prayer 93 94 177Lot 97 99

Maccabean era 126Mas tema 121Matthew and Luke as conservative

traditionalis ts 4Matthewrsquos and Lukersquos redactorial

freedom 4Matthewrsquos use of Q 4messiah 106 116 162 164 210messiahship 123messianic 116 210Migdal 46mimesis 114 141minor agreements 15 130Minor Prophets 146Moses 117

Nag Hammadi 17Nimrod 32

oralndash possible cross-influence on the Gos-

pel of Thomas from the canonical gospels 11 193

ndash harmonization of Matthew and Luke 16

ndash life of the primitive community 60ndash performance 15 16 161ndash source utilization 15ndash tradition 17 98 151ndash transmission 188

Index of Subjects270

ndash usage and application of Q 4ndash usage of Matthew 15ndash variants of Q 4Oxyrhynchus 17

Paneion 46Parousia 116 186 193Parthian invasion of 40 BCE 44 46Paulndash his torical 149 183ndash possible awareness of the Q tradition

by 192persecutionndash as an apocalyptic motif 54ndash because of someone 142ndash in authentic Pauline corpus 149 183ndash in Q 52 54 78 94 107 118 122

126 132 133 134 140 141 142 143 144 175 180 181 182 184 190 194 200 206

ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 138ndash in the Parables of Enoch 141ndash in Trito-Isaiah 137 200ndash plausibility of 182 183Pharisees 65 68 94 166 169 205 206

214pleroma 39prophecyndash pre-exilic and Persian era (classical)

50ndash mixture of with wisdom 77Prophetisierung 75

Qndash apocalypticism apocalyptic motifs

features imagination framework and worldview 23 25 46 53 57 58 63 69 70 71 73 76 79 84 87 88 111 114 121 127 141 175 190 194 197 202 210 211 213 214

ndash apocalyptic document 48 51ndash apocalyptic wisdom ins truction 23

55 70 73 74 77 79 214ndash (apocalyptic) communitymovement

55 107 122 194 195 206 209ndash Aramaic roots 26ndash chris tology 70 81 83 87 93 104

115 116 123 130 131 142 144 145 147 153 154 156 157 159 164 166 167 194 214

ndash demonology 51 53ndash eschatological (apocalyptic) dis-

course 64 83 97 98 170 210 211 212

ndash eschatology 48 51 54 56 69 73 75 87 94 95 101 104 105 108 133 141 142 143 144 147 159 164 165 166 167 169 172 180 192 193 194 198 199 202 203 210

ndash final (literary) form 59 62 69 78 178

ndash hypothetical mid- (lower) level or sub-elite scribal origin 24 59

ndash hypothetical recensions 3 4 59 60 90 98

ndash hypothetical segregation of wisdom and apocalyptic s trata 60 66 67 70 213 214

ndash mission speech 23 56 86 87 92 104 105 107 173 182 194

ndash Pales tinian character 24ndash possible authenticity of its content

22 81ndash prophetic content 61 63 67 70 74

75 76 77 79 80 82 83 142 143 176

ndash recons truction (CEQ) 5 6 10 90 (see also recons truction [in this s tudy] below as such frequently follows the CEQ)

ndash recons truction (feasibility) 2 3 4 10 11

ndash recons truction (in this s tudy) 60 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 111 116 119 120 123 130 131 134 144 147 148 149 151 152 165 169 170 172 175 176 177 178 179 181 184 191 193 199 204 207 213 215

ndash recons truction (methodology) 5 89 90

ndash recons truction (skepticism) 2 10 59 (see also recons tructed Mark below)

ndash sapiential content 12 62 63 67 77 79 80 82 130 154 175 191 202 214

ndash sermon 63 82 91 92 103 105 127 129 130 131 134 135 138 140 144 145 147 152 153 154 155 156

ndash sophis ticated scribal traditions 24ndash sub-literary view of 3 59 60 74

271Index of Subjects

ndash tradents 4 59 67 125 135 147 181 182 197 199 202 203 207 209 214

ndash tradition 13 17 87 161 163 164 186 187 192 202

Quintillian 171Qumran (see the Index of Ancient

Sources for specific documents)ndash apocalyptic worldview 50 135ndash Aramaic corpus 33ndash beatitude collection 133ndash communitymovementYahad 44 53

56 121 135 136 137 157 160 161 206 207 208 209

ndash demonology 124ndash discovery 29ndash fellowship with angels 115ndash fragments of 1 Enoch 44ndash library 43ndash manualsrules 82ndash sapiential literature 25 55 56 57

58 62 69ndash social setting 43

recons tructed Mark 2 6 7 8 9 10RomeRomans 44 91 121 126 159

199 207ndash occupation of Judea 44

sage(s) 55 56 79 84Samaria 44Satan 50 51 52 53 114 115 117 118

120 121 159 192scribe(s) 102 205ndash ancient reading practices of 102ndash as a Q opponent group 68 169 205ndash as advanced or elite readers of Q

102 103ndash Enochic 46 215ndash in Matthewrsquos community (other than

Matthew) 4ndash in the Q community 48 135 195

215ndash in the text of Q 169 172ndash memory competence of 4 102ndash responsible for 2 Enoch 112ndash responsible for Did 13bndash5b 15scriptorium 46Sefire 27 37Sepphoris 38 46Sermon on the Mount 15 16 87 94

Sermon on the Plain 15 16(Deutero-Isaianic) Servant 136 168 169Sidon 199Simeon II 125Son of Man 47 115ndash Aramaic background of the phrase

25 26 28 37 153ndash as a messianic title in the Parables of

Enoch 28 46ndash circumlocutional non-titular use of

the phrase in Late Aramaic 34ndash classifications of the phrasersquos Q

ins tances 26ndash designation of as Son of Humanity in

some recent research 39ndash his torical incarnation of as under-

s tood by some ancient authors 165 172

ndash hypothetical non-titular (circumlocu-tional or generic) use of the definite phrase in Middle Aramaic by the his torical Jesus and in Q 28 29 34 37 38 39 42 43 52 71 140 142 167 170 186 187

ndash in Daniel 41 42 186 213ndash in Luke 142 186ndash in Mark 41ndash in Matthew 99 142 186ndash in Q 25 26 34 38 39 42 43 46 47

52 53 64 67 69 70 71 96 98 104 106 115 116 123 141 142 147 164 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 176 185 186 187 188 189 191 194 201 203 210 212 213

ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 170ndash in the Parables of Enoch 25 28 41

42 43 44 45 46 47 122 141 142 146 147 153 155 164 165 168 169 172 173 202 213

ndash non-titular use of the indefinite phrase in Middle Aramaic 41

ndash titular (including but not limited to chris tological) use of the definite phrase in Q 34 38 52 53 64 70 104 123 142 143 147 167 168 172 173 185 186 187 189 191 194 201 203 210 212 213

Sondergut 89 90ndash Matthean 91ndash Lukan 94 95 97 98 177

Index of Subjects272

Sophiandash myth (Enochic tradition) 172 202ndash myth (synoptic tradition) 96 200

201ndash words of 96 201synopticndash gospels 11 150 151ndash material 16 151ndash parallels 18 19ndash problem 1ndash Sayings Source 3 216ndash s tudies 4ndash tradition 17 21 26 98 101 131 151

158 205 215Syria 215

Talmud 30 36 37 38Targum 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

38 40 41ndash recons truction of the Pales tinian Tar-

gum 32Taricheae 46Tell Dan 45templendash apparatusins titution 50 96 107

113 119 125 126 127 137 157 197 200 205

ndash eschatological 76

ndash purityholiness of 65 123 137ndash mitigatingprotective role 51 124ndash of Augus tus at Paneion 45ndash second temple era 25 41 44 48 56

62 70 71 72 79 82 84 121 124 136 137 154 163 186 201 209 213 216

ndash liturgy 124ndash mounthill 113ndash pollution of as perceived by some

ancient authors 113 125 136Theon of Alexandria 171Tiberias 38Torah 58 64 72 79 112 207 208 209transfiguration 47tree of knowledge 113Tyre 199

Vermes-Fitzmyer debate 28 38 39

Watchers 45 53 121Wicked Pries t 125

Yahweh 117 118

Zechariah (son of Jehoiada) 200mt Zion 113

  • Cover13
  • Titel13
  • Preface
  • Table of Contents13
  • List of Abbreviations
  • Chapter One Prolegomena
    • 1 Introduction Recent Methodological Questions in Q Studies
    • 2 The Study of Q as a Reconstructed Text
      • Index of Ancient Sources
      • Index of Modern Authors
      • Index of Subjects
Page 12: Apocalypticism in the Synoptic Sayings Source€¦ · Apocalypticism in the Synoptic Sayings Source A Reassessment of Q’s Stratigraphy Mohr Siebeck. Olegs Andrejevs, born 1982;

XVLis t of Abbreviations

ScrHier Scripta HierosolymitanaSPhiloA S tudia Philonica AnnualS TDJ S tudies on the Texts of the Desert of JudahS tJ S tudia JudaicaSVTP S tudia in Veteris Tes tamenti PseudepigraphaSVTQ S t Vladimirrsquos Theological QuarterlyTAZ Texte und Arbeiten zum neutes tamentlichen ZeitalterTDNT Theological Dictionary of the New Tes tamentTENT Texts and Editions for New Tes tament S tudyTJT Toronto Journal of TheologyTS Theological S tudiesTTZ Trierer theologische ZeitschriftUNDCSJCA University of Notre Dame Center for the S tudy of Judaism and

Chris tianity in AntiquityVCSup Vigiliae Chris tianae Supplement SeriesVT Vetus Tes tamentumVTSup Vetus Tes tamentum Supplement SeriesWBC Word Biblical CommentaryWUNT Wissenchaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Tes tamentZDMG Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenlaumlndischen GesellschaftZKT Zeitschrift fuumlr katholische TheologieZNW Zeitschrift fuumlr die neutes tamentliche WissenschaftZTK Zeitschrift fuumlr Theologie und Kirche

Chapter One

Prolegomena

1 Introduction Recent Methodological Questions in Q Studies

A survey of the current trends in New Testament and Q studies reveals a some-what uncertain environment While the Two-Document Hypothesis (hereafter 2DH) continues to hold its own occasional skepticism with regard to Qrsquos ex-istence has by no means dissipated1 Within the ranks of those scholars who work with or trend toward the 2DH the written character of Q is not universally accepted2 Among those who accept the premise of a written Q there remain

1 For recent arguments against the 2DH see eg Mark S Goodacre The Case Against Q

Studies in Markan Priority and the Synoptic Problem (Harrisburg PA Trinity Press Interna-tional 2002) Francis Watson Gospel Writing A Canonical Perspective (Grand Rapids MI Eerdmans 2013) For responses to these scholars see eg Paul Foster ldquoIs It Possible to Dis-pense with Qrdquo NovT 45 (2003) 313ndash37 John S Kloppenborg ldquoOn Dispensing with Q Goodacre on the Relation of Luke to Matthewrdquo NTS 49 (2003) 210ndash36 Christopher M Tuck-ett ldquoWatson Q and LMrdquo in Gospel Interpretation and the Q-Hypothesis (ed Mogens Muumlller and Heike Omerzu LNTS 573 London TampT Clark 2018) 115ndash38 (for Watsonrsquos rejoinder see ldquoSeven Theses on the Synoptic Problem in Disagreement with Christopher Tuckettrdquo in Idem 139ndash47) For classic comprehensive cases in support of the 2DH see Joseph A Fitzmyer ldquoThe Priority of Mark and the lsquoQrsquo Source in Lukerdquo in Jesus and Manrsquos Hope (ed Donald G Miller Pittsburgh PA Pittsburgh Theological Seminary 1970) 131ndash70 W D Davies and Dale C Allison The Gospel According to Saint Matthew (ICC 26 3 vols Edinburgh TampT Clark 1988ndash97) 1115ndash21 John S Kloppenborg Verbin Excavating Q The History and Set-ting of the Sayings Gospel (Minneapolis MN Fortress Press 2000) 11ndash54 For recent investi-gations demonstrating the viability of the 2DH see Robert A Derrenbacker Ancient Composi-tional Practices and the Synoptic Problem (BETL 186 Leuven Leuven University Press 2005) Alan Kirk Q in Matthew Ancient Media Memory and Early Scribal Transmission of the Jesus Tradition (LNTS 564 London TampT Clark 2016) For additional recent statements by Q scholars see Simon J Joseph The Nonviolent Messiah Jesus Q and the Enochic Tradi-tion (Minneapolis MN Fortress Press 2014) 8ndash10 Giovanni B Bazzana Kingdom of Bureau-cracy The Political Ideology of Village Scribes in the Sayings Gospel Q (BETL 274 Leuven Peeters 2015) 2ndash3 While a close discussion of the synoptic problem lies outside the scope of this monograph it is perhaps worth emphasizing that the solutions of Goodacre and Watson are equally if not more so hypothetical than the 2DH

2 Eg Terence C Mournet Oral Tradition and Literary Dependency Variability and Sta-bility in the Synoptic Tradition and Q (WUNT 2195 Tuumlbingen Mohr Siebeck 2005) Armin D Baum Der muumlndliche Faktor und seine Bedeutung fuumlr die synoptische Frage (TAZ 49 Tuuml-bingen Francke 2008) James D G Dunn The Oral Gospel Tradition (Grand Rapids MI Eerdmans 2013) For responses to the arguments made by these and other scholars see John

2 Chapter One Prolegomena

important disagreements regarding the attainability of Qrsquos word-level recon-struction3 Additionally questions about the provenance of portions of two sec-ond-century documents the Didache and the pseudepigraphal Gospel of Thomas continue to affect the study of Qrsquos sources and redaction If the Q parallels contained in those documents derive from the canonical gospels ndash as some scholars have argued ndash then such parallels obviously have no bearing on Qrsquos compositional history If however certain sayings or combinations of say-ings reach the Didache and Thomas via autonomous channels apart from the canonical gospels and can be shown to not depend on Q then the hypothesis of a Vorlage shared by the parallels in question and Q becomes logical It is not difficult to see how these matters are critical to the study of Qrsquos stratigraphy After all one of its fundamental tasks is to identify possible modifications of traditional material thereby acquiring a better understanding of the documentrsquos redactional interests

This chapter will discuss two of the aforementioned issues While we pre-suppose the validity of the 2DH and Qrsquos written character in what follows we shall engage the feasibility of Qrsquos reconstruction and the attainability of the documentrsquos wording The former has recently been dismissed by a number of scholars who have pointed out the inferiority of the reconstructed Mark4 to the canonical version of the gospel while Qrsquos wording has come under renewed scrutiny This will be followed by arguments in support of the autonomy of Did 13bndash21 and portions of the Gospel of Thomas both contested subjects in recent academic discussion Some of the observations included in the treatment of these matters will cover familiar terrain However their configuration is de-signed to highlight the problematic nature of a number of current claims and to lay the methodological foundation for the present investigation as well as for a fresh treatment of the Sayings Source and related documents5

S Kloppenborg ldquoVariation and Reproduction of the Double Tradition and an Oral Qrdquo ETL 83 (2007) 53ndash80 Alan Kirk ldquoOrality Writing and Phantom Sources Appeals to Ancient Media in Some Recent Challenges to the Two Document Hypothesisrdquo NTS 58 (2011) 1ndash22 Idem Q in Matthew 151ndash66 220ndash24 293ndash97 Sarah E Rollens Framing Social Criticism in the Jesus Movement The Ideological Project in the Sayings Gospel Q (WUNT 2374 Tuumlbingen Mohr Siebeck 2014) 81ndash90 See also the earlier discussion in eg Joseph A Fitzmyer The Gospel According to Luke (AB 28 and 28A 2 vols New York NY Doubleday 1981ndash85) 75ndash81 John S Kloppenborg Formation of Q Trajectories in Ancient Wisdom Collections (SAC Phil-adelphia PA Fortress Press 1987) 42ndash51 Davies and Allison Matthew 1116 H T Fledder-mann Q A Reconstruction and Commentary (BTS 1 Leuven Peeters 2005) 41ndash68 Based on the case made collectively by the above scholars it will be a presupposition of this study that Q was a written document

3 Eg Dieter T Roth The Parables in Q (LNTS 582 London TampT Clark 2018) 30ndash44 See the discussion below in this chapter

4 Viz Markrsquos gospel as reconstructed from its reception by Matthew and Luke 5 It is necessary also to address the frequent identification of Q as a gospel Frans Neirynck

(ldquoQ From Source to Gospelrdquo ETL 71 [1995] 421) notes that ldquothe use of the term originated in the SBL Q Seminar and was strongly promoted by its presidents James M Robinson and John

2 The Study of Q as a Reconstructed Text 3

2 The Study of Q as a Reconstructed Text 2 The Study of Q as a Reconstructed Text It is one thing to assert based on the synoptic evidence that Q was a written document with a single recension of the finished text6 It is another matter to

S Kloppenborgrdquo For the rationale see eg John S Kloppenborg ldquoIntroductionrdquo in The Shape of Q Signal Essays on the Sayings Gospel (ed Idem Minneapolis MN Fortress Press 1994) 1 n 1 I am sympathetic with Neirynckrsquos view (ldquoQ From Source to Gospelrdquo 429) it is ldquoan advantage of the full designation lsquo(Synoptic) Sayings Source Qrsquo that it reminds us of the fact that we have no direct access to the text of Q it remains a hypothetical source text that we are to reconstruct from Matthew and Lukerdquo Furthermore there is ldquoa difference between recogniz-ing that the sayings of Jesus contain the gospel and designating the Sayings collection as a Gospelrdquo Edwin K Broadhead ldquoOn the (Mis)Definition of Qrdquo JSNT 68 (1999) 9

6 The alternative premise ndash of two separate recensions (QMatt and QLk) ndash is quite venerable Eg Rudolph Bultmann The History of the Synoptic Tradition (New York NY Harper amp Row 1963) 328 (originally published in 1921) In modern research it has continued to be accepted with a varying degree of certainty by a number of New Testament and Q scholars eg I Howard Marshall The Gospel of Luke A Commentary on the Greek Text (NIGTC Grand Rap-ids MI Eerdmans 1978) 30ndash1 Davies and Allison Matthew 1121 Migaku Sato Q und Prophetie Studien zur Gattungs- und Traditionsgeschichte der Quelle Q (WUNT 229 Tuuml-bingen Mohr Siebeck 1988) 18ndash19 Hans Dieter Betz The Sermon on the Mount (Hermeneia Minneapolis MI Fortress Press 1995) 7ndash9 Ulrich Luz Matthew 8ndash20 (Hermeneia Minne-apolis MN Fortress Press 2001) Idem Matthew 21ndash28 (Hermeneia Minneapolis MN For-tress Press 2005) Idem ldquoMatthew and Qrdquo in Studies in Matthew (Grand Rapids MI Eerd-mans 2005) 39ndash53 Idem Matthew 1ndash7 (Hermeneia Minneapolis MN Fortress Press 2007) Idem ldquoLooking at Q through the Eyes of Matthewrdquo in New Studies in the Synoptic Problem Oxford Conference April 2008 Essays in Honour of Christopher M Tuckett (ed Paul Foster Andrew Gregory John S Kloppenborg Joseph Verheyden BETL 239 Leuven Leuven Uni-versity Press 2011) 571ndash89 John T Carroll Luke A Commentary (NTL Louisville KY Westminster John Knox Press 2012) 8 Rollens Framing Social Criticism 86 n 10 Bazzana Kingdom of Bureaucracy 4ndash5 John S Kloppenborg ldquoA lsquoParting of the Waysrsquo in Qrdquo in Q in Context I The Separation between the Just and the Unjust in Early Judaism and in the Sayings Source (ed Markus Tiwald BBB 172 Goumlttingen Vandenhoeck amp Ruprecht 2015) 123 Klop-penborg (ibid) has recently stated ldquoIn what follows I will assume the still-dominant view of Q that it is a document that came to Matthew and Luke in approximately the same form I say lsquoapproximatelyrsquo because we must allow for some variation at least in wording of Q and perhaps even expansions ndash the kind of elaboration that Ulrich Luz and his students have proposedrdquo In my view the drawbacks of this hypothesis significantly outweigh its potential benefits Klop-penborg (Excavating Q 109) and Bazzana (Kingdom of Bureaucracy 4ndash5) appeal to the diver-sity of the NT manuscripts and their circulation patterns but this is an argument from analogy rather than a demonstration The only way of demonstrating the existence of such recensions would be by showing (preferably on multiple occasions) that Matthewrsquos or Lukersquos Sondergut text adjacent to or interpolated in a Q block of material is traditional coheres with the content of that Q block and of the Q document and is unlikely to have been omitted by the other evan-gelist This is virtually impossible to demonstrate conclusively and so the hypothesis enters the realm of speculation (eg Fitzmyer Luke 80) where ldquoin every case there are other possible explanationsrdquo (Luz ldquoLooking at Qrdquo 579) Further red flags lurk in the occasional connection between the multiple recension hypothesis and the sub-literary (Kleinliteratur) view of Q (eg ibid 578 584) Thus Luz (Matthew 1ndash7 19) and Sato (Q und Prophetie 72ndash77) envision Q as

4 Chapter One Prolegomena

produce a reliable reconstruction of that text The point of departure rests with Matthewrsquos and Lukersquos redaction of Mark Luke preserves the Markan order with only minor exceptions The implications of this naturally carry over to the reconstruction of Qrsquos sequence7 Based on the conclusions reached by Heinrich Julius Holtzmann in 18638 confirmed by Burnett Hillman Streeter and George DeWitt Castor in the first half of the twentieth century9 and reaffirmed by the

a notebook to which new sheets could be added at any time Some such approach to Q has formed the dominant paradigm in 2DH based synoptic studies until only recently See the sur-vey of scholarship in Alan Kirk The Composition of the Sayings Source Genre Synchrony and Wisdom Redaction in Q (NovTSup 91 Leiden Brill 1998) 2ndash64 As the discussion in chapters three and five of this study will suggest (in continuity with Kirkrsquos view) the Kleinlit-eratur paradigm constitutes a mischaracterization of Q This still leaves the option of Q receiv-ing further editing from its own tradents which essentially amounts to an additional layer of redaction (eg one would have to envision a Q4 stratum in Kloppenborgrsquos stratigraphy) The outline and profile of such a redaction (or in the case of QMatt and QLk redactions) remains to be demonstrated however Meanwhile the documentrsquos eventual disappearance and complete lack of attestation in the Church Fathers suggests caution in imagining any kind of significant textual proliferation Could multiple autonomous copies of Q go from being in possession by and being normative for some of the early Christianityrsquos most prominent communities to van-ishing not only from existence but also from subsequent memory It seems that the possibility of a single circulating copy at least deserves further consideration Finally Neirynckrsquos objection remains pertinent ldquothe need for positing an intermediate stage is it not a logical consequence of their too restrictive notion of Matthean and Lukan redactionrdquo Frans Neirynck ldquoQMt and QLk and the Reconstruction of Qrdquo ETL 66 (1990) 390 In other words Qrsquos putative textual fluidity has much to do with a restriction of Matthean andor Lukan redactorial freedom and derives logically from a view of Matthew andor Luke as conservative traditionalists Syreenirsquos obser-vations made with regard to the thesis of a QMatt offer an alternative ldquoInstead of such a literary evolution it would be quite natural to reckon with oral usage and application of Q sayings and sequences in Matthewrsquos community Oral variants and new combinations of various Q passages as well as combinations of Q and special material were to be expected if Q was used for pur-poses of community teaching and paraenesis Also ecclesiastical material which was affected or even inspired by Q sayings was likely to emerge Some literary reworking may have been made what I doubt however is the existence of a massively expanded QMt editionrdquo Kari Syreeni The Making of the Sermon on the Mount A Procedural Analysis of Matthewrsquos Redac-torial Activity (AASF 44 Helsinki Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia 1987) 161 Because the ex-istence of scribes other than the gospelrsquos author in Matthewrsquos community has not been demon-strated I hesitate to imagine a literary reworking of Q by that community prior to the gospelrsquos composition (a similar situation obtains on the Lukan side) With this minor adjustment Syreenirsquos statement describes the optimal alternative to the multiple recension hypothesis

7 It should be noted however that although Matthewrsquos approach to Q (when reconstructed based on its Lukan sequence) can be described as liberal Matthewrsquos ldquoappropriative movement through Q is consistently forwardrdquo indicating memory competence and ldquocognitive operations that follow the schematic organizational linesrdquo of the source Kirk Q in Matthew 166

8 Heinrich Julius Holtzmann Die synoptischen Evangelien Ihr Uhrsprung und geschicht-licher Charakter (Leipzig Wilhelm Engelmann 1986) 142ndash43

9 Burnett Hillman Streeter ldquoOn the Original Order of Qrdquo in Oxford Studies in the Synoptic Problem (ed William Sanday Oxford At the Clarendon Press 1911) 141ndash64 George DeWitt

2 The Study of Q as a Reconstructed Text 5

ensuing Q scholarship as well as a number of Matthean and Lukan scholars10 today it is possible to assert with ldquoa near unanimity that Luke best preserved the sequence of Q sayingsrdquo11

Q attained what currently remains its definitive reconstruction by the end of the twentieth century in the form of The Critical Edition of Q (hereafter CEQ)12 To call the CEQ ldquodefinitiverdquo of course is to neither imply its infalli-bility nor to expect it to produce the final say on the matter13 As noted by James M Robinson in the introduction to the CEQ it was a product ldquoof a team of scholars who have been working together since 1985 as the International Q Projectrdquo (hereafter IQP)14 The text and sequence of Q published in the CEQ

Castor Matthewrsquos Sayings of Jesus The Non-Marcan Common Source of Matthew and Luke (PhD diss University of Chicago 1918) 120ndash39

10 Eg T W Manson The Sayings of Jesus as recorded in the Gospels according to St Matthew and St Luke arranged with introduction and commentary (London SCM Press 1949 reprint 1971) 39ndash148 James M Robinson ldquoThe Sermon on the Mount Plain Work Sheets for the Reconstruction of Qrdquo SBLSP 22 (1983) 451ndash54 Arland D Jacobson The First Gospel An Introduction to Q (FFRS Sonoma CA Polebridge Press 1992) 45 Dale C Allison The Jesus Tradition in Q (Harrisburg PA Trinity Press International 1997) 2 n 6 Franҫois Bovon Luke 1 A Commentary on the Gospel of Luke 11ndash950 (Hermeneia Minneapolis MN Fortress Press 2002) 6ndash8 Kirk Q in Matthew 163ndash66

11 Kloppenborg Verbin Excavating Q 88 Noting that ldquomost recent reconstructions of Q include both (a) the double tradition and (b) items triply attested where the degree of agreement against Mark is substantial and where the agreements are not likely to be merely coincidentalrdquo Kloppenborg (ibid 92) uses these criteria to assign the following texts to Q (by Lukan versifi-cation) Q 37bndash9 16bndash17 41ndash13 620bndash23 27ndash33 35c 36ndash37b 38c 39ndash49 71bndash2 6bndash10 18ndash19 22ndash23 24ndash28 31ndash35 957ndash60 102ndash16 21ndash22 23bndash24 112ndash4 9ndash13 14ndash20 23 24ndash26 29ndash35 39ndash44 46ndash52 122ndash12 22bndash31 33ndash34 39ndash40 42bndash46 51ndash53 54bndash56 58ndash59 1318ndash19 20ndash21 24 26ndash27 28ndash30 34ndash35 14111814 1416ndash24 26ndash27 34ndash35 154ndash7 1613 16 17 18 171bndash2 3bndash4 6b 23ndash24 26ndash27 30 33 34ndash35 37b 1912ndash13 15bndash26 2228bndash30 Kloppenborg also assigns to Q some Sondergut materials which involve a different set of methodological considerations See the discussion in chapter four

12 James M Robinson Paul Hoffmann and John S Kloppenborg eds The Critical Edition of Q Synopsis including the Gospels of Matthew and Luke Mark and Thomas with English German and French Translations of Q and Thomas (Hermeneia Supplement Series Minneap-olis MN Fortress Press 2000)

13 It may suffice here to quote the editors James M Robinson ldquoHistory of Q Researchrdquo in The Critical Edition of Q lxxi ldquoIt is not to be assumed that the present critical text is a last wordrdquo John S Kloppenborg ldquoThe Use of the Synoptics or Q in Did 13bndash21rdquo in Matthew and the Didache Two Documents from the Same Jewish-Christian Milieu (ed Huub van de Sandt Minneapolis MN Fortress Press 2005) 115 ldquoWhile the Critical Edition should hardly be taken as the definitive reconstruction of Q it does provide a benchmark and a useful point of referencerdquo

14 Robinson ldquoHistory of Q Researchrdquo xix For a survey of IQPrsquos methodology and results as assessed at the time of the CEQrsquos publication see Christoph Heil ldquoDie Q-Rekonstruktion des Internationalen Q-Projekts Einfuumlhrung in Methodik und Resultaterdquo NovT 43 (2001) 128ndash43 For IQP work sessions see James M Robinson ldquoThe International Q Project Work Session 17 November 1989rdquo JBL 109 (1990) 499ndash501 Idem ldquoThe International Q Project Work

6 Chapter One Prolegomena

therefore represent a consensus among a group of scholars reflecting the pre-suppositions held by those scholars at a particular juncture in the history of Qrsquos research15 That it is only a necessary first step and demands continued reeval-uation becomes evident from the fact that some of the IQP members whose preferences were occasionally not reflected in the CEQ proceeded to release their own alternative reconstructions of Q either shortly before or after the CEQrsquos seminal publication16 Indeed the present study also makes several emendations of both the CEQrsquos reconstruction of the documentrsquos sequence and of its wording Overall however it is clear that the CEQ will continue to pro-vide the baseline for compositional studies of Q for years to come

The availability of the reconstructed text enables the literary analysis of Q A number of scholars however have recently expressed doubts regarding the attainability of not only Qrsquos wording but in fact of the documentrsquos full extent Cyril S Rodd has declared it ldquosheer conjecturerdquo to imagine ldquothat the passages which are common to Matthew and Luke comprise this Q document in its en-tiretyrdquo17 Joseph Allen Weaks has similarly called the text of Q ldquospeculativerdquo claiming that to rely on it as though it were ldquoan extant gospel textrdquo is ldquosimply not possiblerdquo18 Both scholars have tied the bulk of their objections to the ob-servation (called a ldquothought experimentrdquo by Dieter T Roth)19 that the text of Markrsquos gospel cannot be accurately reconstructed from its Matthean and Lukan reception While this argument has already been engaged by some scholars20 the deficiency of its logic appears to not have been sufficiently exposed as Rothrsquos renewed deployment of it in 2018 demonstrates ndash in a Q monograph21 It is therefore important to allow the reader to assess the difficulties

Session 16 November 1990rdquo JBL 110 (1991) 494ndash98 Idem ldquoThe International Q Project Work Sessions 12ndash14 July 22 November 1991rdquo JBL 111 (1992) 500ndash08 Idem ldquoThe Interna-tional Q Project Work Sessions 31 Julyndash2 August 20 November 1992rdquo JBL 112 (1993) 500ndash06 Idem ldquoThe International Q Project Work Sessions 6ndash8 August 18ndash19 November 1993rdquo JBL 113 (1994) 495ndash99 Idem ldquoThe International Q Project Work Sessions 23ndash27 May 22ndash26 August 17ndash18 November 1994rdquo JBL 114 (1995) 475ndash85 Idem ldquoThe International Q Pro-ject Editorial Board Meetings 1ndash10 June 16 November 1995 16ndash23 August 22 November 1996 Work Sessions 17 November 1995 23 November 1996rdquo JBL 116 (1997) 521ndash25

15 The full list of the IQPrsquos members may be found in The Critical Edition xvii 16 Kirk Composition 152ndash403 Fleddermann Commentary 874ndash913 17 Cyril S Rodd ldquoThe End of the Theology of Qrdquo ExpT 113 (2001) 12 Idem ldquoThe The-

ology of Q Yet Again A Reply to the Responses of Christopher Tuckett and Paul Fosterrdquo ExpT 114 (2002) 80ndash85

18 Joseph Allen Weaks ldquoMark without Mark Problematizing the Reliability of a Recon-structed Text of Qrdquo (PhD diss Brite Divinity School 2010) 344ndash45

19 Roth Parables 36 20 Eg Christopher M Tuckett ldquoThe Search for a Theology of Q A Dead Endrdquo ExpT 113

(2002) 291ndash94 Paul Foster ldquoIn Defense of the Study of Qrdquo ExpT 113 (2002) 295ndash300 21 Roth Parables 36ndash37 It should be noted of course that Roth does not wish to com-

pletely dismiss the accessibility of Qrsquos text His intention is to argue that ldquoscholarship should be rather more skeptical about the wording of Qrdquo (ibid 39)

2 The Study of Q as a Reconstructed Text 7

compromising the case that Rodd Weaks and Roth have found rather persua-sive Three observations stand to be made in this regard

First of all because it is a sayings collection Q does not lend itself to the same type of editorial abridgements as Mark The two documents are very dif-ferent Not nearly enough attention is given to this by Rodd Weaks and Roth all of whom hang their case to some degree on the fragmentary product that is the reconstructed Mark as though Q similarly contains a plot or even a remotely compatible story to saying ratio The abridgement of Markan pericopes by Luke and Matthew reflects editorial strategies appropriate to rewriting a biography viz a document exhibiting a large concentration of narrative material22 The Markan words of Jesus are omitted at a vastly different rate with the majority of those words preserved by both Matthew and Luke with minimal rephrasing23

22 Rodd (ldquoThe End of the Theology of Qrdquo 6) notes that ldquoalmost always each pericope in

[the reconstructed] lsquoMarkrsquo will be shorter than in the canonical gospelrdquo citing as examples the abridgements of Mk 21ndash12 (= Matt 91ndash8 Lk 517ndash26) and Mk 121ndash12 (= Matt 2133ndash46 Lk 209ndash19) However the healing of a man with the palsy (Mk 21ndash12) is a good example of a story whose narrative details welcome abridgements while the words of Jesus (Mk 25b 8bndash11) ndash notably including the key statements in Mk 25b 10 ndash are preserved correctly by both Matthew and Luke (Matt 92c 4bndash6 Lk 520b 22bndash24) As for the parable of the wicked tenants (Mk 121ndash12) this can be reliably reconstructed from its MatthewLuke reproduction missing only minor details The omitted details scarcely seem to affect the interpretation of the source text viz the intention of the parable as it was deployed in Markrsquos gospel

23 Mk 141 44 (= Matt 83ndash4 Lk 513ndash14) Mk 25 8ndash11 (= Matt 92 4ndash6 Lk 520 22ndash24) Mk 214 (= Matt 99 Lk 527) Mk 217 (= Matt 912ndash13 Lk 531ndash32) Mk 219ndash22 (= Matt 915ndash17 Lk 534ndash38) Mk 225ndash28 (= Matt 123ndash4 8 Lk 63ndash5) Mk 34ndash5 (= Matt 1212ndash13 Lk 69ndash10) Mk 335 (= Matt 1250 Lk 821) Mk 42ndash9 (= Matt 133ndash9 Lk 85ndash8) Mk 411ndash12 (= Matt 1311 13 Lk 810) Mk 414ndash20 (= Matt 1318ndash23 Lk 811ndash15) Mk 421ndash22 (= MattQ 515 MattQ 1026 Lk 816ndash17) Mk 424c (= MattQ 72 LkQ 638) Mk 425 (= Matt 1312 Lk 818) Mk 440 (= Matt 826 Lk 825) Mk 534 (= Matt 922 Lk 848) Mk 539 (= Matt 923ndash24 Lk 852) Mk 64bc (= Matt 1357 Lk 424) Mk 637 (= Matt 1416 Lk 913) Mk 827 29 (= Matt 1613 15 Lk 918 20) Mk 834ndash36 (= Matt 1624ndash26 Lk 923ndash25) Mk 91 (= Matt 1628 Lk 927) Mk 919 (= Matt 1717 Lk 941) Mk 931 (= Matt 1722ndash23 Lk 944) Mk 935 (= Matt 2311 Lk 2226) Mk 937 (= Matt 185 Lk 948) Mk 940 (= MattQ 1230 Lk 950) Mk 1014ndash15 (= Matt 183 1914 Lk 1816ndash17) Mk 1018ndash19 21 23 25 27 29ndash30 (= Matt 1917ndash19 21 23ndash24 26 29 Lk 1819ndash20 22 24ndash25 27 29ndash30) Mk 1033ndash34 (= Matt 2018ndash19 Lk 1831ndash33) Mk 1042ndash45 (= Matt 2025ndash28 Lk 2225ndash27) Mk 1051 (= Matt 2032 Lk 1841) Mk 112ndash3 (= Matt 212ndash3 Lk 1930ndash31) Mk 1117 (= Matt 2113 Lk 1946) Mk 1129ndash30 33 (= Matt 2124ndash25 27 Lk 203ndash4 8) Mk 121ndash10 (= Matt 2133ndash42 Lk 209ndash17) Mk 1215dndash17 (= Matt 2219ndash21 Lk 2024ndash25) Mk 1225ndash27 (= Matt 2230ndash32 Lk 2034ndash38) Mk 1230ndash31 (= Matt 2237ndash39 Lk 1027) Mk 1235ndash37 (= Matt 2241ndash45 Lk 2041ndash44) Mk 132 (= Matt 242 Lk 216) Mk 135ndash13 (Matt 244ndash13 Lk 218ndash19) Mk 1314c 17 19 (= Matt 2416 19 21 Lk 2121 23) Mk 1324ndash31 (= Matt 2429ndash35 Lk 2125ndash33) Mk 1413ndash14 (= Matt 2618 Lk 2210ndash11) Mk 1418 20ndash21 (= Matt 2621 23ndash24 Lk 2221ndash22) Mk 1422ndash25 (= Matt 2626ndash29 Lk 2216ndash20) Mk 1430 (= Matt 2634 Lk 2234) Mk 1436 (= Matt 2639 Lk 2242) Mk 1437ndash38 (= Matt 2640ndash41 Lk 2246) Mk 1448ndash49a (= Matt 2655 Lk 2252ndash53a) Mk 1462 (= Matt 2664 Lk 2269ndash70) Mk 152 (= Matt 2711 Lk 233)

8 Chapter One Prolegomena

and the non-Q related omissions limited to (a) statements forming an integral part of a narrative24 (b) statements commands and questions that are redun-dant25 (c) statements that cast a potentially negative light on Jesusrsquo family26 or disciples27 both established Markan themes28 (d) statements that are poten-tially problematic theologically29 (e) statements falling under none of the above categories that are abridged expanded or reworked by one of the evan-gelists30 (f) statements occurring in pericopes that have been eliminated com-pletely by Matthew or Luke31 Of these six categories the first three are un-likely to have been present in Q due to its lack of a plot relative scarcity of stories and absence of any interest in Jesusrsquo family or disciples The remaining three categories include only a few sayings outside of the Great Omission (more on that below) Consequently it appears that Matthew and Luke already elim-inating a minor percentage of the Markan Jesusrsquo words that lack Q parallels had no clear reason to omit even that much from Q

Secondly on a number of occasions one or both evangelists preserve dou-blets of the Markan sayings of Jesus which on the 2DH are assigned to Q32 This development is surprising in Lukersquos case since his tendency to avoid dou-blets is well known33 What is really decisive however is that in instances

24 Mk 125 138 435 59 19 530 541 1243 (omitted by Matthew) Mk 1036 1432

34 41ndash42 (omitted by Luke) Mk 1114 (either omitted or reworked in Lk 136ndash9) Mk 439 58 631 638 916 21 25 933 939c 1049 1234 (omitted or reworked by both Matthew and Luke)

25 Mk 424bd 1238 40 (omitted by Matthew) Mk 334 837 941 1211 1215b 1224 1318 20 23 (omitted by Luke) Mk 1449b (reworked in Lk 2253b) Mk 949 1024 1229 (omitted by both Matthew and Luke)

26 Mk 333ndash34 Mk 64de (omitted by Luke) 27 Mk 413 (omitted by Matthew and Luke) Mk 833 1038ndash40 (omitted by Luke) Mk

1427ndash28 (reworked in Lk 2231ndash32) 28 Eg Joel Marcus Mark (AB 27 and 27A 2 vols New York NY and New Haven CT

Doubleday and Yale 2000ndash2009) 279ndash80 310ndash11 378ndash80 509ndash15 653 677ndash81 999ndash1000 29 Mk 939 (omitted by Matthew and Luke) Mk 943ndash48 (omitted by Luke) Mk 1534

(reworked in Lk 2346) 30 Mk 115 (reworked and expanded in Lk 416ndash21) Mk 536 (abridged in Matt 923ndash26)

Mk 1314ab (reworked in Lk 2120) Mk 146ndash9 (reworked in Lk 736ndash50) Mk 1413ndash15 (abridged in Matt 2618)

31 Mk 426ndash29 99ndash13 (omitted by Luke) everything that belongs to Mk 645ndash826 (the Great Omission of the Markan material by Luke)

32 Mk 421 (= Lk 816 LkQ 1133) Mk 422 (= Lk 817 LkQ 122) Mk 425 (= Matt 1312 MattQ 2529 Lk 818 LkQ 1926) Mk 68 10ndash11 (= Lk 93ndash5 LkQ 104ndash5 8 10ndash11) Mk 834 (= MattQ 1038 Matt 1624 Lk 923 LkQ 1427) Mk 835 (= MattQ 1039 Matt 1625 Lk 924 LkQ 1733) Mk 838 (= Lk 926 LkQ 128ndash9) Mk 937 (= Matt 185 MattQ 1040 Lk 948 LkQ 1016) Mk 940 (Lk 950 LkQ 1123) Mk 1011ndash12 (= Matt 199 MattQ 532) Mk 1238ndash39 (= Lk 2046 LkQ 1143) Mk 139 11 (= Lk 2112ndash15 LkQ 1211ndash12) See further Fitzmyer Luke 81ndash82

33 See eg H Schuumlrmann ldquoDie Dubletten im Lukasevangeliumrdquo ZKT 75 (1953) 339ndash445 Idem ldquoDie Dublettenvermeidungen im Lukasevangeliumrdquo ZKT 76 (1954) 83ndash93

2 The Study of Q as a Reconstructed Text 9

when Luke is faced with a choice between Mark and Q and does not opt to retain both the preference is overwhelmingly given to the Q location and word-ing of the text34 Consequently it seems overly simplistic to suggest as Rodd does that ldquoas [the reconstructed] lsquoMarkrsquo is not Mark so in all probability the lsquoQrsquo of the scholars is not the historical document Qrdquo35 The evangelistsrsquo ten-dency to either retain the MarkQ parallels or ndash especially in Lukersquos case ndash to favor Q its wording and location over the Markan parallels shows that the two documents were not treated equally as far as the words of Jesus were concerned with the approach to Q being more conservative36

Thirdly the verse and word count discrepancy between the reconstructed and canonical Mark has been somewhat inflated as the percentages cited by scholars are routinely bolstered by the inclusion of the Great Omission On the 2DH there are two possible solutions to this well-known source-critical anom-aly the absence of Mk 645ndash826 from Lukersquos gospel is either intentional or stems from inheriting a shorter copy of Mark which lacked that material In either scenario Lukersquos omission of Mk 645ndash826 complicates the analogy be-tween the reconstructed Mark and Q If the omission was unintentional it tells us something only about the compositional history or textual transmission of Markrsquos gospel If however Lukersquos decision to skip Mk 645ndash826 was inten-tional is it not likely to have been motivated by Lukersquos avoidance of dou-blets37 A similar development is unlikely to have occurred in Lukersquos reception of Q as we have noted when faced with MarkQ doublets Luke tends to favor Qrsquos version over an available Markan parallel38 Consequently due to the sheer size of the Great Omission and regardless of the Omissionrsquos intentionality or

34 LkQ 112 4 9 (= Mk 1124ndash25) LkQ 1115 17ndash18 21 (= Mk 323ndash27) Lk 1210 (=

Mk 328ndash29) LkQ 1240 (= Mk 1332) LkQ 1318ndash19 (= Mk 430ndash32) LkQ 1330 (= Mk 1031) Lk 1618 (= Mk 1011ndash12) LkQ 171ndash2 (= Mk 942) LkQ 176 (= Mk 1123) LkQ 1723 31 (= Mk 1315ndash16 21) All of these are deployed by Luke in clusters of Q material rather than in the Lukan parallels to the respective Markan pericopes Mk 950 (= LkQ 1434ndash35) is similarly deployed away from its Markan context and surrounded by Q and L material Both Matthew and Luke favor the wording of Q 1434ndash35 over its Markan parallel

35 Rodd ldquoThe End of the Theology of Qrdquo 12 36 See eg Christopher M Tuckett Q and the History of Early Christianity Studies on Q

(Edinburgh TampT Clark 1996) 94 Luz ldquoQ in Matthewrdquo 50 37 Mk 645ndash52 contains a sea miracle similar to Mk 435ndash41 Mk 71ndash23 was likely elim-

inated to shift the lifting of the dietary restrictions to the post-Easter stage in Lukersquos narrative (Acts 109ndash16) Mk 724ndash30 was probably (a) deemed redundant (see LkQ 71ndash10) (b) re-garded as problematic due to the conflict between the Markan Jesusrsquo reluctance to perform a miracle for a Gentile person (Mk 727) and the Lukan Jesusrsquo programmatic openness to such developments (Lk 425ndash27) Mk 81ndash10 14ndash21 and 822ndash26 are clearly redundant (see Mk 635ndash44 Lk 912ndash17 Mk 1046ndash52 Lk 1835ndash43) Mk 811ndash13 has a Q parallel (= LkQ 1129ndash32)

38 On the L-M Hypothesis this would mean that Luke tends to favor Matthewrsquos version over an available Markan parallel

10 Chapter One Prolegomena

lack thereof the reconstructed Mark presents an analogy to Q that is at best tenuous

In light of the above observations my contention is that methodologically virtually the entire Q is likely to be accounted for in terms of its content39 That still leaves the question of the documentrsquos precise wording and its recovery Here Roth has argued that

there is a fundamental difference between conceiving of the ldquotext of Qrdquo as a reconstruction of its original wording and approaching it as a metaphorical and narratival realm an intertext as it were accessible through Matthew and Luke40

Roth further states as one of his monographrsquos objectives (which is primarily dedicated to the study of Qrsquos parables) an attempt to

advance Q studies by pursuing insight into the parables of Q through a different set of meth-odological approaches than those present in the reigning paradigm focusing upon word-level reconstruction The resultant exegetical work is not therefore in the first instance focused upon vocabulary and syntax of a reconstructed text but rather upon the narratival elements and structures characters images metaphors and theological emphases of an ldquointertextrdquo41

I see no reason to contest Rothrsquos objections to an uncritical acceptance of the CEQ text (of course the CEQ editors have already noted that it is only a work-ing reconstruction)42 Pending the surfacing of an actual copy of Q any recon-struction of its wording is necessarily going to remain hypothetical and thus subject to continued analysis Still to suggest that the hypothetical nature of the enterprise undermines its results perhaps runs the risk ldquothat a methodologi-cal limitation becomes an ontological description of Q itselfrdquo43 Roth admits that his own study of narratival and metaphorical elements ldquocannot function on an entirely lsquowordlessrsquo levelrdquo proposing as a solution that Qrsquos text should be accessed exclusively through the wording of Matthew and Luke44 Such drastic restrictions are in my opinion unnecessary In light of the previous discussion it is possible to assert from a methodologically sound position that Qrsquos recon-structions are not ldquopotentially faultyrdquo to the degree suggested by Roth45 While a precise word-by-word recovery may not be possible or even necessary in every verse of the synoptic double tradition a reliable near-word-level recon-struction of Q appears consistently attainable This is suggested by Lukersquos (and frequently Matthewrsquos) aforementioned preference of Qrsquos wording in the MarkQ parallels Matthewrsquos and Lukersquos slightly superior degree of verbal

39 See further Fleddermann Commentary 73ndash74 Luz ldquoQ in Matthewrdquo 45 (while positing

the existence of QMatt Luz concludes that it ldquodid not differ substantiallyrdquo from the main body of the Q source)

40 Roth Parables 41 41 Ibid 44ndash45 42 Ibid 38ndash39 Roth (ibid) also critiques Fleddermannrsquos alternative reconstruction 43 Kirk Q in Matthew 152 44 Roth Parables 40ndash41 45 Ibid 44

Index of Ancient Sources

Hebrew Bible (LXX)

Genesis414 28 3361ndash4 5062 4 (LXX) 115723 (LXX) 981316 331417 36174ndash6 1991710ndash14 1591817ndash18 1991826 (LXX) 981917 (LXX) 982218 199264 199

Exodus161ndash36 117171ndash7 1181715 (LXX) 1242114 (LXX) 1242225ndash26 1502320ndash21 23 1632415ndash16 (LXX) 472520 (LXX) 124

Numbers111ndash9 1172319 40

Deuteronomy324 (LXX) 146612ndash15 118613 (LXX) 116616 (LXX) 116 11882ndash3 11783 (LXX) 116811ndash20 118812ndash15 (LXX) 117

926 (LXX) 146159 (LXX) 205241ndash4 79 208 2092410ndash17 1502918ndash20 207319 25ndash26 209328ndash9 (LXX) 1213211 201

Joshua2313 (LXX) 207

Ruth212 201

1 Samuel27 (LXX) 1371821 (LXX) 207

1 Kings627 (LXX) 12486 (LXX) 1241717ndash24 162191ndash18 116 118 119194 (LXX) 117195 (LXX) 118198 (LXX) 117 1181910 14 (LXX) 1182219ndash23 (LXX) 121

2 Kings216 (LXX) 112 116418ndash37 16251ndash14 163

2 Chronicles58 (LXX) 1242314 125

Index of Ancient Sources246

Ezra91ndash2 1371018ndash44 137

Job16 11521 1151621 40256 40358 40387 115

Psalms2 16869 (LXX) 19785 40102 9 137178 2013510 137367 201605 (LXX) 124614 2016923 (LXX) 207722ndash12 1378018 40813 (LXX) 137901ndash2 4 (LXX) 124906 (LXX) 1249011ndash12 (LXX) 123914 2011063 (LXX) 1981091 (LXX) 4110916 22 13611826 1061457ndash8 (LXX) 1611463 401476 137

Proverbs1ndash9 55236 (LXX) 205264ndash5 189

Isaiah1ndash39 13511 168253ndash4 (LXX) 137315 201355 (LXX) 16140ndash55 135

426 168427 18 (LXX) 161435 198491ndash8 1685112 4055ndash66 135562 40563ndash8 136585ndash7 13860ndash62 135611 (LXX) 160 161611ndash2 (LXX) 48 134611ndash3 (LXX) 132 135 136 137665 (LXX) 1376618ndash20 164 198

Jeremiah317ndash18 164 1984918 33 405040 405143 40

Ezekiel8ndash11 112 11382 11440ndash48 112 113402 113403 114

Daniel713 27 40 41 168 213817 40

Amos13 (LXX) 20413ndash28 7528 15035 (LXX) 18086 (LXX) 137

Haggai220ndash22 163

Zechariah315 13787 198

Malachi16ndash29 163210ndash16 163

247Index of Ancient Sources

31 163 164 322ndash23 (LXX) 163

Old Tes tament Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha

1 Enoch1ndash5 761ndash36 4621ndash54 1226ndash11 526ndash16 4766 4573ndash6 1221021 164 198123ndash4 46124 113 125137 45139 45148ndash164 76151 46152ndash4 125171 11417ndash19 112 11320ndash36 112 113215 114242ndash257 113261ndash275 113323ndash6 11337ndash71 41 45 186 213381ndash6 122384ndash5 45391ndash3 45396 108413ndash8 76418 44421ndash2 (3) 126 171 201422 170451ndash6 76455 4546 52461ndash8 141462ndash4 42464ndash6 45468 46471ndash4 14148ndash49 52481 202481ndash10 141482 42

483 202483ndash7 168488ndash9 (10) 45 122492 4 168493 202505 76513 (5a) 168 172 20251ndash52 5252ndash56 112526 9 168531ndash5 45 122536 46 168542 45543ndash4 76545ndash6 45547 210554 45 108561ndash4 45565ndash8 43 44 45571 198591ndash6023 766010 4261ndash63 46 52621ndash9 45622ndash3 122624ndash6312 122625ndash14 42631ndash12 45 122632ndash4 106637 1236311 426312 76651ndash663 52671ndash681 52678ndash13 43 44 45 1226926ndash29 42 52701 42715ndash17 447113(14)ndash17 42 1418215ndash20 7683ndash84 52891ndash9 528973ndash74 1139038 164

Index of Ancient Sources248

1006 1681049ndash13 47

2 Enoch31ndash221 113101ndash6 112

3 Baruch3ndash17 113163 204

3 Enoch11ndash12 113

Ascension of Isaiah610ndash15 113

Baruch437 19855 198

Bel and the Dragon36 112 114 116

Jubilees11ndash8 209120 12122 114727 52102 52105 52106 121108ndash11 52 114 121114 121115 521114ndash1214 321220 1211525ndash34 1591531ndash32 114 1211928 121492 52

Letter of Aris teas155 145

Psalms of Solomon219 159823 30 1591112 1981731 164 1981810ndash12 76

Sirach21ndash17 72 86212 87143ndash7 2051410ndash11 202241ndash12 125247ndash11 1262410ndash11 1592525ndash26 2072611 2053113 2053522ndash3622 723824ndash3911 17243 76501ndash24 125

The Sentences of the Syriac Menander340ndash46 189

Tes tament of Abraham81ndash12 113

Tes tament of Levi26ndash57 113

Tes tament of Moses51ndash62 126

Tobit145ndash7 164 198

Vita Adae et Evae61ndash103 116121ndash161 115

Wisdom of Solomon410ndash15 46418ndash513 46

249Index of Ancient Sources

New Tes tament

Q32ndash958 (59ndash60) 101 103 104 108

126 155 173 17537 5237ndash9 16ndash17 5 54 64 68 70 90

104 11637ndash735 78 80 81 83 85

101 102 103317 54 9141ndash13 5 51 52 53 64 65

66 78 91 104 111 112 113 114 115 118 119 126 152 153 155 156

41ndash4 116 11745ndash8 114 119 121 122

123 15949ndash12 (13) 47 51 65 96 123

157 200416 91 129 130 131

153620ndash49 16 63 82 91 104

105 129 130 131 153

620b 12 91 132620bndash21 48 132 133 134

135 136 137620bndash23 5 131 132 143621a 12 20 91 132622 12 17 24 25 26

38 71 140 141 153 167 170 194 205

622ndash23 17 20 52 53 54 96 132 133 134 136 139 140 141 142 206

623c 64 82 129 132 139 140 142 143

627ndash35 (36) 13 16 71 129 147 151 152 153 154

629 24 91 150630 24 150631 91 152637ndash38 12 92640 92 144646 92 104 144 145

146 153 154 203

647ndash49 12 92 14471ndash10 9 64 92 104 126

155 156 158 169 197 199

76 145 20379 87 96 104 156

157 158 167 173 194 198 199

718ndash19 159 167718ndash23 159718ndash28 64 166718ndash960 92722 16 54 134 135

161 163 164 172727 96 163731ndash35 64 70 92 165 166

169 170 171733 51 53734 24 26 52 165 167

169 170 172735 166 170957ndash58 (59ndash60) 92 105 111 155

169 170 171957ndash62 63959ndash60 172 173958 24 25 26 27 38

52 71 164 165 169 170 171 172

959 145102ndash16 5 56 63 70 86

158 170 175 182 215

102ndash24 92102ndash1240 101 105 107 108

175 205104 48 92109 73 931012 93 1751012ndash15 54 64 82 861013ndash15 47 56 70 80 81

82 86 87 96 107 126 175 199 212

1016 72 931021 56 81 87 93 96

173 2091021ndash22 54 56 78 79 81

82 145 1941021ndash24 64 107

Index of Ancient Sources250

1022 81 93 114 116 145 146 203 209

1023ndash24 17 93 106112ndash4 9ndash13 5 63 78 93 117

176 177 179 180112b 48 178 184114 24 178119ndash13 12 93 176 177

178 179 180 1811114 51 1761114ndash20 52 531114ndash32 931114ndash52 64 107 1791118 51 53 93 114 121

1591124ndash26 51 53 9311(16) 29ndash32 9 54 70 96 2121130 24 26 52 1861133ndash52 93 2051134 93 2051139ndash52 70 107 126 1691142c 64 66 1251149 521149ndash51 47 53 54 66 96

118 119 157 2001151 52 200 205122ndash12 5 70 94 107 155

180 181 182 183 184 194

123 72 94124ndash5 54 70 73 181 182

190124ndash7 94 121 122 176

179 180 181 194 214

125 181 204128 24 26 38 54 185

187 188 189128ndash9 52 69 94 167 184

186 187 188 189 214

128ndash10 54 64 69 71 82 175 176 183 184 187 189 190 194 212

129 184 185 1881210 24 26 94 185 187

188 1891211ndash12 54 70 72 73 94

181 182 214

1222ndash31 (33ndash34) 63 73 176 177 178 179 180 190 192

1222ndash40 941224 23 178 1801227 231231 48 94 1841233 12 48 1911233ndash34 69 94 191 1921235ndash38 94 108 190 2031235ndash46 1081235ndash59 94 1081235ndash2230 101 105 108 109

197 2031239 17 18 95 1911239ndash40 18 20 54 70 71

94 105 175 190 191 192 193 203 212

1239ndash59 64 1911240 24 52 69 95 167

186 191 1931242ndash46 52 53 54 69 70

95 191 192 197 203 204 205 206 212

1245 96 2051246 2041251 20 951251ndash59 1081252ndash53 201256 171258ndash59 24 951318ndash19 20ndash21 5 20 48 63 95

108 2071318ndash24 951324 63 951325ndash30 54 63 82 871325ndash1423 54 95 96 126 158

1991327 52 53 96 118 1981328ndash29 96 198 1991334 52 125 2061334ndash35 47 53 54 63 66

81 82 83 96 105 106 107 108 109 118 119 125 157 194 198 200 201 202

1335 51 54 96 106 202

251Index of Ancient Sources

1411 54 961416ndash23 (24) 63 82 971423 541426 72 97 2151426ndash27 1733 20 63 72 971426ndash176 971427 54 97 140 141

182 2141434ndash35 63 97154ndash5a 7 20 63 97 108 2091613 12 63 94 971616 64 97 207 2091616ndash18 2061617 17 63 64 66 79

97 125 206 207 208 209

1616(17)ndash172 197 206 2081618 24 63 79 97 206

207 208 209171ndash2 97 207 208171ndash6 63173ndash4 18 20 98176 18 20 78 98 108

2101720ndash21 17 981723 98 2101723ndash37 54 64 69 70 71

98 167 170 197 210 211 212

1723ndash2230 108 2111724 26 30 24 52 98 991733 54 97 182 2141734ndash35 98 991912ndash26 64 69 99 108 197

203 204 205 206 212

1912ndash2230 991922 2052228ndash30 5 54 64 99 108

212

Matthew37 52310 9542 11745 12448 119 120413 130 1315ndash7 94 10251 119

54 13458 138511 (12) 52 205512 142515 7539 149 150540 15 150541 15 89 91 149 150542 150 151544 148 149544ndash45 91 149545 20861ndash18 94612 177619ndash21 94620 191623 205624 94625ndash34 94626 178627 177630 178 17975 1877 17779 177711 178 179712 152723 52724 26 9185ndash13 199810 155811ndash12 198 199819 169820 27 142 171821 172822 173829 12191ndash8 7920ndash22 97922 7937 92107 731026 71029 1801032 184 1891032ndash33 91 1841034 951038 731039 141115 134 163

Index of Ancient Sources252

1119 1691122ndash45 931125 2081217 731232 1841239 52 2051243 1241311 13 71342 951416 71521ndash28 97162bndash3 951613ndash28 1401617ndash19 471625 141171 1191717 7186 208186ndash22 97188ndash9 951825 971928 991929 992030 130219 1062131 972133ndash41 (42ndash46) 7 19221ndash14 18236ndash7 206237 1662334 522334ndash36 962335 522337 52 1972337ndash39 81 105 201243ndash41 210 211244ndash14 72423 982443 1912443ndash44 1932445 2062448 (49) 52 205251ndash13 972514ndash30 992526 28 2052530 992531 992541 95 121266ndash13 972640ndash41 7

2669 71 1302669ndash75 1892732 912755 97285 130289ndash10 972816ndash18 1192818 120

Mark114 21 131123ndash26 121124 130129ndash31 18821ndash12 731 14937ndash12 188313 114327 93328 188328ndash29 18443ndash8 193411ndash12 7413 177430ndash32 20 193438 177421ndash22 7435ndash41 9525ndash34 97534 761ndash6a 188615 163635ndash44 9637 7645ndash52 9645ndash826 971ndash23 9724ndash30 9 9781ndash10 9811ndash13 9822ndash26 9827 140827ndash98 47828 163831ndash33 121834ndash35 20835 141838 184 19092 11492ndash8 47

253Index of Ancient Sources

919 7943ndash47 951028 73 1791029 201035ndash40 1831039 1881046ndash52 91047 130119 1061117 7 1771122ndash23 25ab 18 201124 1801129ndash30 7121ndash9 (10ndash12) 7 19129 191211 191226 177133ndash37 210 211135ndash13 71315ndash16 991321 98143ndash9 971437ndash38 71447 95 1491462 411466ndash72 1891467 130151ndash5 951521 911541 97166 130

Luke15ndash25 10237 5242 11745 12246b 7 12046cd 120 121416 130416ndash30 188425ndash27 9438ndash39 188517ndash26 766 149617ndash19 188621 134622 205623 142625 134

627 149627ndash28 148628 149629 15 150630 150 151634 151635 91 208642 18646 146647ndash49 9179 155722 163734 169735 166 208810 7816ndash17 7824 177831 121848 7912ndash17 9913 7924 141926 190941 7957 169958 171959 172960 173102 92109 731017ndash20 1211021 208114 177115ndash8 97 177119 1771111 1771112 1171113 178 1791120 511121ndash22 931124 124 2051124ndash26 931129 52 2051143 166 2061149 521150 521151 52124 73 179126 180128 184

Index of Ancient Sources254

128ndash9 911211 731213ndash21 971223a 1771224 177 1781228 1791233 1911235ndash38 89 941239 1911239ndash40 1931242 2061245 52 2051249 89 951254ndash56 95131ndash35 1021327 52 1971328ndash29 1981334 52 1971415ndash24 181427 73158ndash10 97172 2081711ndash19 981720 981721 981722 981728ndash29 89 98 991731 991732 991733 971835ndash43 91912ndash27 991922 24 2051927 991938 96 1061941ndash44 961946 177209ndash16 (17ndash19) 7 192018 192037 177218ndash19 7223 1212228ndash30 992246 72249ndash51 952250 1492254ndash62 188234 14 952413ndash33 102

John446 158446ndash54 157448 158631ndash58 117844 121123 1061225ndash26 201231 1211430 1211611 1211828ndash1916 102

Acts23 9521ndash4 18951ndash11 189109ndash16 9121ndash2 183123ndash19 183

Romans1214 149

1 Corinthians412 14963 121 192132 18 20

2 Corinthians41ndash6 19244 121

Galatians113ndash14 18343 8ndash9 121 192

Ephesians21ndash2 121 192612 121 192

1 Thessalonians214ndash16 183218 121 19251ndash11 19252 20 19255ndash6 192

2 Thessalonians21ndash12 210 211

255Index of Ancient Sources

2 Timothy211ndash13 190

Hebrews1137 204

James 315ndash17 12444ndash7 121

1 Peter314 132 139 143319ndash20 47414 132 139 141 14358 121

2 Peter24ndash5 47 121

Jude16ndash7 121

Revelation110ndash20 113113 18635 19041ndash11 113123ndash4 121171ndash3 114173ndash18 112 113219ndash27 112 1132110 113

New Tes tament Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha

Gospel of Thomas1ndash71 1731ndash3 2161ndash4 1710 19 95111 1713 21161ndash2 20 95163 2017 1720ndash21 71 193201ndash4 20 192215ndash8 18 19 20 192243 36ndash39 17261ndash2 18262ndash331 1731 21361ndash3 19 143 180473 2148 18 19 20

54 137 13855 2058 17 13864 18 1965 1968 20 132 138 139

14068ndash69 19 139 143691 17 138692 19 20 137 13877 2179 2186 169 170103 17106ndash107 19 201131ndash2 9

Pseudo-Clementine Homilies12313 180

Dead Sea Scrolls

CD214ndash41 125412ndash14 121 124 125419ndash52 208

51ndash5 2091316ndash17 207122ndash3 121161ndash2 125

Index of Ancient Sources256

1QapGen 29 30 31 33 35 36 37 40

1QH430 40

1QM11 1211310ndash12 121175ndash6 51

1QpHab 56 125

1QS25 121211ndash15 207 208321ndash25 11749 18258 125119ndash10 1821120 40

1Q27 (1Q4QMys teries)1 i 1ndash8 56 202

4Q299 (1Q4QMys teries)3andashb ii 2ndash8 563andashb ii 9ndash16 56

4Q416 (4QIns truction)1 10ndash13 56 2021 12 1822 i 21ndashiv 13 562 ii 6 17 178

4Q417 (4QIns truction)1 i 6ndash9 561 i 10(11)ndash12 56 2021 i 12ndash13 561 i 14 561 i 16 115 1821 i 17 1821 i 24 56 2022 i 17ndash24 562 i 19 21ndash22 178

4Q418 (4QIns truction)69 ii 6ndash9 56 202

69 ii 12ndash13 5681 1ndash2 18281 2ndash5 5681 4 11581 5 11581 20 56 20288 56103 56107 56123 5ndash8 56

4Q423 (4QIns truction)5 3 565 5ndash6 56

4Q503 115

4Q521 16 54 135 137 159 160 161 162

4Q525 57 133

4QDeut j 1214 121

4QIsa 135

4QMMTC 4ndash9 125

11Q11 124

11Q13 135 137

11QPsa 191ndash18 121

11QT545 2075715ndash19 208669ndash11 207

Targums4QtgJob 314QtgLev 3111QtgJob 31 33 35 40

257Index of Ancient Sources

Josephus

Ant14133ndash146 4415103 451982 123

Bell188 46

1131ndash11 441161ndash5 461213 461335 452101ndash5 1232116 183

Babylonian Texts

Gilgamesh 112

Greek and Latin Authors

Dio CassiusHis t59271 120

HomerOd10503ndash15 1121112ndash22 112

PlatoPhaed111cndash112e 112

Senecade Ben2121ndash2 120

Seneca the ElderControv9210 183

TacitusAnn632 120

His t59 183

Apos tolic and Church Fathers

1 Clement132 153292 121394ndash5 121

2 Clement32 190134 148

Apos tolic Cons titutions721 152

722 148 150 151722ndash6 147725 149 150726 148 153

AthanasiusFes t Let 3911 14

Canons of the Holy Apos tles4ndash5 152

Index of Ancient Sources258

Chrysos tomHom Mt342 180

Clement of AlexandriaS trom4641 139 143

Didache11ndash63 1412c 15213b 148 14913bndash5b 11 12 13 15 16

71 147 151 15413bndash21 5 11 14 15 15013c 15113cndash4a 1413d 15 14814 1414a 1614b 15 14914c 91 15014d 15 149 150 15115a 15015b 148 15381ndash2 1482 16103bndash122a 14113 16113ndash137 14153ndash4 16161ndash8 210 211 212

EusebiusHis t Eccl3254

IrenaeusAdv Haer1101 1214162 121

Jus tin Martyr1 Apol159 148

2 Apol25 121

OrigenC Cels870 180

PolycarpPhilippians22ndash3 153

Shepherd of HermasMandate 24ndash6 153

Similitude535ndash8 138

Rabbinic Literature

j Ber3b 5b 5c 31 37 38

j Ket35a 31 37

j Šab3a 38d 31 37

j Taʿan65b 4069ab 125

R Gen72 313813 31 37796 31

R Num193 31 38

TargumsCairo BGen 414 31 33 34 37 41

259Index of Ancient Sources

Cairo FExod 1913 37Deut 346 37

Neof I Gen 414 31 33 41Gen 95ndash6 37Gen 4922 36

Papyri Manuscripts and Inscriptions

Br Mus Or 9271 14P Oxy 1 17P Oxy 654 17

P Oxy 655 17 143 180P Oxy 1782 14 15 148 151Sf III 16ndash17 40

Index of Modern Authors

Achtemeier P 139 141Adams S L 56 72 202Alexander P S 31 32Allison D C 1 2 3 5 12 22 24 66

75 77 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 90 91 94 96 98 99 103 105 107 112 117 119 120 123 125 129 130 131 133 134 135 136 138 139 140 144 147 148 149 150 152 153 155 158 160 163 169 170 172 175 176 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 193 197 198 200 205

Anderson A A 124Anderson F I 113Andrejevs O 25 164 172 190Arcari L 44Argall R A 47 72 202Arnal W E 23 24 48 59 61 63 65

66 67 68 78 86 104 123 125 132 134 136 150 191 194 208 214

Attridge H W 17Audet J-P 14Avigad N 29 30

Bailey K 102Bauckham R 12Baum A D 1Bazzana G B 1 3 24 59 178 198Beasley-Murray G R 158Berger K 104Bergmeier R 159 160 162Betz D H 3 24 51 103 146 179 183de Begraveze T 27Bird M F 159 198 199Black C C 11Black M 26 28 30 31 32 35 36 37

40 168Blenkinsopp J 135 136 137Boccaccini G 32 43 44 50Boring M E 38 183 184 185 188

192 211

Borsch F H 185Bovon F 5 19 93 95 96 98 99 106

140 177 179 184 185 198Bowman J W 28 33Boyarin D 23Breuer Y 34Brin G 208Broadhead E K 3 89Brodie T L 163Brooke G J 43 160Brown R E 11 12 102 130 157 158Broyles C C 123Bultmann R 3 60 98 111 132 156

158 184 185 186 187 188 201Burkett D 27 213Bussmann W 26

Campbell J Y 28 46Caragounis C C 27 29 39Carroll J T 3Carruth S 119Casey P M 29 34 35 37 39 41Cas tor G D 4 5Catchpole D R 21 77 90 96 99 129

131 145 147 156 157 159 164 175 188 198 208

Chang A 199Charlesworth J H 31 42 43 44 45

46 47 72 160 171 185Chazon E G 115 202Cheung L L 12Childs B S 163Chilton B D 26 36 39 117 130Clark D J 109Collins A Y 39 41 47 50 51 52 103

114 188 193 211Collins J J 23 40 43 48 49 50 51

52 53 57 76 77 121 126 160 161 162 163 168 202

Colpe C 25 26 28 29 31 32 36 37 39 40 45 140

Index of Modern Authors262

Conzelmann H 96 97Cotter W J 61 104 132 156 163 165

166 170 191Cromhout M 61 145 191Crossan J D 39 89 94 98 134

Dalman G 27 29 30Damm A 171Davidson M J 114Davies W D 1 2 3 91 99 119 120

131 138 139 140 149 150 169 172 179 180 184 185 193 197 200

DeConick A D 11 17 20 21 138 139 192

Derrenbacker R A 1 24Di Lella A A 73Dibelius M 12Diacuteez Macho A 30Dimant D 160DiTommaso L 57Doering L 208Downing F G 23 64Draper J A 13 14 15 16 68 156Dundenberg I 11Dunn J D G 1 149 183Dupont J 97 116Durham J I 163

Eldridge M D 117Elgvin T 49 56 57 115 202Eshel H 44

Fiebig P 26 27 28 34 37 39Fitzmyer J A 1 2 3 8 19 26 28 30

31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 82 91 95 97 98 117 118 119 130 131 133 138 139 140 146 149 163 177 179 208

Fleddermann H T 2 6 10 11 59 62 69 83 84 85 86 87 90 91 93 95 97 98 101 103 104 105 109 129 130 134 140 144 148 150 152 156 157 163 166 170 176 177 179 184 185 189 199 200 203 205 211

Flusser D 14 15Fos ter P 1 3 6 12 26Freedman H 32Frenschkowski M 145Frey J 56Freyne S 159 199

Funk F X 14 147

Garciacutea Martiacutenez F 49 57 160 162 202 208

Garrow A 13Gathercole S 17 19 20 138 139 181Gerber C 203Gibson J B 116Gieschen C A 147Ginsburger M 30Glover R 13 16Goering G S 72 125Goff M J 55 56 57 79 84 115 178

202Goodacre M 1 17 19Greenfield J C 27Greeven H 12Gregg B H 90 97 186 198 204Grenfell B P 14 17Guelich R A 193Guenther H O 26Gundry R H 150 181 197

Haenchen E 12 139 157 158 201Hahn F 185Han K S 124 125 200Hannah D D 42 43 45 46Hare D R A 38 39 40 184 185Harrington D J 33 55 57 202 Hartin P J 12 61 119 166Hasitschka M 118Heil C 5 38 60 99 119 181Higgins A J B 184Hill A E 163Hindley J C 43Hoffmann P 5 38 55 67 70 75 77

80 96 99 112 145 167 170 184 185

Holtzmann H J 4Hooker M D 45Horsley R 68 156 198 199 200van der Hors t P W 73Hossfeld F L 124Howard G 146Howes L 26 39 43 61 65 77 81 133

140 141 142 166 167 170 185 188 190 212

Hubbard B J 38Hultgren S 160 162Hunt A S 14 17

263Index of Modern Authors

van Iersel B M F 102

Jacobson A D 5 26 39 49 54 60 61 64 75 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 85 87 90 94 96 97 98 106 129 132 140 144 152 156 157 167 170 171 184 185 187 201 207 210

Jefford C N 13 14 15Jeremias J 179 198 204Jervis L A 55Jewett R 149Johnson L A 178 208Johnson L T 12Johnson-DeBaufre M 66 103 163Jonas H 51de Jonge H J 24 185Jongeling B 35Joseph S J 1 21 23 24 45 46 47 48

51 52 68 103 125 132 134 136 142 144 153 156 159 160 161 162 164 178 180 181 182 184 185 187 190 191 200 201 202 206 208 214 215

Jus t A A 102

Kahle P 26 30 31 36Kampen J L 162 209Kaufman S A 31 32 36 40Keener C S 183Kirk A 2 4 5 6 10 15 24 55 59 60

61 62 66 67 68 69 71 72 73 75 76 77 78 79 83 84 85 86 87 88 90 94 96 98 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 111 114 129 152 155 156 166 177 179 184 189 190 197 203 207 208 214 215

Kloppenborg J S 1 2 3 4 5 11 12 13 14 15 17 19 21 22 23 24 25 26 38 39 50 51 53 54 55 57 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 86 87 88 89 90 95 97 98 99 103 104 107 108 111 112 121 122 123 124 125 126 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 139 140 141 142 143 144 147 148 150 151 155 156 157 158 160 162 163 164 165 166 167 170 171 172 175 176 180 181 182 183 184 187 189

190 191 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 208 210 211 212 213

Knibb M A 46 202Koes ter H 15 38 48 60 61 63 66

148Koumlhler W D 16Kraus H-J 124Kutscher E Y 30 35 36

Lang B 201Laurence R 41Leives tad R 43Levine A-J 208Lichtenberger H 124Lindars B 29 34 37 39 43 184 185

188Lohfink N 118Lukaszewski A 25 27Luz U 3 10 60 74 75 78 81 87 90

91 93 95 96 97 99 102 106 111 131 134 140 142 145 148 150 151 166 169 180 181 184 185 197 198 199 201 204 207

Luumldemann G 183Luumlhrmann D 61 64 78 111 140 157

158 165 180 184

Mack B L 23 38 43 61 133 135 170Magness J 160Malherbe A 192 211Manson T W 5 28 101Maori Y 32Marcus J 8 11 41 47 102 183 188

193 199 211Marshall I H 3Martiacutenez R 166 167Martyn J L 183Maumlrz C-P 90 94McDermott J M 185McNamara M J 31Meadors E P 62 66 67 72 74 76 77

166 168 201Meadors G T 137Menken M J J 116 117Meyer A 27Meyer P D 157Middleton P 182Milik J P 36 42 43 187Milikowsky C 181Miller R J 63 201

Index of Modern Authors264

Mitchell D C 124Moller H B 29Moreland M 23Moss C 182Mournet T C 1Muraoka T 35 38Muumlnch C 203

Neirynck F 2 3 4 11 22 26 90 98 99 116 130 140 149

Nickelsburg G 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 52 53 76 106 112 113 122 126 141 168 172 202 210 213

Niebuhr K W 159Niederwimmer K 13 14 15 16 148

151 152Nielsen K 114 115Nolland J 179Novakovic L 160 162

Odeberg H 36Oegema G S 116Owen P 25 29 35

Patterson S J 17 18 21 61 63Perrin N 186Pervo R I 183Pietersma A 146Piovanelli P 44 45Piper R A 61 82 112 176 190Ploeg J P M 35Pokornyacute P 11 17 19 117 139Polag A 62 73 89 90 94Porter S E 180 181Porton G G 38Pries t J 126Propp W H C 163Puech Eacute 133 160 162

Ra Y 39 132 145 155 170 184 185Reicke B 141Riesner R 183Robbins M C 51 103 113 115 117

121 125Robbins V K 104Robinson J M 2 5 24 26 34 38 39

41 43 55 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 77 96 103 119 129 131 132 134 135 140 142 143 144 145

156 160 165 166 167 180 181 184 185 186 187 188 190 200 201 202

Rodd C S 6 7 9Rollens S E 2 3 23 24 26 61 132

182 191Roth D T 2 6 7 10 11 54 90 145

165 191 192 203 204 205 206Rothschild C K 90 159 164Royse J R 146Roumlsel M 146

Sacchi P 43 44 45 47Sandt H 5 14 15Sato M 3 59 62 74 75 76 77 79 80

82 83 87 90 94 98 111 134 170 176 184

Schalit A 44Schenk W 62 73 89 90 103 170 176Schiavo L 104 112 113Schiffman L H 57 160Schnackenburg R 12 157 158Schniedewind W M 160Schroumlter J 180Schulz S 74 132 165 167 176 179

201 210Schuumlrmann H 8 130 167 170Seeley D 132 141 142Segal M 43 114 121Sellew P 193Sevenich-Bax E 103 105Shelton J 163Shepherd D 29 35Shinall M C 51Shirock R J 102Sjoumlberg E 28 29 35 39 45Skeat T C 180Skehan P W 73Smith D A 96 201 202 203So K-C 157Sokoloff M 35Somov A 181Spranger P P 204S taples J A 145 146 154S teck O H 61 64 132 201S tone M E 45S treeter B H 4 12 130S trugnell J 55S tuckenbruck L T 27 30 47 51 65

114 121Syreeni K 4 15 153

265Index of Modern Authors

Tabor J D 160Tannehil R C 178 208Taylor N H 120 123 183Theissen G 123Theophilos M P 126Tigchelaar E J C 56Tiwald M 3 23 160Toumldt H E 47 184 185 186 187Tuckett C M 1 3 6 9 11 13 14 15

17 23 26 49 50 53 54 61 62 63 66 68 72 76 77 84 86 90 94 95 98 112 114 119 121 125 130 134 140 150 154 156 157 158 160 166 170 184 193 199 205 206 207 208 210

Uhlig S 45Uro R 26 62 185

Vaage L E 23 24 26 39 61 133 165 167 170 171 190 191 210

VanderKam J C 43 46 57 168Vassiliadis P 89 94de Vaux R 56Vermes G 26 28 29 31 32 33 34 35

36 37 38 39 40 43 140 160 184

Wacholder B Z 209

von Wahlde U C 12 158Wahlen C 51Walck L W 46 52Watson F 1Weaks J A 6 7Weinfeld M 118 146 207 208Weiser A 124Weiss B 130Wellhausen J 26Welch J W 102Wernberg-Mѳller P 36Wes termann C 135 136Williams P J 35Wilson W T 149Wins ton D 46 72Wise M O 160Witetschek S 86 167Wolter M 90van der Woude A S 35Wright III B J 72 202

Xeravits G G 202

York A D 32

Zeller D 63 69 111 165 212Zenger E 124

Index of Subjects

Abel-Main (Tell Abl) 45Abraham 32 157Agrippa I 123 183Ahab 118 121angel of Yahweh 163angelicheavenly rebellion 121 125Antigonus 43aphaeresis 27 32 34 36 38apocalypse 48ndash as incorrectly applied to Mk 133ndash37

211ndash as incorrectly applied to Q 1723ndash37

210 211apocalypticndash Chris tianity 53ndash discourse 211ndash framework 57 121ndash inaccurately used as a noun 49ndash literature 47 53 54 135ndash language in Ben Sira 72ndash tradition 56 57 186ndash wisdom ins tructions other than Q 56

57 77 202ndash worldview (outside of Q see its at-

tes tation in Q referenced separately below) 24 49 50 51 55 57 87 121

apocalypticism 25 87 58 62ndash and apocalypse 48 49ndash and eschatology 48ndash as a literary category 48 79ndash as a dis tortion of Godrsquos intended

order 23ndash as compatible with wisdom in late

second temple literature 57 62 66 70 72 154 202

ndash as having a place outside the genre of an apocalypse 49

ndash as synonymous with apocalyptic worldview 49

ndash in Pauline thought 192ndash in sectarian environments 53

ndash in recent Q scholarship 48ndash methodological definitions of 50 54

186Aramaic 25 26 46 70 140 187 204

213ndash OfficialImperialBiblical 26 27 35

40ndash Middle 26 27 30 32 33 34 35 36

37 38 40 41 52 167 170 187 188ndash Late 26 27 28 32 33 34 35 36 37

38 41 140 187ndash Galilean 29 36 38ndash Qumran 31 32 35 38Athaliah 125Augus tus 45

Babylonian Exile 118Banias 45βασιλείαndash as a hypothetical metaphor reflecting

the social interes ts of Qrsquos author(s) 48

ndash as a political entity 120ndash of God 23 48 73 95 108 123 132

177 178 182 183 184 192 194 206 207

ndash of Satan 51 114ndash realized 142beatitude(s) 82 91 93 105 131 132

133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 153

Bethsaida 45 56 93

Caesarea Philippi 46(Cairo) Geniza fragments 28 29 30 32

36 37Capernaum 45 56 93chiasm 83 85 101 102 103 109 118

120chias tic 85 101 103 106 107 108 120

152 197

Index of Subjects268

Chorazin 56 93chreia(s) 63 71 104 105 120 211chreiic 65 86 104 105 111 156chris tology (see the Q discussion refer-

enced separately below)ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 17ndash in Luke 19ndash in Mark 131circumcision 159 209Claudius 183cosmic mountain 114 119Cynic(s) 23

Dan 45 47Darius I 163Deuteronomis t 118Deuteronomis tic His tory 146deuteronomis ticndash agenda 156ndash context(s) 143 153ndash framework 53 54ndash motifs 118 127ndash orientation 64ndash outlook 61 82 114ndash redaction 80ndash rhetoric 136ndash s tratums trata 78ndash theme 78ndash tradition 79ndash unders tanding 64devil 51 66 114 117 119 120 121 123

124

Elijah 96 116 118 126 162 163 164ElijahElisha cycle 162 163Enoch 44 45 47 51 76 112 113 157

172 202ndash as a scribe 46ndash Book of Watchers 45 113 125ndash sapiential content in Watchers 76ndash Book of Parables 24 41 47 157 167

171 213ndash sapiential content in Parables 76ndash Epis tle of Enoch 43ndash his torical incarnation of 202ndash Seminar 47Enochicndash author 122ndash corpus 52 73ndash formulation 52

ndash framework 121ndash literaturetext 43 46 56ndash movement 47 53 157 210ndash mythology 113 114 122 164ndash Son of Man 172ndash tradents 46ndash tradition 43 46 47 79 113 122 157

215ndash Watchers myth 45 53 121eschatological prophetndash in 4Q521 160 162ndash in Q 164 165 166eschatology (see the Q discussion refer-

enced separately below) 47 48 50ndash in 1 Enoch 42 47 76 122 141 142

168 169ndash in 4Q521 159 160 162ndash in 4QIns truction 56ndash in Ben Sira 72ndash in Malachi 163 164ndash in Psalms of Solomon 159ndash in Trito-Isaiah 136Exodusndash legendmyth 117ndash imagerymotifs 116 163

form (literary)ndash and meaning 82ndash and worldview 76ndash apocalypse 49ndash criticism 61 62 63 67 68 69 70

74 156 170 214ndash miracle s tory 156ndash wisdom 84ndash (wisdom) ins truction 70 71

Gaius (Caligula) 44 46 123Galilee 23 36 44 45 47 56 73 131

171 194 215ndash village scribes 48ndash villagestowns 24 93 199Gentile(s) 9 87 96 120 126 155 157

158 159 164 167 168 169 173 198 199 209 215

Great Omission 8 9

HasidicHasidim 79 162Hebrew 25 35 39 40 41 42 204Hebrew Biblescriptures 24 118 127

136 160

269Index of Subjects

Hermogenes 171mt Hermon 45 46 47Herod the Great and the Herodian era

43 44 45 46 126Herodians 45(holy) Spirit 72 94 178 189Hulah Valley 45

Isaiah (see the Index of Ancient Sources for specific passages)

ndash Deutero 46 135 136 168 169ndash firs t-century reader of 135ndash Trito 51 54 135 136 137 143 154

163 200Israelndash in Ben Sira 125ndash in Daniel 168ndash in Deuteronomy 118ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 139ndash in the Hebrew Bible 198 199ndash in Jubilees 121ndash in Malachi 163ndash in Q 53 64 78 80 87 96 104 118

127 155 156 158 198 199ndash pre-exilic 50ndash traditional wisdom of 58ndash wilderness myth 117

James (son of Zebedee) 183Jerusalem 44 72 96 106 108 113 119

125 159 166 199 200ndash culttemple 136 137 163 214ndash pries thood 45 47 127Jesusndash as an apocalyptic figure in Q 38ndash as a literary character in Q 21ndash floating traditions ascribed to 48ndash his torical 21 29 37 43 47 73 116

141 142 164 165 171 172 186 198ndash his torical greeting of in Jerusalem

106ndash movement 23ndash tradition 161Jewish Chris tianityndash as a movement in a contes ted envi-

ronment 43 183ndash as a proliferation of groups and

communities 183ndash on the use of the term 23

ndash possible connection to the Enochic movement 47

Jewish War 200John (the Baptis t) 68 78 80 83 85 90

91 92 97 103 104 105 116 159 163 164 165 166 167 169 172

ndash followers of 159 165 166ndash his torical 159 165Journeysndash cosmicterres trial 76 112 113 114

119 122 127ndash heavenly 45 112 113Judea 36 44 200 215

Kallirrhoeuml 45Kleinliteratur 3 4 59 60 73 215

Lordrsquos Prayer 93 94 177Lot 97 99

Maccabean era 126Mas tema 121Matthew and Luke as conservative

traditionalis ts 4Matthewrsquos and Lukersquos redactorial

freedom 4Matthewrsquos use of Q 4messiah 106 116 162 164 210messiahship 123messianic 116 210Migdal 46mimesis 114 141minor agreements 15 130Minor Prophets 146Moses 117

Nag Hammadi 17Nimrod 32

oralndash possible cross-influence on the Gos-

pel of Thomas from the canonical gospels 11 193

ndash harmonization of Matthew and Luke 16

ndash life of the primitive community 60ndash performance 15 16 161ndash source utilization 15ndash tradition 17 98 151ndash transmission 188

Index of Subjects270

ndash usage and application of Q 4ndash usage of Matthew 15ndash variants of Q 4Oxyrhynchus 17

Paneion 46Parousia 116 186 193Parthian invasion of 40 BCE 44 46Paulndash his torical 149 183ndash possible awareness of the Q tradition

by 192persecutionndash as an apocalyptic motif 54ndash because of someone 142ndash in authentic Pauline corpus 149 183ndash in Q 52 54 78 94 107 118 122

126 132 133 134 140 141 142 143 144 175 180 181 182 184 190 194 200 206

ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 138ndash in the Parables of Enoch 141ndash in Trito-Isaiah 137 200ndash plausibility of 182 183Pharisees 65 68 94 166 169 205 206

214pleroma 39prophecyndash pre-exilic and Persian era (classical)

50ndash mixture of with wisdom 77Prophetisierung 75

Qndash apocalypticism apocalyptic motifs

features imagination framework and worldview 23 25 46 53 57 58 63 69 70 71 73 76 79 84 87 88 111 114 121 127 141 175 190 194 197 202 210 211 213 214

ndash apocalyptic document 48 51ndash apocalyptic wisdom ins truction 23

55 70 73 74 77 79 214ndash (apocalyptic) communitymovement

55 107 122 194 195 206 209ndash Aramaic roots 26ndash chris tology 70 81 83 87 93 104

115 116 123 130 131 142 144 145 147 153 154 156 157 159 164 166 167 194 214

ndash demonology 51 53ndash eschatological (apocalyptic) dis-

course 64 83 97 98 170 210 211 212

ndash eschatology 48 51 54 56 69 73 75 87 94 95 101 104 105 108 133 141 142 143 144 147 159 164 165 166 167 169 172 180 192 193 194 198 199 202 203 210

ndash final (literary) form 59 62 69 78 178

ndash hypothetical mid- (lower) level or sub-elite scribal origin 24 59

ndash hypothetical recensions 3 4 59 60 90 98

ndash hypothetical segregation of wisdom and apocalyptic s trata 60 66 67 70 213 214

ndash mission speech 23 56 86 87 92 104 105 107 173 182 194

ndash Pales tinian character 24ndash possible authenticity of its content

22 81ndash prophetic content 61 63 67 70 74

75 76 77 79 80 82 83 142 143 176

ndash recons truction (CEQ) 5 6 10 90 (see also recons truction [in this s tudy] below as such frequently follows the CEQ)

ndash recons truction (feasibility) 2 3 4 10 11

ndash recons truction (in this s tudy) 60 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 111 116 119 120 123 130 131 134 144 147 148 149 151 152 165 169 170 172 175 176 177 178 179 181 184 191 193 199 204 207 213 215

ndash recons truction (methodology) 5 89 90

ndash recons truction (skepticism) 2 10 59 (see also recons tructed Mark below)

ndash sapiential content 12 62 63 67 77 79 80 82 130 154 175 191 202 214

ndash sermon 63 82 91 92 103 105 127 129 130 131 134 135 138 140 144 145 147 152 153 154 155 156

ndash sophis ticated scribal traditions 24ndash sub-literary view of 3 59 60 74

271Index of Subjects

ndash tradents 4 59 67 125 135 147 181 182 197 199 202 203 207 209 214

ndash tradition 13 17 87 161 163 164 186 187 192 202

Quintillian 171Qumran (see the Index of Ancient

Sources for specific documents)ndash apocalyptic worldview 50 135ndash Aramaic corpus 33ndash beatitude collection 133ndash communitymovementYahad 44 53

56 121 135 136 137 157 160 161 206 207 208 209

ndash demonology 124ndash discovery 29ndash fellowship with angels 115ndash fragments of 1 Enoch 44ndash library 43ndash manualsrules 82ndash sapiential literature 25 55 56 57

58 62 69ndash social setting 43

recons tructed Mark 2 6 7 8 9 10RomeRomans 44 91 121 126 159

199 207ndash occupation of Judea 44

sage(s) 55 56 79 84Samaria 44Satan 50 51 52 53 114 115 117 118

120 121 159 192scribe(s) 102 205ndash ancient reading practices of 102ndash as a Q opponent group 68 169 205ndash as advanced or elite readers of Q

102 103ndash Enochic 46 215ndash in Matthewrsquos community (other than

Matthew) 4ndash in the Q community 48 135 195

215ndash in the text of Q 169 172ndash memory competence of 4 102ndash responsible for 2 Enoch 112ndash responsible for Did 13bndash5b 15scriptorium 46Sefire 27 37Sepphoris 38 46Sermon on the Mount 15 16 87 94

Sermon on the Plain 15 16(Deutero-Isaianic) Servant 136 168 169Sidon 199Simeon II 125Son of Man 47 115ndash Aramaic background of the phrase

25 26 28 37 153ndash as a messianic title in the Parables of

Enoch 28 46ndash circumlocutional non-titular use of

the phrase in Late Aramaic 34ndash classifications of the phrasersquos Q

ins tances 26ndash designation of as Son of Humanity in

some recent research 39ndash his torical incarnation of as under-

s tood by some ancient authors 165 172

ndash hypothetical non-titular (circumlocu-tional or generic) use of the definite phrase in Middle Aramaic by the his torical Jesus and in Q 28 29 34 37 38 39 42 43 52 71 140 142 167 170 186 187

ndash in Daniel 41 42 186 213ndash in Luke 142 186ndash in Mark 41ndash in Matthew 99 142 186ndash in Q 25 26 34 38 39 42 43 46 47

52 53 64 67 69 70 71 96 98 104 106 115 116 123 141 142 147 164 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 176 185 186 187 188 189 191 194 201 203 210 212 213

ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 170ndash in the Parables of Enoch 25 28 41

42 43 44 45 46 47 122 141 142 146 147 153 155 164 165 168 169 172 173 202 213

ndash non-titular use of the indefinite phrase in Middle Aramaic 41

ndash titular (including but not limited to chris tological) use of the definite phrase in Q 34 38 52 53 64 70 104 123 142 143 147 167 168 172 173 185 186 187 189 191 194 201 203 210 212 213

Sondergut 89 90ndash Matthean 91ndash Lukan 94 95 97 98 177

Index of Subjects272

Sophiandash myth (Enochic tradition) 172 202ndash myth (synoptic tradition) 96 200

201ndash words of 96 201synopticndash gospels 11 150 151ndash material 16 151ndash parallels 18 19ndash problem 1ndash Sayings Source 3 216ndash s tudies 4ndash tradition 17 21 26 98 101 131 151

158 205 215Syria 215

Talmud 30 36 37 38Targum 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

38 40 41ndash recons truction of the Pales tinian Tar-

gum 32Taricheae 46Tell Dan 45templendash apparatusins titution 50 96 107

113 119 125 126 127 137 157 197 200 205

ndash eschatological 76

ndash purityholiness of 65 123 137ndash mitigatingprotective role 51 124ndash of Augus tus at Paneion 45ndash second temple era 25 41 44 48 56

62 70 71 72 79 82 84 121 124 136 137 154 163 186 201 209 213 216

ndash liturgy 124ndash mounthill 113ndash pollution of as perceived by some

ancient authors 113 125 136Theon of Alexandria 171Tiberias 38Torah 58 64 72 79 112 207 208 209transfiguration 47tree of knowledge 113Tyre 199

Vermes-Fitzmyer debate 28 38 39

Watchers 45 53 121Wicked Pries t 125

Yahweh 117 118

Zechariah (son of Jehoiada) 200mt Zion 113

  • Cover13
  • Titel13
  • Preface
  • Table of Contents13
  • List of Abbreviations
  • Chapter One Prolegomena
    • 1 Introduction Recent Methodological Questions in Q Studies
    • 2 The Study of Q as a Reconstructed Text
      • Index of Ancient Sources
      • Index of Modern Authors
      • Index of Subjects
Page 13: Apocalypticism in the Synoptic Sayings Source€¦ · Apocalypticism in the Synoptic Sayings Source A Reassessment of Q’s Stratigraphy Mohr Siebeck. Olegs Andrejevs, born 1982;

Chapter One

Prolegomena

1 Introduction Recent Methodological Questions in Q Studies

A survey of the current trends in New Testament and Q studies reveals a some-what uncertain environment While the Two-Document Hypothesis (hereafter 2DH) continues to hold its own occasional skepticism with regard to Qrsquos ex-istence has by no means dissipated1 Within the ranks of those scholars who work with or trend toward the 2DH the written character of Q is not universally accepted2 Among those who accept the premise of a written Q there remain

1 For recent arguments against the 2DH see eg Mark S Goodacre The Case Against Q

Studies in Markan Priority and the Synoptic Problem (Harrisburg PA Trinity Press Interna-tional 2002) Francis Watson Gospel Writing A Canonical Perspective (Grand Rapids MI Eerdmans 2013) For responses to these scholars see eg Paul Foster ldquoIs It Possible to Dis-pense with Qrdquo NovT 45 (2003) 313ndash37 John S Kloppenborg ldquoOn Dispensing with Q Goodacre on the Relation of Luke to Matthewrdquo NTS 49 (2003) 210ndash36 Christopher M Tuck-ett ldquoWatson Q and LMrdquo in Gospel Interpretation and the Q-Hypothesis (ed Mogens Muumlller and Heike Omerzu LNTS 573 London TampT Clark 2018) 115ndash38 (for Watsonrsquos rejoinder see ldquoSeven Theses on the Synoptic Problem in Disagreement with Christopher Tuckettrdquo in Idem 139ndash47) For classic comprehensive cases in support of the 2DH see Joseph A Fitzmyer ldquoThe Priority of Mark and the lsquoQrsquo Source in Lukerdquo in Jesus and Manrsquos Hope (ed Donald G Miller Pittsburgh PA Pittsburgh Theological Seminary 1970) 131ndash70 W D Davies and Dale C Allison The Gospel According to Saint Matthew (ICC 26 3 vols Edinburgh TampT Clark 1988ndash97) 1115ndash21 John S Kloppenborg Verbin Excavating Q The History and Set-ting of the Sayings Gospel (Minneapolis MN Fortress Press 2000) 11ndash54 For recent investi-gations demonstrating the viability of the 2DH see Robert A Derrenbacker Ancient Composi-tional Practices and the Synoptic Problem (BETL 186 Leuven Leuven University Press 2005) Alan Kirk Q in Matthew Ancient Media Memory and Early Scribal Transmission of the Jesus Tradition (LNTS 564 London TampT Clark 2016) For additional recent statements by Q scholars see Simon J Joseph The Nonviolent Messiah Jesus Q and the Enochic Tradi-tion (Minneapolis MN Fortress Press 2014) 8ndash10 Giovanni B Bazzana Kingdom of Bureau-cracy The Political Ideology of Village Scribes in the Sayings Gospel Q (BETL 274 Leuven Peeters 2015) 2ndash3 While a close discussion of the synoptic problem lies outside the scope of this monograph it is perhaps worth emphasizing that the solutions of Goodacre and Watson are equally if not more so hypothetical than the 2DH

2 Eg Terence C Mournet Oral Tradition and Literary Dependency Variability and Sta-bility in the Synoptic Tradition and Q (WUNT 2195 Tuumlbingen Mohr Siebeck 2005) Armin D Baum Der muumlndliche Faktor und seine Bedeutung fuumlr die synoptische Frage (TAZ 49 Tuuml-bingen Francke 2008) James D G Dunn The Oral Gospel Tradition (Grand Rapids MI Eerdmans 2013) For responses to the arguments made by these and other scholars see John

2 Chapter One Prolegomena

important disagreements regarding the attainability of Qrsquos word-level recon-struction3 Additionally questions about the provenance of portions of two sec-ond-century documents the Didache and the pseudepigraphal Gospel of Thomas continue to affect the study of Qrsquos sources and redaction If the Q parallels contained in those documents derive from the canonical gospels ndash as some scholars have argued ndash then such parallels obviously have no bearing on Qrsquos compositional history If however certain sayings or combinations of say-ings reach the Didache and Thomas via autonomous channels apart from the canonical gospels and can be shown to not depend on Q then the hypothesis of a Vorlage shared by the parallels in question and Q becomes logical It is not difficult to see how these matters are critical to the study of Qrsquos stratigraphy After all one of its fundamental tasks is to identify possible modifications of traditional material thereby acquiring a better understanding of the documentrsquos redactional interests

This chapter will discuss two of the aforementioned issues While we pre-suppose the validity of the 2DH and Qrsquos written character in what follows we shall engage the feasibility of Qrsquos reconstruction and the attainability of the documentrsquos wording The former has recently been dismissed by a number of scholars who have pointed out the inferiority of the reconstructed Mark4 to the canonical version of the gospel while Qrsquos wording has come under renewed scrutiny This will be followed by arguments in support of the autonomy of Did 13bndash21 and portions of the Gospel of Thomas both contested subjects in recent academic discussion Some of the observations included in the treatment of these matters will cover familiar terrain However their configuration is de-signed to highlight the problematic nature of a number of current claims and to lay the methodological foundation for the present investigation as well as for a fresh treatment of the Sayings Source and related documents5

S Kloppenborg ldquoVariation and Reproduction of the Double Tradition and an Oral Qrdquo ETL 83 (2007) 53ndash80 Alan Kirk ldquoOrality Writing and Phantom Sources Appeals to Ancient Media in Some Recent Challenges to the Two Document Hypothesisrdquo NTS 58 (2011) 1ndash22 Idem Q in Matthew 151ndash66 220ndash24 293ndash97 Sarah E Rollens Framing Social Criticism in the Jesus Movement The Ideological Project in the Sayings Gospel Q (WUNT 2374 Tuumlbingen Mohr Siebeck 2014) 81ndash90 See also the earlier discussion in eg Joseph A Fitzmyer The Gospel According to Luke (AB 28 and 28A 2 vols New York NY Doubleday 1981ndash85) 75ndash81 John S Kloppenborg Formation of Q Trajectories in Ancient Wisdom Collections (SAC Phil-adelphia PA Fortress Press 1987) 42ndash51 Davies and Allison Matthew 1116 H T Fledder-mann Q A Reconstruction and Commentary (BTS 1 Leuven Peeters 2005) 41ndash68 Based on the case made collectively by the above scholars it will be a presupposition of this study that Q was a written document

3 Eg Dieter T Roth The Parables in Q (LNTS 582 London TampT Clark 2018) 30ndash44 See the discussion below in this chapter

4 Viz Markrsquos gospel as reconstructed from its reception by Matthew and Luke 5 It is necessary also to address the frequent identification of Q as a gospel Frans Neirynck

(ldquoQ From Source to Gospelrdquo ETL 71 [1995] 421) notes that ldquothe use of the term originated in the SBL Q Seminar and was strongly promoted by its presidents James M Robinson and John

2 The Study of Q as a Reconstructed Text 3

2 The Study of Q as a Reconstructed Text 2 The Study of Q as a Reconstructed Text It is one thing to assert based on the synoptic evidence that Q was a written document with a single recension of the finished text6 It is another matter to

S Kloppenborgrdquo For the rationale see eg John S Kloppenborg ldquoIntroductionrdquo in The Shape of Q Signal Essays on the Sayings Gospel (ed Idem Minneapolis MN Fortress Press 1994) 1 n 1 I am sympathetic with Neirynckrsquos view (ldquoQ From Source to Gospelrdquo 429) it is ldquoan advantage of the full designation lsquo(Synoptic) Sayings Source Qrsquo that it reminds us of the fact that we have no direct access to the text of Q it remains a hypothetical source text that we are to reconstruct from Matthew and Lukerdquo Furthermore there is ldquoa difference between recogniz-ing that the sayings of Jesus contain the gospel and designating the Sayings collection as a Gospelrdquo Edwin K Broadhead ldquoOn the (Mis)Definition of Qrdquo JSNT 68 (1999) 9

6 The alternative premise ndash of two separate recensions (QMatt and QLk) ndash is quite venerable Eg Rudolph Bultmann The History of the Synoptic Tradition (New York NY Harper amp Row 1963) 328 (originally published in 1921) In modern research it has continued to be accepted with a varying degree of certainty by a number of New Testament and Q scholars eg I Howard Marshall The Gospel of Luke A Commentary on the Greek Text (NIGTC Grand Rap-ids MI Eerdmans 1978) 30ndash1 Davies and Allison Matthew 1121 Migaku Sato Q und Prophetie Studien zur Gattungs- und Traditionsgeschichte der Quelle Q (WUNT 229 Tuuml-bingen Mohr Siebeck 1988) 18ndash19 Hans Dieter Betz The Sermon on the Mount (Hermeneia Minneapolis MI Fortress Press 1995) 7ndash9 Ulrich Luz Matthew 8ndash20 (Hermeneia Minne-apolis MN Fortress Press 2001) Idem Matthew 21ndash28 (Hermeneia Minneapolis MN For-tress Press 2005) Idem ldquoMatthew and Qrdquo in Studies in Matthew (Grand Rapids MI Eerd-mans 2005) 39ndash53 Idem Matthew 1ndash7 (Hermeneia Minneapolis MN Fortress Press 2007) Idem ldquoLooking at Q through the Eyes of Matthewrdquo in New Studies in the Synoptic Problem Oxford Conference April 2008 Essays in Honour of Christopher M Tuckett (ed Paul Foster Andrew Gregory John S Kloppenborg Joseph Verheyden BETL 239 Leuven Leuven Uni-versity Press 2011) 571ndash89 John T Carroll Luke A Commentary (NTL Louisville KY Westminster John Knox Press 2012) 8 Rollens Framing Social Criticism 86 n 10 Bazzana Kingdom of Bureaucracy 4ndash5 John S Kloppenborg ldquoA lsquoParting of the Waysrsquo in Qrdquo in Q in Context I The Separation between the Just and the Unjust in Early Judaism and in the Sayings Source (ed Markus Tiwald BBB 172 Goumlttingen Vandenhoeck amp Ruprecht 2015) 123 Klop-penborg (ibid) has recently stated ldquoIn what follows I will assume the still-dominant view of Q that it is a document that came to Matthew and Luke in approximately the same form I say lsquoapproximatelyrsquo because we must allow for some variation at least in wording of Q and perhaps even expansions ndash the kind of elaboration that Ulrich Luz and his students have proposedrdquo In my view the drawbacks of this hypothesis significantly outweigh its potential benefits Klop-penborg (Excavating Q 109) and Bazzana (Kingdom of Bureaucracy 4ndash5) appeal to the diver-sity of the NT manuscripts and their circulation patterns but this is an argument from analogy rather than a demonstration The only way of demonstrating the existence of such recensions would be by showing (preferably on multiple occasions) that Matthewrsquos or Lukersquos Sondergut text adjacent to or interpolated in a Q block of material is traditional coheres with the content of that Q block and of the Q document and is unlikely to have been omitted by the other evan-gelist This is virtually impossible to demonstrate conclusively and so the hypothesis enters the realm of speculation (eg Fitzmyer Luke 80) where ldquoin every case there are other possible explanationsrdquo (Luz ldquoLooking at Qrdquo 579) Further red flags lurk in the occasional connection between the multiple recension hypothesis and the sub-literary (Kleinliteratur) view of Q (eg ibid 578 584) Thus Luz (Matthew 1ndash7 19) and Sato (Q und Prophetie 72ndash77) envision Q as

4 Chapter One Prolegomena

produce a reliable reconstruction of that text The point of departure rests with Matthewrsquos and Lukersquos redaction of Mark Luke preserves the Markan order with only minor exceptions The implications of this naturally carry over to the reconstruction of Qrsquos sequence7 Based on the conclusions reached by Heinrich Julius Holtzmann in 18638 confirmed by Burnett Hillman Streeter and George DeWitt Castor in the first half of the twentieth century9 and reaffirmed by the

a notebook to which new sheets could be added at any time Some such approach to Q has formed the dominant paradigm in 2DH based synoptic studies until only recently See the sur-vey of scholarship in Alan Kirk The Composition of the Sayings Source Genre Synchrony and Wisdom Redaction in Q (NovTSup 91 Leiden Brill 1998) 2ndash64 As the discussion in chapters three and five of this study will suggest (in continuity with Kirkrsquos view) the Kleinlit-eratur paradigm constitutes a mischaracterization of Q This still leaves the option of Q receiv-ing further editing from its own tradents which essentially amounts to an additional layer of redaction (eg one would have to envision a Q4 stratum in Kloppenborgrsquos stratigraphy) The outline and profile of such a redaction (or in the case of QMatt and QLk redactions) remains to be demonstrated however Meanwhile the documentrsquos eventual disappearance and complete lack of attestation in the Church Fathers suggests caution in imagining any kind of significant textual proliferation Could multiple autonomous copies of Q go from being in possession by and being normative for some of the early Christianityrsquos most prominent communities to van-ishing not only from existence but also from subsequent memory It seems that the possibility of a single circulating copy at least deserves further consideration Finally Neirynckrsquos objection remains pertinent ldquothe need for positing an intermediate stage is it not a logical consequence of their too restrictive notion of Matthean and Lukan redactionrdquo Frans Neirynck ldquoQMt and QLk and the Reconstruction of Qrdquo ETL 66 (1990) 390 In other words Qrsquos putative textual fluidity has much to do with a restriction of Matthean andor Lukan redactorial freedom and derives logically from a view of Matthew andor Luke as conservative traditionalists Syreenirsquos obser-vations made with regard to the thesis of a QMatt offer an alternative ldquoInstead of such a literary evolution it would be quite natural to reckon with oral usage and application of Q sayings and sequences in Matthewrsquos community Oral variants and new combinations of various Q passages as well as combinations of Q and special material were to be expected if Q was used for pur-poses of community teaching and paraenesis Also ecclesiastical material which was affected or even inspired by Q sayings was likely to emerge Some literary reworking may have been made what I doubt however is the existence of a massively expanded QMt editionrdquo Kari Syreeni The Making of the Sermon on the Mount A Procedural Analysis of Matthewrsquos Redac-torial Activity (AASF 44 Helsinki Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia 1987) 161 Because the ex-istence of scribes other than the gospelrsquos author in Matthewrsquos community has not been demon-strated I hesitate to imagine a literary reworking of Q by that community prior to the gospelrsquos composition (a similar situation obtains on the Lukan side) With this minor adjustment Syreenirsquos statement describes the optimal alternative to the multiple recension hypothesis

7 It should be noted however that although Matthewrsquos approach to Q (when reconstructed based on its Lukan sequence) can be described as liberal Matthewrsquos ldquoappropriative movement through Q is consistently forwardrdquo indicating memory competence and ldquocognitive operations that follow the schematic organizational linesrdquo of the source Kirk Q in Matthew 166

8 Heinrich Julius Holtzmann Die synoptischen Evangelien Ihr Uhrsprung und geschicht-licher Charakter (Leipzig Wilhelm Engelmann 1986) 142ndash43

9 Burnett Hillman Streeter ldquoOn the Original Order of Qrdquo in Oxford Studies in the Synoptic Problem (ed William Sanday Oxford At the Clarendon Press 1911) 141ndash64 George DeWitt

2 The Study of Q as a Reconstructed Text 5

ensuing Q scholarship as well as a number of Matthean and Lukan scholars10 today it is possible to assert with ldquoa near unanimity that Luke best preserved the sequence of Q sayingsrdquo11

Q attained what currently remains its definitive reconstruction by the end of the twentieth century in the form of The Critical Edition of Q (hereafter CEQ)12 To call the CEQ ldquodefinitiverdquo of course is to neither imply its infalli-bility nor to expect it to produce the final say on the matter13 As noted by James M Robinson in the introduction to the CEQ it was a product ldquoof a team of scholars who have been working together since 1985 as the International Q Projectrdquo (hereafter IQP)14 The text and sequence of Q published in the CEQ

Castor Matthewrsquos Sayings of Jesus The Non-Marcan Common Source of Matthew and Luke (PhD diss University of Chicago 1918) 120ndash39

10 Eg T W Manson The Sayings of Jesus as recorded in the Gospels according to St Matthew and St Luke arranged with introduction and commentary (London SCM Press 1949 reprint 1971) 39ndash148 James M Robinson ldquoThe Sermon on the Mount Plain Work Sheets for the Reconstruction of Qrdquo SBLSP 22 (1983) 451ndash54 Arland D Jacobson The First Gospel An Introduction to Q (FFRS Sonoma CA Polebridge Press 1992) 45 Dale C Allison The Jesus Tradition in Q (Harrisburg PA Trinity Press International 1997) 2 n 6 Franҫois Bovon Luke 1 A Commentary on the Gospel of Luke 11ndash950 (Hermeneia Minneapolis MN Fortress Press 2002) 6ndash8 Kirk Q in Matthew 163ndash66

11 Kloppenborg Verbin Excavating Q 88 Noting that ldquomost recent reconstructions of Q include both (a) the double tradition and (b) items triply attested where the degree of agreement against Mark is substantial and where the agreements are not likely to be merely coincidentalrdquo Kloppenborg (ibid 92) uses these criteria to assign the following texts to Q (by Lukan versifi-cation) Q 37bndash9 16bndash17 41ndash13 620bndash23 27ndash33 35c 36ndash37b 38c 39ndash49 71bndash2 6bndash10 18ndash19 22ndash23 24ndash28 31ndash35 957ndash60 102ndash16 21ndash22 23bndash24 112ndash4 9ndash13 14ndash20 23 24ndash26 29ndash35 39ndash44 46ndash52 122ndash12 22bndash31 33ndash34 39ndash40 42bndash46 51ndash53 54bndash56 58ndash59 1318ndash19 20ndash21 24 26ndash27 28ndash30 34ndash35 14111814 1416ndash24 26ndash27 34ndash35 154ndash7 1613 16 17 18 171bndash2 3bndash4 6b 23ndash24 26ndash27 30 33 34ndash35 37b 1912ndash13 15bndash26 2228bndash30 Kloppenborg also assigns to Q some Sondergut materials which involve a different set of methodological considerations See the discussion in chapter four

12 James M Robinson Paul Hoffmann and John S Kloppenborg eds The Critical Edition of Q Synopsis including the Gospels of Matthew and Luke Mark and Thomas with English German and French Translations of Q and Thomas (Hermeneia Supplement Series Minneap-olis MN Fortress Press 2000)

13 It may suffice here to quote the editors James M Robinson ldquoHistory of Q Researchrdquo in The Critical Edition of Q lxxi ldquoIt is not to be assumed that the present critical text is a last wordrdquo John S Kloppenborg ldquoThe Use of the Synoptics or Q in Did 13bndash21rdquo in Matthew and the Didache Two Documents from the Same Jewish-Christian Milieu (ed Huub van de Sandt Minneapolis MN Fortress Press 2005) 115 ldquoWhile the Critical Edition should hardly be taken as the definitive reconstruction of Q it does provide a benchmark and a useful point of referencerdquo

14 Robinson ldquoHistory of Q Researchrdquo xix For a survey of IQPrsquos methodology and results as assessed at the time of the CEQrsquos publication see Christoph Heil ldquoDie Q-Rekonstruktion des Internationalen Q-Projekts Einfuumlhrung in Methodik und Resultaterdquo NovT 43 (2001) 128ndash43 For IQP work sessions see James M Robinson ldquoThe International Q Project Work Session 17 November 1989rdquo JBL 109 (1990) 499ndash501 Idem ldquoThe International Q Project Work

6 Chapter One Prolegomena

therefore represent a consensus among a group of scholars reflecting the pre-suppositions held by those scholars at a particular juncture in the history of Qrsquos research15 That it is only a necessary first step and demands continued reeval-uation becomes evident from the fact that some of the IQP members whose preferences were occasionally not reflected in the CEQ proceeded to release their own alternative reconstructions of Q either shortly before or after the CEQrsquos seminal publication16 Indeed the present study also makes several emendations of both the CEQrsquos reconstruction of the documentrsquos sequence and of its wording Overall however it is clear that the CEQ will continue to pro-vide the baseline for compositional studies of Q for years to come

The availability of the reconstructed text enables the literary analysis of Q A number of scholars however have recently expressed doubts regarding the attainability of not only Qrsquos wording but in fact of the documentrsquos full extent Cyril S Rodd has declared it ldquosheer conjecturerdquo to imagine ldquothat the passages which are common to Matthew and Luke comprise this Q document in its en-tiretyrdquo17 Joseph Allen Weaks has similarly called the text of Q ldquospeculativerdquo claiming that to rely on it as though it were ldquoan extant gospel textrdquo is ldquosimply not possiblerdquo18 Both scholars have tied the bulk of their objections to the ob-servation (called a ldquothought experimentrdquo by Dieter T Roth)19 that the text of Markrsquos gospel cannot be accurately reconstructed from its Matthean and Lukan reception While this argument has already been engaged by some scholars20 the deficiency of its logic appears to not have been sufficiently exposed as Rothrsquos renewed deployment of it in 2018 demonstrates ndash in a Q monograph21 It is therefore important to allow the reader to assess the difficulties

Session 16 November 1990rdquo JBL 110 (1991) 494ndash98 Idem ldquoThe International Q Project Work Sessions 12ndash14 July 22 November 1991rdquo JBL 111 (1992) 500ndash08 Idem ldquoThe Interna-tional Q Project Work Sessions 31 Julyndash2 August 20 November 1992rdquo JBL 112 (1993) 500ndash06 Idem ldquoThe International Q Project Work Sessions 6ndash8 August 18ndash19 November 1993rdquo JBL 113 (1994) 495ndash99 Idem ldquoThe International Q Project Work Sessions 23ndash27 May 22ndash26 August 17ndash18 November 1994rdquo JBL 114 (1995) 475ndash85 Idem ldquoThe International Q Pro-ject Editorial Board Meetings 1ndash10 June 16 November 1995 16ndash23 August 22 November 1996 Work Sessions 17 November 1995 23 November 1996rdquo JBL 116 (1997) 521ndash25

15 The full list of the IQPrsquos members may be found in The Critical Edition xvii 16 Kirk Composition 152ndash403 Fleddermann Commentary 874ndash913 17 Cyril S Rodd ldquoThe End of the Theology of Qrdquo ExpT 113 (2001) 12 Idem ldquoThe The-

ology of Q Yet Again A Reply to the Responses of Christopher Tuckett and Paul Fosterrdquo ExpT 114 (2002) 80ndash85

18 Joseph Allen Weaks ldquoMark without Mark Problematizing the Reliability of a Recon-structed Text of Qrdquo (PhD diss Brite Divinity School 2010) 344ndash45

19 Roth Parables 36 20 Eg Christopher M Tuckett ldquoThe Search for a Theology of Q A Dead Endrdquo ExpT 113

(2002) 291ndash94 Paul Foster ldquoIn Defense of the Study of Qrdquo ExpT 113 (2002) 295ndash300 21 Roth Parables 36ndash37 It should be noted of course that Roth does not wish to com-

pletely dismiss the accessibility of Qrsquos text His intention is to argue that ldquoscholarship should be rather more skeptical about the wording of Qrdquo (ibid 39)

2 The Study of Q as a Reconstructed Text 7

compromising the case that Rodd Weaks and Roth have found rather persua-sive Three observations stand to be made in this regard

First of all because it is a sayings collection Q does not lend itself to the same type of editorial abridgements as Mark The two documents are very dif-ferent Not nearly enough attention is given to this by Rodd Weaks and Roth all of whom hang their case to some degree on the fragmentary product that is the reconstructed Mark as though Q similarly contains a plot or even a remotely compatible story to saying ratio The abridgement of Markan pericopes by Luke and Matthew reflects editorial strategies appropriate to rewriting a biography viz a document exhibiting a large concentration of narrative material22 The Markan words of Jesus are omitted at a vastly different rate with the majority of those words preserved by both Matthew and Luke with minimal rephrasing23

22 Rodd (ldquoThe End of the Theology of Qrdquo 6) notes that ldquoalmost always each pericope in

[the reconstructed] lsquoMarkrsquo will be shorter than in the canonical gospelrdquo citing as examples the abridgements of Mk 21ndash12 (= Matt 91ndash8 Lk 517ndash26) and Mk 121ndash12 (= Matt 2133ndash46 Lk 209ndash19) However the healing of a man with the palsy (Mk 21ndash12) is a good example of a story whose narrative details welcome abridgements while the words of Jesus (Mk 25b 8bndash11) ndash notably including the key statements in Mk 25b 10 ndash are preserved correctly by both Matthew and Luke (Matt 92c 4bndash6 Lk 520b 22bndash24) As for the parable of the wicked tenants (Mk 121ndash12) this can be reliably reconstructed from its MatthewLuke reproduction missing only minor details The omitted details scarcely seem to affect the interpretation of the source text viz the intention of the parable as it was deployed in Markrsquos gospel

23 Mk 141 44 (= Matt 83ndash4 Lk 513ndash14) Mk 25 8ndash11 (= Matt 92 4ndash6 Lk 520 22ndash24) Mk 214 (= Matt 99 Lk 527) Mk 217 (= Matt 912ndash13 Lk 531ndash32) Mk 219ndash22 (= Matt 915ndash17 Lk 534ndash38) Mk 225ndash28 (= Matt 123ndash4 8 Lk 63ndash5) Mk 34ndash5 (= Matt 1212ndash13 Lk 69ndash10) Mk 335 (= Matt 1250 Lk 821) Mk 42ndash9 (= Matt 133ndash9 Lk 85ndash8) Mk 411ndash12 (= Matt 1311 13 Lk 810) Mk 414ndash20 (= Matt 1318ndash23 Lk 811ndash15) Mk 421ndash22 (= MattQ 515 MattQ 1026 Lk 816ndash17) Mk 424c (= MattQ 72 LkQ 638) Mk 425 (= Matt 1312 Lk 818) Mk 440 (= Matt 826 Lk 825) Mk 534 (= Matt 922 Lk 848) Mk 539 (= Matt 923ndash24 Lk 852) Mk 64bc (= Matt 1357 Lk 424) Mk 637 (= Matt 1416 Lk 913) Mk 827 29 (= Matt 1613 15 Lk 918 20) Mk 834ndash36 (= Matt 1624ndash26 Lk 923ndash25) Mk 91 (= Matt 1628 Lk 927) Mk 919 (= Matt 1717 Lk 941) Mk 931 (= Matt 1722ndash23 Lk 944) Mk 935 (= Matt 2311 Lk 2226) Mk 937 (= Matt 185 Lk 948) Mk 940 (= MattQ 1230 Lk 950) Mk 1014ndash15 (= Matt 183 1914 Lk 1816ndash17) Mk 1018ndash19 21 23 25 27 29ndash30 (= Matt 1917ndash19 21 23ndash24 26 29 Lk 1819ndash20 22 24ndash25 27 29ndash30) Mk 1033ndash34 (= Matt 2018ndash19 Lk 1831ndash33) Mk 1042ndash45 (= Matt 2025ndash28 Lk 2225ndash27) Mk 1051 (= Matt 2032 Lk 1841) Mk 112ndash3 (= Matt 212ndash3 Lk 1930ndash31) Mk 1117 (= Matt 2113 Lk 1946) Mk 1129ndash30 33 (= Matt 2124ndash25 27 Lk 203ndash4 8) Mk 121ndash10 (= Matt 2133ndash42 Lk 209ndash17) Mk 1215dndash17 (= Matt 2219ndash21 Lk 2024ndash25) Mk 1225ndash27 (= Matt 2230ndash32 Lk 2034ndash38) Mk 1230ndash31 (= Matt 2237ndash39 Lk 1027) Mk 1235ndash37 (= Matt 2241ndash45 Lk 2041ndash44) Mk 132 (= Matt 242 Lk 216) Mk 135ndash13 (Matt 244ndash13 Lk 218ndash19) Mk 1314c 17 19 (= Matt 2416 19 21 Lk 2121 23) Mk 1324ndash31 (= Matt 2429ndash35 Lk 2125ndash33) Mk 1413ndash14 (= Matt 2618 Lk 2210ndash11) Mk 1418 20ndash21 (= Matt 2621 23ndash24 Lk 2221ndash22) Mk 1422ndash25 (= Matt 2626ndash29 Lk 2216ndash20) Mk 1430 (= Matt 2634 Lk 2234) Mk 1436 (= Matt 2639 Lk 2242) Mk 1437ndash38 (= Matt 2640ndash41 Lk 2246) Mk 1448ndash49a (= Matt 2655 Lk 2252ndash53a) Mk 1462 (= Matt 2664 Lk 2269ndash70) Mk 152 (= Matt 2711 Lk 233)

8 Chapter One Prolegomena

and the non-Q related omissions limited to (a) statements forming an integral part of a narrative24 (b) statements commands and questions that are redun-dant25 (c) statements that cast a potentially negative light on Jesusrsquo family26 or disciples27 both established Markan themes28 (d) statements that are poten-tially problematic theologically29 (e) statements falling under none of the above categories that are abridged expanded or reworked by one of the evan-gelists30 (f) statements occurring in pericopes that have been eliminated com-pletely by Matthew or Luke31 Of these six categories the first three are un-likely to have been present in Q due to its lack of a plot relative scarcity of stories and absence of any interest in Jesusrsquo family or disciples The remaining three categories include only a few sayings outside of the Great Omission (more on that below) Consequently it appears that Matthew and Luke already elim-inating a minor percentage of the Markan Jesusrsquo words that lack Q parallels had no clear reason to omit even that much from Q

Secondly on a number of occasions one or both evangelists preserve dou-blets of the Markan sayings of Jesus which on the 2DH are assigned to Q32 This development is surprising in Lukersquos case since his tendency to avoid dou-blets is well known33 What is really decisive however is that in instances

24 Mk 125 138 435 59 19 530 541 1243 (omitted by Matthew) Mk 1036 1432

34 41ndash42 (omitted by Luke) Mk 1114 (either omitted or reworked in Lk 136ndash9) Mk 439 58 631 638 916 21 25 933 939c 1049 1234 (omitted or reworked by both Matthew and Luke)

25 Mk 424bd 1238 40 (omitted by Matthew) Mk 334 837 941 1211 1215b 1224 1318 20 23 (omitted by Luke) Mk 1449b (reworked in Lk 2253b) Mk 949 1024 1229 (omitted by both Matthew and Luke)

26 Mk 333ndash34 Mk 64de (omitted by Luke) 27 Mk 413 (omitted by Matthew and Luke) Mk 833 1038ndash40 (omitted by Luke) Mk

1427ndash28 (reworked in Lk 2231ndash32) 28 Eg Joel Marcus Mark (AB 27 and 27A 2 vols New York NY and New Haven CT

Doubleday and Yale 2000ndash2009) 279ndash80 310ndash11 378ndash80 509ndash15 653 677ndash81 999ndash1000 29 Mk 939 (omitted by Matthew and Luke) Mk 943ndash48 (omitted by Luke) Mk 1534

(reworked in Lk 2346) 30 Mk 115 (reworked and expanded in Lk 416ndash21) Mk 536 (abridged in Matt 923ndash26)

Mk 1314ab (reworked in Lk 2120) Mk 146ndash9 (reworked in Lk 736ndash50) Mk 1413ndash15 (abridged in Matt 2618)

31 Mk 426ndash29 99ndash13 (omitted by Luke) everything that belongs to Mk 645ndash826 (the Great Omission of the Markan material by Luke)

32 Mk 421 (= Lk 816 LkQ 1133) Mk 422 (= Lk 817 LkQ 122) Mk 425 (= Matt 1312 MattQ 2529 Lk 818 LkQ 1926) Mk 68 10ndash11 (= Lk 93ndash5 LkQ 104ndash5 8 10ndash11) Mk 834 (= MattQ 1038 Matt 1624 Lk 923 LkQ 1427) Mk 835 (= MattQ 1039 Matt 1625 Lk 924 LkQ 1733) Mk 838 (= Lk 926 LkQ 128ndash9) Mk 937 (= Matt 185 MattQ 1040 Lk 948 LkQ 1016) Mk 940 (Lk 950 LkQ 1123) Mk 1011ndash12 (= Matt 199 MattQ 532) Mk 1238ndash39 (= Lk 2046 LkQ 1143) Mk 139 11 (= Lk 2112ndash15 LkQ 1211ndash12) See further Fitzmyer Luke 81ndash82

33 See eg H Schuumlrmann ldquoDie Dubletten im Lukasevangeliumrdquo ZKT 75 (1953) 339ndash445 Idem ldquoDie Dublettenvermeidungen im Lukasevangeliumrdquo ZKT 76 (1954) 83ndash93

2 The Study of Q as a Reconstructed Text 9

when Luke is faced with a choice between Mark and Q and does not opt to retain both the preference is overwhelmingly given to the Q location and word-ing of the text34 Consequently it seems overly simplistic to suggest as Rodd does that ldquoas [the reconstructed] lsquoMarkrsquo is not Mark so in all probability the lsquoQrsquo of the scholars is not the historical document Qrdquo35 The evangelistsrsquo ten-dency to either retain the MarkQ parallels or ndash especially in Lukersquos case ndash to favor Q its wording and location over the Markan parallels shows that the two documents were not treated equally as far as the words of Jesus were concerned with the approach to Q being more conservative36

Thirdly the verse and word count discrepancy between the reconstructed and canonical Mark has been somewhat inflated as the percentages cited by scholars are routinely bolstered by the inclusion of the Great Omission On the 2DH there are two possible solutions to this well-known source-critical anom-aly the absence of Mk 645ndash826 from Lukersquos gospel is either intentional or stems from inheriting a shorter copy of Mark which lacked that material In either scenario Lukersquos omission of Mk 645ndash826 complicates the analogy be-tween the reconstructed Mark and Q If the omission was unintentional it tells us something only about the compositional history or textual transmission of Markrsquos gospel If however Lukersquos decision to skip Mk 645ndash826 was inten-tional is it not likely to have been motivated by Lukersquos avoidance of dou-blets37 A similar development is unlikely to have occurred in Lukersquos reception of Q as we have noted when faced with MarkQ doublets Luke tends to favor Qrsquos version over an available Markan parallel38 Consequently due to the sheer size of the Great Omission and regardless of the Omissionrsquos intentionality or

34 LkQ 112 4 9 (= Mk 1124ndash25) LkQ 1115 17ndash18 21 (= Mk 323ndash27) Lk 1210 (=

Mk 328ndash29) LkQ 1240 (= Mk 1332) LkQ 1318ndash19 (= Mk 430ndash32) LkQ 1330 (= Mk 1031) Lk 1618 (= Mk 1011ndash12) LkQ 171ndash2 (= Mk 942) LkQ 176 (= Mk 1123) LkQ 1723 31 (= Mk 1315ndash16 21) All of these are deployed by Luke in clusters of Q material rather than in the Lukan parallels to the respective Markan pericopes Mk 950 (= LkQ 1434ndash35) is similarly deployed away from its Markan context and surrounded by Q and L material Both Matthew and Luke favor the wording of Q 1434ndash35 over its Markan parallel

35 Rodd ldquoThe End of the Theology of Qrdquo 12 36 See eg Christopher M Tuckett Q and the History of Early Christianity Studies on Q

(Edinburgh TampT Clark 1996) 94 Luz ldquoQ in Matthewrdquo 50 37 Mk 645ndash52 contains a sea miracle similar to Mk 435ndash41 Mk 71ndash23 was likely elim-

inated to shift the lifting of the dietary restrictions to the post-Easter stage in Lukersquos narrative (Acts 109ndash16) Mk 724ndash30 was probably (a) deemed redundant (see LkQ 71ndash10) (b) re-garded as problematic due to the conflict between the Markan Jesusrsquo reluctance to perform a miracle for a Gentile person (Mk 727) and the Lukan Jesusrsquo programmatic openness to such developments (Lk 425ndash27) Mk 81ndash10 14ndash21 and 822ndash26 are clearly redundant (see Mk 635ndash44 Lk 912ndash17 Mk 1046ndash52 Lk 1835ndash43) Mk 811ndash13 has a Q parallel (= LkQ 1129ndash32)

38 On the L-M Hypothesis this would mean that Luke tends to favor Matthewrsquos version over an available Markan parallel

10 Chapter One Prolegomena

lack thereof the reconstructed Mark presents an analogy to Q that is at best tenuous

In light of the above observations my contention is that methodologically virtually the entire Q is likely to be accounted for in terms of its content39 That still leaves the question of the documentrsquos precise wording and its recovery Here Roth has argued that

there is a fundamental difference between conceiving of the ldquotext of Qrdquo as a reconstruction of its original wording and approaching it as a metaphorical and narratival realm an intertext as it were accessible through Matthew and Luke40

Roth further states as one of his monographrsquos objectives (which is primarily dedicated to the study of Qrsquos parables) an attempt to

advance Q studies by pursuing insight into the parables of Q through a different set of meth-odological approaches than those present in the reigning paradigm focusing upon word-level reconstruction The resultant exegetical work is not therefore in the first instance focused upon vocabulary and syntax of a reconstructed text but rather upon the narratival elements and structures characters images metaphors and theological emphases of an ldquointertextrdquo41

I see no reason to contest Rothrsquos objections to an uncritical acceptance of the CEQ text (of course the CEQ editors have already noted that it is only a work-ing reconstruction)42 Pending the surfacing of an actual copy of Q any recon-struction of its wording is necessarily going to remain hypothetical and thus subject to continued analysis Still to suggest that the hypothetical nature of the enterprise undermines its results perhaps runs the risk ldquothat a methodologi-cal limitation becomes an ontological description of Q itselfrdquo43 Roth admits that his own study of narratival and metaphorical elements ldquocannot function on an entirely lsquowordlessrsquo levelrdquo proposing as a solution that Qrsquos text should be accessed exclusively through the wording of Matthew and Luke44 Such drastic restrictions are in my opinion unnecessary In light of the previous discussion it is possible to assert from a methodologically sound position that Qrsquos recon-structions are not ldquopotentially faultyrdquo to the degree suggested by Roth45 While a precise word-by-word recovery may not be possible or even necessary in every verse of the synoptic double tradition a reliable near-word-level recon-struction of Q appears consistently attainable This is suggested by Lukersquos (and frequently Matthewrsquos) aforementioned preference of Qrsquos wording in the MarkQ parallels Matthewrsquos and Lukersquos slightly superior degree of verbal

39 See further Fleddermann Commentary 73ndash74 Luz ldquoQ in Matthewrdquo 45 (while positing

the existence of QMatt Luz concludes that it ldquodid not differ substantiallyrdquo from the main body of the Q source)

40 Roth Parables 41 41 Ibid 44ndash45 42 Ibid 38ndash39 Roth (ibid) also critiques Fleddermannrsquos alternative reconstruction 43 Kirk Q in Matthew 152 44 Roth Parables 40ndash41 45 Ibid 44

Index of Ancient Sources

Hebrew Bible (LXX)

Genesis414 28 3361ndash4 5062 4 (LXX) 115723 (LXX) 981316 331417 36174ndash6 1991710ndash14 1591817ndash18 1991826 (LXX) 981917 (LXX) 982218 199264 199

Exodus161ndash36 117171ndash7 1181715 (LXX) 1242114 (LXX) 1242225ndash26 1502320ndash21 23 1632415ndash16 (LXX) 472520 (LXX) 124

Numbers111ndash9 1172319 40

Deuteronomy324 (LXX) 146612ndash15 118613 (LXX) 116616 (LXX) 116 11882ndash3 11783 (LXX) 116811ndash20 118812ndash15 (LXX) 117

926 (LXX) 146159 (LXX) 205241ndash4 79 208 2092410ndash17 1502918ndash20 207319 25ndash26 209328ndash9 (LXX) 1213211 201

Joshua2313 (LXX) 207

Ruth212 201

1 Samuel27 (LXX) 1371821 (LXX) 207

1 Kings627 (LXX) 12486 (LXX) 1241717ndash24 162191ndash18 116 118 119194 (LXX) 117195 (LXX) 118198 (LXX) 117 1181910 14 (LXX) 1182219ndash23 (LXX) 121

2 Kings216 (LXX) 112 116418ndash37 16251ndash14 163

2 Chronicles58 (LXX) 1242314 125

Index of Ancient Sources246

Ezra91ndash2 1371018ndash44 137

Job16 11521 1151621 40256 40358 40387 115

Psalms2 16869 (LXX) 19785 40102 9 137178 2013510 137367 201605 (LXX) 124614 2016923 (LXX) 207722ndash12 1378018 40813 (LXX) 137901ndash2 4 (LXX) 124906 (LXX) 1249011ndash12 (LXX) 123914 2011063 (LXX) 1981091 (LXX) 4110916 22 13611826 1061457ndash8 (LXX) 1611463 401476 137

Proverbs1ndash9 55236 (LXX) 205264ndash5 189

Isaiah1ndash39 13511 168253ndash4 (LXX) 137315 201355 (LXX) 16140ndash55 135

426 168427 18 (LXX) 161435 198491ndash8 1685112 4055ndash66 135562 40563ndash8 136585ndash7 13860ndash62 135611 (LXX) 160 161611ndash2 (LXX) 48 134611ndash3 (LXX) 132 135 136 137665 (LXX) 1376618ndash20 164 198

Jeremiah317ndash18 164 1984918 33 405040 405143 40

Ezekiel8ndash11 112 11382 11440ndash48 112 113402 113403 114

Daniel713 27 40 41 168 213817 40

Amos13 (LXX) 20413ndash28 7528 15035 (LXX) 18086 (LXX) 137

Haggai220ndash22 163

Zechariah315 13787 198

Malachi16ndash29 163210ndash16 163

247Index of Ancient Sources

31 163 164 322ndash23 (LXX) 163

Old Tes tament Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha

1 Enoch1ndash5 761ndash36 4621ndash54 1226ndash11 526ndash16 4766 4573ndash6 1221021 164 198123ndash4 46124 113 125137 45139 45148ndash164 76151 46152ndash4 125171 11417ndash19 112 11320ndash36 112 113215 114242ndash257 113261ndash275 113323ndash6 11337ndash71 41 45 186 213381ndash6 122384ndash5 45391ndash3 45396 108413ndash8 76418 44421ndash2 (3) 126 171 201422 170451ndash6 76455 4546 52461ndash8 141462ndash4 42464ndash6 45468 46471ndash4 14148ndash49 52481 202481ndash10 141482 42

483 202483ndash7 168488ndash9 (10) 45 122492 4 168493 202505 76513 (5a) 168 172 20251ndash52 5252ndash56 112526 9 168531ndash5 45 122536 46 168542 45543ndash4 76545ndash6 45547 210554 45 108561ndash4 45565ndash8 43 44 45571 198591ndash6023 766010 4261ndash63 46 52621ndash9 45622ndash3 122624ndash6312 122625ndash14 42631ndash12 45 122632ndash4 106637 1236311 426312 76651ndash663 52671ndash681 52678ndash13 43 44 45 1226926ndash29 42 52701 42715ndash17 447113(14)ndash17 42 1418215ndash20 7683ndash84 52891ndash9 528973ndash74 1139038 164

Index of Ancient Sources248

1006 1681049ndash13 47

2 Enoch31ndash221 113101ndash6 112

3 Baruch3ndash17 113163 204

3 Enoch11ndash12 113

Ascension of Isaiah610ndash15 113

Baruch437 19855 198

Bel and the Dragon36 112 114 116

Jubilees11ndash8 209120 12122 114727 52102 52105 52106 121108ndash11 52 114 121114 121115 521114ndash1214 321220 1211525ndash34 1591531ndash32 114 1211928 121492 52

Letter of Aris teas155 145

Psalms of Solomon219 159823 30 1591112 1981731 164 1981810ndash12 76

Sirach21ndash17 72 86212 87143ndash7 2051410ndash11 202241ndash12 125247ndash11 1262410ndash11 1592525ndash26 2072611 2053113 2053522ndash3622 723824ndash3911 17243 76501ndash24 125

The Sentences of the Syriac Menander340ndash46 189

Tes tament of Abraham81ndash12 113

Tes tament of Levi26ndash57 113

Tes tament of Moses51ndash62 126

Tobit145ndash7 164 198

Vita Adae et Evae61ndash103 116121ndash161 115

Wisdom of Solomon410ndash15 46418ndash513 46

249Index of Ancient Sources

New Tes tament

Q32ndash958 (59ndash60) 101 103 104 108

126 155 173 17537 5237ndash9 16ndash17 5 54 64 68 70 90

104 11637ndash735 78 80 81 83 85

101 102 103317 54 9141ndash13 5 51 52 53 64 65

66 78 91 104 111 112 113 114 115 118 119 126 152 153 155 156

41ndash4 116 11745ndash8 114 119 121 122

123 15949ndash12 (13) 47 51 65 96 123

157 200416 91 129 130 131

153620ndash49 16 63 82 91 104

105 129 130 131 153

620b 12 91 132620bndash21 48 132 133 134

135 136 137620bndash23 5 131 132 143621a 12 20 91 132622 12 17 24 25 26

38 71 140 141 153 167 170 194 205

622ndash23 17 20 52 53 54 96 132 133 134 136 139 140 141 142 206

623c 64 82 129 132 139 140 142 143

627ndash35 (36) 13 16 71 129 147 151 152 153 154

629 24 91 150630 24 150631 91 152637ndash38 12 92640 92 144646 92 104 144 145

146 153 154 203

647ndash49 12 92 14471ndash10 9 64 92 104 126

155 156 158 169 197 199

76 145 20379 87 96 104 156

157 158 167 173 194 198 199

718ndash19 159 167718ndash23 159718ndash28 64 166718ndash960 92722 16 54 134 135

161 163 164 172727 96 163731ndash35 64 70 92 165 166

169 170 171733 51 53734 24 26 52 165 167

169 170 172735 166 170957ndash58 (59ndash60) 92 105 111 155

169 170 171957ndash62 63959ndash60 172 173958 24 25 26 27 38

52 71 164 165 169 170 171 172

959 145102ndash16 5 56 63 70 86

158 170 175 182 215

102ndash24 92102ndash1240 101 105 107 108

175 205104 48 92109 73 931012 93 1751012ndash15 54 64 82 861013ndash15 47 56 70 80 81

82 86 87 96 107 126 175 199 212

1016 72 931021 56 81 87 93 96

173 2091021ndash22 54 56 78 79 81

82 145 1941021ndash24 64 107

Index of Ancient Sources250

1022 81 93 114 116 145 146 203 209

1023ndash24 17 93 106112ndash4 9ndash13 5 63 78 93 117

176 177 179 180112b 48 178 184114 24 178119ndash13 12 93 176 177

178 179 180 1811114 51 1761114ndash20 52 531114ndash32 931114ndash52 64 107 1791118 51 53 93 114 121

1591124ndash26 51 53 9311(16) 29ndash32 9 54 70 96 2121130 24 26 52 1861133ndash52 93 2051134 93 2051139ndash52 70 107 126 1691142c 64 66 1251149 521149ndash51 47 53 54 66 96

118 119 157 2001151 52 200 205122ndash12 5 70 94 107 155

180 181 182 183 184 194

123 72 94124ndash5 54 70 73 181 182

190124ndash7 94 121 122 176

179 180 181 194 214

125 181 204128 24 26 38 54 185

187 188 189128ndash9 52 69 94 167 184

186 187 188 189 214

128ndash10 54 64 69 71 82 175 176 183 184 187 189 190 194 212

129 184 185 1881210 24 26 94 185 187

188 1891211ndash12 54 70 72 73 94

181 182 214

1222ndash31 (33ndash34) 63 73 176 177 178 179 180 190 192

1222ndash40 941224 23 178 1801227 231231 48 94 1841233 12 48 1911233ndash34 69 94 191 1921235ndash38 94 108 190 2031235ndash46 1081235ndash59 94 1081235ndash2230 101 105 108 109

197 2031239 17 18 95 1911239ndash40 18 20 54 70 71

94 105 175 190 191 192 193 203 212

1239ndash59 64 1911240 24 52 69 95 167

186 191 1931242ndash46 52 53 54 69 70

95 191 192 197 203 204 205 206 212

1245 96 2051246 2041251 20 951251ndash59 1081252ndash53 201256 171258ndash59 24 951318ndash19 20ndash21 5 20 48 63 95

108 2071318ndash24 951324 63 951325ndash30 54 63 82 871325ndash1423 54 95 96 126 158

1991327 52 53 96 118 1981328ndash29 96 198 1991334 52 125 2061334ndash35 47 53 54 63 66

81 82 83 96 105 106 107 108 109 118 119 125 157 194 198 200 201 202

1335 51 54 96 106 202

251Index of Ancient Sources

1411 54 961416ndash23 (24) 63 82 971423 541426 72 97 2151426ndash27 1733 20 63 72 971426ndash176 971427 54 97 140 141

182 2141434ndash35 63 97154ndash5a 7 20 63 97 108 2091613 12 63 94 971616 64 97 207 2091616ndash18 2061617 17 63 64 66 79

97 125 206 207 208 209

1616(17)ndash172 197 206 2081618 24 63 79 97 206

207 208 209171ndash2 97 207 208171ndash6 63173ndash4 18 20 98176 18 20 78 98 108

2101720ndash21 17 981723 98 2101723ndash37 54 64 69 70 71

98 167 170 197 210 211 212

1723ndash2230 108 2111724 26 30 24 52 98 991733 54 97 182 2141734ndash35 98 991912ndash26 64 69 99 108 197

203 204 205 206 212

1912ndash2230 991922 2052228ndash30 5 54 64 99 108

212

Matthew37 52310 9542 11745 12448 119 120413 130 1315ndash7 94 10251 119

54 13458 138511 (12) 52 205512 142515 7539 149 150540 15 150541 15 89 91 149 150542 150 151544 148 149544ndash45 91 149545 20861ndash18 94612 177619ndash21 94620 191623 205624 94625ndash34 94626 178627 177630 178 17975 1877 17779 177711 178 179712 152723 52724 26 9185ndash13 199810 155811ndash12 198 199819 169820 27 142 171821 172822 173829 12191ndash8 7920ndash22 97922 7937 92107 731026 71029 1801032 184 1891032ndash33 91 1841034 951038 731039 141115 134 163

Index of Ancient Sources252

1119 1691122ndash45 931125 2081217 731232 1841239 52 2051243 1241311 13 71342 951416 71521ndash28 97162bndash3 951613ndash28 1401617ndash19 471625 141171 1191717 7186 208186ndash22 97188ndash9 951825 971928 991929 992030 130219 1062131 972133ndash41 (42ndash46) 7 19221ndash14 18236ndash7 206237 1662334 522334ndash36 962335 522337 52 1972337ndash39 81 105 201243ndash41 210 211244ndash14 72423 982443 1912443ndash44 1932445 2062448 (49) 52 205251ndash13 972514ndash30 992526 28 2052530 992531 992541 95 121266ndash13 972640ndash41 7

2669 71 1302669ndash75 1892732 912755 97285 130289ndash10 972816ndash18 1192818 120

Mark114 21 131123ndash26 121124 130129ndash31 18821ndash12 731 14937ndash12 188313 114327 93328 188328ndash29 18443ndash8 193411ndash12 7413 177430ndash32 20 193438 177421ndash22 7435ndash41 9525ndash34 97534 761ndash6a 188615 163635ndash44 9637 7645ndash52 9645ndash826 971ndash23 9724ndash30 9 9781ndash10 9811ndash13 9822ndash26 9827 140827ndash98 47828 163831ndash33 121834ndash35 20835 141838 184 19092 11492ndash8 47

253Index of Ancient Sources

919 7943ndash47 951028 73 1791029 201035ndash40 1831039 1881046ndash52 91047 130119 1061117 7 1771122ndash23 25ab 18 201124 1801129ndash30 7121ndash9 (10ndash12) 7 19129 191211 191226 177133ndash37 210 211135ndash13 71315ndash16 991321 98143ndash9 971437ndash38 71447 95 1491462 411466ndash72 1891467 130151ndash5 951521 911541 97166 130

Luke15ndash25 10237 5242 11745 12246b 7 12046cd 120 121416 130416ndash30 188425ndash27 9438ndash39 188517ndash26 766 149617ndash19 188621 134622 205623 142625 134

627 149627ndash28 148628 149629 15 150630 150 151634 151635 91 208642 18646 146647ndash49 9179 155722 163734 169735 166 208810 7816ndash17 7824 177831 121848 7912ndash17 9913 7924 141926 190941 7957 169958 171959 172960 173102 92109 731017ndash20 1211021 208114 177115ndash8 97 177119 1771111 1771112 1171113 178 1791120 511121ndash22 931124 124 2051124ndash26 931129 52 2051143 166 2061149 521150 521151 52124 73 179126 180128 184

Index of Ancient Sources254

128ndash9 911211 731213ndash21 971223a 1771224 177 1781228 1791233 1911235ndash38 89 941239 1911239ndash40 1931242 2061245 52 2051249 89 951254ndash56 95131ndash35 1021327 52 1971328ndash29 1981334 52 1971415ndash24 181427 73158ndash10 97172 2081711ndash19 981720 981721 981722 981728ndash29 89 98 991731 991732 991733 971835ndash43 91912ndash27 991922 24 2051927 991938 96 1061941ndash44 961946 177209ndash16 (17ndash19) 7 192018 192037 177218ndash19 7223 1212228ndash30 992246 72249ndash51 952250 1492254ndash62 188234 14 952413ndash33 102

John446 158446ndash54 157448 158631ndash58 117844 121123 1061225ndash26 201231 1211430 1211611 1211828ndash1916 102

Acts23 9521ndash4 18951ndash11 189109ndash16 9121ndash2 183123ndash19 183

Romans1214 149

1 Corinthians412 14963 121 192132 18 20

2 Corinthians41ndash6 19244 121

Galatians113ndash14 18343 8ndash9 121 192

Ephesians21ndash2 121 192612 121 192

1 Thessalonians214ndash16 183218 121 19251ndash11 19252 20 19255ndash6 192

2 Thessalonians21ndash12 210 211

255Index of Ancient Sources

2 Timothy211ndash13 190

Hebrews1137 204

James 315ndash17 12444ndash7 121

1 Peter314 132 139 143319ndash20 47414 132 139 141 14358 121

2 Peter24ndash5 47 121

Jude16ndash7 121

Revelation110ndash20 113113 18635 19041ndash11 113123ndash4 121171ndash3 114173ndash18 112 113219ndash27 112 1132110 113

New Tes tament Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha

Gospel of Thomas1ndash71 1731ndash3 2161ndash4 1710 19 95111 1713 21161ndash2 20 95163 2017 1720ndash21 71 193201ndash4 20 192215ndash8 18 19 20 192243 36ndash39 17261ndash2 18262ndash331 1731 21361ndash3 19 143 180473 2148 18 19 20

54 137 13855 2058 17 13864 18 1965 1968 20 132 138 139

14068ndash69 19 139 143691 17 138692 19 20 137 13877 2179 2186 169 170103 17106ndash107 19 201131ndash2 9

Pseudo-Clementine Homilies12313 180

Dead Sea Scrolls

CD214ndash41 125412ndash14 121 124 125419ndash52 208

51ndash5 2091316ndash17 207122ndash3 121161ndash2 125

Index of Ancient Sources256

1QapGen 29 30 31 33 35 36 37 40

1QH430 40

1QM11 1211310ndash12 121175ndash6 51

1QpHab 56 125

1QS25 121211ndash15 207 208321ndash25 11749 18258 125119ndash10 1821120 40

1Q27 (1Q4QMys teries)1 i 1ndash8 56 202

4Q299 (1Q4QMys teries)3andashb ii 2ndash8 563andashb ii 9ndash16 56

4Q416 (4QIns truction)1 10ndash13 56 2021 12 1822 i 21ndashiv 13 562 ii 6 17 178

4Q417 (4QIns truction)1 i 6ndash9 561 i 10(11)ndash12 56 2021 i 12ndash13 561 i 14 561 i 16 115 1821 i 17 1821 i 24 56 2022 i 17ndash24 562 i 19 21ndash22 178

4Q418 (4QIns truction)69 ii 6ndash9 56 202

69 ii 12ndash13 5681 1ndash2 18281 2ndash5 5681 4 11581 5 11581 20 56 20288 56103 56107 56123 5ndash8 56

4Q423 (4QIns truction)5 3 565 5ndash6 56

4Q503 115

4Q521 16 54 135 137 159 160 161 162

4Q525 57 133

4QDeut j 1214 121

4QIsa 135

4QMMTC 4ndash9 125

11Q11 124

11Q13 135 137

11QPsa 191ndash18 121

11QT545 2075715ndash19 208669ndash11 207

Targums4QtgJob 314QtgLev 3111QtgJob 31 33 35 40

257Index of Ancient Sources

Josephus

Ant14133ndash146 4415103 451982 123

Bell188 46

1131ndash11 441161ndash5 461213 461335 452101ndash5 1232116 183

Babylonian Texts

Gilgamesh 112

Greek and Latin Authors

Dio CassiusHis t59271 120

HomerOd10503ndash15 1121112ndash22 112

PlatoPhaed111cndash112e 112

Senecade Ben2121ndash2 120

Seneca the ElderControv9210 183

TacitusAnn632 120

His t59 183

Apos tolic and Church Fathers

1 Clement132 153292 121394ndash5 121

2 Clement32 190134 148

Apos tolic Cons titutions721 152

722 148 150 151722ndash6 147725 149 150726 148 153

AthanasiusFes t Let 3911 14

Canons of the Holy Apos tles4ndash5 152

Index of Ancient Sources258

Chrysos tomHom Mt342 180

Clement of AlexandriaS trom4641 139 143

Didache11ndash63 1412c 15213b 148 14913bndash5b 11 12 13 15 16

71 147 151 15413bndash21 5 11 14 15 15013c 15113cndash4a 1413d 15 14814 1414a 1614b 15 14914c 91 15014d 15 149 150 15115a 15015b 148 15381ndash2 1482 16103bndash122a 14113 16113ndash137 14153ndash4 16161ndash8 210 211 212

EusebiusHis t Eccl3254

IrenaeusAdv Haer1101 1214162 121

Jus tin Martyr1 Apol159 148

2 Apol25 121

OrigenC Cels870 180

PolycarpPhilippians22ndash3 153

Shepherd of HermasMandate 24ndash6 153

Similitude535ndash8 138

Rabbinic Literature

j Ber3b 5b 5c 31 37 38

j Ket35a 31 37

j Šab3a 38d 31 37

j Taʿan65b 4069ab 125

R Gen72 313813 31 37796 31

R Num193 31 38

TargumsCairo BGen 414 31 33 34 37 41

259Index of Ancient Sources

Cairo FExod 1913 37Deut 346 37

Neof I Gen 414 31 33 41Gen 95ndash6 37Gen 4922 36

Papyri Manuscripts and Inscriptions

Br Mus Or 9271 14P Oxy 1 17P Oxy 654 17

P Oxy 655 17 143 180P Oxy 1782 14 15 148 151Sf III 16ndash17 40

Index of Modern Authors

Achtemeier P 139 141Adams S L 56 72 202Alexander P S 31 32Allison D C 1 2 3 5 12 22 24 66

75 77 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 90 91 94 96 98 99 103 105 107 112 117 119 120 123 125 129 130 131 133 134 135 136 138 139 140 144 147 148 149 150 152 153 155 158 160 163 169 170 172 175 176 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 193 197 198 200 205

Anderson A A 124Anderson F I 113Andrejevs O 25 164 172 190Arcari L 44Argall R A 47 72 202Arnal W E 23 24 48 59 61 63 65

66 67 68 78 86 104 123 125 132 134 136 150 191 194 208 214

Attridge H W 17Audet J-P 14Avigad N 29 30

Bailey K 102Bauckham R 12Baum A D 1Bazzana G B 1 3 24 59 178 198Beasley-Murray G R 158Berger K 104Bergmeier R 159 160 162Betz D H 3 24 51 103 146 179 183de Begraveze T 27Bird M F 159 198 199Black C C 11Black M 26 28 30 31 32 35 36 37

40 168Blenkinsopp J 135 136 137Boccaccini G 32 43 44 50Boring M E 38 183 184 185 188

192 211

Borsch F H 185Bovon F 5 19 93 95 96 98 99 106

140 177 179 184 185 198Bowman J W 28 33Boyarin D 23Breuer Y 34Brin G 208Broadhead E K 3 89Brodie T L 163Brooke G J 43 160Brown R E 11 12 102 130 157 158Broyles C C 123Bultmann R 3 60 98 111 132 156

158 184 185 186 187 188 201Burkett D 27 213Bussmann W 26

Campbell J Y 28 46Caragounis C C 27 29 39Carroll J T 3Carruth S 119Casey P M 29 34 35 37 39 41Cas tor G D 4 5Catchpole D R 21 77 90 96 99 129

131 145 147 156 157 159 164 175 188 198 208

Chang A 199Charlesworth J H 31 42 43 44 45

46 47 72 160 171 185Chazon E G 115 202Cheung L L 12Childs B S 163Chilton B D 26 36 39 117 130Clark D J 109Collins A Y 39 41 47 50 51 52 103

114 188 193 211Collins J J 23 40 43 48 49 50 51

52 53 57 76 77 121 126 160 161 162 163 168 202

Colpe C 25 26 28 29 31 32 36 37 39 40 45 140

Index of Modern Authors262

Conzelmann H 96 97Cotter W J 61 104 132 156 163 165

166 170 191Cromhout M 61 145 191Crossan J D 39 89 94 98 134

Dalman G 27 29 30Damm A 171Davidson M J 114Davies W D 1 2 3 91 99 119 120

131 138 139 140 149 150 169 172 179 180 184 185 193 197 200

DeConick A D 11 17 20 21 138 139 192

Derrenbacker R A 1 24Di Lella A A 73Dibelius M 12Diacuteez Macho A 30Dimant D 160DiTommaso L 57Doering L 208Downing F G 23 64Draper J A 13 14 15 16 68 156Dundenberg I 11Dunn J D G 1 149 183Dupont J 97 116Durham J I 163

Eldridge M D 117Elgvin T 49 56 57 115 202Eshel H 44

Fiebig P 26 27 28 34 37 39Fitzmyer J A 1 2 3 8 19 26 28 30

31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 82 91 95 97 98 117 118 119 130 131 133 138 139 140 146 149 163 177 179 208

Fleddermann H T 2 6 10 11 59 62 69 83 84 85 86 87 90 91 93 95 97 98 101 103 104 105 109 129 130 134 140 144 148 150 152 156 157 163 166 170 176 177 179 184 185 189 199 200 203 205 211

Flusser D 14 15Fos ter P 1 3 6 12 26Freedman H 32Frenschkowski M 145Frey J 56Freyne S 159 199

Funk F X 14 147

Garciacutea Martiacutenez F 49 57 160 162 202 208

Garrow A 13Gathercole S 17 19 20 138 139 181Gerber C 203Gibson J B 116Gieschen C A 147Ginsburger M 30Glover R 13 16Goering G S 72 125Goff M J 55 56 57 79 84 115 178

202Goodacre M 1 17 19Greenfield J C 27Greeven H 12Gregg B H 90 97 186 198 204Grenfell B P 14 17Guelich R A 193Guenther H O 26Gundry R H 150 181 197

Haenchen E 12 139 157 158 201Hahn F 185Han K S 124 125 200Hannah D D 42 43 45 46Hare D R A 38 39 40 184 185Harrington D J 33 55 57 202 Hartin P J 12 61 119 166Hasitschka M 118Heil C 5 38 60 99 119 181Higgins A J B 184Hill A E 163Hindley J C 43Hoffmann P 5 38 55 67 70 75 77

80 96 99 112 145 167 170 184 185

Holtzmann H J 4Hooker M D 45Horsley R 68 156 198 199 200van der Hors t P W 73Hossfeld F L 124Howard G 146Howes L 26 39 43 61 65 77 81 133

140 141 142 166 167 170 185 188 190 212

Hubbard B J 38Hultgren S 160 162Hunt A S 14 17

263Index of Modern Authors

van Iersel B M F 102

Jacobson A D 5 26 39 49 54 60 61 64 75 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 85 87 90 94 96 97 98 106 129 132 140 144 152 156 157 167 170 171 184 185 187 201 207 210

Jefford C N 13 14 15Jeremias J 179 198 204Jervis L A 55Jewett R 149Johnson L A 178 208Johnson L T 12Johnson-DeBaufre M 66 103 163Jonas H 51de Jonge H J 24 185Jongeling B 35Joseph S J 1 21 23 24 45 46 47 48

51 52 68 103 125 132 134 136 142 144 153 156 159 160 161 162 164 178 180 181 182 184 185 187 190 191 200 201 202 206 208 214 215

Jus t A A 102

Kahle P 26 30 31 36Kampen J L 162 209Kaufman S A 31 32 36 40Keener C S 183Kirk A 2 4 5 6 10 15 24 55 59 60

61 62 66 67 68 69 71 72 73 75 76 77 78 79 83 84 85 86 87 88 90 94 96 98 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 111 114 129 152 155 156 166 177 179 184 189 190 197 203 207 208 214 215

Kloppenborg J S 1 2 3 4 5 11 12 13 14 15 17 19 21 22 23 24 25 26 38 39 50 51 53 54 55 57 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 86 87 88 89 90 95 97 98 99 103 104 107 108 111 112 121 122 123 124 125 126 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 139 140 141 142 143 144 147 148 150 151 155 156 157 158 160 162 163 164 165 166 167 170 171 172 175 176 180 181 182 183 184 187 189

190 191 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 208 210 211 212 213

Knibb M A 46 202Koes ter H 15 38 48 60 61 63 66

148Koumlhler W D 16Kraus H-J 124Kutscher E Y 30 35 36

Lang B 201Laurence R 41Leives tad R 43Levine A-J 208Lichtenberger H 124Lindars B 29 34 37 39 43 184 185

188Lohfink N 118Lukaszewski A 25 27Luz U 3 10 60 74 75 78 81 87 90

91 93 95 96 97 99 102 106 111 131 134 140 142 145 148 150 151 166 169 180 181 184 185 197 198 199 201 204 207

Luumldemann G 183Luumlhrmann D 61 64 78 111 140 157

158 165 180 184

Mack B L 23 38 43 61 133 135 170Magness J 160Malherbe A 192 211Manson T W 5 28 101Maori Y 32Marcus J 8 11 41 47 102 183 188

193 199 211Marshall I H 3Martiacutenez R 166 167Martyn J L 183Maumlrz C-P 90 94McDermott J M 185McNamara M J 31Meadors E P 62 66 67 72 74 76 77

166 168 201Meadors G T 137Menken M J J 116 117Meyer A 27Meyer P D 157Middleton P 182Milik J P 36 42 43 187Milikowsky C 181Miller R J 63 201

Index of Modern Authors264

Mitchell D C 124Moller H B 29Moreland M 23Moss C 182Mournet T C 1Muraoka T 35 38Muumlnch C 203

Neirynck F 2 3 4 11 22 26 90 98 99 116 130 140 149

Nickelsburg G 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 52 53 76 106 112 113 122 126 141 168 172 202 210 213

Niebuhr K W 159Niederwimmer K 13 14 15 16 148

151 152Nielsen K 114 115Nolland J 179Novakovic L 160 162

Odeberg H 36Oegema G S 116Owen P 25 29 35

Patterson S J 17 18 21 61 63Perrin N 186Pervo R I 183Pietersma A 146Piovanelli P 44 45Piper R A 61 82 112 176 190Ploeg J P M 35Pokornyacute P 11 17 19 117 139Polag A 62 73 89 90 94Porter S E 180 181Porton G G 38Pries t J 126Propp W H C 163Puech Eacute 133 160 162

Ra Y 39 132 145 155 170 184 185Reicke B 141Riesner R 183Robbins M C 51 103 113 115 117

121 125Robbins V K 104Robinson J M 2 5 24 26 34 38 39

41 43 55 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 77 96 103 119 129 131 132 134 135 140 142 143 144 145

156 160 165 166 167 180 181 184 185 186 187 188 190 200 201 202

Rodd C S 6 7 9Rollens S E 2 3 23 24 26 61 132

182 191Roth D T 2 6 7 10 11 54 90 145

165 191 192 203 204 205 206Rothschild C K 90 159 164Royse J R 146Roumlsel M 146

Sacchi P 43 44 45 47Sandt H 5 14 15Sato M 3 59 62 74 75 76 77 79 80

82 83 87 90 94 98 111 134 170 176 184

Schalit A 44Schenk W 62 73 89 90 103 170 176Schiavo L 104 112 113Schiffman L H 57 160Schnackenburg R 12 157 158Schniedewind W M 160Schroumlter J 180Schulz S 74 132 165 167 176 179

201 210Schuumlrmann H 8 130 167 170Seeley D 132 141 142Segal M 43 114 121Sellew P 193Sevenich-Bax E 103 105Shelton J 163Shepherd D 29 35Shinall M C 51Shirock R J 102Sjoumlberg E 28 29 35 39 45Skeat T C 180Skehan P W 73Smith D A 96 201 202 203So K-C 157Sokoloff M 35Somov A 181Spranger P P 204S taples J A 145 146 154S teck O H 61 64 132 201S tone M E 45S treeter B H 4 12 130S trugnell J 55S tuckenbruck L T 27 30 47 51 65

114 121Syreeni K 4 15 153

265Index of Modern Authors

Tabor J D 160Tannehil R C 178 208Taylor N H 120 123 183Theissen G 123Theophilos M P 126Tigchelaar E J C 56Tiwald M 3 23 160Toumldt H E 47 184 185 186 187Tuckett C M 1 3 6 9 11 13 14 15

17 23 26 49 50 53 54 61 62 63 66 68 72 76 77 84 86 90 94 95 98 112 114 119 121 125 130 134 140 150 154 156 157 158 160 166 170 184 193 199 205 206 207 208 210

Uhlig S 45Uro R 26 62 185

Vaage L E 23 24 26 39 61 133 165 167 170 171 190 191 210

VanderKam J C 43 46 57 168Vassiliadis P 89 94de Vaux R 56Vermes G 26 28 29 31 32 33 34 35

36 37 38 39 40 43 140 160 184

Wacholder B Z 209

von Wahlde U C 12 158Wahlen C 51Walck L W 46 52Watson F 1Weaks J A 6 7Weinfeld M 118 146 207 208Weiser A 124Weiss B 130Wellhausen J 26Welch J W 102Wernberg-Mѳller P 36Wes termann C 135 136Williams P J 35Wilson W T 149Wins ton D 46 72Wise M O 160Witetschek S 86 167Wolter M 90van der Woude A S 35Wright III B J 72 202

Xeravits G G 202

York A D 32

Zeller D 63 69 111 165 212Zenger E 124

Index of Subjects

Abel-Main (Tell Abl) 45Abraham 32 157Agrippa I 123 183Ahab 118 121angel of Yahweh 163angelicheavenly rebellion 121 125Antigonus 43aphaeresis 27 32 34 36 38apocalypse 48ndash as incorrectly applied to Mk 133ndash37

211ndash as incorrectly applied to Q 1723ndash37

210 211apocalypticndash Chris tianity 53ndash discourse 211ndash framework 57 121ndash inaccurately used as a noun 49ndash literature 47 53 54 135ndash language in Ben Sira 72ndash tradition 56 57 186ndash wisdom ins tructions other than Q 56

57 77 202ndash worldview (outside of Q see its at-

tes tation in Q referenced separately below) 24 49 50 51 55 57 87 121

apocalypticism 25 87 58 62ndash and apocalypse 48 49ndash and eschatology 48ndash as a literary category 48 79ndash as a dis tortion of Godrsquos intended

order 23ndash as compatible with wisdom in late

second temple literature 57 62 66 70 72 154 202

ndash as having a place outside the genre of an apocalypse 49

ndash as synonymous with apocalyptic worldview 49

ndash in Pauline thought 192ndash in sectarian environments 53

ndash in recent Q scholarship 48ndash methodological definitions of 50 54

186Aramaic 25 26 46 70 140 187 204

213ndash OfficialImperialBiblical 26 27 35

40ndash Middle 26 27 30 32 33 34 35 36

37 38 40 41 52 167 170 187 188ndash Late 26 27 28 32 33 34 35 36 37

38 41 140 187ndash Galilean 29 36 38ndash Qumran 31 32 35 38Athaliah 125Augus tus 45

Babylonian Exile 118Banias 45βασιλείαndash as a hypothetical metaphor reflecting

the social interes ts of Qrsquos author(s) 48

ndash as a political entity 120ndash of God 23 48 73 95 108 123 132

177 178 182 183 184 192 194 206 207

ndash of Satan 51 114ndash realized 142beatitude(s) 82 91 93 105 131 132

133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 153

Bethsaida 45 56 93

Caesarea Philippi 46(Cairo) Geniza fragments 28 29 30 32

36 37Capernaum 45 56 93chiasm 83 85 101 102 103 109 118

120chias tic 85 101 103 106 107 108 120

152 197

Index of Subjects268

Chorazin 56 93chreia(s) 63 71 104 105 120 211chreiic 65 86 104 105 111 156chris tology (see the Q discussion refer-

enced separately below)ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 17ndash in Luke 19ndash in Mark 131circumcision 159 209Claudius 183cosmic mountain 114 119Cynic(s) 23

Dan 45 47Darius I 163Deuteronomis t 118Deuteronomis tic His tory 146deuteronomis ticndash agenda 156ndash context(s) 143 153ndash framework 53 54ndash motifs 118 127ndash orientation 64ndash outlook 61 82 114ndash redaction 80ndash rhetoric 136ndash s tratums trata 78ndash theme 78ndash tradition 79ndash unders tanding 64devil 51 66 114 117 119 120 121 123

124

Elijah 96 116 118 126 162 163 164ElijahElisha cycle 162 163Enoch 44 45 47 51 76 112 113 157

172 202ndash as a scribe 46ndash Book of Watchers 45 113 125ndash sapiential content in Watchers 76ndash Book of Parables 24 41 47 157 167

171 213ndash sapiential content in Parables 76ndash Epis tle of Enoch 43ndash his torical incarnation of 202ndash Seminar 47Enochicndash author 122ndash corpus 52 73ndash formulation 52

ndash framework 121ndash literaturetext 43 46 56ndash movement 47 53 157 210ndash mythology 113 114 122 164ndash Son of Man 172ndash tradents 46ndash tradition 43 46 47 79 113 122 157

215ndash Watchers myth 45 53 121eschatological prophetndash in 4Q521 160 162ndash in Q 164 165 166eschatology (see the Q discussion refer-

enced separately below) 47 48 50ndash in 1 Enoch 42 47 76 122 141 142

168 169ndash in 4Q521 159 160 162ndash in 4QIns truction 56ndash in Ben Sira 72ndash in Malachi 163 164ndash in Psalms of Solomon 159ndash in Trito-Isaiah 136Exodusndash legendmyth 117ndash imagerymotifs 116 163

form (literary)ndash and meaning 82ndash and worldview 76ndash apocalypse 49ndash criticism 61 62 63 67 68 69 70

74 156 170 214ndash miracle s tory 156ndash wisdom 84ndash (wisdom) ins truction 70 71

Gaius (Caligula) 44 46 123Galilee 23 36 44 45 47 56 73 131

171 194 215ndash village scribes 48ndash villagestowns 24 93 199Gentile(s) 9 87 96 120 126 155 157

158 159 164 167 168 169 173 198 199 209 215

Great Omission 8 9

HasidicHasidim 79 162Hebrew 25 35 39 40 41 42 204Hebrew Biblescriptures 24 118 127

136 160

269Index of Subjects

Hermogenes 171mt Hermon 45 46 47Herod the Great and the Herodian era

43 44 45 46 126Herodians 45(holy) Spirit 72 94 178 189Hulah Valley 45

Isaiah (see the Index of Ancient Sources for specific passages)

ndash Deutero 46 135 136 168 169ndash firs t-century reader of 135ndash Trito 51 54 135 136 137 143 154

163 200Israelndash in Ben Sira 125ndash in Daniel 168ndash in Deuteronomy 118ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 139ndash in the Hebrew Bible 198 199ndash in Jubilees 121ndash in Malachi 163ndash in Q 53 64 78 80 87 96 104 118

127 155 156 158 198 199ndash pre-exilic 50ndash traditional wisdom of 58ndash wilderness myth 117

James (son of Zebedee) 183Jerusalem 44 72 96 106 108 113 119

125 159 166 199 200ndash culttemple 136 137 163 214ndash pries thood 45 47 127Jesusndash as an apocalyptic figure in Q 38ndash as a literary character in Q 21ndash floating traditions ascribed to 48ndash his torical 21 29 37 43 47 73 116

141 142 164 165 171 172 186 198ndash his torical greeting of in Jerusalem

106ndash movement 23ndash tradition 161Jewish Chris tianityndash as a movement in a contes ted envi-

ronment 43 183ndash as a proliferation of groups and

communities 183ndash on the use of the term 23

ndash possible connection to the Enochic movement 47

Jewish War 200John (the Baptis t) 68 78 80 83 85 90

91 92 97 103 104 105 116 159 163 164 165 166 167 169 172

ndash followers of 159 165 166ndash his torical 159 165Journeysndash cosmicterres trial 76 112 113 114

119 122 127ndash heavenly 45 112 113Judea 36 44 200 215

Kallirrhoeuml 45Kleinliteratur 3 4 59 60 73 215

Lordrsquos Prayer 93 94 177Lot 97 99

Maccabean era 126Mas tema 121Matthew and Luke as conservative

traditionalis ts 4Matthewrsquos and Lukersquos redactorial

freedom 4Matthewrsquos use of Q 4messiah 106 116 162 164 210messiahship 123messianic 116 210Migdal 46mimesis 114 141minor agreements 15 130Minor Prophets 146Moses 117

Nag Hammadi 17Nimrod 32

oralndash possible cross-influence on the Gos-

pel of Thomas from the canonical gospels 11 193

ndash harmonization of Matthew and Luke 16

ndash life of the primitive community 60ndash performance 15 16 161ndash source utilization 15ndash tradition 17 98 151ndash transmission 188

Index of Subjects270

ndash usage and application of Q 4ndash usage of Matthew 15ndash variants of Q 4Oxyrhynchus 17

Paneion 46Parousia 116 186 193Parthian invasion of 40 BCE 44 46Paulndash his torical 149 183ndash possible awareness of the Q tradition

by 192persecutionndash as an apocalyptic motif 54ndash because of someone 142ndash in authentic Pauline corpus 149 183ndash in Q 52 54 78 94 107 118 122

126 132 133 134 140 141 142 143 144 175 180 181 182 184 190 194 200 206

ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 138ndash in the Parables of Enoch 141ndash in Trito-Isaiah 137 200ndash plausibility of 182 183Pharisees 65 68 94 166 169 205 206

214pleroma 39prophecyndash pre-exilic and Persian era (classical)

50ndash mixture of with wisdom 77Prophetisierung 75

Qndash apocalypticism apocalyptic motifs

features imagination framework and worldview 23 25 46 53 57 58 63 69 70 71 73 76 79 84 87 88 111 114 121 127 141 175 190 194 197 202 210 211 213 214

ndash apocalyptic document 48 51ndash apocalyptic wisdom ins truction 23

55 70 73 74 77 79 214ndash (apocalyptic) communitymovement

55 107 122 194 195 206 209ndash Aramaic roots 26ndash chris tology 70 81 83 87 93 104

115 116 123 130 131 142 144 145 147 153 154 156 157 159 164 166 167 194 214

ndash demonology 51 53ndash eschatological (apocalyptic) dis-

course 64 83 97 98 170 210 211 212

ndash eschatology 48 51 54 56 69 73 75 87 94 95 101 104 105 108 133 141 142 143 144 147 159 164 165 166 167 169 172 180 192 193 194 198 199 202 203 210

ndash final (literary) form 59 62 69 78 178

ndash hypothetical mid- (lower) level or sub-elite scribal origin 24 59

ndash hypothetical recensions 3 4 59 60 90 98

ndash hypothetical segregation of wisdom and apocalyptic s trata 60 66 67 70 213 214

ndash mission speech 23 56 86 87 92 104 105 107 173 182 194

ndash Pales tinian character 24ndash possible authenticity of its content

22 81ndash prophetic content 61 63 67 70 74

75 76 77 79 80 82 83 142 143 176

ndash recons truction (CEQ) 5 6 10 90 (see also recons truction [in this s tudy] below as such frequently follows the CEQ)

ndash recons truction (feasibility) 2 3 4 10 11

ndash recons truction (in this s tudy) 60 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 111 116 119 120 123 130 131 134 144 147 148 149 151 152 165 169 170 172 175 176 177 178 179 181 184 191 193 199 204 207 213 215

ndash recons truction (methodology) 5 89 90

ndash recons truction (skepticism) 2 10 59 (see also recons tructed Mark below)

ndash sapiential content 12 62 63 67 77 79 80 82 130 154 175 191 202 214

ndash sermon 63 82 91 92 103 105 127 129 130 131 134 135 138 140 144 145 147 152 153 154 155 156

ndash sophis ticated scribal traditions 24ndash sub-literary view of 3 59 60 74

271Index of Subjects

ndash tradents 4 59 67 125 135 147 181 182 197 199 202 203 207 209 214

ndash tradition 13 17 87 161 163 164 186 187 192 202

Quintillian 171Qumran (see the Index of Ancient

Sources for specific documents)ndash apocalyptic worldview 50 135ndash Aramaic corpus 33ndash beatitude collection 133ndash communitymovementYahad 44 53

56 121 135 136 137 157 160 161 206 207 208 209

ndash demonology 124ndash discovery 29ndash fellowship with angels 115ndash fragments of 1 Enoch 44ndash library 43ndash manualsrules 82ndash sapiential literature 25 55 56 57

58 62 69ndash social setting 43

recons tructed Mark 2 6 7 8 9 10RomeRomans 44 91 121 126 159

199 207ndash occupation of Judea 44

sage(s) 55 56 79 84Samaria 44Satan 50 51 52 53 114 115 117 118

120 121 159 192scribe(s) 102 205ndash ancient reading practices of 102ndash as a Q opponent group 68 169 205ndash as advanced or elite readers of Q

102 103ndash Enochic 46 215ndash in Matthewrsquos community (other than

Matthew) 4ndash in the Q community 48 135 195

215ndash in the text of Q 169 172ndash memory competence of 4 102ndash responsible for 2 Enoch 112ndash responsible for Did 13bndash5b 15scriptorium 46Sefire 27 37Sepphoris 38 46Sermon on the Mount 15 16 87 94

Sermon on the Plain 15 16(Deutero-Isaianic) Servant 136 168 169Sidon 199Simeon II 125Son of Man 47 115ndash Aramaic background of the phrase

25 26 28 37 153ndash as a messianic title in the Parables of

Enoch 28 46ndash circumlocutional non-titular use of

the phrase in Late Aramaic 34ndash classifications of the phrasersquos Q

ins tances 26ndash designation of as Son of Humanity in

some recent research 39ndash his torical incarnation of as under-

s tood by some ancient authors 165 172

ndash hypothetical non-titular (circumlocu-tional or generic) use of the definite phrase in Middle Aramaic by the his torical Jesus and in Q 28 29 34 37 38 39 42 43 52 71 140 142 167 170 186 187

ndash in Daniel 41 42 186 213ndash in Luke 142 186ndash in Mark 41ndash in Matthew 99 142 186ndash in Q 25 26 34 38 39 42 43 46 47

52 53 64 67 69 70 71 96 98 104 106 115 116 123 141 142 147 164 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 176 185 186 187 188 189 191 194 201 203 210 212 213

ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 170ndash in the Parables of Enoch 25 28 41

42 43 44 45 46 47 122 141 142 146 147 153 155 164 165 168 169 172 173 202 213

ndash non-titular use of the indefinite phrase in Middle Aramaic 41

ndash titular (including but not limited to chris tological) use of the definite phrase in Q 34 38 52 53 64 70 104 123 142 143 147 167 168 172 173 185 186 187 189 191 194 201 203 210 212 213

Sondergut 89 90ndash Matthean 91ndash Lukan 94 95 97 98 177

Index of Subjects272

Sophiandash myth (Enochic tradition) 172 202ndash myth (synoptic tradition) 96 200

201ndash words of 96 201synopticndash gospels 11 150 151ndash material 16 151ndash parallels 18 19ndash problem 1ndash Sayings Source 3 216ndash s tudies 4ndash tradition 17 21 26 98 101 131 151

158 205 215Syria 215

Talmud 30 36 37 38Targum 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

38 40 41ndash recons truction of the Pales tinian Tar-

gum 32Taricheae 46Tell Dan 45templendash apparatusins titution 50 96 107

113 119 125 126 127 137 157 197 200 205

ndash eschatological 76

ndash purityholiness of 65 123 137ndash mitigatingprotective role 51 124ndash of Augus tus at Paneion 45ndash second temple era 25 41 44 48 56

62 70 71 72 79 82 84 121 124 136 137 154 163 186 201 209 213 216

ndash liturgy 124ndash mounthill 113ndash pollution of as perceived by some

ancient authors 113 125 136Theon of Alexandria 171Tiberias 38Torah 58 64 72 79 112 207 208 209transfiguration 47tree of knowledge 113Tyre 199

Vermes-Fitzmyer debate 28 38 39

Watchers 45 53 121Wicked Pries t 125

Yahweh 117 118

Zechariah (son of Jehoiada) 200mt Zion 113

  • Cover13
  • Titel13
  • Preface
  • Table of Contents13
  • List of Abbreviations
  • Chapter One Prolegomena
    • 1 Introduction Recent Methodological Questions in Q Studies
    • 2 The Study of Q as a Reconstructed Text
      • Index of Ancient Sources
      • Index of Modern Authors
      • Index of Subjects
Page 14: Apocalypticism in the Synoptic Sayings Source€¦ · Apocalypticism in the Synoptic Sayings Source A Reassessment of Q’s Stratigraphy Mohr Siebeck. Olegs Andrejevs, born 1982;

2 Chapter One Prolegomena

important disagreements regarding the attainability of Qrsquos word-level recon-struction3 Additionally questions about the provenance of portions of two sec-ond-century documents the Didache and the pseudepigraphal Gospel of Thomas continue to affect the study of Qrsquos sources and redaction If the Q parallels contained in those documents derive from the canonical gospels ndash as some scholars have argued ndash then such parallels obviously have no bearing on Qrsquos compositional history If however certain sayings or combinations of say-ings reach the Didache and Thomas via autonomous channels apart from the canonical gospels and can be shown to not depend on Q then the hypothesis of a Vorlage shared by the parallels in question and Q becomes logical It is not difficult to see how these matters are critical to the study of Qrsquos stratigraphy After all one of its fundamental tasks is to identify possible modifications of traditional material thereby acquiring a better understanding of the documentrsquos redactional interests

This chapter will discuss two of the aforementioned issues While we pre-suppose the validity of the 2DH and Qrsquos written character in what follows we shall engage the feasibility of Qrsquos reconstruction and the attainability of the documentrsquos wording The former has recently been dismissed by a number of scholars who have pointed out the inferiority of the reconstructed Mark4 to the canonical version of the gospel while Qrsquos wording has come under renewed scrutiny This will be followed by arguments in support of the autonomy of Did 13bndash21 and portions of the Gospel of Thomas both contested subjects in recent academic discussion Some of the observations included in the treatment of these matters will cover familiar terrain However their configuration is de-signed to highlight the problematic nature of a number of current claims and to lay the methodological foundation for the present investigation as well as for a fresh treatment of the Sayings Source and related documents5

S Kloppenborg ldquoVariation and Reproduction of the Double Tradition and an Oral Qrdquo ETL 83 (2007) 53ndash80 Alan Kirk ldquoOrality Writing and Phantom Sources Appeals to Ancient Media in Some Recent Challenges to the Two Document Hypothesisrdquo NTS 58 (2011) 1ndash22 Idem Q in Matthew 151ndash66 220ndash24 293ndash97 Sarah E Rollens Framing Social Criticism in the Jesus Movement The Ideological Project in the Sayings Gospel Q (WUNT 2374 Tuumlbingen Mohr Siebeck 2014) 81ndash90 See also the earlier discussion in eg Joseph A Fitzmyer The Gospel According to Luke (AB 28 and 28A 2 vols New York NY Doubleday 1981ndash85) 75ndash81 John S Kloppenborg Formation of Q Trajectories in Ancient Wisdom Collections (SAC Phil-adelphia PA Fortress Press 1987) 42ndash51 Davies and Allison Matthew 1116 H T Fledder-mann Q A Reconstruction and Commentary (BTS 1 Leuven Peeters 2005) 41ndash68 Based on the case made collectively by the above scholars it will be a presupposition of this study that Q was a written document

3 Eg Dieter T Roth The Parables in Q (LNTS 582 London TampT Clark 2018) 30ndash44 See the discussion below in this chapter

4 Viz Markrsquos gospel as reconstructed from its reception by Matthew and Luke 5 It is necessary also to address the frequent identification of Q as a gospel Frans Neirynck

(ldquoQ From Source to Gospelrdquo ETL 71 [1995] 421) notes that ldquothe use of the term originated in the SBL Q Seminar and was strongly promoted by its presidents James M Robinson and John

2 The Study of Q as a Reconstructed Text 3

2 The Study of Q as a Reconstructed Text 2 The Study of Q as a Reconstructed Text It is one thing to assert based on the synoptic evidence that Q was a written document with a single recension of the finished text6 It is another matter to

S Kloppenborgrdquo For the rationale see eg John S Kloppenborg ldquoIntroductionrdquo in The Shape of Q Signal Essays on the Sayings Gospel (ed Idem Minneapolis MN Fortress Press 1994) 1 n 1 I am sympathetic with Neirynckrsquos view (ldquoQ From Source to Gospelrdquo 429) it is ldquoan advantage of the full designation lsquo(Synoptic) Sayings Source Qrsquo that it reminds us of the fact that we have no direct access to the text of Q it remains a hypothetical source text that we are to reconstruct from Matthew and Lukerdquo Furthermore there is ldquoa difference between recogniz-ing that the sayings of Jesus contain the gospel and designating the Sayings collection as a Gospelrdquo Edwin K Broadhead ldquoOn the (Mis)Definition of Qrdquo JSNT 68 (1999) 9

6 The alternative premise ndash of two separate recensions (QMatt and QLk) ndash is quite venerable Eg Rudolph Bultmann The History of the Synoptic Tradition (New York NY Harper amp Row 1963) 328 (originally published in 1921) In modern research it has continued to be accepted with a varying degree of certainty by a number of New Testament and Q scholars eg I Howard Marshall The Gospel of Luke A Commentary on the Greek Text (NIGTC Grand Rap-ids MI Eerdmans 1978) 30ndash1 Davies and Allison Matthew 1121 Migaku Sato Q und Prophetie Studien zur Gattungs- und Traditionsgeschichte der Quelle Q (WUNT 229 Tuuml-bingen Mohr Siebeck 1988) 18ndash19 Hans Dieter Betz The Sermon on the Mount (Hermeneia Minneapolis MI Fortress Press 1995) 7ndash9 Ulrich Luz Matthew 8ndash20 (Hermeneia Minne-apolis MN Fortress Press 2001) Idem Matthew 21ndash28 (Hermeneia Minneapolis MN For-tress Press 2005) Idem ldquoMatthew and Qrdquo in Studies in Matthew (Grand Rapids MI Eerd-mans 2005) 39ndash53 Idem Matthew 1ndash7 (Hermeneia Minneapolis MN Fortress Press 2007) Idem ldquoLooking at Q through the Eyes of Matthewrdquo in New Studies in the Synoptic Problem Oxford Conference April 2008 Essays in Honour of Christopher M Tuckett (ed Paul Foster Andrew Gregory John S Kloppenborg Joseph Verheyden BETL 239 Leuven Leuven Uni-versity Press 2011) 571ndash89 John T Carroll Luke A Commentary (NTL Louisville KY Westminster John Knox Press 2012) 8 Rollens Framing Social Criticism 86 n 10 Bazzana Kingdom of Bureaucracy 4ndash5 John S Kloppenborg ldquoA lsquoParting of the Waysrsquo in Qrdquo in Q in Context I The Separation between the Just and the Unjust in Early Judaism and in the Sayings Source (ed Markus Tiwald BBB 172 Goumlttingen Vandenhoeck amp Ruprecht 2015) 123 Klop-penborg (ibid) has recently stated ldquoIn what follows I will assume the still-dominant view of Q that it is a document that came to Matthew and Luke in approximately the same form I say lsquoapproximatelyrsquo because we must allow for some variation at least in wording of Q and perhaps even expansions ndash the kind of elaboration that Ulrich Luz and his students have proposedrdquo In my view the drawbacks of this hypothesis significantly outweigh its potential benefits Klop-penborg (Excavating Q 109) and Bazzana (Kingdom of Bureaucracy 4ndash5) appeal to the diver-sity of the NT manuscripts and their circulation patterns but this is an argument from analogy rather than a demonstration The only way of demonstrating the existence of such recensions would be by showing (preferably on multiple occasions) that Matthewrsquos or Lukersquos Sondergut text adjacent to or interpolated in a Q block of material is traditional coheres with the content of that Q block and of the Q document and is unlikely to have been omitted by the other evan-gelist This is virtually impossible to demonstrate conclusively and so the hypothesis enters the realm of speculation (eg Fitzmyer Luke 80) where ldquoin every case there are other possible explanationsrdquo (Luz ldquoLooking at Qrdquo 579) Further red flags lurk in the occasional connection between the multiple recension hypothesis and the sub-literary (Kleinliteratur) view of Q (eg ibid 578 584) Thus Luz (Matthew 1ndash7 19) and Sato (Q und Prophetie 72ndash77) envision Q as

4 Chapter One Prolegomena

produce a reliable reconstruction of that text The point of departure rests with Matthewrsquos and Lukersquos redaction of Mark Luke preserves the Markan order with only minor exceptions The implications of this naturally carry over to the reconstruction of Qrsquos sequence7 Based on the conclusions reached by Heinrich Julius Holtzmann in 18638 confirmed by Burnett Hillman Streeter and George DeWitt Castor in the first half of the twentieth century9 and reaffirmed by the

a notebook to which new sheets could be added at any time Some such approach to Q has formed the dominant paradigm in 2DH based synoptic studies until only recently See the sur-vey of scholarship in Alan Kirk The Composition of the Sayings Source Genre Synchrony and Wisdom Redaction in Q (NovTSup 91 Leiden Brill 1998) 2ndash64 As the discussion in chapters three and five of this study will suggest (in continuity with Kirkrsquos view) the Kleinlit-eratur paradigm constitutes a mischaracterization of Q This still leaves the option of Q receiv-ing further editing from its own tradents which essentially amounts to an additional layer of redaction (eg one would have to envision a Q4 stratum in Kloppenborgrsquos stratigraphy) The outline and profile of such a redaction (or in the case of QMatt and QLk redactions) remains to be demonstrated however Meanwhile the documentrsquos eventual disappearance and complete lack of attestation in the Church Fathers suggests caution in imagining any kind of significant textual proliferation Could multiple autonomous copies of Q go from being in possession by and being normative for some of the early Christianityrsquos most prominent communities to van-ishing not only from existence but also from subsequent memory It seems that the possibility of a single circulating copy at least deserves further consideration Finally Neirynckrsquos objection remains pertinent ldquothe need for positing an intermediate stage is it not a logical consequence of their too restrictive notion of Matthean and Lukan redactionrdquo Frans Neirynck ldquoQMt and QLk and the Reconstruction of Qrdquo ETL 66 (1990) 390 In other words Qrsquos putative textual fluidity has much to do with a restriction of Matthean andor Lukan redactorial freedom and derives logically from a view of Matthew andor Luke as conservative traditionalists Syreenirsquos obser-vations made with regard to the thesis of a QMatt offer an alternative ldquoInstead of such a literary evolution it would be quite natural to reckon with oral usage and application of Q sayings and sequences in Matthewrsquos community Oral variants and new combinations of various Q passages as well as combinations of Q and special material were to be expected if Q was used for pur-poses of community teaching and paraenesis Also ecclesiastical material which was affected or even inspired by Q sayings was likely to emerge Some literary reworking may have been made what I doubt however is the existence of a massively expanded QMt editionrdquo Kari Syreeni The Making of the Sermon on the Mount A Procedural Analysis of Matthewrsquos Redac-torial Activity (AASF 44 Helsinki Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia 1987) 161 Because the ex-istence of scribes other than the gospelrsquos author in Matthewrsquos community has not been demon-strated I hesitate to imagine a literary reworking of Q by that community prior to the gospelrsquos composition (a similar situation obtains on the Lukan side) With this minor adjustment Syreenirsquos statement describes the optimal alternative to the multiple recension hypothesis

7 It should be noted however that although Matthewrsquos approach to Q (when reconstructed based on its Lukan sequence) can be described as liberal Matthewrsquos ldquoappropriative movement through Q is consistently forwardrdquo indicating memory competence and ldquocognitive operations that follow the schematic organizational linesrdquo of the source Kirk Q in Matthew 166

8 Heinrich Julius Holtzmann Die synoptischen Evangelien Ihr Uhrsprung und geschicht-licher Charakter (Leipzig Wilhelm Engelmann 1986) 142ndash43

9 Burnett Hillman Streeter ldquoOn the Original Order of Qrdquo in Oxford Studies in the Synoptic Problem (ed William Sanday Oxford At the Clarendon Press 1911) 141ndash64 George DeWitt

2 The Study of Q as a Reconstructed Text 5

ensuing Q scholarship as well as a number of Matthean and Lukan scholars10 today it is possible to assert with ldquoa near unanimity that Luke best preserved the sequence of Q sayingsrdquo11

Q attained what currently remains its definitive reconstruction by the end of the twentieth century in the form of The Critical Edition of Q (hereafter CEQ)12 To call the CEQ ldquodefinitiverdquo of course is to neither imply its infalli-bility nor to expect it to produce the final say on the matter13 As noted by James M Robinson in the introduction to the CEQ it was a product ldquoof a team of scholars who have been working together since 1985 as the International Q Projectrdquo (hereafter IQP)14 The text and sequence of Q published in the CEQ

Castor Matthewrsquos Sayings of Jesus The Non-Marcan Common Source of Matthew and Luke (PhD diss University of Chicago 1918) 120ndash39

10 Eg T W Manson The Sayings of Jesus as recorded in the Gospels according to St Matthew and St Luke arranged with introduction and commentary (London SCM Press 1949 reprint 1971) 39ndash148 James M Robinson ldquoThe Sermon on the Mount Plain Work Sheets for the Reconstruction of Qrdquo SBLSP 22 (1983) 451ndash54 Arland D Jacobson The First Gospel An Introduction to Q (FFRS Sonoma CA Polebridge Press 1992) 45 Dale C Allison The Jesus Tradition in Q (Harrisburg PA Trinity Press International 1997) 2 n 6 Franҫois Bovon Luke 1 A Commentary on the Gospel of Luke 11ndash950 (Hermeneia Minneapolis MN Fortress Press 2002) 6ndash8 Kirk Q in Matthew 163ndash66

11 Kloppenborg Verbin Excavating Q 88 Noting that ldquomost recent reconstructions of Q include both (a) the double tradition and (b) items triply attested where the degree of agreement against Mark is substantial and where the agreements are not likely to be merely coincidentalrdquo Kloppenborg (ibid 92) uses these criteria to assign the following texts to Q (by Lukan versifi-cation) Q 37bndash9 16bndash17 41ndash13 620bndash23 27ndash33 35c 36ndash37b 38c 39ndash49 71bndash2 6bndash10 18ndash19 22ndash23 24ndash28 31ndash35 957ndash60 102ndash16 21ndash22 23bndash24 112ndash4 9ndash13 14ndash20 23 24ndash26 29ndash35 39ndash44 46ndash52 122ndash12 22bndash31 33ndash34 39ndash40 42bndash46 51ndash53 54bndash56 58ndash59 1318ndash19 20ndash21 24 26ndash27 28ndash30 34ndash35 14111814 1416ndash24 26ndash27 34ndash35 154ndash7 1613 16 17 18 171bndash2 3bndash4 6b 23ndash24 26ndash27 30 33 34ndash35 37b 1912ndash13 15bndash26 2228bndash30 Kloppenborg also assigns to Q some Sondergut materials which involve a different set of methodological considerations See the discussion in chapter four

12 James M Robinson Paul Hoffmann and John S Kloppenborg eds The Critical Edition of Q Synopsis including the Gospels of Matthew and Luke Mark and Thomas with English German and French Translations of Q and Thomas (Hermeneia Supplement Series Minneap-olis MN Fortress Press 2000)

13 It may suffice here to quote the editors James M Robinson ldquoHistory of Q Researchrdquo in The Critical Edition of Q lxxi ldquoIt is not to be assumed that the present critical text is a last wordrdquo John S Kloppenborg ldquoThe Use of the Synoptics or Q in Did 13bndash21rdquo in Matthew and the Didache Two Documents from the Same Jewish-Christian Milieu (ed Huub van de Sandt Minneapolis MN Fortress Press 2005) 115 ldquoWhile the Critical Edition should hardly be taken as the definitive reconstruction of Q it does provide a benchmark and a useful point of referencerdquo

14 Robinson ldquoHistory of Q Researchrdquo xix For a survey of IQPrsquos methodology and results as assessed at the time of the CEQrsquos publication see Christoph Heil ldquoDie Q-Rekonstruktion des Internationalen Q-Projekts Einfuumlhrung in Methodik und Resultaterdquo NovT 43 (2001) 128ndash43 For IQP work sessions see James M Robinson ldquoThe International Q Project Work Session 17 November 1989rdquo JBL 109 (1990) 499ndash501 Idem ldquoThe International Q Project Work

6 Chapter One Prolegomena

therefore represent a consensus among a group of scholars reflecting the pre-suppositions held by those scholars at a particular juncture in the history of Qrsquos research15 That it is only a necessary first step and demands continued reeval-uation becomes evident from the fact that some of the IQP members whose preferences were occasionally not reflected in the CEQ proceeded to release their own alternative reconstructions of Q either shortly before or after the CEQrsquos seminal publication16 Indeed the present study also makes several emendations of both the CEQrsquos reconstruction of the documentrsquos sequence and of its wording Overall however it is clear that the CEQ will continue to pro-vide the baseline for compositional studies of Q for years to come

The availability of the reconstructed text enables the literary analysis of Q A number of scholars however have recently expressed doubts regarding the attainability of not only Qrsquos wording but in fact of the documentrsquos full extent Cyril S Rodd has declared it ldquosheer conjecturerdquo to imagine ldquothat the passages which are common to Matthew and Luke comprise this Q document in its en-tiretyrdquo17 Joseph Allen Weaks has similarly called the text of Q ldquospeculativerdquo claiming that to rely on it as though it were ldquoan extant gospel textrdquo is ldquosimply not possiblerdquo18 Both scholars have tied the bulk of their objections to the ob-servation (called a ldquothought experimentrdquo by Dieter T Roth)19 that the text of Markrsquos gospel cannot be accurately reconstructed from its Matthean and Lukan reception While this argument has already been engaged by some scholars20 the deficiency of its logic appears to not have been sufficiently exposed as Rothrsquos renewed deployment of it in 2018 demonstrates ndash in a Q monograph21 It is therefore important to allow the reader to assess the difficulties

Session 16 November 1990rdquo JBL 110 (1991) 494ndash98 Idem ldquoThe International Q Project Work Sessions 12ndash14 July 22 November 1991rdquo JBL 111 (1992) 500ndash08 Idem ldquoThe Interna-tional Q Project Work Sessions 31 Julyndash2 August 20 November 1992rdquo JBL 112 (1993) 500ndash06 Idem ldquoThe International Q Project Work Sessions 6ndash8 August 18ndash19 November 1993rdquo JBL 113 (1994) 495ndash99 Idem ldquoThe International Q Project Work Sessions 23ndash27 May 22ndash26 August 17ndash18 November 1994rdquo JBL 114 (1995) 475ndash85 Idem ldquoThe International Q Pro-ject Editorial Board Meetings 1ndash10 June 16 November 1995 16ndash23 August 22 November 1996 Work Sessions 17 November 1995 23 November 1996rdquo JBL 116 (1997) 521ndash25

15 The full list of the IQPrsquos members may be found in The Critical Edition xvii 16 Kirk Composition 152ndash403 Fleddermann Commentary 874ndash913 17 Cyril S Rodd ldquoThe End of the Theology of Qrdquo ExpT 113 (2001) 12 Idem ldquoThe The-

ology of Q Yet Again A Reply to the Responses of Christopher Tuckett and Paul Fosterrdquo ExpT 114 (2002) 80ndash85

18 Joseph Allen Weaks ldquoMark without Mark Problematizing the Reliability of a Recon-structed Text of Qrdquo (PhD diss Brite Divinity School 2010) 344ndash45

19 Roth Parables 36 20 Eg Christopher M Tuckett ldquoThe Search for a Theology of Q A Dead Endrdquo ExpT 113

(2002) 291ndash94 Paul Foster ldquoIn Defense of the Study of Qrdquo ExpT 113 (2002) 295ndash300 21 Roth Parables 36ndash37 It should be noted of course that Roth does not wish to com-

pletely dismiss the accessibility of Qrsquos text His intention is to argue that ldquoscholarship should be rather more skeptical about the wording of Qrdquo (ibid 39)

2 The Study of Q as a Reconstructed Text 7

compromising the case that Rodd Weaks and Roth have found rather persua-sive Three observations stand to be made in this regard

First of all because it is a sayings collection Q does not lend itself to the same type of editorial abridgements as Mark The two documents are very dif-ferent Not nearly enough attention is given to this by Rodd Weaks and Roth all of whom hang their case to some degree on the fragmentary product that is the reconstructed Mark as though Q similarly contains a plot or even a remotely compatible story to saying ratio The abridgement of Markan pericopes by Luke and Matthew reflects editorial strategies appropriate to rewriting a biography viz a document exhibiting a large concentration of narrative material22 The Markan words of Jesus are omitted at a vastly different rate with the majority of those words preserved by both Matthew and Luke with minimal rephrasing23

22 Rodd (ldquoThe End of the Theology of Qrdquo 6) notes that ldquoalmost always each pericope in

[the reconstructed] lsquoMarkrsquo will be shorter than in the canonical gospelrdquo citing as examples the abridgements of Mk 21ndash12 (= Matt 91ndash8 Lk 517ndash26) and Mk 121ndash12 (= Matt 2133ndash46 Lk 209ndash19) However the healing of a man with the palsy (Mk 21ndash12) is a good example of a story whose narrative details welcome abridgements while the words of Jesus (Mk 25b 8bndash11) ndash notably including the key statements in Mk 25b 10 ndash are preserved correctly by both Matthew and Luke (Matt 92c 4bndash6 Lk 520b 22bndash24) As for the parable of the wicked tenants (Mk 121ndash12) this can be reliably reconstructed from its MatthewLuke reproduction missing only minor details The omitted details scarcely seem to affect the interpretation of the source text viz the intention of the parable as it was deployed in Markrsquos gospel

23 Mk 141 44 (= Matt 83ndash4 Lk 513ndash14) Mk 25 8ndash11 (= Matt 92 4ndash6 Lk 520 22ndash24) Mk 214 (= Matt 99 Lk 527) Mk 217 (= Matt 912ndash13 Lk 531ndash32) Mk 219ndash22 (= Matt 915ndash17 Lk 534ndash38) Mk 225ndash28 (= Matt 123ndash4 8 Lk 63ndash5) Mk 34ndash5 (= Matt 1212ndash13 Lk 69ndash10) Mk 335 (= Matt 1250 Lk 821) Mk 42ndash9 (= Matt 133ndash9 Lk 85ndash8) Mk 411ndash12 (= Matt 1311 13 Lk 810) Mk 414ndash20 (= Matt 1318ndash23 Lk 811ndash15) Mk 421ndash22 (= MattQ 515 MattQ 1026 Lk 816ndash17) Mk 424c (= MattQ 72 LkQ 638) Mk 425 (= Matt 1312 Lk 818) Mk 440 (= Matt 826 Lk 825) Mk 534 (= Matt 922 Lk 848) Mk 539 (= Matt 923ndash24 Lk 852) Mk 64bc (= Matt 1357 Lk 424) Mk 637 (= Matt 1416 Lk 913) Mk 827 29 (= Matt 1613 15 Lk 918 20) Mk 834ndash36 (= Matt 1624ndash26 Lk 923ndash25) Mk 91 (= Matt 1628 Lk 927) Mk 919 (= Matt 1717 Lk 941) Mk 931 (= Matt 1722ndash23 Lk 944) Mk 935 (= Matt 2311 Lk 2226) Mk 937 (= Matt 185 Lk 948) Mk 940 (= MattQ 1230 Lk 950) Mk 1014ndash15 (= Matt 183 1914 Lk 1816ndash17) Mk 1018ndash19 21 23 25 27 29ndash30 (= Matt 1917ndash19 21 23ndash24 26 29 Lk 1819ndash20 22 24ndash25 27 29ndash30) Mk 1033ndash34 (= Matt 2018ndash19 Lk 1831ndash33) Mk 1042ndash45 (= Matt 2025ndash28 Lk 2225ndash27) Mk 1051 (= Matt 2032 Lk 1841) Mk 112ndash3 (= Matt 212ndash3 Lk 1930ndash31) Mk 1117 (= Matt 2113 Lk 1946) Mk 1129ndash30 33 (= Matt 2124ndash25 27 Lk 203ndash4 8) Mk 121ndash10 (= Matt 2133ndash42 Lk 209ndash17) Mk 1215dndash17 (= Matt 2219ndash21 Lk 2024ndash25) Mk 1225ndash27 (= Matt 2230ndash32 Lk 2034ndash38) Mk 1230ndash31 (= Matt 2237ndash39 Lk 1027) Mk 1235ndash37 (= Matt 2241ndash45 Lk 2041ndash44) Mk 132 (= Matt 242 Lk 216) Mk 135ndash13 (Matt 244ndash13 Lk 218ndash19) Mk 1314c 17 19 (= Matt 2416 19 21 Lk 2121 23) Mk 1324ndash31 (= Matt 2429ndash35 Lk 2125ndash33) Mk 1413ndash14 (= Matt 2618 Lk 2210ndash11) Mk 1418 20ndash21 (= Matt 2621 23ndash24 Lk 2221ndash22) Mk 1422ndash25 (= Matt 2626ndash29 Lk 2216ndash20) Mk 1430 (= Matt 2634 Lk 2234) Mk 1436 (= Matt 2639 Lk 2242) Mk 1437ndash38 (= Matt 2640ndash41 Lk 2246) Mk 1448ndash49a (= Matt 2655 Lk 2252ndash53a) Mk 1462 (= Matt 2664 Lk 2269ndash70) Mk 152 (= Matt 2711 Lk 233)

8 Chapter One Prolegomena

and the non-Q related omissions limited to (a) statements forming an integral part of a narrative24 (b) statements commands and questions that are redun-dant25 (c) statements that cast a potentially negative light on Jesusrsquo family26 or disciples27 both established Markan themes28 (d) statements that are poten-tially problematic theologically29 (e) statements falling under none of the above categories that are abridged expanded or reworked by one of the evan-gelists30 (f) statements occurring in pericopes that have been eliminated com-pletely by Matthew or Luke31 Of these six categories the first three are un-likely to have been present in Q due to its lack of a plot relative scarcity of stories and absence of any interest in Jesusrsquo family or disciples The remaining three categories include only a few sayings outside of the Great Omission (more on that below) Consequently it appears that Matthew and Luke already elim-inating a minor percentage of the Markan Jesusrsquo words that lack Q parallels had no clear reason to omit even that much from Q

Secondly on a number of occasions one or both evangelists preserve dou-blets of the Markan sayings of Jesus which on the 2DH are assigned to Q32 This development is surprising in Lukersquos case since his tendency to avoid dou-blets is well known33 What is really decisive however is that in instances

24 Mk 125 138 435 59 19 530 541 1243 (omitted by Matthew) Mk 1036 1432

34 41ndash42 (omitted by Luke) Mk 1114 (either omitted or reworked in Lk 136ndash9) Mk 439 58 631 638 916 21 25 933 939c 1049 1234 (omitted or reworked by both Matthew and Luke)

25 Mk 424bd 1238 40 (omitted by Matthew) Mk 334 837 941 1211 1215b 1224 1318 20 23 (omitted by Luke) Mk 1449b (reworked in Lk 2253b) Mk 949 1024 1229 (omitted by both Matthew and Luke)

26 Mk 333ndash34 Mk 64de (omitted by Luke) 27 Mk 413 (omitted by Matthew and Luke) Mk 833 1038ndash40 (omitted by Luke) Mk

1427ndash28 (reworked in Lk 2231ndash32) 28 Eg Joel Marcus Mark (AB 27 and 27A 2 vols New York NY and New Haven CT

Doubleday and Yale 2000ndash2009) 279ndash80 310ndash11 378ndash80 509ndash15 653 677ndash81 999ndash1000 29 Mk 939 (omitted by Matthew and Luke) Mk 943ndash48 (omitted by Luke) Mk 1534

(reworked in Lk 2346) 30 Mk 115 (reworked and expanded in Lk 416ndash21) Mk 536 (abridged in Matt 923ndash26)

Mk 1314ab (reworked in Lk 2120) Mk 146ndash9 (reworked in Lk 736ndash50) Mk 1413ndash15 (abridged in Matt 2618)

31 Mk 426ndash29 99ndash13 (omitted by Luke) everything that belongs to Mk 645ndash826 (the Great Omission of the Markan material by Luke)

32 Mk 421 (= Lk 816 LkQ 1133) Mk 422 (= Lk 817 LkQ 122) Mk 425 (= Matt 1312 MattQ 2529 Lk 818 LkQ 1926) Mk 68 10ndash11 (= Lk 93ndash5 LkQ 104ndash5 8 10ndash11) Mk 834 (= MattQ 1038 Matt 1624 Lk 923 LkQ 1427) Mk 835 (= MattQ 1039 Matt 1625 Lk 924 LkQ 1733) Mk 838 (= Lk 926 LkQ 128ndash9) Mk 937 (= Matt 185 MattQ 1040 Lk 948 LkQ 1016) Mk 940 (Lk 950 LkQ 1123) Mk 1011ndash12 (= Matt 199 MattQ 532) Mk 1238ndash39 (= Lk 2046 LkQ 1143) Mk 139 11 (= Lk 2112ndash15 LkQ 1211ndash12) See further Fitzmyer Luke 81ndash82

33 See eg H Schuumlrmann ldquoDie Dubletten im Lukasevangeliumrdquo ZKT 75 (1953) 339ndash445 Idem ldquoDie Dublettenvermeidungen im Lukasevangeliumrdquo ZKT 76 (1954) 83ndash93

2 The Study of Q as a Reconstructed Text 9

when Luke is faced with a choice between Mark and Q and does not opt to retain both the preference is overwhelmingly given to the Q location and word-ing of the text34 Consequently it seems overly simplistic to suggest as Rodd does that ldquoas [the reconstructed] lsquoMarkrsquo is not Mark so in all probability the lsquoQrsquo of the scholars is not the historical document Qrdquo35 The evangelistsrsquo ten-dency to either retain the MarkQ parallels or ndash especially in Lukersquos case ndash to favor Q its wording and location over the Markan parallels shows that the two documents were not treated equally as far as the words of Jesus were concerned with the approach to Q being more conservative36

Thirdly the verse and word count discrepancy between the reconstructed and canonical Mark has been somewhat inflated as the percentages cited by scholars are routinely bolstered by the inclusion of the Great Omission On the 2DH there are two possible solutions to this well-known source-critical anom-aly the absence of Mk 645ndash826 from Lukersquos gospel is either intentional or stems from inheriting a shorter copy of Mark which lacked that material In either scenario Lukersquos omission of Mk 645ndash826 complicates the analogy be-tween the reconstructed Mark and Q If the omission was unintentional it tells us something only about the compositional history or textual transmission of Markrsquos gospel If however Lukersquos decision to skip Mk 645ndash826 was inten-tional is it not likely to have been motivated by Lukersquos avoidance of dou-blets37 A similar development is unlikely to have occurred in Lukersquos reception of Q as we have noted when faced with MarkQ doublets Luke tends to favor Qrsquos version over an available Markan parallel38 Consequently due to the sheer size of the Great Omission and regardless of the Omissionrsquos intentionality or

34 LkQ 112 4 9 (= Mk 1124ndash25) LkQ 1115 17ndash18 21 (= Mk 323ndash27) Lk 1210 (=

Mk 328ndash29) LkQ 1240 (= Mk 1332) LkQ 1318ndash19 (= Mk 430ndash32) LkQ 1330 (= Mk 1031) Lk 1618 (= Mk 1011ndash12) LkQ 171ndash2 (= Mk 942) LkQ 176 (= Mk 1123) LkQ 1723 31 (= Mk 1315ndash16 21) All of these are deployed by Luke in clusters of Q material rather than in the Lukan parallels to the respective Markan pericopes Mk 950 (= LkQ 1434ndash35) is similarly deployed away from its Markan context and surrounded by Q and L material Both Matthew and Luke favor the wording of Q 1434ndash35 over its Markan parallel

35 Rodd ldquoThe End of the Theology of Qrdquo 12 36 See eg Christopher M Tuckett Q and the History of Early Christianity Studies on Q

(Edinburgh TampT Clark 1996) 94 Luz ldquoQ in Matthewrdquo 50 37 Mk 645ndash52 contains a sea miracle similar to Mk 435ndash41 Mk 71ndash23 was likely elim-

inated to shift the lifting of the dietary restrictions to the post-Easter stage in Lukersquos narrative (Acts 109ndash16) Mk 724ndash30 was probably (a) deemed redundant (see LkQ 71ndash10) (b) re-garded as problematic due to the conflict between the Markan Jesusrsquo reluctance to perform a miracle for a Gentile person (Mk 727) and the Lukan Jesusrsquo programmatic openness to such developments (Lk 425ndash27) Mk 81ndash10 14ndash21 and 822ndash26 are clearly redundant (see Mk 635ndash44 Lk 912ndash17 Mk 1046ndash52 Lk 1835ndash43) Mk 811ndash13 has a Q parallel (= LkQ 1129ndash32)

38 On the L-M Hypothesis this would mean that Luke tends to favor Matthewrsquos version over an available Markan parallel

10 Chapter One Prolegomena

lack thereof the reconstructed Mark presents an analogy to Q that is at best tenuous

In light of the above observations my contention is that methodologically virtually the entire Q is likely to be accounted for in terms of its content39 That still leaves the question of the documentrsquos precise wording and its recovery Here Roth has argued that

there is a fundamental difference between conceiving of the ldquotext of Qrdquo as a reconstruction of its original wording and approaching it as a metaphorical and narratival realm an intertext as it were accessible through Matthew and Luke40

Roth further states as one of his monographrsquos objectives (which is primarily dedicated to the study of Qrsquos parables) an attempt to

advance Q studies by pursuing insight into the parables of Q through a different set of meth-odological approaches than those present in the reigning paradigm focusing upon word-level reconstruction The resultant exegetical work is not therefore in the first instance focused upon vocabulary and syntax of a reconstructed text but rather upon the narratival elements and structures characters images metaphors and theological emphases of an ldquointertextrdquo41

I see no reason to contest Rothrsquos objections to an uncritical acceptance of the CEQ text (of course the CEQ editors have already noted that it is only a work-ing reconstruction)42 Pending the surfacing of an actual copy of Q any recon-struction of its wording is necessarily going to remain hypothetical and thus subject to continued analysis Still to suggest that the hypothetical nature of the enterprise undermines its results perhaps runs the risk ldquothat a methodologi-cal limitation becomes an ontological description of Q itselfrdquo43 Roth admits that his own study of narratival and metaphorical elements ldquocannot function on an entirely lsquowordlessrsquo levelrdquo proposing as a solution that Qrsquos text should be accessed exclusively through the wording of Matthew and Luke44 Such drastic restrictions are in my opinion unnecessary In light of the previous discussion it is possible to assert from a methodologically sound position that Qrsquos recon-structions are not ldquopotentially faultyrdquo to the degree suggested by Roth45 While a precise word-by-word recovery may not be possible or even necessary in every verse of the synoptic double tradition a reliable near-word-level recon-struction of Q appears consistently attainable This is suggested by Lukersquos (and frequently Matthewrsquos) aforementioned preference of Qrsquos wording in the MarkQ parallels Matthewrsquos and Lukersquos slightly superior degree of verbal

39 See further Fleddermann Commentary 73ndash74 Luz ldquoQ in Matthewrdquo 45 (while positing

the existence of QMatt Luz concludes that it ldquodid not differ substantiallyrdquo from the main body of the Q source)

40 Roth Parables 41 41 Ibid 44ndash45 42 Ibid 38ndash39 Roth (ibid) also critiques Fleddermannrsquos alternative reconstruction 43 Kirk Q in Matthew 152 44 Roth Parables 40ndash41 45 Ibid 44

Index of Ancient Sources

Hebrew Bible (LXX)

Genesis414 28 3361ndash4 5062 4 (LXX) 115723 (LXX) 981316 331417 36174ndash6 1991710ndash14 1591817ndash18 1991826 (LXX) 981917 (LXX) 982218 199264 199

Exodus161ndash36 117171ndash7 1181715 (LXX) 1242114 (LXX) 1242225ndash26 1502320ndash21 23 1632415ndash16 (LXX) 472520 (LXX) 124

Numbers111ndash9 1172319 40

Deuteronomy324 (LXX) 146612ndash15 118613 (LXX) 116616 (LXX) 116 11882ndash3 11783 (LXX) 116811ndash20 118812ndash15 (LXX) 117

926 (LXX) 146159 (LXX) 205241ndash4 79 208 2092410ndash17 1502918ndash20 207319 25ndash26 209328ndash9 (LXX) 1213211 201

Joshua2313 (LXX) 207

Ruth212 201

1 Samuel27 (LXX) 1371821 (LXX) 207

1 Kings627 (LXX) 12486 (LXX) 1241717ndash24 162191ndash18 116 118 119194 (LXX) 117195 (LXX) 118198 (LXX) 117 1181910 14 (LXX) 1182219ndash23 (LXX) 121

2 Kings216 (LXX) 112 116418ndash37 16251ndash14 163

2 Chronicles58 (LXX) 1242314 125

Index of Ancient Sources246

Ezra91ndash2 1371018ndash44 137

Job16 11521 1151621 40256 40358 40387 115

Psalms2 16869 (LXX) 19785 40102 9 137178 2013510 137367 201605 (LXX) 124614 2016923 (LXX) 207722ndash12 1378018 40813 (LXX) 137901ndash2 4 (LXX) 124906 (LXX) 1249011ndash12 (LXX) 123914 2011063 (LXX) 1981091 (LXX) 4110916 22 13611826 1061457ndash8 (LXX) 1611463 401476 137

Proverbs1ndash9 55236 (LXX) 205264ndash5 189

Isaiah1ndash39 13511 168253ndash4 (LXX) 137315 201355 (LXX) 16140ndash55 135

426 168427 18 (LXX) 161435 198491ndash8 1685112 4055ndash66 135562 40563ndash8 136585ndash7 13860ndash62 135611 (LXX) 160 161611ndash2 (LXX) 48 134611ndash3 (LXX) 132 135 136 137665 (LXX) 1376618ndash20 164 198

Jeremiah317ndash18 164 1984918 33 405040 405143 40

Ezekiel8ndash11 112 11382 11440ndash48 112 113402 113403 114

Daniel713 27 40 41 168 213817 40

Amos13 (LXX) 20413ndash28 7528 15035 (LXX) 18086 (LXX) 137

Haggai220ndash22 163

Zechariah315 13787 198

Malachi16ndash29 163210ndash16 163

247Index of Ancient Sources

31 163 164 322ndash23 (LXX) 163

Old Tes tament Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha

1 Enoch1ndash5 761ndash36 4621ndash54 1226ndash11 526ndash16 4766 4573ndash6 1221021 164 198123ndash4 46124 113 125137 45139 45148ndash164 76151 46152ndash4 125171 11417ndash19 112 11320ndash36 112 113215 114242ndash257 113261ndash275 113323ndash6 11337ndash71 41 45 186 213381ndash6 122384ndash5 45391ndash3 45396 108413ndash8 76418 44421ndash2 (3) 126 171 201422 170451ndash6 76455 4546 52461ndash8 141462ndash4 42464ndash6 45468 46471ndash4 14148ndash49 52481 202481ndash10 141482 42

483 202483ndash7 168488ndash9 (10) 45 122492 4 168493 202505 76513 (5a) 168 172 20251ndash52 5252ndash56 112526 9 168531ndash5 45 122536 46 168542 45543ndash4 76545ndash6 45547 210554 45 108561ndash4 45565ndash8 43 44 45571 198591ndash6023 766010 4261ndash63 46 52621ndash9 45622ndash3 122624ndash6312 122625ndash14 42631ndash12 45 122632ndash4 106637 1236311 426312 76651ndash663 52671ndash681 52678ndash13 43 44 45 1226926ndash29 42 52701 42715ndash17 447113(14)ndash17 42 1418215ndash20 7683ndash84 52891ndash9 528973ndash74 1139038 164

Index of Ancient Sources248

1006 1681049ndash13 47

2 Enoch31ndash221 113101ndash6 112

3 Baruch3ndash17 113163 204

3 Enoch11ndash12 113

Ascension of Isaiah610ndash15 113

Baruch437 19855 198

Bel and the Dragon36 112 114 116

Jubilees11ndash8 209120 12122 114727 52102 52105 52106 121108ndash11 52 114 121114 121115 521114ndash1214 321220 1211525ndash34 1591531ndash32 114 1211928 121492 52

Letter of Aris teas155 145

Psalms of Solomon219 159823 30 1591112 1981731 164 1981810ndash12 76

Sirach21ndash17 72 86212 87143ndash7 2051410ndash11 202241ndash12 125247ndash11 1262410ndash11 1592525ndash26 2072611 2053113 2053522ndash3622 723824ndash3911 17243 76501ndash24 125

The Sentences of the Syriac Menander340ndash46 189

Tes tament of Abraham81ndash12 113

Tes tament of Levi26ndash57 113

Tes tament of Moses51ndash62 126

Tobit145ndash7 164 198

Vita Adae et Evae61ndash103 116121ndash161 115

Wisdom of Solomon410ndash15 46418ndash513 46

249Index of Ancient Sources

New Tes tament

Q32ndash958 (59ndash60) 101 103 104 108

126 155 173 17537 5237ndash9 16ndash17 5 54 64 68 70 90

104 11637ndash735 78 80 81 83 85

101 102 103317 54 9141ndash13 5 51 52 53 64 65

66 78 91 104 111 112 113 114 115 118 119 126 152 153 155 156

41ndash4 116 11745ndash8 114 119 121 122

123 15949ndash12 (13) 47 51 65 96 123

157 200416 91 129 130 131

153620ndash49 16 63 82 91 104

105 129 130 131 153

620b 12 91 132620bndash21 48 132 133 134

135 136 137620bndash23 5 131 132 143621a 12 20 91 132622 12 17 24 25 26

38 71 140 141 153 167 170 194 205

622ndash23 17 20 52 53 54 96 132 133 134 136 139 140 141 142 206

623c 64 82 129 132 139 140 142 143

627ndash35 (36) 13 16 71 129 147 151 152 153 154

629 24 91 150630 24 150631 91 152637ndash38 12 92640 92 144646 92 104 144 145

146 153 154 203

647ndash49 12 92 14471ndash10 9 64 92 104 126

155 156 158 169 197 199

76 145 20379 87 96 104 156

157 158 167 173 194 198 199

718ndash19 159 167718ndash23 159718ndash28 64 166718ndash960 92722 16 54 134 135

161 163 164 172727 96 163731ndash35 64 70 92 165 166

169 170 171733 51 53734 24 26 52 165 167

169 170 172735 166 170957ndash58 (59ndash60) 92 105 111 155

169 170 171957ndash62 63959ndash60 172 173958 24 25 26 27 38

52 71 164 165 169 170 171 172

959 145102ndash16 5 56 63 70 86

158 170 175 182 215

102ndash24 92102ndash1240 101 105 107 108

175 205104 48 92109 73 931012 93 1751012ndash15 54 64 82 861013ndash15 47 56 70 80 81

82 86 87 96 107 126 175 199 212

1016 72 931021 56 81 87 93 96

173 2091021ndash22 54 56 78 79 81

82 145 1941021ndash24 64 107

Index of Ancient Sources250

1022 81 93 114 116 145 146 203 209

1023ndash24 17 93 106112ndash4 9ndash13 5 63 78 93 117

176 177 179 180112b 48 178 184114 24 178119ndash13 12 93 176 177

178 179 180 1811114 51 1761114ndash20 52 531114ndash32 931114ndash52 64 107 1791118 51 53 93 114 121

1591124ndash26 51 53 9311(16) 29ndash32 9 54 70 96 2121130 24 26 52 1861133ndash52 93 2051134 93 2051139ndash52 70 107 126 1691142c 64 66 1251149 521149ndash51 47 53 54 66 96

118 119 157 2001151 52 200 205122ndash12 5 70 94 107 155

180 181 182 183 184 194

123 72 94124ndash5 54 70 73 181 182

190124ndash7 94 121 122 176

179 180 181 194 214

125 181 204128 24 26 38 54 185

187 188 189128ndash9 52 69 94 167 184

186 187 188 189 214

128ndash10 54 64 69 71 82 175 176 183 184 187 189 190 194 212

129 184 185 1881210 24 26 94 185 187

188 1891211ndash12 54 70 72 73 94

181 182 214

1222ndash31 (33ndash34) 63 73 176 177 178 179 180 190 192

1222ndash40 941224 23 178 1801227 231231 48 94 1841233 12 48 1911233ndash34 69 94 191 1921235ndash38 94 108 190 2031235ndash46 1081235ndash59 94 1081235ndash2230 101 105 108 109

197 2031239 17 18 95 1911239ndash40 18 20 54 70 71

94 105 175 190 191 192 193 203 212

1239ndash59 64 1911240 24 52 69 95 167

186 191 1931242ndash46 52 53 54 69 70

95 191 192 197 203 204 205 206 212

1245 96 2051246 2041251 20 951251ndash59 1081252ndash53 201256 171258ndash59 24 951318ndash19 20ndash21 5 20 48 63 95

108 2071318ndash24 951324 63 951325ndash30 54 63 82 871325ndash1423 54 95 96 126 158

1991327 52 53 96 118 1981328ndash29 96 198 1991334 52 125 2061334ndash35 47 53 54 63 66

81 82 83 96 105 106 107 108 109 118 119 125 157 194 198 200 201 202

1335 51 54 96 106 202

251Index of Ancient Sources

1411 54 961416ndash23 (24) 63 82 971423 541426 72 97 2151426ndash27 1733 20 63 72 971426ndash176 971427 54 97 140 141

182 2141434ndash35 63 97154ndash5a 7 20 63 97 108 2091613 12 63 94 971616 64 97 207 2091616ndash18 2061617 17 63 64 66 79

97 125 206 207 208 209

1616(17)ndash172 197 206 2081618 24 63 79 97 206

207 208 209171ndash2 97 207 208171ndash6 63173ndash4 18 20 98176 18 20 78 98 108

2101720ndash21 17 981723 98 2101723ndash37 54 64 69 70 71

98 167 170 197 210 211 212

1723ndash2230 108 2111724 26 30 24 52 98 991733 54 97 182 2141734ndash35 98 991912ndash26 64 69 99 108 197

203 204 205 206 212

1912ndash2230 991922 2052228ndash30 5 54 64 99 108

212

Matthew37 52310 9542 11745 12448 119 120413 130 1315ndash7 94 10251 119

54 13458 138511 (12) 52 205512 142515 7539 149 150540 15 150541 15 89 91 149 150542 150 151544 148 149544ndash45 91 149545 20861ndash18 94612 177619ndash21 94620 191623 205624 94625ndash34 94626 178627 177630 178 17975 1877 17779 177711 178 179712 152723 52724 26 9185ndash13 199810 155811ndash12 198 199819 169820 27 142 171821 172822 173829 12191ndash8 7920ndash22 97922 7937 92107 731026 71029 1801032 184 1891032ndash33 91 1841034 951038 731039 141115 134 163

Index of Ancient Sources252

1119 1691122ndash45 931125 2081217 731232 1841239 52 2051243 1241311 13 71342 951416 71521ndash28 97162bndash3 951613ndash28 1401617ndash19 471625 141171 1191717 7186 208186ndash22 97188ndash9 951825 971928 991929 992030 130219 1062131 972133ndash41 (42ndash46) 7 19221ndash14 18236ndash7 206237 1662334 522334ndash36 962335 522337 52 1972337ndash39 81 105 201243ndash41 210 211244ndash14 72423 982443 1912443ndash44 1932445 2062448 (49) 52 205251ndash13 972514ndash30 992526 28 2052530 992531 992541 95 121266ndash13 972640ndash41 7

2669 71 1302669ndash75 1892732 912755 97285 130289ndash10 972816ndash18 1192818 120

Mark114 21 131123ndash26 121124 130129ndash31 18821ndash12 731 14937ndash12 188313 114327 93328 188328ndash29 18443ndash8 193411ndash12 7413 177430ndash32 20 193438 177421ndash22 7435ndash41 9525ndash34 97534 761ndash6a 188615 163635ndash44 9637 7645ndash52 9645ndash826 971ndash23 9724ndash30 9 9781ndash10 9811ndash13 9822ndash26 9827 140827ndash98 47828 163831ndash33 121834ndash35 20835 141838 184 19092 11492ndash8 47

253Index of Ancient Sources

919 7943ndash47 951028 73 1791029 201035ndash40 1831039 1881046ndash52 91047 130119 1061117 7 1771122ndash23 25ab 18 201124 1801129ndash30 7121ndash9 (10ndash12) 7 19129 191211 191226 177133ndash37 210 211135ndash13 71315ndash16 991321 98143ndash9 971437ndash38 71447 95 1491462 411466ndash72 1891467 130151ndash5 951521 911541 97166 130

Luke15ndash25 10237 5242 11745 12246b 7 12046cd 120 121416 130416ndash30 188425ndash27 9438ndash39 188517ndash26 766 149617ndash19 188621 134622 205623 142625 134

627 149627ndash28 148628 149629 15 150630 150 151634 151635 91 208642 18646 146647ndash49 9179 155722 163734 169735 166 208810 7816ndash17 7824 177831 121848 7912ndash17 9913 7924 141926 190941 7957 169958 171959 172960 173102 92109 731017ndash20 1211021 208114 177115ndash8 97 177119 1771111 1771112 1171113 178 1791120 511121ndash22 931124 124 2051124ndash26 931129 52 2051143 166 2061149 521150 521151 52124 73 179126 180128 184

Index of Ancient Sources254

128ndash9 911211 731213ndash21 971223a 1771224 177 1781228 1791233 1911235ndash38 89 941239 1911239ndash40 1931242 2061245 52 2051249 89 951254ndash56 95131ndash35 1021327 52 1971328ndash29 1981334 52 1971415ndash24 181427 73158ndash10 97172 2081711ndash19 981720 981721 981722 981728ndash29 89 98 991731 991732 991733 971835ndash43 91912ndash27 991922 24 2051927 991938 96 1061941ndash44 961946 177209ndash16 (17ndash19) 7 192018 192037 177218ndash19 7223 1212228ndash30 992246 72249ndash51 952250 1492254ndash62 188234 14 952413ndash33 102

John446 158446ndash54 157448 158631ndash58 117844 121123 1061225ndash26 201231 1211430 1211611 1211828ndash1916 102

Acts23 9521ndash4 18951ndash11 189109ndash16 9121ndash2 183123ndash19 183

Romans1214 149

1 Corinthians412 14963 121 192132 18 20

2 Corinthians41ndash6 19244 121

Galatians113ndash14 18343 8ndash9 121 192

Ephesians21ndash2 121 192612 121 192

1 Thessalonians214ndash16 183218 121 19251ndash11 19252 20 19255ndash6 192

2 Thessalonians21ndash12 210 211

255Index of Ancient Sources

2 Timothy211ndash13 190

Hebrews1137 204

James 315ndash17 12444ndash7 121

1 Peter314 132 139 143319ndash20 47414 132 139 141 14358 121

2 Peter24ndash5 47 121

Jude16ndash7 121

Revelation110ndash20 113113 18635 19041ndash11 113123ndash4 121171ndash3 114173ndash18 112 113219ndash27 112 1132110 113

New Tes tament Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha

Gospel of Thomas1ndash71 1731ndash3 2161ndash4 1710 19 95111 1713 21161ndash2 20 95163 2017 1720ndash21 71 193201ndash4 20 192215ndash8 18 19 20 192243 36ndash39 17261ndash2 18262ndash331 1731 21361ndash3 19 143 180473 2148 18 19 20

54 137 13855 2058 17 13864 18 1965 1968 20 132 138 139

14068ndash69 19 139 143691 17 138692 19 20 137 13877 2179 2186 169 170103 17106ndash107 19 201131ndash2 9

Pseudo-Clementine Homilies12313 180

Dead Sea Scrolls

CD214ndash41 125412ndash14 121 124 125419ndash52 208

51ndash5 2091316ndash17 207122ndash3 121161ndash2 125

Index of Ancient Sources256

1QapGen 29 30 31 33 35 36 37 40

1QH430 40

1QM11 1211310ndash12 121175ndash6 51

1QpHab 56 125

1QS25 121211ndash15 207 208321ndash25 11749 18258 125119ndash10 1821120 40

1Q27 (1Q4QMys teries)1 i 1ndash8 56 202

4Q299 (1Q4QMys teries)3andashb ii 2ndash8 563andashb ii 9ndash16 56

4Q416 (4QIns truction)1 10ndash13 56 2021 12 1822 i 21ndashiv 13 562 ii 6 17 178

4Q417 (4QIns truction)1 i 6ndash9 561 i 10(11)ndash12 56 2021 i 12ndash13 561 i 14 561 i 16 115 1821 i 17 1821 i 24 56 2022 i 17ndash24 562 i 19 21ndash22 178

4Q418 (4QIns truction)69 ii 6ndash9 56 202

69 ii 12ndash13 5681 1ndash2 18281 2ndash5 5681 4 11581 5 11581 20 56 20288 56103 56107 56123 5ndash8 56

4Q423 (4QIns truction)5 3 565 5ndash6 56

4Q503 115

4Q521 16 54 135 137 159 160 161 162

4Q525 57 133

4QDeut j 1214 121

4QIsa 135

4QMMTC 4ndash9 125

11Q11 124

11Q13 135 137

11QPsa 191ndash18 121

11QT545 2075715ndash19 208669ndash11 207

Targums4QtgJob 314QtgLev 3111QtgJob 31 33 35 40

257Index of Ancient Sources

Josephus

Ant14133ndash146 4415103 451982 123

Bell188 46

1131ndash11 441161ndash5 461213 461335 452101ndash5 1232116 183

Babylonian Texts

Gilgamesh 112

Greek and Latin Authors

Dio CassiusHis t59271 120

HomerOd10503ndash15 1121112ndash22 112

PlatoPhaed111cndash112e 112

Senecade Ben2121ndash2 120

Seneca the ElderControv9210 183

TacitusAnn632 120

His t59 183

Apos tolic and Church Fathers

1 Clement132 153292 121394ndash5 121

2 Clement32 190134 148

Apos tolic Cons titutions721 152

722 148 150 151722ndash6 147725 149 150726 148 153

AthanasiusFes t Let 3911 14

Canons of the Holy Apos tles4ndash5 152

Index of Ancient Sources258

Chrysos tomHom Mt342 180

Clement of AlexandriaS trom4641 139 143

Didache11ndash63 1412c 15213b 148 14913bndash5b 11 12 13 15 16

71 147 151 15413bndash21 5 11 14 15 15013c 15113cndash4a 1413d 15 14814 1414a 1614b 15 14914c 91 15014d 15 149 150 15115a 15015b 148 15381ndash2 1482 16103bndash122a 14113 16113ndash137 14153ndash4 16161ndash8 210 211 212

EusebiusHis t Eccl3254

IrenaeusAdv Haer1101 1214162 121

Jus tin Martyr1 Apol159 148

2 Apol25 121

OrigenC Cels870 180

PolycarpPhilippians22ndash3 153

Shepherd of HermasMandate 24ndash6 153

Similitude535ndash8 138

Rabbinic Literature

j Ber3b 5b 5c 31 37 38

j Ket35a 31 37

j Šab3a 38d 31 37

j Taʿan65b 4069ab 125

R Gen72 313813 31 37796 31

R Num193 31 38

TargumsCairo BGen 414 31 33 34 37 41

259Index of Ancient Sources

Cairo FExod 1913 37Deut 346 37

Neof I Gen 414 31 33 41Gen 95ndash6 37Gen 4922 36

Papyri Manuscripts and Inscriptions

Br Mus Or 9271 14P Oxy 1 17P Oxy 654 17

P Oxy 655 17 143 180P Oxy 1782 14 15 148 151Sf III 16ndash17 40

Index of Modern Authors

Achtemeier P 139 141Adams S L 56 72 202Alexander P S 31 32Allison D C 1 2 3 5 12 22 24 66

75 77 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 90 91 94 96 98 99 103 105 107 112 117 119 120 123 125 129 130 131 133 134 135 136 138 139 140 144 147 148 149 150 152 153 155 158 160 163 169 170 172 175 176 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 193 197 198 200 205

Anderson A A 124Anderson F I 113Andrejevs O 25 164 172 190Arcari L 44Argall R A 47 72 202Arnal W E 23 24 48 59 61 63 65

66 67 68 78 86 104 123 125 132 134 136 150 191 194 208 214

Attridge H W 17Audet J-P 14Avigad N 29 30

Bailey K 102Bauckham R 12Baum A D 1Bazzana G B 1 3 24 59 178 198Beasley-Murray G R 158Berger K 104Bergmeier R 159 160 162Betz D H 3 24 51 103 146 179 183de Begraveze T 27Bird M F 159 198 199Black C C 11Black M 26 28 30 31 32 35 36 37

40 168Blenkinsopp J 135 136 137Boccaccini G 32 43 44 50Boring M E 38 183 184 185 188

192 211

Borsch F H 185Bovon F 5 19 93 95 96 98 99 106

140 177 179 184 185 198Bowman J W 28 33Boyarin D 23Breuer Y 34Brin G 208Broadhead E K 3 89Brodie T L 163Brooke G J 43 160Brown R E 11 12 102 130 157 158Broyles C C 123Bultmann R 3 60 98 111 132 156

158 184 185 186 187 188 201Burkett D 27 213Bussmann W 26

Campbell J Y 28 46Caragounis C C 27 29 39Carroll J T 3Carruth S 119Casey P M 29 34 35 37 39 41Cas tor G D 4 5Catchpole D R 21 77 90 96 99 129

131 145 147 156 157 159 164 175 188 198 208

Chang A 199Charlesworth J H 31 42 43 44 45

46 47 72 160 171 185Chazon E G 115 202Cheung L L 12Childs B S 163Chilton B D 26 36 39 117 130Clark D J 109Collins A Y 39 41 47 50 51 52 103

114 188 193 211Collins J J 23 40 43 48 49 50 51

52 53 57 76 77 121 126 160 161 162 163 168 202

Colpe C 25 26 28 29 31 32 36 37 39 40 45 140

Index of Modern Authors262

Conzelmann H 96 97Cotter W J 61 104 132 156 163 165

166 170 191Cromhout M 61 145 191Crossan J D 39 89 94 98 134

Dalman G 27 29 30Damm A 171Davidson M J 114Davies W D 1 2 3 91 99 119 120

131 138 139 140 149 150 169 172 179 180 184 185 193 197 200

DeConick A D 11 17 20 21 138 139 192

Derrenbacker R A 1 24Di Lella A A 73Dibelius M 12Diacuteez Macho A 30Dimant D 160DiTommaso L 57Doering L 208Downing F G 23 64Draper J A 13 14 15 16 68 156Dundenberg I 11Dunn J D G 1 149 183Dupont J 97 116Durham J I 163

Eldridge M D 117Elgvin T 49 56 57 115 202Eshel H 44

Fiebig P 26 27 28 34 37 39Fitzmyer J A 1 2 3 8 19 26 28 30

31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 82 91 95 97 98 117 118 119 130 131 133 138 139 140 146 149 163 177 179 208

Fleddermann H T 2 6 10 11 59 62 69 83 84 85 86 87 90 91 93 95 97 98 101 103 104 105 109 129 130 134 140 144 148 150 152 156 157 163 166 170 176 177 179 184 185 189 199 200 203 205 211

Flusser D 14 15Fos ter P 1 3 6 12 26Freedman H 32Frenschkowski M 145Frey J 56Freyne S 159 199

Funk F X 14 147

Garciacutea Martiacutenez F 49 57 160 162 202 208

Garrow A 13Gathercole S 17 19 20 138 139 181Gerber C 203Gibson J B 116Gieschen C A 147Ginsburger M 30Glover R 13 16Goering G S 72 125Goff M J 55 56 57 79 84 115 178

202Goodacre M 1 17 19Greenfield J C 27Greeven H 12Gregg B H 90 97 186 198 204Grenfell B P 14 17Guelich R A 193Guenther H O 26Gundry R H 150 181 197

Haenchen E 12 139 157 158 201Hahn F 185Han K S 124 125 200Hannah D D 42 43 45 46Hare D R A 38 39 40 184 185Harrington D J 33 55 57 202 Hartin P J 12 61 119 166Hasitschka M 118Heil C 5 38 60 99 119 181Higgins A J B 184Hill A E 163Hindley J C 43Hoffmann P 5 38 55 67 70 75 77

80 96 99 112 145 167 170 184 185

Holtzmann H J 4Hooker M D 45Horsley R 68 156 198 199 200van der Hors t P W 73Hossfeld F L 124Howard G 146Howes L 26 39 43 61 65 77 81 133

140 141 142 166 167 170 185 188 190 212

Hubbard B J 38Hultgren S 160 162Hunt A S 14 17

263Index of Modern Authors

van Iersel B M F 102

Jacobson A D 5 26 39 49 54 60 61 64 75 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 85 87 90 94 96 97 98 106 129 132 140 144 152 156 157 167 170 171 184 185 187 201 207 210

Jefford C N 13 14 15Jeremias J 179 198 204Jervis L A 55Jewett R 149Johnson L A 178 208Johnson L T 12Johnson-DeBaufre M 66 103 163Jonas H 51de Jonge H J 24 185Jongeling B 35Joseph S J 1 21 23 24 45 46 47 48

51 52 68 103 125 132 134 136 142 144 153 156 159 160 161 162 164 178 180 181 182 184 185 187 190 191 200 201 202 206 208 214 215

Jus t A A 102

Kahle P 26 30 31 36Kampen J L 162 209Kaufman S A 31 32 36 40Keener C S 183Kirk A 2 4 5 6 10 15 24 55 59 60

61 62 66 67 68 69 71 72 73 75 76 77 78 79 83 84 85 86 87 88 90 94 96 98 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 111 114 129 152 155 156 166 177 179 184 189 190 197 203 207 208 214 215

Kloppenborg J S 1 2 3 4 5 11 12 13 14 15 17 19 21 22 23 24 25 26 38 39 50 51 53 54 55 57 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 86 87 88 89 90 95 97 98 99 103 104 107 108 111 112 121 122 123 124 125 126 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 139 140 141 142 143 144 147 148 150 151 155 156 157 158 160 162 163 164 165 166 167 170 171 172 175 176 180 181 182 183 184 187 189

190 191 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 208 210 211 212 213

Knibb M A 46 202Koes ter H 15 38 48 60 61 63 66

148Koumlhler W D 16Kraus H-J 124Kutscher E Y 30 35 36

Lang B 201Laurence R 41Leives tad R 43Levine A-J 208Lichtenberger H 124Lindars B 29 34 37 39 43 184 185

188Lohfink N 118Lukaszewski A 25 27Luz U 3 10 60 74 75 78 81 87 90

91 93 95 96 97 99 102 106 111 131 134 140 142 145 148 150 151 166 169 180 181 184 185 197 198 199 201 204 207

Luumldemann G 183Luumlhrmann D 61 64 78 111 140 157

158 165 180 184

Mack B L 23 38 43 61 133 135 170Magness J 160Malherbe A 192 211Manson T W 5 28 101Maori Y 32Marcus J 8 11 41 47 102 183 188

193 199 211Marshall I H 3Martiacutenez R 166 167Martyn J L 183Maumlrz C-P 90 94McDermott J M 185McNamara M J 31Meadors E P 62 66 67 72 74 76 77

166 168 201Meadors G T 137Menken M J J 116 117Meyer A 27Meyer P D 157Middleton P 182Milik J P 36 42 43 187Milikowsky C 181Miller R J 63 201

Index of Modern Authors264

Mitchell D C 124Moller H B 29Moreland M 23Moss C 182Mournet T C 1Muraoka T 35 38Muumlnch C 203

Neirynck F 2 3 4 11 22 26 90 98 99 116 130 140 149

Nickelsburg G 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 52 53 76 106 112 113 122 126 141 168 172 202 210 213

Niebuhr K W 159Niederwimmer K 13 14 15 16 148

151 152Nielsen K 114 115Nolland J 179Novakovic L 160 162

Odeberg H 36Oegema G S 116Owen P 25 29 35

Patterson S J 17 18 21 61 63Perrin N 186Pervo R I 183Pietersma A 146Piovanelli P 44 45Piper R A 61 82 112 176 190Ploeg J P M 35Pokornyacute P 11 17 19 117 139Polag A 62 73 89 90 94Porter S E 180 181Porton G G 38Pries t J 126Propp W H C 163Puech Eacute 133 160 162

Ra Y 39 132 145 155 170 184 185Reicke B 141Riesner R 183Robbins M C 51 103 113 115 117

121 125Robbins V K 104Robinson J M 2 5 24 26 34 38 39

41 43 55 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 77 96 103 119 129 131 132 134 135 140 142 143 144 145

156 160 165 166 167 180 181 184 185 186 187 188 190 200 201 202

Rodd C S 6 7 9Rollens S E 2 3 23 24 26 61 132

182 191Roth D T 2 6 7 10 11 54 90 145

165 191 192 203 204 205 206Rothschild C K 90 159 164Royse J R 146Roumlsel M 146

Sacchi P 43 44 45 47Sandt H 5 14 15Sato M 3 59 62 74 75 76 77 79 80

82 83 87 90 94 98 111 134 170 176 184

Schalit A 44Schenk W 62 73 89 90 103 170 176Schiavo L 104 112 113Schiffman L H 57 160Schnackenburg R 12 157 158Schniedewind W M 160Schroumlter J 180Schulz S 74 132 165 167 176 179

201 210Schuumlrmann H 8 130 167 170Seeley D 132 141 142Segal M 43 114 121Sellew P 193Sevenich-Bax E 103 105Shelton J 163Shepherd D 29 35Shinall M C 51Shirock R J 102Sjoumlberg E 28 29 35 39 45Skeat T C 180Skehan P W 73Smith D A 96 201 202 203So K-C 157Sokoloff M 35Somov A 181Spranger P P 204S taples J A 145 146 154S teck O H 61 64 132 201S tone M E 45S treeter B H 4 12 130S trugnell J 55S tuckenbruck L T 27 30 47 51 65

114 121Syreeni K 4 15 153

265Index of Modern Authors

Tabor J D 160Tannehil R C 178 208Taylor N H 120 123 183Theissen G 123Theophilos M P 126Tigchelaar E J C 56Tiwald M 3 23 160Toumldt H E 47 184 185 186 187Tuckett C M 1 3 6 9 11 13 14 15

17 23 26 49 50 53 54 61 62 63 66 68 72 76 77 84 86 90 94 95 98 112 114 119 121 125 130 134 140 150 154 156 157 158 160 166 170 184 193 199 205 206 207 208 210

Uhlig S 45Uro R 26 62 185

Vaage L E 23 24 26 39 61 133 165 167 170 171 190 191 210

VanderKam J C 43 46 57 168Vassiliadis P 89 94de Vaux R 56Vermes G 26 28 29 31 32 33 34 35

36 37 38 39 40 43 140 160 184

Wacholder B Z 209

von Wahlde U C 12 158Wahlen C 51Walck L W 46 52Watson F 1Weaks J A 6 7Weinfeld M 118 146 207 208Weiser A 124Weiss B 130Wellhausen J 26Welch J W 102Wernberg-Mѳller P 36Wes termann C 135 136Williams P J 35Wilson W T 149Wins ton D 46 72Wise M O 160Witetschek S 86 167Wolter M 90van der Woude A S 35Wright III B J 72 202

Xeravits G G 202

York A D 32

Zeller D 63 69 111 165 212Zenger E 124

Index of Subjects

Abel-Main (Tell Abl) 45Abraham 32 157Agrippa I 123 183Ahab 118 121angel of Yahweh 163angelicheavenly rebellion 121 125Antigonus 43aphaeresis 27 32 34 36 38apocalypse 48ndash as incorrectly applied to Mk 133ndash37

211ndash as incorrectly applied to Q 1723ndash37

210 211apocalypticndash Chris tianity 53ndash discourse 211ndash framework 57 121ndash inaccurately used as a noun 49ndash literature 47 53 54 135ndash language in Ben Sira 72ndash tradition 56 57 186ndash wisdom ins tructions other than Q 56

57 77 202ndash worldview (outside of Q see its at-

tes tation in Q referenced separately below) 24 49 50 51 55 57 87 121

apocalypticism 25 87 58 62ndash and apocalypse 48 49ndash and eschatology 48ndash as a literary category 48 79ndash as a dis tortion of Godrsquos intended

order 23ndash as compatible with wisdom in late

second temple literature 57 62 66 70 72 154 202

ndash as having a place outside the genre of an apocalypse 49

ndash as synonymous with apocalyptic worldview 49

ndash in Pauline thought 192ndash in sectarian environments 53

ndash in recent Q scholarship 48ndash methodological definitions of 50 54

186Aramaic 25 26 46 70 140 187 204

213ndash OfficialImperialBiblical 26 27 35

40ndash Middle 26 27 30 32 33 34 35 36

37 38 40 41 52 167 170 187 188ndash Late 26 27 28 32 33 34 35 36 37

38 41 140 187ndash Galilean 29 36 38ndash Qumran 31 32 35 38Athaliah 125Augus tus 45

Babylonian Exile 118Banias 45βασιλείαndash as a hypothetical metaphor reflecting

the social interes ts of Qrsquos author(s) 48

ndash as a political entity 120ndash of God 23 48 73 95 108 123 132

177 178 182 183 184 192 194 206 207

ndash of Satan 51 114ndash realized 142beatitude(s) 82 91 93 105 131 132

133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 153

Bethsaida 45 56 93

Caesarea Philippi 46(Cairo) Geniza fragments 28 29 30 32

36 37Capernaum 45 56 93chiasm 83 85 101 102 103 109 118

120chias tic 85 101 103 106 107 108 120

152 197

Index of Subjects268

Chorazin 56 93chreia(s) 63 71 104 105 120 211chreiic 65 86 104 105 111 156chris tology (see the Q discussion refer-

enced separately below)ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 17ndash in Luke 19ndash in Mark 131circumcision 159 209Claudius 183cosmic mountain 114 119Cynic(s) 23

Dan 45 47Darius I 163Deuteronomis t 118Deuteronomis tic His tory 146deuteronomis ticndash agenda 156ndash context(s) 143 153ndash framework 53 54ndash motifs 118 127ndash orientation 64ndash outlook 61 82 114ndash redaction 80ndash rhetoric 136ndash s tratums trata 78ndash theme 78ndash tradition 79ndash unders tanding 64devil 51 66 114 117 119 120 121 123

124

Elijah 96 116 118 126 162 163 164ElijahElisha cycle 162 163Enoch 44 45 47 51 76 112 113 157

172 202ndash as a scribe 46ndash Book of Watchers 45 113 125ndash sapiential content in Watchers 76ndash Book of Parables 24 41 47 157 167

171 213ndash sapiential content in Parables 76ndash Epis tle of Enoch 43ndash his torical incarnation of 202ndash Seminar 47Enochicndash author 122ndash corpus 52 73ndash formulation 52

ndash framework 121ndash literaturetext 43 46 56ndash movement 47 53 157 210ndash mythology 113 114 122 164ndash Son of Man 172ndash tradents 46ndash tradition 43 46 47 79 113 122 157

215ndash Watchers myth 45 53 121eschatological prophetndash in 4Q521 160 162ndash in Q 164 165 166eschatology (see the Q discussion refer-

enced separately below) 47 48 50ndash in 1 Enoch 42 47 76 122 141 142

168 169ndash in 4Q521 159 160 162ndash in 4QIns truction 56ndash in Ben Sira 72ndash in Malachi 163 164ndash in Psalms of Solomon 159ndash in Trito-Isaiah 136Exodusndash legendmyth 117ndash imagerymotifs 116 163

form (literary)ndash and meaning 82ndash and worldview 76ndash apocalypse 49ndash criticism 61 62 63 67 68 69 70

74 156 170 214ndash miracle s tory 156ndash wisdom 84ndash (wisdom) ins truction 70 71

Gaius (Caligula) 44 46 123Galilee 23 36 44 45 47 56 73 131

171 194 215ndash village scribes 48ndash villagestowns 24 93 199Gentile(s) 9 87 96 120 126 155 157

158 159 164 167 168 169 173 198 199 209 215

Great Omission 8 9

HasidicHasidim 79 162Hebrew 25 35 39 40 41 42 204Hebrew Biblescriptures 24 118 127

136 160

269Index of Subjects

Hermogenes 171mt Hermon 45 46 47Herod the Great and the Herodian era

43 44 45 46 126Herodians 45(holy) Spirit 72 94 178 189Hulah Valley 45

Isaiah (see the Index of Ancient Sources for specific passages)

ndash Deutero 46 135 136 168 169ndash firs t-century reader of 135ndash Trito 51 54 135 136 137 143 154

163 200Israelndash in Ben Sira 125ndash in Daniel 168ndash in Deuteronomy 118ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 139ndash in the Hebrew Bible 198 199ndash in Jubilees 121ndash in Malachi 163ndash in Q 53 64 78 80 87 96 104 118

127 155 156 158 198 199ndash pre-exilic 50ndash traditional wisdom of 58ndash wilderness myth 117

James (son of Zebedee) 183Jerusalem 44 72 96 106 108 113 119

125 159 166 199 200ndash culttemple 136 137 163 214ndash pries thood 45 47 127Jesusndash as an apocalyptic figure in Q 38ndash as a literary character in Q 21ndash floating traditions ascribed to 48ndash his torical 21 29 37 43 47 73 116

141 142 164 165 171 172 186 198ndash his torical greeting of in Jerusalem

106ndash movement 23ndash tradition 161Jewish Chris tianityndash as a movement in a contes ted envi-

ronment 43 183ndash as a proliferation of groups and

communities 183ndash on the use of the term 23

ndash possible connection to the Enochic movement 47

Jewish War 200John (the Baptis t) 68 78 80 83 85 90

91 92 97 103 104 105 116 159 163 164 165 166 167 169 172

ndash followers of 159 165 166ndash his torical 159 165Journeysndash cosmicterres trial 76 112 113 114

119 122 127ndash heavenly 45 112 113Judea 36 44 200 215

Kallirrhoeuml 45Kleinliteratur 3 4 59 60 73 215

Lordrsquos Prayer 93 94 177Lot 97 99

Maccabean era 126Mas tema 121Matthew and Luke as conservative

traditionalis ts 4Matthewrsquos and Lukersquos redactorial

freedom 4Matthewrsquos use of Q 4messiah 106 116 162 164 210messiahship 123messianic 116 210Migdal 46mimesis 114 141minor agreements 15 130Minor Prophets 146Moses 117

Nag Hammadi 17Nimrod 32

oralndash possible cross-influence on the Gos-

pel of Thomas from the canonical gospels 11 193

ndash harmonization of Matthew and Luke 16

ndash life of the primitive community 60ndash performance 15 16 161ndash source utilization 15ndash tradition 17 98 151ndash transmission 188

Index of Subjects270

ndash usage and application of Q 4ndash usage of Matthew 15ndash variants of Q 4Oxyrhynchus 17

Paneion 46Parousia 116 186 193Parthian invasion of 40 BCE 44 46Paulndash his torical 149 183ndash possible awareness of the Q tradition

by 192persecutionndash as an apocalyptic motif 54ndash because of someone 142ndash in authentic Pauline corpus 149 183ndash in Q 52 54 78 94 107 118 122

126 132 133 134 140 141 142 143 144 175 180 181 182 184 190 194 200 206

ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 138ndash in the Parables of Enoch 141ndash in Trito-Isaiah 137 200ndash plausibility of 182 183Pharisees 65 68 94 166 169 205 206

214pleroma 39prophecyndash pre-exilic and Persian era (classical)

50ndash mixture of with wisdom 77Prophetisierung 75

Qndash apocalypticism apocalyptic motifs

features imagination framework and worldview 23 25 46 53 57 58 63 69 70 71 73 76 79 84 87 88 111 114 121 127 141 175 190 194 197 202 210 211 213 214

ndash apocalyptic document 48 51ndash apocalyptic wisdom ins truction 23

55 70 73 74 77 79 214ndash (apocalyptic) communitymovement

55 107 122 194 195 206 209ndash Aramaic roots 26ndash chris tology 70 81 83 87 93 104

115 116 123 130 131 142 144 145 147 153 154 156 157 159 164 166 167 194 214

ndash demonology 51 53ndash eschatological (apocalyptic) dis-

course 64 83 97 98 170 210 211 212

ndash eschatology 48 51 54 56 69 73 75 87 94 95 101 104 105 108 133 141 142 143 144 147 159 164 165 166 167 169 172 180 192 193 194 198 199 202 203 210

ndash final (literary) form 59 62 69 78 178

ndash hypothetical mid- (lower) level or sub-elite scribal origin 24 59

ndash hypothetical recensions 3 4 59 60 90 98

ndash hypothetical segregation of wisdom and apocalyptic s trata 60 66 67 70 213 214

ndash mission speech 23 56 86 87 92 104 105 107 173 182 194

ndash Pales tinian character 24ndash possible authenticity of its content

22 81ndash prophetic content 61 63 67 70 74

75 76 77 79 80 82 83 142 143 176

ndash recons truction (CEQ) 5 6 10 90 (see also recons truction [in this s tudy] below as such frequently follows the CEQ)

ndash recons truction (feasibility) 2 3 4 10 11

ndash recons truction (in this s tudy) 60 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 111 116 119 120 123 130 131 134 144 147 148 149 151 152 165 169 170 172 175 176 177 178 179 181 184 191 193 199 204 207 213 215

ndash recons truction (methodology) 5 89 90

ndash recons truction (skepticism) 2 10 59 (see also recons tructed Mark below)

ndash sapiential content 12 62 63 67 77 79 80 82 130 154 175 191 202 214

ndash sermon 63 82 91 92 103 105 127 129 130 131 134 135 138 140 144 145 147 152 153 154 155 156

ndash sophis ticated scribal traditions 24ndash sub-literary view of 3 59 60 74

271Index of Subjects

ndash tradents 4 59 67 125 135 147 181 182 197 199 202 203 207 209 214

ndash tradition 13 17 87 161 163 164 186 187 192 202

Quintillian 171Qumran (see the Index of Ancient

Sources for specific documents)ndash apocalyptic worldview 50 135ndash Aramaic corpus 33ndash beatitude collection 133ndash communitymovementYahad 44 53

56 121 135 136 137 157 160 161 206 207 208 209

ndash demonology 124ndash discovery 29ndash fellowship with angels 115ndash fragments of 1 Enoch 44ndash library 43ndash manualsrules 82ndash sapiential literature 25 55 56 57

58 62 69ndash social setting 43

recons tructed Mark 2 6 7 8 9 10RomeRomans 44 91 121 126 159

199 207ndash occupation of Judea 44

sage(s) 55 56 79 84Samaria 44Satan 50 51 52 53 114 115 117 118

120 121 159 192scribe(s) 102 205ndash ancient reading practices of 102ndash as a Q opponent group 68 169 205ndash as advanced or elite readers of Q

102 103ndash Enochic 46 215ndash in Matthewrsquos community (other than

Matthew) 4ndash in the Q community 48 135 195

215ndash in the text of Q 169 172ndash memory competence of 4 102ndash responsible for 2 Enoch 112ndash responsible for Did 13bndash5b 15scriptorium 46Sefire 27 37Sepphoris 38 46Sermon on the Mount 15 16 87 94

Sermon on the Plain 15 16(Deutero-Isaianic) Servant 136 168 169Sidon 199Simeon II 125Son of Man 47 115ndash Aramaic background of the phrase

25 26 28 37 153ndash as a messianic title in the Parables of

Enoch 28 46ndash circumlocutional non-titular use of

the phrase in Late Aramaic 34ndash classifications of the phrasersquos Q

ins tances 26ndash designation of as Son of Humanity in

some recent research 39ndash his torical incarnation of as under-

s tood by some ancient authors 165 172

ndash hypothetical non-titular (circumlocu-tional or generic) use of the definite phrase in Middle Aramaic by the his torical Jesus and in Q 28 29 34 37 38 39 42 43 52 71 140 142 167 170 186 187

ndash in Daniel 41 42 186 213ndash in Luke 142 186ndash in Mark 41ndash in Matthew 99 142 186ndash in Q 25 26 34 38 39 42 43 46 47

52 53 64 67 69 70 71 96 98 104 106 115 116 123 141 142 147 164 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 176 185 186 187 188 189 191 194 201 203 210 212 213

ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 170ndash in the Parables of Enoch 25 28 41

42 43 44 45 46 47 122 141 142 146 147 153 155 164 165 168 169 172 173 202 213

ndash non-titular use of the indefinite phrase in Middle Aramaic 41

ndash titular (including but not limited to chris tological) use of the definite phrase in Q 34 38 52 53 64 70 104 123 142 143 147 167 168 172 173 185 186 187 189 191 194 201 203 210 212 213

Sondergut 89 90ndash Matthean 91ndash Lukan 94 95 97 98 177

Index of Subjects272

Sophiandash myth (Enochic tradition) 172 202ndash myth (synoptic tradition) 96 200

201ndash words of 96 201synopticndash gospels 11 150 151ndash material 16 151ndash parallels 18 19ndash problem 1ndash Sayings Source 3 216ndash s tudies 4ndash tradition 17 21 26 98 101 131 151

158 205 215Syria 215

Talmud 30 36 37 38Targum 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

38 40 41ndash recons truction of the Pales tinian Tar-

gum 32Taricheae 46Tell Dan 45templendash apparatusins titution 50 96 107

113 119 125 126 127 137 157 197 200 205

ndash eschatological 76

ndash purityholiness of 65 123 137ndash mitigatingprotective role 51 124ndash of Augus tus at Paneion 45ndash second temple era 25 41 44 48 56

62 70 71 72 79 82 84 121 124 136 137 154 163 186 201 209 213 216

ndash liturgy 124ndash mounthill 113ndash pollution of as perceived by some

ancient authors 113 125 136Theon of Alexandria 171Tiberias 38Torah 58 64 72 79 112 207 208 209transfiguration 47tree of knowledge 113Tyre 199

Vermes-Fitzmyer debate 28 38 39

Watchers 45 53 121Wicked Pries t 125

Yahweh 117 118

Zechariah (son of Jehoiada) 200mt Zion 113

  • Cover13
  • Titel13
  • Preface
  • Table of Contents13
  • List of Abbreviations
  • Chapter One Prolegomena
    • 1 Introduction Recent Methodological Questions in Q Studies
    • 2 The Study of Q as a Reconstructed Text
      • Index of Ancient Sources
      • Index of Modern Authors
      • Index of Subjects
Page 15: Apocalypticism in the Synoptic Sayings Source€¦ · Apocalypticism in the Synoptic Sayings Source A Reassessment of Q’s Stratigraphy Mohr Siebeck. Olegs Andrejevs, born 1982;

2 The Study of Q as a Reconstructed Text 3

2 The Study of Q as a Reconstructed Text 2 The Study of Q as a Reconstructed Text It is one thing to assert based on the synoptic evidence that Q was a written document with a single recension of the finished text6 It is another matter to

S Kloppenborgrdquo For the rationale see eg John S Kloppenborg ldquoIntroductionrdquo in The Shape of Q Signal Essays on the Sayings Gospel (ed Idem Minneapolis MN Fortress Press 1994) 1 n 1 I am sympathetic with Neirynckrsquos view (ldquoQ From Source to Gospelrdquo 429) it is ldquoan advantage of the full designation lsquo(Synoptic) Sayings Source Qrsquo that it reminds us of the fact that we have no direct access to the text of Q it remains a hypothetical source text that we are to reconstruct from Matthew and Lukerdquo Furthermore there is ldquoa difference between recogniz-ing that the sayings of Jesus contain the gospel and designating the Sayings collection as a Gospelrdquo Edwin K Broadhead ldquoOn the (Mis)Definition of Qrdquo JSNT 68 (1999) 9

6 The alternative premise ndash of two separate recensions (QMatt and QLk) ndash is quite venerable Eg Rudolph Bultmann The History of the Synoptic Tradition (New York NY Harper amp Row 1963) 328 (originally published in 1921) In modern research it has continued to be accepted with a varying degree of certainty by a number of New Testament and Q scholars eg I Howard Marshall The Gospel of Luke A Commentary on the Greek Text (NIGTC Grand Rap-ids MI Eerdmans 1978) 30ndash1 Davies and Allison Matthew 1121 Migaku Sato Q und Prophetie Studien zur Gattungs- und Traditionsgeschichte der Quelle Q (WUNT 229 Tuuml-bingen Mohr Siebeck 1988) 18ndash19 Hans Dieter Betz The Sermon on the Mount (Hermeneia Minneapolis MI Fortress Press 1995) 7ndash9 Ulrich Luz Matthew 8ndash20 (Hermeneia Minne-apolis MN Fortress Press 2001) Idem Matthew 21ndash28 (Hermeneia Minneapolis MN For-tress Press 2005) Idem ldquoMatthew and Qrdquo in Studies in Matthew (Grand Rapids MI Eerd-mans 2005) 39ndash53 Idem Matthew 1ndash7 (Hermeneia Minneapolis MN Fortress Press 2007) Idem ldquoLooking at Q through the Eyes of Matthewrdquo in New Studies in the Synoptic Problem Oxford Conference April 2008 Essays in Honour of Christopher M Tuckett (ed Paul Foster Andrew Gregory John S Kloppenborg Joseph Verheyden BETL 239 Leuven Leuven Uni-versity Press 2011) 571ndash89 John T Carroll Luke A Commentary (NTL Louisville KY Westminster John Knox Press 2012) 8 Rollens Framing Social Criticism 86 n 10 Bazzana Kingdom of Bureaucracy 4ndash5 John S Kloppenborg ldquoA lsquoParting of the Waysrsquo in Qrdquo in Q in Context I The Separation between the Just and the Unjust in Early Judaism and in the Sayings Source (ed Markus Tiwald BBB 172 Goumlttingen Vandenhoeck amp Ruprecht 2015) 123 Klop-penborg (ibid) has recently stated ldquoIn what follows I will assume the still-dominant view of Q that it is a document that came to Matthew and Luke in approximately the same form I say lsquoapproximatelyrsquo because we must allow for some variation at least in wording of Q and perhaps even expansions ndash the kind of elaboration that Ulrich Luz and his students have proposedrdquo In my view the drawbacks of this hypothesis significantly outweigh its potential benefits Klop-penborg (Excavating Q 109) and Bazzana (Kingdom of Bureaucracy 4ndash5) appeal to the diver-sity of the NT manuscripts and their circulation patterns but this is an argument from analogy rather than a demonstration The only way of demonstrating the existence of such recensions would be by showing (preferably on multiple occasions) that Matthewrsquos or Lukersquos Sondergut text adjacent to or interpolated in a Q block of material is traditional coheres with the content of that Q block and of the Q document and is unlikely to have been omitted by the other evan-gelist This is virtually impossible to demonstrate conclusively and so the hypothesis enters the realm of speculation (eg Fitzmyer Luke 80) where ldquoin every case there are other possible explanationsrdquo (Luz ldquoLooking at Qrdquo 579) Further red flags lurk in the occasional connection between the multiple recension hypothesis and the sub-literary (Kleinliteratur) view of Q (eg ibid 578 584) Thus Luz (Matthew 1ndash7 19) and Sato (Q und Prophetie 72ndash77) envision Q as

4 Chapter One Prolegomena

produce a reliable reconstruction of that text The point of departure rests with Matthewrsquos and Lukersquos redaction of Mark Luke preserves the Markan order with only minor exceptions The implications of this naturally carry over to the reconstruction of Qrsquos sequence7 Based on the conclusions reached by Heinrich Julius Holtzmann in 18638 confirmed by Burnett Hillman Streeter and George DeWitt Castor in the first half of the twentieth century9 and reaffirmed by the

a notebook to which new sheets could be added at any time Some such approach to Q has formed the dominant paradigm in 2DH based synoptic studies until only recently See the sur-vey of scholarship in Alan Kirk The Composition of the Sayings Source Genre Synchrony and Wisdom Redaction in Q (NovTSup 91 Leiden Brill 1998) 2ndash64 As the discussion in chapters three and five of this study will suggest (in continuity with Kirkrsquos view) the Kleinlit-eratur paradigm constitutes a mischaracterization of Q This still leaves the option of Q receiv-ing further editing from its own tradents which essentially amounts to an additional layer of redaction (eg one would have to envision a Q4 stratum in Kloppenborgrsquos stratigraphy) The outline and profile of such a redaction (or in the case of QMatt and QLk redactions) remains to be demonstrated however Meanwhile the documentrsquos eventual disappearance and complete lack of attestation in the Church Fathers suggests caution in imagining any kind of significant textual proliferation Could multiple autonomous copies of Q go from being in possession by and being normative for some of the early Christianityrsquos most prominent communities to van-ishing not only from existence but also from subsequent memory It seems that the possibility of a single circulating copy at least deserves further consideration Finally Neirynckrsquos objection remains pertinent ldquothe need for positing an intermediate stage is it not a logical consequence of their too restrictive notion of Matthean and Lukan redactionrdquo Frans Neirynck ldquoQMt and QLk and the Reconstruction of Qrdquo ETL 66 (1990) 390 In other words Qrsquos putative textual fluidity has much to do with a restriction of Matthean andor Lukan redactorial freedom and derives logically from a view of Matthew andor Luke as conservative traditionalists Syreenirsquos obser-vations made with regard to the thesis of a QMatt offer an alternative ldquoInstead of such a literary evolution it would be quite natural to reckon with oral usage and application of Q sayings and sequences in Matthewrsquos community Oral variants and new combinations of various Q passages as well as combinations of Q and special material were to be expected if Q was used for pur-poses of community teaching and paraenesis Also ecclesiastical material which was affected or even inspired by Q sayings was likely to emerge Some literary reworking may have been made what I doubt however is the existence of a massively expanded QMt editionrdquo Kari Syreeni The Making of the Sermon on the Mount A Procedural Analysis of Matthewrsquos Redac-torial Activity (AASF 44 Helsinki Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia 1987) 161 Because the ex-istence of scribes other than the gospelrsquos author in Matthewrsquos community has not been demon-strated I hesitate to imagine a literary reworking of Q by that community prior to the gospelrsquos composition (a similar situation obtains on the Lukan side) With this minor adjustment Syreenirsquos statement describes the optimal alternative to the multiple recension hypothesis

7 It should be noted however that although Matthewrsquos approach to Q (when reconstructed based on its Lukan sequence) can be described as liberal Matthewrsquos ldquoappropriative movement through Q is consistently forwardrdquo indicating memory competence and ldquocognitive operations that follow the schematic organizational linesrdquo of the source Kirk Q in Matthew 166

8 Heinrich Julius Holtzmann Die synoptischen Evangelien Ihr Uhrsprung und geschicht-licher Charakter (Leipzig Wilhelm Engelmann 1986) 142ndash43

9 Burnett Hillman Streeter ldquoOn the Original Order of Qrdquo in Oxford Studies in the Synoptic Problem (ed William Sanday Oxford At the Clarendon Press 1911) 141ndash64 George DeWitt

2 The Study of Q as a Reconstructed Text 5

ensuing Q scholarship as well as a number of Matthean and Lukan scholars10 today it is possible to assert with ldquoa near unanimity that Luke best preserved the sequence of Q sayingsrdquo11

Q attained what currently remains its definitive reconstruction by the end of the twentieth century in the form of The Critical Edition of Q (hereafter CEQ)12 To call the CEQ ldquodefinitiverdquo of course is to neither imply its infalli-bility nor to expect it to produce the final say on the matter13 As noted by James M Robinson in the introduction to the CEQ it was a product ldquoof a team of scholars who have been working together since 1985 as the International Q Projectrdquo (hereafter IQP)14 The text and sequence of Q published in the CEQ

Castor Matthewrsquos Sayings of Jesus The Non-Marcan Common Source of Matthew and Luke (PhD diss University of Chicago 1918) 120ndash39

10 Eg T W Manson The Sayings of Jesus as recorded in the Gospels according to St Matthew and St Luke arranged with introduction and commentary (London SCM Press 1949 reprint 1971) 39ndash148 James M Robinson ldquoThe Sermon on the Mount Plain Work Sheets for the Reconstruction of Qrdquo SBLSP 22 (1983) 451ndash54 Arland D Jacobson The First Gospel An Introduction to Q (FFRS Sonoma CA Polebridge Press 1992) 45 Dale C Allison The Jesus Tradition in Q (Harrisburg PA Trinity Press International 1997) 2 n 6 Franҫois Bovon Luke 1 A Commentary on the Gospel of Luke 11ndash950 (Hermeneia Minneapolis MN Fortress Press 2002) 6ndash8 Kirk Q in Matthew 163ndash66

11 Kloppenborg Verbin Excavating Q 88 Noting that ldquomost recent reconstructions of Q include both (a) the double tradition and (b) items triply attested where the degree of agreement against Mark is substantial and where the agreements are not likely to be merely coincidentalrdquo Kloppenborg (ibid 92) uses these criteria to assign the following texts to Q (by Lukan versifi-cation) Q 37bndash9 16bndash17 41ndash13 620bndash23 27ndash33 35c 36ndash37b 38c 39ndash49 71bndash2 6bndash10 18ndash19 22ndash23 24ndash28 31ndash35 957ndash60 102ndash16 21ndash22 23bndash24 112ndash4 9ndash13 14ndash20 23 24ndash26 29ndash35 39ndash44 46ndash52 122ndash12 22bndash31 33ndash34 39ndash40 42bndash46 51ndash53 54bndash56 58ndash59 1318ndash19 20ndash21 24 26ndash27 28ndash30 34ndash35 14111814 1416ndash24 26ndash27 34ndash35 154ndash7 1613 16 17 18 171bndash2 3bndash4 6b 23ndash24 26ndash27 30 33 34ndash35 37b 1912ndash13 15bndash26 2228bndash30 Kloppenborg also assigns to Q some Sondergut materials which involve a different set of methodological considerations See the discussion in chapter four

12 James M Robinson Paul Hoffmann and John S Kloppenborg eds The Critical Edition of Q Synopsis including the Gospels of Matthew and Luke Mark and Thomas with English German and French Translations of Q and Thomas (Hermeneia Supplement Series Minneap-olis MN Fortress Press 2000)

13 It may suffice here to quote the editors James M Robinson ldquoHistory of Q Researchrdquo in The Critical Edition of Q lxxi ldquoIt is not to be assumed that the present critical text is a last wordrdquo John S Kloppenborg ldquoThe Use of the Synoptics or Q in Did 13bndash21rdquo in Matthew and the Didache Two Documents from the Same Jewish-Christian Milieu (ed Huub van de Sandt Minneapolis MN Fortress Press 2005) 115 ldquoWhile the Critical Edition should hardly be taken as the definitive reconstruction of Q it does provide a benchmark and a useful point of referencerdquo

14 Robinson ldquoHistory of Q Researchrdquo xix For a survey of IQPrsquos methodology and results as assessed at the time of the CEQrsquos publication see Christoph Heil ldquoDie Q-Rekonstruktion des Internationalen Q-Projekts Einfuumlhrung in Methodik und Resultaterdquo NovT 43 (2001) 128ndash43 For IQP work sessions see James M Robinson ldquoThe International Q Project Work Session 17 November 1989rdquo JBL 109 (1990) 499ndash501 Idem ldquoThe International Q Project Work

6 Chapter One Prolegomena

therefore represent a consensus among a group of scholars reflecting the pre-suppositions held by those scholars at a particular juncture in the history of Qrsquos research15 That it is only a necessary first step and demands continued reeval-uation becomes evident from the fact that some of the IQP members whose preferences were occasionally not reflected in the CEQ proceeded to release their own alternative reconstructions of Q either shortly before or after the CEQrsquos seminal publication16 Indeed the present study also makes several emendations of both the CEQrsquos reconstruction of the documentrsquos sequence and of its wording Overall however it is clear that the CEQ will continue to pro-vide the baseline for compositional studies of Q for years to come

The availability of the reconstructed text enables the literary analysis of Q A number of scholars however have recently expressed doubts regarding the attainability of not only Qrsquos wording but in fact of the documentrsquos full extent Cyril S Rodd has declared it ldquosheer conjecturerdquo to imagine ldquothat the passages which are common to Matthew and Luke comprise this Q document in its en-tiretyrdquo17 Joseph Allen Weaks has similarly called the text of Q ldquospeculativerdquo claiming that to rely on it as though it were ldquoan extant gospel textrdquo is ldquosimply not possiblerdquo18 Both scholars have tied the bulk of their objections to the ob-servation (called a ldquothought experimentrdquo by Dieter T Roth)19 that the text of Markrsquos gospel cannot be accurately reconstructed from its Matthean and Lukan reception While this argument has already been engaged by some scholars20 the deficiency of its logic appears to not have been sufficiently exposed as Rothrsquos renewed deployment of it in 2018 demonstrates ndash in a Q monograph21 It is therefore important to allow the reader to assess the difficulties

Session 16 November 1990rdquo JBL 110 (1991) 494ndash98 Idem ldquoThe International Q Project Work Sessions 12ndash14 July 22 November 1991rdquo JBL 111 (1992) 500ndash08 Idem ldquoThe Interna-tional Q Project Work Sessions 31 Julyndash2 August 20 November 1992rdquo JBL 112 (1993) 500ndash06 Idem ldquoThe International Q Project Work Sessions 6ndash8 August 18ndash19 November 1993rdquo JBL 113 (1994) 495ndash99 Idem ldquoThe International Q Project Work Sessions 23ndash27 May 22ndash26 August 17ndash18 November 1994rdquo JBL 114 (1995) 475ndash85 Idem ldquoThe International Q Pro-ject Editorial Board Meetings 1ndash10 June 16 November 1995 16ndash23 August 22 November 1996 Work Sessions 17 November 1995 23 November 1996rdquo JBL 116 (1997) 521ndash25

15 The full list of the IQPrsquos members may be found in The Critical Edition xvii 16 Kirk Composition 152ndash403 Fleddermann Commentary 874ndash913 17 Cyril S Rodd ldquoThe End of the Theology of Qrdquo ExpT 113 (2001) 12 Idem ldquoThe The-

ology of Q Yet Again A Reply to the Responses of Christopher Tuckett and Paul Fosterrdquo ExpT 114 (2002) 80ndash85

18 Joseph Allen Weaks ldquoMark without Mark Problematizing the Reliability of a Recon-structed Text of Qrdquo (PhD diss Brite Divinity School 2010) 344ndash45

19 Roth Parables 36 20 Eg Christopher M Tuckett ldquoThe Search for a Theology of Q A Dead Endrdquo ExpT 113

(2002) 291ndash94 Paul Foster ldquoIn Defense of the Study of Qrdquo ExpT 113 (2002) 295ndash300 21 Roth Parables 36ndash37 It should be noted of course that Roth does not wish to com-

pletely dismiss the accessibility of Qrsquos text His intention is to argue that ldquoscholarship should be rather more skeptical about the wording of Qrdquo (ibid 39)

2 The Study of Q as a Reconstructed Text 7

compromising the case that Rodd Weaks and Roth have found rather persua-sive Three observations stand to be made in this regard

First of all because it is a sayings collection Q does not lend itself to the same type of editorial abridgements as Mark The two documents are very dif-ferent Not nearly enough attention is given to this by Rodd Weaks and Roth all of whom hang their case to some degree on the fragmentary product that is the reconstructed Mark as though Q similarly contains a plot or even a remotely compatible story to saying ratio The abridgement of Markan pericopes by Luke and Matthew reflects editorial strategies appropriate to rewriting a biography viz a document exhibiting a large concentration of narrative material22 The Markan words of Jesus are omitted at a vastly different rate with the majority of those words preserved by both Matthew and Luke with minimal rephrasing23

22 Rodd (ldquoThe End of the Theology of Qrdquo 6) notes that ldquoalmost always each pericope in

[the reconstructed] lsquoMarkrsquo will be shorter than in the canonical gospelrdquo citing as examples the abridgements of Mk 21ndash12 (= Matt 91ndash8 Lk 517ndash26) and Mk 121ndash12 (= Matt 2133ndash46 Lk 209ndash19) However the healing of a man with the palsy (Mk 21ndash12) is a good example of a story whose narrative details welcome abridgements while the words of Jesus (Mk 25b 8bndash11) ndash notably including the key statements in Mk 25b 10 ndash are preserved correctly by both Matthew and Luke (Matt 92c 4bndash6 Lk 520b 22bndash24) As for the parable of the wicked tenants (Mk 121ndash12) this can be reliably reconstructed from its MatthewLuke reproduction missing only minor details The omitted details scarcely seem to affect the interpretation of the source text viz the intention of the parable as it was deployed in Markrsquos gospel

23 Mk 141 44 (= Matt 83ndash4 Lk 513ndash14) Mk 25 8ndash11 (= Matt 92 4ndash6 Lk 520 22ndash24) Mk 214 (= Matt 99 Lk 527) Mk 217 (= Matt 912ndash13 Lk 531ndash32) Mk 219ndash22 (= Matt 915ndash17 Lk 534ndash38) Mk 225ndash28 (= Matt 123ndash4 8 Lk 63ndash5) Mk 34ndash5 (= Matt 1212ndash13 Lk 69ndash10) Mk 335 (= Matt 1250 Lk 821) Mk 42ndash9 (= Matt 133ndash9 Lk 85ndash8) Mk 411ndash12 (= Matt 1311 13 Lk 810) Mk 414ndash20 (= Matt 1318ndash23 Lk 811ndash15) Mk 421ndash22 (= MattQ 515 MattQ 1026 Lk 816ndash17) Mk 424c (= MattQ 72 LkQ 638) Mk 425 (= Matt 1312 Lk 818) Mk 440 (= Matt 826 Lk 825) Mk 534 (= Matt 922 Lk 848) Mk 539 (= Matt 923ndash24 Lk 852) Mk 64bc (= Matt 1357 Lk 424) Mk 637 (= Matt 1416 Lk 913) Mk 827 29 (= Matt 1613 15 Lk 918 20) Mk 834ndash36 (= Matt 1624ndash26 Lk 923ndash25) Mk 91 (= Matt 1628 Lk 927) Mk 919 (= Matt 1717 Lk 941) Mk 931 (= Matt 1722ndash23 Lk 944) Mk 935 (= Matt 2311 Lk 2226) Mk 937 (= Matt 185 Lk 948) Mk 940 (= MattQ 1230 Lk 950) Mk 1014ndash15 (= Matt 183 1914 Lk 1816ndash17) Mk 1018ndash19 21 23 25 27 29ndash30 (= Matt 1917ndash19 21 23ndash24 26 29 Lk 1819ndash20 22 24ndash25 27 29ndash30) Mk 1033ndash34 (= Matt 2018ndash19 Lk 1831ndash33) Mk 1042ndash45 (= Matt 2025ndash28 Lk 2225ndash27) Mk 1051 (= Matt 2032 Lk 1841) Mk 112ndash3 (= Matt 212ndash3 Lk 1930ndash31) Mk 1117 (= Matt 2113 Lk 1946) Mk 1129ndash30 33 (= Matt 2124ndash25 27 Lk 203ndash4 8) Mk 121ndash10 (= Matt 2133ndash42 Lk 209ndash17) Mk 1215dndash17 (= Matt 2219ndash21 Lk 2024ndash25) Mk 1225ndash27 (= Matt 2230ndash32 Lk 2034ndash38) Mk 1230ndash31 (= Matt 2237ndash39 Lk 1027) Mk 1235ndash37 (= Matt 2241ndash45 Lk 2041ndash44) Mk 132 (= Matt 242 Lk 216) Mk 135ndash13 (Matt 244ndash13 Lk 218ndash19) Mk 1314c 17 19 (= Matt 2416 19 21 Lk 2121 23) Mk 1324ndash31 (= Matt 2429ndash35 Lk 2125ndash33) Mk 1413ndash14 (= Matt 2618 Lk 2210ndash11) Mk 1418 20ndash21 (= Matt 2621 23ndash24 Lk 2221ndash22) Mk 1422ndash25 (= Matt 2626ndash29 Lk 2216ndash20) Mk 1430 (= Matt 2634 Lk 2234) Mk 1436 (= Matt 2639 Lk 2242) Mk 1437ndash38 (= Matt 2640ndash41 Lk 2246) Mk 1448ndash49a (= Matt 2655 Lk 2252ndash53a) Mk 1462 (= Matt 2664 Lk 2269ndash70) Mk 152 (= Matt 2711 Lk 233)

8 Chapter One Prolegomena

and the non-Q related omissions limited to (a) statements forming an integral part of a narrative24 (b) statements commands and questions that are redun-dant25 (c) statements that cast a potentially negative light on Jesusrsquo family26 or disciples27 both established Markan themes28 (d) statements that are poten-tially problematic theologically29 (e) statements falling under none of the above categories that are abridged expanded or reworked by one of the evan-gelists30 (f) statements occurring in pericopes that have been eliminated com-pletely by Matthew or Luke31 Of these six categories the first three are un-likely to have been present in Q due to its lack of a plot relative scarcity of stories and absence of any interest in Jesusrsquo family or disciples The remaining three categories include only a few sayings outside of the Great Omission (more on that below) Consequently it appears that Matthew and Luke already elim-inating a minor percentage of the Markan Jesusrsquo words that lack Q parallels had no clear reason to omit even that much from Q

Secondly on a number of occasions one or both evangelists preserve dou-blets of the Markan sayings of Jesus which on the 2DH are assigned to Q32 This development is surprising in Lukersquos case since his tendency to avoid dou-blets is well known33 What is really decisive however is that in instances

24 Mk 125 138 435 59 19 530 541 1243 (omitted by Matthew) Mk 1036 1432

34 41ndash42 (omitted by Luke) Mk 1114 (either omitted or reworked in Lk 136ndash9) Mk 439 58 631 638 916 21 25 933 939c 1049 1234 (omitted or reworked by both Matthew and Luke)

25 Mk 424bd 1238 40 (omitted by Matthew) Mk 334 837 941 1211 1215b 1224 1318 20 23 (omitted by Luke) Mk 1449b (reworked in Lk 2253b) Mk 949 1024 1229 (omitted by both Matthew and Luke)

26 Mk 333ndash34 Mk 64de (omitted by Luke) 27 Mk 413 (omitted by Matthew and Luke) Mk 833 1038ndash40 (omitted by Luke) Mk

1427ndash28 (reworked in Lk 2231ndash32) 28 Eg Joel Marcus Mark (AB 27 and 27A 2 vols New York NY and New Haven CT

Doubleday and Yale 2000ndash2009) 279ndash80 310ndash11 378ndash80 509ndash15 653 677ndash81 999ndash1000 29 Mk 939 (omitted by Matthew and Luke) Mk 943ndash48 (omitted by Luke) Mk 1534

(reworked in Lk 2346) 30 Mk 115 (reworked and expanded in Lk 416ndash21) Mk 536 (abridged in Matt 923ndash26)

Mk 1314ab (reworked in Lk 2120) Mk 146ndash9 (reworked in Lk 736ndash50) Mk 1413ndash15 (abridged in Matt 2618)

31 Mk 426ndash29 99ndash13 (omitted by Luke) everything that belongs to Mk 645ndash826 (the Great Omission of the Markan material by Luke)

32 Mk 421 (= Lk 816 LkQ 1133) Mk 422 (= Lk 817 LkQ 122) Mk 425 (= Matt 1312 MattQ 2529 Lk 818 LkQ 1926) Mk 68 10ndash11 (= Lk 93ndash5 LkQ 104ndash5 8 10ndash11) Mk 834 (= MattQ 1038 Matt 1624 Lk 923 LkQ 1427) Mk 835 (= MattQ 1039 Matt 1625 Lk 924 LkQ 1733) Mk 838 (= Lk 926 LkQ 128ndash9) Mk 937 (= Matt 185 MattQ 1040 Lk 948 LkQ 1016) Mk 940 (Lk 950 LkQ 1123) Mk 1011ndash12 (= Matt 199 MattQ 532) Mk 1238ndash39 (= Lk 2046 LkQ 1143) Mk 139 11 (= Lk 2112ndash15 LkQ 1211ndash12) See further Fitzmyer Luke 81ndash82

33 See eg H Schuumlrmann ldquoDie Dubletten im Lukasevangeliumrdquo ZKT 75 (1953) 339ndash445 Idem ldquoDie Dublettenvermeidungen im Lukasevangeliumrdquo ZKT 76 (1954) 83ndash93

2 The Study of Q as a Reconstructed Text 9

when Luke is faced with a choice between Mark and Q and does not opt to retain both the preference is overwhelmingly given to the Q location and word-ing of the text34 Consequently it seems overly simplistic to suggest as Rodd does that ldquoas [the reconstructed] lsquoMarkrsquo is not Mark so in all probability the lsquoQrsquo of the scholars is not the historical document Qrdquo35 The evangelistsrsquo ten-dency to either retain the MarkQ parallels or ndash especially in Lukersquos case ndash to favor Q its wording and location over the Markan parallels shows that the two documents were not treated equally as far as the words of Jesus were concerned with the approach to Q being more conservative36

Thirdly the verse and word count discrepancy between the reconstructed and canonical Mark has been somewhat inflated as the percentages cited by scholars are routinely bolstered by the inclusion of the Great Omission On the 2DH there are two possible solutions to this well-known source-critical anom-aly the absence of Mk 645ndash826 from Lukersquos gospel is either intentional or stems from inheriting a shorter copy of Mark which lacked that material In either scenario Lukersquos omission of Mk 645ndash826 complicates the analogy be-tween the reconstructed Mark and Q If the omission was unintentional it tells us something only about the compositional history or textual transmission of Markrsquos gospel If however Lukersquos decision to skip Mk 645ndash826 was inten-tional is it not likely to have been motivated by Lukersquos avoidance of dou-blets37 A similar development is unlikely to have occurred in Lukersquos reception of Q as we have noted when faced with MarkQ doublets Luke tends to favor Qrsquos version over an available Markan parallel38 Consequently due to the sheer size of the Great Omission and regardless of the Omissionrsquos intentionality or

34 LkQ 112 4 9 (= Mk 1124ndash25) LkQ 1115 17ndash18 21 (= Mk 323ndash27) Lk 1210 (=

Mk 328ndash29) LkQ 1240 (= Mk 1332) LkQ 1318ndash19 (= Mk 430ndash32) LkQ 1330 (= Mk 1031) Lk 1618 (= Mk 1011ndash12) LkQ 171ndash2 (= Mk 942) LkQ 176 (= Mk 1123) LkQ 1723 31 (= Mk 1315ndash16 21) All of these are deployed by Luke in clusters of Q material rather than in the Lukan parallels to the respective Markan pericopes Mk 950 (= LkQ 1434ndash35) is similarly deployed away from its Markan context and surrounded by Q and L material Both Matthew and Luke favor the wording of Q 1434ndash35 over its Markan parallel

35 Rodd ldquoThe End of the Theology of Qrdquo 12 36 See eg Christopher M Tuckett Q and the History of Early Christianity Studies on Q

(Edinburgh TampT Clark 1996) 94 Luz ldquoQ in Matthewrdquo 50 37 Mk 645ndash52 contains a sea miracle similar to Mk 435ndash41 Mk 71ndash23 was likely elim-

inated to shift the lifting of the dietary restrictions to the post-Easter stage in Lukersquos narrative (Acts 109ndash16) Mk 724ndash30 was probably (a) deemed redundant (see LkQ 71ndash10) (b) re-garded as problematic due to the conflict between the Markan Jesusrsquo reluctance to perform a miracle for a Gentile person (Mk 727) and the Lukan Jesusrsquo programmatic openness to such developments (Lk 425ndash27) Mk 81ndash10 14ndash21 and 822ndash26 are clearly redundant (see Mk 635ndash44 Lk 912ndash17 Mk 1046ndash52 Lk 1835ndash43) Mk 811ndash13 has a Q parallel (= LkQ 1129ndash32)

38 On the L-M Hypothesis this would mean that Luke tends to favor Matthewrsquos version over an available Markan parallel

10 Chapter One Prolegomena

lack thereof the reconstructed Mark presents an analogy to Q that is at best tenuous

In light of the above observations my contention is that methodologically virtually the entire Q is likely to be accounted for in terms of its content39 That still leaves the question of the documentrsquos precise wording and its recovery Here Roth has argued that

there is a fundamental difference between conceiving of the ldquotext of Qrdquo as a reconstruction of its original wording and approaching it as a metaphorical and narratival realm an intertext as it were accessible through Matthew and Luke40

Roth further states as one of his monographrsquos objectives (which is primarily dedicated to the study of Qrsquos parables) an attempt to

advance Q studies by pursuing insight into the parables of Q through a different set of meth-odological approaches than those present in the reigning paradigm focusing upon word-level reconstruction The resultant exegetical work is not therefore in the first instance focused upon vocabulary and syntax of a reconstructed text but rather upon the narratival elements and structures characters images metaphors and theological emphases of an ldquointertextrdquo41

I see no reason to contest Rothrsquos objections to an uncritical acceptance of the CEQ text (of course the CEQ editors have already noted that it is only a work-ing reconstruction)42 Pending the surfacing of an actual copy of Q any recon-struction of its wording is necessarily going to remain hypothetical and thus subject to continued analysis Still to suggest that the hypothetical nature of the enterprise undermines its results perhaps runs the risk ldquothat a methodologi-cal limitation becomes an ontological description of Q itselfrdquo43 Roth admits that his own study of narratival and metaphorical elements ldquocannot function on an entirely lsquowordlessrsquo levelrdquo proposing as a solution that Qrsquos text should be accessed exclusively through the wording of Matthew and Luke44 Such drastic restrictions are in my opinion unnecessary In light of the previous discussion it is possible to assert from a methodologically sound position that Qrsquos recon-structions are not ldquopotentially faultyrdquo to the degree suggested by Roth45 While a precise word-by-word recovery may not be possible or even necessary in every verse of the synoptic double tradition a reliable near-word-level recon-struction of Q appears consistently attainable This is suggested by Lukersquos (and frequently Matthewrsquos) aforementioned preference of Qrsquos wording in the MarkQ parallels Matthewrsquos and Lukersquos slightly superior degree of verbal

39 See further Fleddermann Commentary 73ndash74 Luz ldquoQ in Matthewrdquo 45 (while positing

the existence of QMatt Luz concludes that it ldquodid not differ substantiallyrdquo from the main body of the Q source)

40 Roth Parables 41 41 Ibid 44ndash45 42 Ibid 38ndash39 Roth (ibid) also critiques Fleddermannrsquos alternative reconstruction 43 Kirk Q in Matthew 152 44 Roth Parables 40ndash41 45 Ibid 44

Index of Ancient Sources

Hebrew Bible (LXX)

Genesis414 28 3361ndash4 5062 4 (LXX) 115723 (LXX) 981316 331417 36174ndash6 1991710ndash14 1591817ndash18 1991826 (LXX) 981917 (LXX) 982218 199264 199

Exodus161ndash36 117171ndash7 1181715 (LXX) 1242114 (LXX) 1242225ndash26 1502320ndash21 23 1632415ndash16 (LXX) 472520 (LXX) 124

Numbers111ndash9 1172319 40

Deuteronomy324 (LXX) 146612ndash15 118613 (LXX) 116616 (LXX) 116 11882ndash3 11783 (LXX) 116811ndash20 118812ndash15 (LXX) 117

926 (LXX) 146159 (LXX) 205241ndash4 79 208 2092410ndash17 1502918ndash20 207319 25ndash26 209328ndash9 (LXX) 1213211 201

Joshua2313 (LXX) 207

Ruth212 201

1 Samuel27 (LXX) 1371821 (LXX) 207

1 Kings627 (LXX) 12486 (LXX) 1241717ndash24 162191ndash18 116 118 119194 (LXX) 117195 (LXX) 118198 (LXX) 117 1181910 14 (LXX) 1182219ndash23 (LXX) 121

2 Kings216 (LXX) 112 116418ndash37 16251ndash14 163

2 Chronicles58 (LXX) 1242314 125

Index of Ancient Sources246

Ezra91ndash2 1371018ndash44 137

Job16 11521 1151621 40256 40358 40387 115

Psalms2 16869 (LXX) 19785 40102 9 137178 2013510 137367 201605 (LXX) 124614 2016923 (LXX) 207722ndash12 1378018 40813 (LXX) 137901ndash2 4 (LXX) 124906 (LXX) 1249011ndash12 (LXX) 123914 2011063 (LXX) 1981091 (LXX) 4110916 22 13611826 1061457ndash8 (LXX) 1611463 401476 137

Proverbs1ndash9 55236 (LXX) 205264ndash5 189

Isaiah1ndash39 13511 168253ndash4 (LXX) 137315 201355 (LXX) 16140ndash55 135

426 168427 18 (LXX) 161435 198491ndash8 1685112 4055ndash66 135562 40563ndash8 136585ndash7 13860ndash62 135611 (LXX) 160 161611ndash2 (LXX) 48 134611ndash3 (LXX) 132 135 136 137665 (LXX) 1376618ndash20 164 198

Jeremiah317ndash18 164 1984918 33 405040 405143 40

Ezekiel8ndash11 112 11382 11440ndash48 112 113402 113403 114

Daniel713 27 40 41 168 213817 40

Amos13 (LXX) 20413ndash28 7528 15035 (LXX) 18086 (LXX) 137

Haggai220ndash22 163

Zechariah315 13787 198

Malachi16ndash29 163210ndash16 163

247Index of Ancient Sources

31 163 164 322ndash23 (LXX) 163

Old Tes tament Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha

1 Enoch1ndash5 761ndash36 4621ndash54 1226ndash11 526ndash16 4766 4573ndash6 1221021 164 198123ndash4 46124 113 125137 45139 45148ndash164 76151 46152ndash4 125171 11417ndash19 112 11320ndash36 112 113215 114242ndash257 113261ndash275 113323ndash6 11337ndash71 41 45 186 213381ndash6 122384ndash5 45391ndash3 45396 108413ndash8 76418 44421ndash2 (3) 126 171 201422 170451ndash6 76455 4546 52461ndash8 141462ndash4 42464ndash6 45468 46471ndash4 14148ndash49 52481 202481ndash10 141482 42

483 202483ndash7 168488ndash9 (10) 45 122492 4 168493 202505 76513 (5a) 168 172 20251ndash52 5252ndash56 112526 9 168531ndash5 45 122536 46 168542 45543ndash4 76545ndash6 45547 210554 45 108561ndash4 45565ndash8 43 44 45571 198591ndash6023 766010 4261ndash63 46 52621ndash9 45622ndash3 122624ndash6312 122625ndash14 42631ndash12 45 122632ndash4 106637 1236311 426312 76651ndash663 52671ndash681 52678ndash13 43 44 45 1226926ndash29 42 52701 42715ndash17 447113(14)ndash17 42 1418215ndash20 7683ndash84 52891ndash9 528973ndash74 1139038 164

Index of Ancient Sources248

1006 1681049ndash13 47

2 Enoch31ndash221 113101ndash6 112

3 Baruch3ndash17 113163 204

3 Enoch11ndash12 113

Ascension of Isaiah610ndash15 113

Baruch437 19855 198

Bel and the Dragon36 112 114 116

Jubilees11ndash8 209120 12122 114727 52102 52105 52106 121108ndash11 52 114 121114 121115 521114ndash1214 321220 1211525ndash34 1591531ndash32 114 1211928 121492 52

Letter of Aris teas155 145

Psalms of Solomon219 159823 30 1591112 1981731 164 1981810ndash12 76

Sirach21ndash17 72 86212 87143ndash7 2051410ndash11 202241ndash12 125247ndash11 1262410ndash11 1592525ndash26 2072611 2053113 2053522ndash3622 723824ndash3911 17243 76501ndash24 125

The Sentences of the Syriac Menander340ndash46 189

Tes tament of Abraham81ndash12 113

Tes tament of Levi26ndash57 113

Tes tament of Moses51ndash62 126

Tobit145ndash7 164 198

Vita Adae et Evae61ndash103 116121ndash161 115

Wisdom of Solomon410ndash15 46418ndash513 46

249Index of Ancient Sources

New Tes tament

Q32ndash958 (59ndash60) 101 103 104 108

126 155 173 17537 5237ndash9 16ndash17 5 54 64 68 70 90

104 11637ndash735 78 80 81 83 85

101 102 103317 54 9141ndash13 5 51 52 53 64 65

66 78 91 104 111 112 113 114 115 118 119 126 152 153 155 156

41ndash4 116 11745ndash8 114 119 121 122

123 15949ndash12 (13) 47 51 65 96 123

157 200416 91 129 130 131

153620ndash49 16 63 82 91 104

105 129 130 131 153

620b 12 91 132620bndash21 48 132 133 134

135 136 137620bndash23 5 131 132 143621a 12 20 91 132622 12 17 24 25 26

38 71 140 141 153 167 170 194 205

622ndash23 17 20 52 53 54 96 132 133 134 136 139 140 141 142 206

623c 64 82 129 132 139 140 142 143

627ndash35 (36) 13 16 71 129 147 151 152 153 154

629 24 91 150630 24 150631 91 152637ndash38 12 92640 92 144646 92 104 144 145

146 153 154 203

647ndash49 12 92 14471ndash10 9 64 92 104 126

155 156 158 169 197 199

76 145 20379 87 96 104 156

157 158 167 173 194 198 199

718ndash19 159 167718ndash23 159718ndash28 64 166718ndash960 92722 16 54 134 135

161 163 164 172727 96 163731ndash35 64 70 92 165 166

169 170 171733 51 53734 24 26 52 165 167

169 170 172735 166 170957ndash58 (59ndash60) 92 105 111 155

169 170 171957ndash62 63959ndash60 172 173958 24 25 26 27 38

52 71 164 165 169 170 171 172

959 145102ndash16 5 56 63 70 86

158 170 175 182 215

102ndash24 92102ndash1240 101 105 107 108

175 205104 48 92109 73 931012 93 1751012ndash15 54 64 82 861013ndash15 47 56 70 80 81

82 86 87 96 107 126 175 199 212

1016 72 931021 56 81 87 93 96

173 2091021ndash22 54 56 78 79 81

82 145 1941021ndash24 64 107

Index of Ancient Sources250

1022 81 93 114 116 145 146 203 209

1023ndash24 17 93 106112ndash4 9ndash13 5 63 78 93 117

176 177 179 180112b 48 178 184114 24 178119ndash13 12 93 176 177

178 179 180 1811114 51 1761114ndash20 52 531114ndash32 931114ndash52 64 107 1791118 51 53 93 114 121

1591124ndash26 51 53 9311(16) 29ndash32 9 54 70 96 2121130 24 26 52 1861133ndash52 93 2051134 93 2051139ndash52 70 107 126 1691142c 64 66 1251149 521149ndash51 47 53 54 66 96

118 119 157 2001151 52 200 205122ndash12 5 70 94 107 155

180 181 182 183 184 194

123 72 94124ndash5 54 70 73 181 182

190124ndash7 94 121 122 176

179 180 181 194 214

125 181 204128 24 26 38 54 185

187 188 189128ndash9 52 69 94 167 184

186 187 188 189 214

128ndash10 54 64 69 71 82 175 176 183 184 187 189 190 194 212

129 184 185 1881210 24 26 94 185 187

188 1891211ndash12 54 70 72 73 94

181 182 214

1222ndash31 (33ndash34) 63 73 176 177 178 179 180 190 192

1222ndash40 941224 23 178 1801227 231231 48 94 1841233 12 48 1911233ndash34 69 94 191 1921235ndash38 94 108 190 2031235ndash46 1081235ndash59 94 1081235ndash2230 101 105 108 109

197 2031239 17 18 95 1911239ndash40 18 20 54 70 71

94 105 175 190 191 192 193 203 212

1239ndash59 64 1911240 24 52 69 95 167

186 191 1931242ndash46 52 53 54 69 70

95 191 192 197 203 204 205 206 212

1245 96 2051246 2041251 20 951251ndash59 1081252ndash53 201256 171258ndash59 24 951318ndash19 20ndash21 5 20 48 63 95

108 2071318ndash24 951324 63 951325ndash30 54 63 82 871325ndash1423 54 95 96 126 158

1991327 52 53 96 118 1981328ndash29 96 198 1991334 52 125 2061334ndash35 47 53 54 63 66

81 82 83 96 105 106 107 108 109 118 119 125 157 194 198 200 201 202

1335 51 54 96 106 202

251Index of Ancient Sources

1411 54 961416ndash23 (24) 63 82 971423 541426 72 97 2151426ndash27 1733 20 63 72 971426ndash176 971427 54 97 140 141

182 2141434ndash35 63 97154ndash5a 7 20 63 97 108 2091613 12 63 94 971616 64 97 207 2091616ndash18 2061617 17 63 64 66 79

97 125 206 207 208 209

1616(17)ndash172 197 206 2081618 24 63 79 97 206

207 208 209171ndash2 97 207 208171ndash6 63173ndash4 18 20 98176 18 20 78 98 108

2101720ndash21 17 981723 98 2101723ndash37 54 64 69 70 71

98 167 170 197 210 211 212

1723ndash2230 108 2111724 26 30 24 52 98 991733 54 97 182 2141734ndash35 98 991912ndash26 64 69 99 108 197

203 204 205 206 212

1912ndash2230 991922 2052228ndash30 5 54 64 99 108

212

Matthew37 52310 9542 11745 12448 119 120413 130 1315ndash7 94 10251 119

54 13458 138511 (12) 52 205512 142515 7539 149 150540 15 150541 15 89 91 149 150542 150 151544 148 149544ndash45 91 149545 20861ndash18 94612 177619ndash21 94620 191623 205624 94625ndash34 94626 178627 177630 178 17975 1877 17779 177711 178 179712 152723 52724 26 9185ndash13 199810 155811ndash12 198 199819 169820 27 142 171821 172822 173829 12191ndash8 7920ndash22 97922 7937 92107 731026 71029 1801032 184 1891032ndash33 91 1841034 951038 731039 141115 134 163

Index of Ancient Sources252

1119 1691122ndash45 931125 2081217 731232 1841239 52 2051243 1241311 13 71342 951416 71521ndash28 97162bndash3 951613ndash28 1401617ndash19 471625 141171 1191717 7186 208186ndash22 97188ndash9 951825 971928 991929 992030 130219 1062131 972133ndash41 (42ndash46) 7 19221ndash14 18236ndash7 206237 1662334 522334ndash36 962335 522337 52 1972337ndash39 81 105 201243ndash41 210 211244ndash14 72423 982443 1912443ndash44 1932445 2062448 (49) 52 205251ndash13 972514ndash30 992526 28 2052530 992531 992541 95 121266ndash13 972640ndash41 7

2669 71 1302669ndash75 1892732 912755 97285 130289ndash10 972816ndash18 1192818 120

Mark114 21 131123ndash26 121124 130129ndash31 18821ndash12 731 14937ndash12 188313 114327 93328 188328ndash29 18443ndash8 193411ndash12 7413 177430ndash32 20 193438 177421ndash22 7435ndash41 9525ndash34 97534 761ndash6a 188615 163635ndash44 9637 7645ndash52 9645ndash826 971ndash23 9724ndash30 9 9781ndash10 9811ndash13 9822ndash26 9827 140827ndash98 47828 163831ndash33 121834ndash35 20835 141838 184 19092 11492ndash8 47

253Index of Ancient Sources

919 7943ndash47 951028 73 1791029 201035ndash40 1831039 1881046ndash52 91047 130119 1061117 7 1771122ndash23 25ab 18 201124 1801129ndash30 7121ndash9 (10ndash12) 7 19129 191211 191226 177133ndash37 210 211135ndash13 71315ndash16 991321 98143ndash9 971437ndash38 71447 95 1491462 411466ndash72 1891467 130151ndash5 951521 911541 97166 130

Luke15ndash25 10237 5242 11745 12246b 7 12046cd 120 121416 130416ndash30 188425ndash27 9438ndash39 188517ndash26 766 149617ndash19 188621 134622 205623 142625 134

627 149627ndash28 148628 149629 15 150630 150 151634 151635 91 208642 18646 146647ndash49 9179 155722 163734 169735 166 208810 7816ndash17 7824 177831 121848 7912ndash17 9913 7924 141926 190941 7957 169958 171959 172960 173102 92109 731017ndash20 1211021 208114 177115ndash8 97 177119 1771111 1771112 1171113 178 1791120 511121ndash22 931124 124 2051124ndash26 931129 52 2051143 166 2061149 521150 521151 52124 73 179126 180128 184

Index of Ancient Sources254

128ndash9 911211 731213ndash21 971223a 1771224 177 1781228 1791233 1911235ndash38 89 941239 1911239ndash40 1931242 2061245 52 2051249 89 951254ndash56 95131ndash35 1021327 52 1971328ndash29 1981334 52 1971415ndash24 181427 73158ndash10 97172 2081711ndash19 981720 981721 981722 981728ndash29 89 98 991731 991732 991733 971835ndash43 91912ndash27 991922 24 2051927 991938 96 1061941ndash44 961946 177209ndash16 (17ndash19) 7 192018 192037 177218ndash19 7223 1212228ndash30 992246 72249ndash51 952250 1492254ndash62 188234 14 952413ndash33 102

John446 158446ndash54 157448 158631ndash58 117844 121123 1061225ndash26 201231 1211430 1211611 1211828ndash1916 102

Acts23 9521ndash4 18951ndash11 189109ndash16 9121ndash2 183123ndash19 183

Romans1214 149

1 Corinthians412 14963 121 192132 18 20

2 Corinthians41ndash6 19244 121

Galatians113ndash14 18343 8ndash9 121 192

Ephesians21ndash2 121 192612 121 192

1 Thessalonians214ndash16 183218 121 19251ndash11 19252 20 19255ndash6 192

2 Thessalonians21ndash12 210 211

255Index of Ancient Sources

2 Timothy211ndash13 190

Hebrews1137 204

James 315ndash17 12444ndash7 121

1 Peter314 132 139 143319ndash20 47414 132 139 141 14358 121

2 Peter24ndash5 47 121

Jude16ndash7 121

Revelation110ndash20 113113 18635 19041ndash11 113123ndash4 121171ndash3 114173ndash18 112 113219ndash27 112 1132110 113

New Tes tament Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha

Gospel of Thomas1ndash71 1731ndash3 2161ndash4 1710 19 95111 1713 21161ndash2 20 95163 2017 1720ndash21 71 193201ndash4 20 192215ndash8 18 19 20 192243 36ndash39 17261ndash2 18262ndash331 1731 21361ndash3 19 143 180473 2148 18 19 20

54 137 13855 2058 17 13864 18 1965 1968 20 132 138 139

14068ndash69 19 139 143691 17 138692 19 20 137 13877 2179 2186 169 170103 17106ndash107 19 201131ndash2 9

Pseudo-Clementine Homilies12313 180

Dead Sea Scrolls

CD214ndash41 125412ndash14 121 124 125419ndash52 208

51ndash5 2091316ndash17 207122ndash3 121161ndash2 125

Index of Ancient Sources256

1QapGen 29 30 31 33 35 36 37 40

1QH430 40

1QM11 1211310ndash12 121175ndash6 51

1QpHab 56 125

1QS25 121211ndash15 207 208321ndash25 11749 18258 125119ndash10 1821120 40

1Q27 (1Q4QMys teries)1 i 1ndash8 56 202

4Q299 (1Q4QMys teries)3andashb ii 2ndash8 563andashb ii 9ndash16 56

4Q416 (4QIns truction)1 10ndash13 56 2021 12 1822 i 21ndashiv 13 562 ii 6 17 178

4Q417 (4QIns truction)1 i 6ndash9 561 i 10(11)ndash12 56 2021 i 12ndash13 561 i 14 561 i 16 115 1821 i 17 1821 i 24 56 2022 i 17ndash24 562 i 19 21ndash22 178

4Q418 (4QIns truction)69 ii 6ndash9 56 202

69 ii 12ndash13 5681 1ndash2 18281 2ndash5 5681 4 11581 5 11581 20 56 20288 56103 56107 56123 5ndash8 56

4Q423 (4QIns truction)5 3 565 5ndash6 56

4Q503 115

4Q521 16 54 135 137 159 160 161 162

4Q525 57 133

4QDeut j 1214 121

4QIsa 135

4QMMTC 4ndash9 125

11Q11 124

11Q13 135 137

11QPsa 191ndash18 121

11QT545 2075715ndash19 208669ndash11 207

Targums4QtgJob 314QtgLev 3111QtgJob 31 33 35 40

257Index of Ancient Sources

Josephus

Ant14133ndash146 4415103 451982 123

Bell188 46

1131ndash11 441161ndash5 461213 461335 452101ndash5 1232116 183

Babylonian Texts

Gilgamesh 112

Greek and Latin Authors

Dio CassiusHis t59271 120

HomerOd10503ndash15 1121112ndash22 112

PlatoPhaed111cndash112e 112

Senecade Ben2121ndash2 120

Seneca the ElderControv9210 183

TacitusAnn632 120

His t59 183

Apos tolic and Church Fathers

1 Clement132 153292 121394ndash5 121

2 Clement32 190134 148

Apos tolic Cons titutions721 152

722 148 150 151722ndash6 147725 149 150726 148 153

AthanasiusFes t Let 3911 14

Canons of the Holy Apos tles4ndash5 152

Index of Ancient Sources258

Chrysos tomHom Mt342 180

Clement of AlexandriaS trom4641 139 143

Didache11ndash63 1412c 15213b 148 14913bndash5b 11 12 13 15 16

71 147 151 15413bndash21 5 11 14 15 15013c 15113cndash4a 1413d 15 14814 1414a 1614b 15 14914c 91 15014d 15 149 150 15115a 15015b 148 15381ndash2 1482 16103bndash122a 14113 16113ndash137 14153ndash4 16161ndash8 210 211 212

EusebiusHis t Eccl3254

IrenaeusAdv Haer1101 1214162 121

Jus tin Martyr1 Apol159 148

2 Apol25 121

OrigenC Cels870 180

PolycarpPhilippians22ndash3 153

Shepherd of HermasMandate 24ndash6 153

Similitude535ndash8 138

Rabbinic Literature

j Ber3b 5b 5c 31 37 38

j Ket35a 31 37

j Šab3a 38d 31 37

j Taʿan65b 4069ab 125

R Gen72 313813 31 37796 31

R Num193 31 38

TargumsCairo BGen 414 31 33 34 37 41

259Index of Ancient Sources

Cairo FExod 1913 37Deut 346 37

Neof I Gen 414 31 33 41Gen 95ndash6 37Gen 4922 36

Papyri Manuscripts and Inscriptions

Br Mus Or 9271 14P Oxy 1 17P Oxy 654 17

P Oxy 655 17 143 180P Oxy 1782 14 15 148 151Sf III 16ndash17 40

Index of Modern Authors

Achtemeier P 139 141Adams S L 56 72 202Alexander P S 31 32Allison D C 1 2 3 5 12 22 24 66

75 77 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 90 91 94 96 98 99 103 105 107 112 117 119 120 123 125 129 130 131 133 134 135 136 138 139 140 144 147 148 149 150 152 153 155 158 160 163 169 170 172 175 176 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 193 197 198 200 205

Anderson A A 124Anderson F I 113Andrejevs O 25 164 172 190Arcari L 44Argall R A 47 72 202Arnal W E 23 24 48 59 61 63 65

66 67 68 78 86 104 123 125 132 134 136 150 191 194 208 214

Attridge H W 17Audet J-P 14Avigad N 29 30

Bailey K 102Bauckham R 12Baum A D 1Bazzana G B 1 3 24 59 178 198Beasley-Murray G R 158Berger K 104Bergmeier R 159 160 162Betz D H 3 24 51 103 146 179 183de Begraveze T 27Bird M F 159 198 199Black C C 11Black M 26 28 30 31 32 35 36 37

40 168Blenkinsopp J 135 136 137Boccaccini G 32 43 44 50Boring M E 38 183 184 185 188

192 211

Borsch F H 185Bovon F 5 19 93 95 96 98 99 106

140 177 179 184 185 198Bowman J W 28 33Boyarin D 23Breuer Y 34Brin G 208Broadhead E K 3 89Brodie T L 163Brooke G J 43 160Brown R E 11 12 102 130 157 158Broyles C C 123Bultmann R 3 60 98 111 132 156

158 184 185 186 187 188 201Burkett D 27 213Bussmann W 26

Campbell J Y 28 46Caragounis C C 27 29 39Carroll J T 3Carruth S 119Casey P M 29 34 35 37 39 41Cas tor G D 4 5Catchpole D R 21 77 90 96 99 129

131 145 147 156 157 159 164 175 188 198 208

Chang A 199Charlesworth J H 31 42 43 44 45

46 47 72 160 171 185Chazon E G 115 202Cheung L L 12Childs B S 163Chilton B D 26 36 39 117 130Clark D J 109Collins A Y 39 41 47 50 51 52 103

114 188 193 211Collins J J 23 40 43 48 49 50 51

52 53 57 76 77 121 126 160 161 162 163 168 202

Colpe C 25 26 28 29 31 32 36 37 39 40 45 140

Index of Modern Authors262

Conzelmann H 96 97Cotter W J 61 104 132 156 163 165

166 170 191Cromhout M 61 145 191Crossan J D 39 89 94 98 134

Dalman G 27 29 30Damm A 171Davidson M J 114Davies W D 1 2 3 91 99 119 120

131 138 139 140 149 150 169 172 179 180 184 185 193 197 200

DeConick A D 11 17 20 21 138 139 192

Derrenbacker R A 1 24Di Lella A A 73Dibelius M 12Diacuteez Macho A 30Dimant D 160DiTommaso L 57Doering L 208Downing F G 23 64Draper J A 13 14 15 16 68 156Dundenberg I 11Dunn J D G 1 149 183Dupont J 97 116Durham J I 163

Eldridge M D 117Elgvin T 49 56 57 115 202Eshel H 44

Fiebig P 26 27 28 34 37 39Fitzmyer J A 1 2 3 8 19 26 28 30

31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 82 91 95 97 98 117 118 119 130 131 133 138 139 140 146 149 163 177 179 208

Fleddermann H T 2 6 10 11 59 62 69 83 84 85 86 87 90 91 93 95 97 98 101 103 104 105 109 129 130 134 140 144 148 150 152 156 157 163 166 170 176 177 179 184 185 189 199 200 203 205 211

Flusser D 14 15Fos ter P 1 3 6 12 26Freedman H 32Frenschkowski M 145Frey J 56Freyne S 159 199

Funk F X 14 147

Garciacutea Martiacutenez F 49 57 160 162 202 208

Garrow A 13Gathercole S 17 19 20 138 139 181Gerber C 203Gibson J B 116Gieschen C A 147Ginsburger M 30Glover R 13 16Goering G S 72 125Goff M J 55 56 57 79 84 115 178

202Goodacre M 1 17 19Greenfield J C 27Greeven H 12Gregg B H 90 97 186 198 204Grenfell B P 14 17Guelich R A 193Guenther H O 26Gundry R H 150 181 197

Haenchen E 12 139 157 158 201Hahn F 185Han K S 124 125 200Hannah D D 42 43 45 46Hare D R A 38 39 40 184 185Harrington D J 33 55 57 202 Hartin P J 12 61 119 166Hasitschka M 118Heil C 5 38 60 99 119 181Higgins A J B 184Hill A E 163Hindley J C 43Hoffmann P 5 38 55 67 70 75 77

80 96 99 112 145 167 170 184 185

Holtzmann H J 4Hooker M D 45Horsley R 68 156 198 199 200van der Hors t P W 73Hossfeld F L 124Howard G 146Howes L 26 39 43 61 65 77 81 133

140 141 142 166 167 170 185 188 190 212

Hubbard B J 38Hultgren S 160 162Hunt A S 14 17

263Index of Modern Authors

van Iersel B M F 102

Jacobson A D 5 26 39 49 54 60 61 64 75 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 85 87 90 94 96 97 98 106 129 132 140 144 152 156 157 167 170 171 184 185 187 201 207 210

Jefford C N 13 14 15Jeremias J 179 198 204Jervis L A 55Jewett R 149Johnson L A 178 208Johnson L T 12Johnson-DeBaufre M 66 103 163Jonas H 51de Jonge H J 24 185Jongeling B 35Joseph S J 1 21 23 24 45 46 47 48

51 52 68 103 125 132 134 136 142 144 153 156 159 160 161 162 164 178 180 181 182 184 185 187 190 191 200 201 202 206 208 214 215

Jus t A A 102

Kahle P 26 30 31 36Kampen J L 162 209Kaufman S A 31 32 36 40Keener C S 183Kirk A 2 4 5 6 10 15 24 55 59 60

61 62 66 67 68 69 71 72 73 75 76 77 78 79 83 84 85 86 87 88 90 94 96 98 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 111 114 129 152 155 156 166 177 179 184 189 190 197 203 207 208 214 215

Kloppenborg J S 1 2 3 4 5 11 12 13 14 15 17 19 21 22 23 24 25 26 38 39 50 51 53 54 55 57 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 86 87 88 89 90 95 97 98 99 103 104 107 108 111 112 121 122 123 124 125 126 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 139 140 141 142 143 144 147 148 150 151 155 156 157 158 160 162 163 164 165 166 167 170 171 172 175 176 180 181 182 183 184 187 189

190 191 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 208 210 211 212 213

Knibb M A 46 202Koes ter H 15 38 48 60 61 63 66

148Koumlhler W D 16Kraus H-J 124Kutscher E Y 30 35 36

Lang B 201Laurence R 41Leives tad R 43Levine A-J 208Lichtenberger H 124Lindars B 29 34 37 39 43 184 185

188Lohfink N 118Lukaszewski A 25 27Luz U 3 10 60 74 75 78 81 87 90

91 93 95 96 97 99 102 106 111 131 134 140 142 145 148 150 151 166 169 180 181 184 185 197 198 199 201 204 207

Luumldemann G 183Luumlhrmann D 61 64 78 111 140 157

158 165 180 184

Mack B L 23 38 43 61 133 135 170Magness J 160Malherbe A 192 211Manson T W 5 28 101Maori Y 32Marcus J 8 11 41 47 102 183 188

193 199 211Marshall I H 3Martiacutenez R 166 167Martyn J L 183Maumlrz C-P 90 94McDermott J M 185McNamara M J 31Meadors E P 62 66 67 72 74 76 77

166 168 201Meadors G T 137Menken M J J 116 117Meyer A 27Meyer P D 157Middleton P 182Milik J P 36 42 43 187Milikowsky C 181Miller R J 63 201

Index of Modern Authors264

Mitchell D C 124Moller H B 29Moreland M 23Moss C 182Mournet T C 1Muraoka T 35 38Muumlnch C 203

Neirynck F 2 3 4 11 22 26 90 98 99 116 130 140 149

Nickelsburg G 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 52 53 76 106 112 113 122 126 141 168 172 202 210 213

Niebuhr K W 159Niederwimmer K 13 14 15 16 148

151 152Nielsen K 114 115Nolland J 179Novakovic L 160 162

Odeberg H 36Oegema G S 116Owen P 25 29 35

Patterson S J 17 18 21 61 63Perrin N 186Pervo R I 183Pietersma A 146Piovanelli P 44 45Piper R A 61 82 112 176 190Ploeg J P M 35Pokornyacute P 11 17 19 117 139Polag A 62 73 89 90 94Porter S E 180 181Porton G G 38Pries t J 126Propp W H C 163Puech Eacute 133 160 162

Ra Y 39 132 145 155 170 184 185Reicke B 141Riesner R 183Robbins M C 51 103 113 115 117

121 125Robbins V K 104Robinson J M 2 5 24 26 34 38 39

41 43 55 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 77 96 103 119 129 131 132 134 135 140 142 143 144 145

156 160 165 166 167 180 181 184 185 186 187 188 190 200 201 202

Rodd C S 6 7 9Rollens S E 2 3 23 24 26 61 132

182 191Roth D T 2 6 7 10 11 54 90 145

165 191 192 203 204 205 206Rothschild C K 90 159 164Royse J R 146Roumlsel M 146

Sacchi P 43 44 45 47Sandt H 5 14 15Sato M 3 59 62 74 75 76 77 79 80

82 83 87 90 94 98 111 134 170 176 184

Schalit A 44Schenk W 62 73 89 90 103 170 176Schiavo L 104 112 113Schiffman L H 57 160Schnackenburg R 12 157 158Schniedewind W M 160Schroumlter J 180Schulz S 74 132 165 167 176 179

201 210Schuumlrmann H 8 130 167 170Seeley D 132 141 142Segal M 43 114 121Sellew P 193Sevenich-Bax E 103 105Shelton J 163Shepherd D 29 35Shinall M C 51Shirock R J 102Sjoumlberg E 28 29 35 39 45Skeat T C 180Skehan P W 73Smith D A 96 201 202 203So K-C 157Sokoloff M 35Somov A 181Spranger P P 204S taples J A 145 146 154S teck O H 61 64 132 201S tone M E 45S treeter B H 4 12 130S trugnell J 55S tuckenbruck L T 27 30 47 51 65

114 121Syreeni K 4 15 153

265Index of Modern Authors

Tabor J D 160Tannehil R C 178 208Taylor N H 120 123 183Theissen G 123Theophilos M P 126Tigchelaar E J C 56Tiwald M 3 23 160Toumldt H E 47 184 185 186 187Tuckett C M 1 3 6 9 11 13 14 15

17 23 26 49 50 53 54 61 62 63 66 68 72 76 77 84 86 90 94 95 98 112 114 119 121 125 130 134 140 150 154 156 157 158 160 166 170 184 193 199 205 206 207 208 210

Uhlig S 45Uro R 26 62 185

Vaage L E 23 24 26 39 61 133 165 167 170 171 190 191 210

VanderKam J C 43 46 57 168Vassiliadis P 89 94de Vaux R 56Vermes G 26 28 29 31 32 33 34 35

36 37 38 39 40 43 140 160 184

Wacholder B Z 209

von Wahlde U C 12 158Wahlen C 51Walck L W 46 52Watson F 1Weaks J A 6 7Weinfeld M 118 146 207 208Weiser A 124Weiss B 130Wellhausen J 26Welch J W 102Wernberg-Mѳller P 36Wes termann C 135 136Williams P J 35Wilson W T 149Wins ton D 46 72Wise M O 160Witetschek S 86 167Wolter M 90van der Woude A S 35Wright III B J 72 202

Xeravits G G 202

York A D 32

Zeller D 63 69 111 165 212Zenger E 124

Index of Subjects

Abel-Main (Tell Abl) 45Abraham 32 157Agrippa I 123 183Ahab 118 121angel of Yahweh 163angelicheavenly rebellion 121 125Antigonus 43aphaeresis 27 32 34 36 38apocalypse 48ndash as incorrectly applied to Mk 133ndash37

211ndash as incorrectly applied to Q 1723ndash37

210 211apocalypticndash Chris tianity 53ndash discourse 211ndash framework 57 121ndash inaccurately used as a noun 49ndash literature 47 53 54 135ndash language in Ben Sira 72ndash tradition 56 57 186ndash wisdom ins tructions other than Q 56

57 77 202ndash worldview (outside of Q see its at-

tes tation in Q referenced separately below) 24 49 50 51 55 57 87 121

apocalypticism 25 87 58 62ndash and apocalypse 48 49ndash and eschatology 48ndash as a literary category 48 79ndash as a dis tortion of Godrsquos intended

order 23ndash as compatible with wisdom in late

second temple literature 57 62 66 70 72 154 202

ndash as having a place outside the genre of an apocalypse 49

ndash as synonymous with apocalyptic worldview 49

ndash in Pauline thought 192ndash in sectarian environments 53

ndash in recent Q scholarship 48ndash methodological definitions of 50 54

186Aramaic 25 26 46 70 140 187 204

213ndash OfficialImperialBiblical 26 27 35

40ndash Middle 26 27 30 32 33 34 35 36

37 38 40 41 52 167 170 187 188ndash Late 26 27 28 32 33 34 35 36 37

38 41 140 187ndash Galilean 29 36 38ndash Qumran 31 32 35 38Athaliah 125Augus tus 45

Babylonian Exile 118Banias 45βασιλείαndash as a hypothetical metaphor reflecting

the social interes ts of Qrsquos author(s) 48

ndash as a political entity 120ndash of God 23 48 73 95 108 123 132

177 178 182 183 184 192 194 206 207

ndash of Satan 51 114ndash realized 142beatitude(s) 82 91 93 105 131 132

133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 153

Bethsaida 45 56 93

Caesarea Philippi 46(Cairo) Geniza fragments 28 29 30 32

36 37Capernaum 45 56 93chiasm 83 85 101 102 103 109 118

120chias tic 85 101 103 106 107 108 120

152 197

Index of Subjects268

Chorazin 56 93chreia(s) 63 71 104 105 120 211chreiic 65 86 104 105 111 156chris tology (see the Q discussion refer-

enced separately below)ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 17ndash in Luke 19ndash in Mark 131circumcision 159 209Claudius 183cosmic mountain 114 119Cynic(s) 23

Dan 45 47Darius I 163Deuteronomis t 118Deuteronomis tic His tory 146deuteronomis ticndash agenda 156ndash context(s) 143 153ndash framework 53 54ndash motifs 118 127ndash orientation 64ndash outlook 61 82 114ndash redaction 80ndash rhetoric 136ndash s tratums trata 78ndash theme 78ndash tradition 79ndash unders tanding 64devil 51 66 114 117 119 120 121 123

124

Elijah 96 116 118 126 162 163 164ElijahElisha cycle 162 163Enoch 44 45 47 51 76 112 113 157

172 202ndash as a scribe 46ndash Book of Watchers 45 113 125ndash sapiential content in Watchers 76ndash Book of Parables 24 41 47 157 167

171 213ndash sapiential content in Parables 76ndash Epis tle of Enoch 43ndash his torical incarnation of 202ndash Seminar 47Enochicndash author 122ndash corpus 52 73ndash formulation 52

ndash framework 121ndash literaturetext 43 46 56ndash movement 47 53 157 210ndash mythology 113 114 122 164ndash Son of Man 172ndash tradents 46ndash tradition 43 46 47 79 113 122 157

215ndash Watchers myth 45 53 121eschatological prophetndash in 4Q521 160 162ndash in Q 164 165 166eschatology (see the Q discussion refer-

enced separately below) 47 48 50ndash in 1 Enoch 42 47 76 122 141 142

168 169ndash in 4Q521 159 160 162ndash in 4QIns truction 56ndash in Ben Sira 72ndash in Malachi 163 164ndash in Psalms of Solomon 159ndash in Trito-Isaiah 136Exodusndash legendmyth 117ndash imagerymotifs 116 163

form (literary)ndash and meaning 82ndash and worldview 76ndash apocalypse 49ndash criticism 61 62 63 67 68 69 70

74 156 170 214ndash miracle s tory 156ndash wisdom 84ndash (wisdom) ins truction 70 71

Gaius (Caligula) 44 46 123Galilee 23 36 44 45 47 56 73 131

171 194 215ndash village scribes 48ndash villagestowns 24 93 199Gentile(s) 9 87 96 120 126 155 157

158 159 164 167 168 169 173 198 199 209 215

Great Omission 8 9

HasidicHasidim 79 162Hebrew 25 35 39 40 41 42 204Hebrew Biblescriptures 24 118 127

136 160

269Index of Subjects

Hermogenes 171mt Hermon 45 46 47Herod the Great and the Herodian era

43 44 45 46 126Herodians 45(holy) Spirit 72 94 178 189Hulah Valley 45

Isaiah (see the Index of Ancient Sources for specific passages)

ndash Deutero 46 135 136 168 169ndash firs t-century reader of 135ndash Trito 51 54 135 136 137 143 154

163 200Israelndash in Ben Sira 125ndash in Daniel 168ndash in Deuteronomy 118ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 139ndash in the Hebrew Bible 198 199ndash in Jubilees 121ndash in Malachi 163ndash in Q 53 64 78 80 87 96 104 118

127 155 156 158 198 199ndash pre-exilic 50ndash traditional wisdom of 58ndash wilderness myth 117

James (son of Zebedee) 183Jerusalem 44 72 96 106 108 113 119

125 159 166 199 200ndash culttemple 136 137 163 214ndash pries thood 45 47 127Jesusndash as an apocalyptic figure in Q 38ndash as a literary character in Q 21ndash floating traditions ascribed to 48ndash his torical 21 29 37 43 47 73 116

141 142 164 165 171 172 186 198ndash his torical greeting of in Jerusalem

106ndash movement 23ndash tradition 161Jewish Chris tianityndash as a movement in a contes ted envi-

ronment 43 183ndash as a proliferation of groups and

communities 183ndash on the use of the term 23

ndash possible connection to the Enochic movement 47

Jewish War 200John (the Baptis t) 68 78 80 83 85 90

91 92 97 103 104 105 116 159 163 164 165 166 167 169 172

ndash followers of 159 165 166ndash his torical 159 165Journeysndash cosmicterres trial 76 112 113 114

119 122 127ndash heavenly 45 112 113Judea 36 44 200 215

Kallirrhoeuml 45Kleinliteratur 3 4 59 60 73 215

Lordrsquos Prayer 93 94 177Lot 97 99

Maccabean era 126Mas tema 121Matthew and Luke as conservative

traditionalis ts 4Matthewrsquos and Lukersquos redactorial

freedom 4Matthewrsquos use of Q 4messiah 106 116 162 164 210messiahship 123messianic 116 210Migdal 46mimesis 114 141minor agreements 15 130Minor Prophets 146Moses 117

Nag Hammadi 17Nimrod 32

oralndash possible cross-influence on the Gos-

pel of Thomas from the canonical gospels 11 193

ndash harmonization of Matthew and Luke 16

ndash life of the primitive community 60ndash performance 15 16 161ndash source utilization 15ndash tradition 17 98 151ndash transmission 188

Index of Subjects270

ndash usage and application of Q 4ndash usage of Matthew 15ndash variants of Q 4Oxyrhynchus 17

Paneion 46Parousia 116 186 193Parthian invasion of 40 BCE 44 46Paulndash his torical 149 183ndash possible awareness of the Q tradition

by 192persecutionndash as an apocalyptic motif 54ndash because of someone 142ndash in authentic Pauline corpus 149 183ndash in Q 52 54 78 94 107 118 122

126 132 133 134 140 141 142 143 144 175 180 181 182 184 190 194 200 206

ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 138ndash in the Parables of Enoch 141ndash in Trito-Isaiah 137 200ndash plausibility of 182 183Pharisees 65 68 94 166 169 205 206

214pleroma 39prophecyndash pre-exilic and Persian era (classical)

50ndash mixture of with wisdom 77Prophetisierung 75

Qndash apocalypticism apocalyptic motifs

features imagination framework and worldview 23 25 46 53 57 58 63 69 70 71 73 76 79 84 87 88 111 114 121 127 141 175 190 194 197 202 210 211 213 214

ndash apocalyptic document 48 51ndash apocalyptic wisdom ins truction 23

55 70 73 74 77 79 214ndash (apocalyptic) communitymovement

55 107 122 194 195 206 209ndash Aramaic roots 26ndash chris tology 70 81 83 87 93 104

115 116 123 130 131 142 144 145 147 153 154 156 157 159 164 166 167 194 214

ndash demonology 51 53ndash eschatological (apocalyptic) dis-

course 64 83 97 98 170 210 211 212

ndash eschatology 48 51 54 56 69 73 75 87 94 95 101 104 105 108 133 141 142 143 144 147 159 164 165 166 167 169 172 180 192 193 194 198 199 202 203 210

ndash final (literary) form 59 62 69 78 178

ndash hypothetical mid- (lower) level or sub-elite scribal origin 24 59

ndash hypothetical recensions 3 4 59 60 90 98

ndash hypothetical segregation of wisdom and apocalyptic s trata 60 66 67 70 213 214

ndash mission speech 23 56 86 87 92 104 105 107 173 182 194

ndash Pales tinian character 24ndash possible authenticity of its content

22 81ndash prophetic content 61 63 67 70 74

75 76 77 79 80 82 83 142 143 176

ndash recons truction (CEQ) 5 6 10 90 (see also recons truction [in this s tudy] below as such frequently follows the CEQ)

ndash recons truction (feasibility) 2 3 4 10 11

ndash recons truction (in this s tudy) 60 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 111 116 119 120 123 130 131 134 144 147 148 149 151 152 165 169 170 172 175 176 177 178 179 181 184 191 193 199 204 207 213 215

ndash recons truction (methodology) 5 89 90

ndash recons truction (skepticism) 2 10 59 (see also recons tructed Mark below)

ndash sapiential content 12 62 63 67 77 79 80 82 130 154 175 191 202 214

ndash sermon 63 82 91 92 103 105 127 129 130 131 134 135 138 140 144 145 147 152 153 154 155 156

ndash sophis ticated scribal traditions 24ndash sub-literary view of 3 59 60 74

271Index of Subjects

ndash tradents 4 59 67 125 135 147 181 182 197 199 202 203 207 209 214

ndash tradition 13 17 87 161 163 164 186 187 192 202

Quintillian 171Qumran (see the Index of Ancient

Sources for specific documents)ndash apocalyptic worldview 50 135ndash Aramaic corpus 33ndash beatitude collection 133ndash communitymovementYahad 44 53

56 121 135 136 137 157 160 161 206 207 208 209

ndash demonology 124ndash discovery 29ndash fellowship with angels 115ndash fragments of 1 Enoch 44ndash library 43ndash manualsrules 82ndash sapiential literature 25 55 56 57

58 62 69ndash social setting 43

recons tructed Mark 2 6 7 8 9 10RomeRomans 44 91 121 126 159

199 207ndash occupation of Judea 44

sage(s) 55 56 79 84Samaria 44Satan 50 51 52 53 114 115 117 118

120 121 159 192scribe(s) 102 205ndash ancient reading practices of 102ndash as a Q opponent group 68 169 205ndash as advanced or elite readers of Q

102 103ndash Enochic 46 215ndash in Matthewrsquos community (other than

Matthew) 4ndash in the Q community 48 135 195

215ndash in the text of Q 169 172ndash memory competence of 4 102ndash responsible for 2 Enoch 112ndash responsible for Did 13bndash5b 15scriptorium 46Sefire 27 37Sepphoris 38 46Sermon on the Mount 15 16 87 94

Sermon on the Plain 15 16(Deutero-Isaianic) Servant 136 168 169Sidon 199Simeon II 125Son of Man 47 115ndash Aramaic background of the phrase

25 26 28 37 153ndash as a messianic title in the Parables of

Enoch 28 46ndash circumlocutional non-titular use of

the phrase in Late Aramaic 34ndash classifications of the phrasersquos Q

ins tances 26ndash designation of as Son of Humanity in

some recent research 39ndash his torical incarnation of as under-

s tood by some ancient authors 165 172

ndash hypothetical non-titular (circumlocu-tional or generic) use of the definite phrase in Middle Aramaic by the his torical Jesus and in Q 28 29 34 37 38 39 42 43 52 71 140 142 167 170 186 187

ndash in Daniel 41 42 186 213ndash in Luke 142 186ndash in Mark 41ndash in Matthew 99 142 186ndash in Q 25 26 34 38 39 42 43 46 47

52 53 64 67 69 70 71 96 98 104 106 115 116 123 141 142 147 164 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 176 185 186 187 188 189 191 194 201 203 210 212 213

ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 170ndash in the Parables of Enoch 25 28 41

42 43 44 45 46 47 122 141 142 146 147 153 155 164 165 168 169 172 173 202 213

ndash non-titular use of the indefinite phrase in Middle Aramaic 41

ndash titular (including but not limited to chris tological) use of the definite phrase in Q 34 38 52 53 64 70 104 123 142 143 147 167 168 172 173 185 186 187 189 191 194 201 203 210 212 213

Sondergut 89 90ndash Matthean 91ndash Lukan 94 95 97 98 177

Index of Subjects272

Sophiandash myth (Enochic tradition) 172 202ndash myth (synoptic tradition) 96 200

201ndash words of 96 201synopticndash gospels 11 150 151ndash material 16 151ndash parallels 18 19ndash problem 1ndash Sayings Source 3 216ndash s tudies 4ndash tradition 17 21 26 98 101 131 151

158 205 215Syria 215

Talmud 30 36 37 38Targum 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

38 40 41ndash recons truction of the Pales tinian Tar-

gum 32Taricheae 46Tell Dan 45templendash apparatusins titution 50 96 107

113 119 125 126 127 137 157 197 200 205

ndash eschatological 76

ndash purityholiness of 65 123 137ndash mitigatingprotective role 51 124ndash of Augus tus at Paneion 45ndash second temple era 25 41 44 48 56

62 70 71 72 79 82 84 121 124 136 137 154 163 186 201 209 213 216

ndash liturgy 124ndash mounthill 113ndash pollution of as perceived by some

ancient authors 113 125 136Theon of Alexandria 171Tiberias 38Torah 58 64 72 79 112 207 208 209transfiguration 47tree of knowledge 113Tyre 199

Vermes-Fitzmyer debate 28 38 39

Watchers 45 53 121Wicked Pries t 125

Yahweh 117 118

Zechariah (son of Jehoiada) 200mt Zion 113

  • Cover13
  • Titel13
  • Preface
  • Table of Contents13
  • List of Abbreviations
  • Chapter One Prolegomena
    • 1 Introduction Recent Methodological Questions in Q Studies
    • 2 The Study of Q as a Reconstructed Text
      • Index of Ancient Sources
      • Index of Modern Authors
      • Index of Subjects
Page 16: Apocalypticism in the Synoptic Sayings Source€¦ · Apocalypticism in the Synoptic Sayings Source A Reassessment of Q’s Stratigraphy Mohr Siebeck. Olegs Andrejevs, born 1982;

4 Chapter One Prolegomena

produce a reliable reconstruction of that text The point of departure rests with Matthewrsquos and Lukersquos redaction of Mark Luke preserves the Markan order with only minor exceptions The implications of this naturally carry over to the reconstruction of Qrsquos sequence7 Based on the conclusions reached by Heinrich Julius Holtzmann in 18638 confirmed by Burnett Hillman Streeter and George DeWitt Castor in the first half of the twentieth century9 and reaffirmed by the

a notebook to which new sheets could be added at any time Some such approach to Q has formed the dominant paradigm in 2DH based synoptic studies until only recently See the sur-vey of scholarship in Alan Kirk The Composition of the Sayings Source Genre Synchrony and Wisdom Redaction in Q (NovTSup 91 Leiden Brill 1998) 2ndash64 As the discussion in chapters three and five of this study will suggest (in continuity with Kirkrsquos view) the Kleinlit-eratur paradigm constitutes a mischaracterization of Q This still leaves the option of Q receiv-ing further editing from its own tradents which essentially amounts to an additional layer of redaction (eg one would have to envision a Q4 stratum in Kloppenborgrsquos stratigraphy) The outline and profile of such a redaction (or in the case of QMatt and QLk redactions) remains to be demonstrated however Meanwhile the documentrsquos eventual disappearance and complete lack of attestation in the Church Fathers suggests caution in imagining any kind of significant textual proliferation Could multiple autonomous copies of Q go from being in possession by and being normative for some of the early Christianityrsquos most prominent communities to van-ishing not only from existence but also from subsequent memory It seems that the possibility of a single circulating copy at least deserves further consideration Finally Neirynckrsquos objection remains pertinent ldquothe need for positing an intermediate stage is it not a logical consequence of their too restrictive notion of Matthean and Lukan redactionrdquo Frans Neirynck ldquoQMt and QLk and the Reconstruction of Qrdquo ETL 66 (1990) 390 In other words Qrsquos putative textual fluidity has much to do with a restriction of Matthean andor Lukan redactorial freedom and derives logically from a view of Matthew andor Luke as conservative traditionalists Syreenirsquos obser-vations made with regard to the thesis of a QMatt offer an alternative ldquoInstead of such a literary evolution it would be quite natural to reckon with oral usage and application of Q sayings and sequences in Matthewrsquos community Oral variants and new combinations of various Q passages as well as combinations of Q and special material were to be expected if Q was used for pur-poses of community teaching and paraenesis Also ecclesiastical material which was affected or even inspired by Q sayings was likely to emerge Some literary reworking may have been made what I doubt however is the existence of a massively expanded QMt editionrdquo Kari Syreeni The Making of the Sermon on the Mount A Procedural Analysis of Matthewrsquos Redac-torial Activity (AASF 44 Helsinki Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia 1987) 161 Because the ex-istence of scribes other than the gospelrsquos author in Matthewrsquos community has not been demon-strated I hesitate to imagine a literary reworking of Q by that community prior to the gospelrsquos composition (a similar situation obtains on the Lukan side) With this minor adjustment Syreenirsquos statement describes the optimal alternative to the multiple recension hypothesis

7 It should be noted however that although Matthewrsquos approach to Q (when reconstructed based on its Lukan sequence) can be described as liberal Matthewrsquos ldquoappropriative movement through Q is consistently forwardrdquo indicating memory competence and ldquocognitive operations that follow the schematic organizational linesrdquo of the source Kirk Q in Matthew 166

8 Heinrich Julius Holtzmann Die synoptischen Evangelien Ihr Uhrsprung und geschicht-licher Charakter (Leipzig Wilhelm Engelmann 1986) 142ndash43

9 Burnett Hillman Streeter ldquoOn the Original Order of Qrdquo in Oxford Studies in the Synoptic Problem (ed William Sanday Oxford At the Clarendon Press 1911) 141ndash64 George DeWitt

2 The Study of Q as a Reconstructed Text 5

ensuing Q scholarship as well as a number of Matthean and Lukan scholars10 today it is possible to assert with ldquoa near unanimity that Luke best preserved the sequence of Q sayingsrdquo11

Q attained what currently remains its definitive reconstruction by the end of the twentieth century in the form of The Critical Edition of Q (hereafter CEQ)12 To call the CEQ ldquodefinitiverdquo of course is to neither imply its infalli-bility nor to expect it to produce the final say on the matter13 As noted by James M Robinson in the introduction to the CEQ it was a product ldquoof a team of scholars who have been working together since 1985 as the International Q Projectrdquo (hereafter IQP)14 The text and sequence of Q published in the CEQ

Castor Matthewrsquos Sayings of Jesus The Non-Marcan Common Source of Matthew and Luke (PhD diss University of Chicago 1918) 120ndash39

10 Eg T W Manson The Sayings of Jesus as recorded in the Gospels according to St Matthew and St Luke arranged with introduction and commentary (London SCM Press 1949 reprint 1971) 39ndash148 James M Robinson ldquoThe Sermon on the Mount Plain Work Sheets for the Reconstruction of Qrdquo SBLSP 22 (1983) 451ndash54 Arland D Jacobson The First Gospel An Introduction to Q (FFRS Sonoma CA Polebridge Press 1992) 45 Dale C Allison The Jesus Tradition in Q (Harrisburg PA Trinity Press International 1997) 2 n 6 Franҫois Bovon Luke 1 A Commentary on the Gospel of Luke 11ndash950 (Hermeneia Minneapolis MN Fortress Press 2002) 6ndash8 Kirk Q in Matthew 163ndash66

11 Kloppenborg Verbin Excavating Q 88 Noting that ldquomost recent reconstructions of Q include both (a) the double tradition and (b) items triply attested where the degree of agreement against Mark is substantial and where the agreements are not likely to be merely coincidentalrdquo Kloppenborg (ibid 92) uses these criteria to assign the following texts to Q (by Lukan versifi-cation) Q 37bndash9 16bndash17 41ndash13 620bndash23 27ndash33 35c 36ndash37b 38c 39ndash49 71bndash2 6bndash10 18ndash19 22ndash23 24ndash28 31ndash35 957ndash60 102ndash16 21ndash22 23bndash24 112ndash4 9ndash13 14ndash20 23 24ndash26 29ndash35 39ndash44 46ndash52 122ndash12 22bndash31 33ndash34 39ndash40 42bndash46 51ndash53 54bndash56 58ndash59 1318ndash19 20ndash21 24 26ndash27 28ndash30 34ndash35 14111814 1416ndash24 26ndash27 34ndash35 154ndash7 1613 16 17 18 171bndash2 3bndash4 6b 23ndash24 26ndash27 30 33 34ndash35 37b 1912ndash13 15bndash26 2228bndash30 Kloppenborg also assigns to Q some Sondergut materials which involve a different set of methodological considerations See the discussion in chapter four

12 James M Robinson Paul Hoffmann and John S Kloppenborg eds The Critical Edition of Q Synopsis including the Gospels of Matthew and Luke Mark and Thomas with English German and French Translations of Q and Thomas (Hermeneia Supplement Series Minneap-olis MN Fortress Press 2000)

13 It may suffice here to quote the editors James M Robinson ldquoHistory of Q Researchrdquo in The Critical Edition of Q lxxi ldquoIt is not to be assumed that the present critical text is a last wordrdquo John S Kloppenborg ldquoThe Use of the Synoptics or Q in Did 13bndash21rdquo in Matthew and the Didache Two Documents from the Same Jewish-Christian Milieu (ed Huub van de Sandt Minneapolis MN Fortress Press 2005) 115 ldquoWhile the Critical Edition should hardly be taken as the definitive reconstruction of Q it does provide a benchmark and a useful point of referencerdquo

14 Robinson ldquoHistory of Q Researchrdquo xix For a survey of IQPrsquos methodology and results as assessed at the time of the CEQrsquos publication see Christoph Heil ldquoDie Q-Rekonstruktion des Internationalen Q-Projekts Einfuumlhrung in Methodik und Resultaterdquo NovT 43 (2001) 128ndash43 For IQP work sessions see James M Robinson ldquoThe International Q Project Work Session 17 November 1989rdquo JBL 109 (1990) 499ndash501 Idem ldquoThe International Q Project Work

6 Chapter One Prolegomena

therefore represent a consensus among a group of scholars reflecting the pre-suppositions held by those scholars at a particular juncture in the history of Qrsquos research15 That it is only a necessary first step and demands continued reeval-uation becomes evident from the fact that some of the IQP members whose preferences were occasionally not reflected in the CEQ proceeded to release their own alternative reconstructions of Q either shortly before or after the CEQrsquos seminal publication16 Indeed the present study also makes several emendations of both the CEQrsquos reconstruction of the documentrsquos sequence and of its wording Overall however it is clear that the CEQ will continue to pro-vide the baseline for compositional studies of Q for years to come

The availability of the reconstructed text enables the literary analysis of Q A number of scholars however have recently expressed doubts regarding the attainability of not only Qrsquos wording but in fact of the documentrsquos full extent Cyril S Rodd has declared it ldquosheer conjecturerdquo to imagine ldquothat the passages which are common to Matthew and Luke comprise this Q document in its en-tiretyrdquo17 Joseph Allen Weaks has similarly called the text of Q ldquospeculativerdquo claiming that to rely on it as though it were ldquoan extant gospel textrdquo is ldquosimply not possiblerdquo18 Both scholars have tied the bulk of their objections to the ob-servation (called a ldquothought experimentrdquo by Dieter T Roth)19 that the text of Markrsquos gospel cannot be accurately reconstructed from its Matthean and Lukan reception While this argument has already been engaged by some scholars20 the deficiency of its logic appears to not have been sufficiently exposed as Rothrsquos renewed deployment of it in 2018 demonstrates ndash in a Q monograph21 It is therefore important to allow the reader to assess the difficulties

Session 16 November 1990rdquo JBL 110 (1991) 494ndash98 Idem ldquoThe International Q Project Work Sessions 12ndash14 July 22 November 1991rdquo JBL 111 (1992) 500ndash08 Idem ldquoThe Interna-tional Q Project Work Sessions 31 Julyndash2 August 20 November 1992rdquo JBL 112 (1993) 500ndash06 Idem ldquoThe International Q Project Work Sessions 6ndash8 August 18ndash19 November 1993rdquo JBL 113 (1994) 495ndash99 Idem ldquoThe International Q Project Work Sessions 23ndash27 May 22ndash26 August 17ndash18 November 1994rdquo JBL 114 (1995) 475ndash85 Idem ldquoThe International Q Pro-ject Editorial Board Meetings 1ndash10 June 16 November 1995 16ndash23 August 22 November 1996 Work Sessions 17 November 1995 23 November 1996rdquo JBL 116 (1997) 521ndash25

15 The full list of the IQPrsquos members may be found in The Critical Edition xvii 16 Kirk Composition 152ndash403 Fleddermann Commentary 874ndash913 17 Cyril S Rodd ldquoThe End of the Theology of Qrdquo ExpT 113 (2001) 12 Idem ldquoThe The-

ology of Q Yet Again A Reply to the Responses of Christopher Tuckett and Paul Fosterrdquo ExpT 114 (2002) 80ndash85

18 Joseph Allen Weaks ldquoMark without Mark Problematizing the Reliability of a Recon-structed Text of Qrdquo (PhD diss Brite Divinity School 2010) 344ndash45

19 Roth Parables 36 20 Eg Christopher M Tuckett ldquoThe Search for a Theology of Q A Dead Endrdquo ExpT 113

(2002) 291ndash94 Paul Foster ldquoIn Defense of the Study of Qrdquo ExpT 113 (2002) 295ndash300 21 Roth Parables 36ndash37 It should be noted of course that Roth does not wish to com-

pletely dismiss the accessibility of Qrsquos text His intention is to argue that ldquoscholarship should be rather more skeptical about the wording of Qrdquo (ibid 39)

2 The Study of Q as a Reconstructed Text 7

compromising the case that Rodd Weaks and Roth have found rather persua-sive Three observations stand to be made in this regard

First of all because it is a sayings collection Q does not lend itself to the same type of editorial abridgements as Mark The two documents are very dif-ferent Not nearly enough attention is given to this by Rodd Weaks and Roth all of whom hang their case to some degree on the fragmentary product that is the reconstructed Mark as though Q similarly contains a plot or even a remotely compatible story to saying ratio The abridgement of Markan pericopes by Luke and Matthew reflects editorial strategies appropriate to rewriting a biography viz a document exhibiting a large concentration of narrative material22 The Markan words of Jesus are omitted at a vastly different rate with the majority of those words preserved by both Matthew and Luke with minimal rephrasing23

22 Rodd (ldquoThe End of the Theology of Qrdquo 6) notes that ldquoalmost always each pericope in

[the reconstructed] lsquoMarkrsquo will be shorter than in the canonical gospelrdquo citing as examples the abridgements of Mk 21ndash12 (= Matt 91ndash8 Lk 517ndash26) and Mk 121ndash12 (= Matt 2133ndash46 Lk 209ndash19) However the healing of a man with the palsy (Mk 21ndash12) is a good example of a story whose narrative details welcome abridgements while the words of Jesus (Mk 25b 8bndash11) ndash notably including the key statements in Mk 25b 10 ndash are preserved correctly by both Matthew and Luke (Matt 92c 4bndash6 Lk 520b 22bndash24) As for the parable of the wicked tenants (Mk 121ndash12) this can be reliably reconstructed from its MatthewLuke reproduction missing only minor details The omitted details scarcely seem to affect the interpretation of the source text viz the intention of the parable as it was deployed in Markrsquos gospel

23 Mk 141 44 (= Matt 83ndash4 Lk 513ndash14) Mk 25 8ndash11 (= Matt 92 4ndash6 Lk 520 22ndash24) Mk 214 (= Matt 99 Lk 527) Mk 217 (= Matt 912ndash13 Lk 531ndash32) Mk 219ndash22 (= Matt 915ndash17 Lk 534ndash38) Mk 225ndash28 (= Matt 123ndash4 8 Lk 63ndash5) Mk 34ndash5 (= Matt 1212ndash13 Lk 69ndash10) Mk 335 (= Matt 1250 Lk 821) Mk 42ndash9 (= Matt 133ndash9 Lk 85ndash8) Mk 411ndash12 (= Matt 1311 13 Lk 810) Mk 414ndash20 (= Matt 1318ndash23 Lk 811ndash15) Mk 421ndash22 (= MattQ 515 MattQ 1026 Lk 816ndash17) Mk 424c (= MattQ 72 LkQ 638) Mk 425 (= Matt 1312 Lk 818) Mk 440 (= Matt 826 Lk 825) Mk 534 (= Matt 922 Lk 848) Mk 539 (= Matt 923ndash24 Lk 852) Mk 64bc (= Matt 1357 Lk 424) Mk 637 (= Matt 1416 Lk 913) Mk 827 29 (= Matt 1613 15 Lk 918 20) Mk 834ndash36 (= Matt 1624ndash26 Lk 923ndash25) Mk 91 (= Matt 1628 Lk 927) Mk 919 (= Matt 1717 Lk 941) Mk 931 (= Matt 1722ndash23 Lk 944) Mk 935 (= Matt 2311 Lk 2226) Mk 937 (= Matt 185 Lk 948) Mk 940 (= MattQ 1230 Lk 950) Mk 1014ndash15 (= Matt 183 1914 Lk 1816ndash17) Mk 1018ndash19 21 23 25 27 29ndash30 (= Matt 1917ndash19 21 23ndash24 26 29 Lk 1819ndash20 22 24ndash25 27 29ndash30) Mk 1033ndash34 (= Matt 2018ndash19 Lk 1831ndash33) Mk 1042ndash45 (= Matt 2025ndash28 Lk 2225ndash27) Mk 1051 (= Matt 2032 Lk 1841) Mk 112ndash3 (= Matt 212ndash3 Lk 1930ndash31) Mk 1117 (= Matt 2113 Lk 1946) Mk 1129ndash30 33 (= Matt 2124ndash25 27 Lk 203ndash4 8) Mk 121ndash10 (= Matt 2133ndash42 Lk 209ndash17) Mk 1215dndash17 (= Matt 2219ndash21 Lk 2024ndash25) Mk 1225ndash27 (= Matt 2230ndash32 Lk 2034ndash38) Mk 1230ndash31 (= Matt 2237ndash39 Lk 1027) Mk 1235ndash37 (= Matt 2241ndash45 Lk 2041ndash44) Mk 132 (= Matt 242 Lk 216) Mk 135ndash13 (Matt 244ndash13 Lk 218ndash19) Mk 1314c 17 19 (= Matt 2416 19 21 Lk 2121 23) Mk 1324ndash31 (= Matt 2429ndash35 Lk 2125ndash33) Mk 1413ndash14 (= Matt 2618 Lk 2210ndash11) Mk 1418 20ndash21 (= Matt 2621 23ndash24 Lk 2221ndash22) Mk 1422ndash25 (= Matt 2626ndash29 Lk 2216ndash20) Mk 1430 (= Matt 2634 Lk 2234) Mk 1436 (= Matt 2639 Lk 2242) Mk 1437ndash38 (= Matt 2640ndash41 Lk 2246) Mk 1448ndash49a (= Matt 2655 Lk 2252ndash53a) Mk 1462 (= Matt 2664 Lk 2269ndash70) Mk 152 (= Matt 2711 Lk 233)

8 Chapter One Prolegomena

and the non-Q related omissions limited to (a) statements forming an integral part of a narrative24 (b) statements commands and questions that are redun-dant25 (c) statements that cast a potentially negative light on Jesusrsquo family26 or disciples27 both established Markan themes28 (d) statements that are poten-tially problematic theologically29 (e) statements falling under none of the above categories that are abridged expanded or reworked by one of the evan-gelists30 (f) statements occurring in pericopes that have been eliminated com-pletely by Matthew or Luke31 Of these six categories the first three are un-likely to have been present in Q due to its lack of a plot relative scarcity of stories and absence of any interest in Jesusrsquo family or disciples The remaining three categories include only a few sayings outside of the Great Omission (more on that below) Consequently it appears that Matthew and Luke already elim-inating a minor percentage of the Markan Jesusrsquo words that lack Q parallels had no clear reason to omit even that much from Q

Secondly on a number of occasions one or both evangelists preserve dou-blets of the Markan sayings of Jesus which on the 2DH are assigned to Q32 This development is surprising in Lukersquos case since his tendency to avoid dou-blets is well known33 What is really decisive however is that in instances

24 Mk 125 138 435 59 19 530 541 1243 (omitted by Matthew) Mk 1036 1432

34 41ndash42 (omitted by Luke) Mk 1114 (either omitted or reworked in Lk 136ndash9) Mk 439 58 631 638 916 21 25 933 939c 1049 1234 (omitted or reworked by both Matthew and Luke)

25 Mk 424bd 1238 40 (omitted by Matthew) Mk 334 837 941 1211 1215b 1224 1318 20 23 (omitted by Luke) Mk 1449b (reworked in Lk 2253b) Mk 949 1024 1229 (omitted by both Matthew and Luke)

26 Mk 333ndash34 Mk 64de (omitted by Luke) 27 Mk 413 (omitted by Matthew and Luke) Mk 833 1038ndash40 (omitted by Luke) Mk

1427ndash28 (reworked in Lk 2231ndash32) 28 Eg Joel Marcus Mark (AB 27 and 27A 2 vols New York NY and New Haven CT

Doubleday and Yale 2000ndash2009) 279ndash80 310ndash11 378ndash80 509ndash15 653 677ndash81 999ndash1000 29 Mk 939 (omitted by Matthew and Luke) Mk 943ndash48 (omitted by Luke) Mk 1534

(reworked in Lk 2346) 30 Mk 115 (reworked and expanded in Lk 416ndash21) Mk 536 (abridged in Matt 923ndash26)

Mk 1314ab (reworked in Lk 2120) Mk 146ndash9 (reworked in Lk 736ndash50) Mk 1413ndash15 (abridged in Matt 2618)

31 Mk 426ndash29 99ndash13 (omitted by Luke) everything that belongs to Mk 645ndash826 (the Great Omission of the Markan material by Luke)

32 Mk 421 (= Lk 816 LkQ 1133) Mk 422 (= Lk 817 LkQ 122) Mk 425 (= Matt 1312 MattQ 2529 Lk 818 LkQ 1926) Mk 68 10ndash11 (= Lk 93ndash5 LkQ 104ndash5 8 10ndash11) Mk 834 (= MattQ 1038 Matt 1624 Lk 923 LkQ 1427) Mk 835 (= MattQ 1039 Matt 1625 Lk 924 LkQ 1733) Mk 838 (= Lk 926 LkQ 128ndash9) Mk 937 (= Matt 185 MattQ 1040 Lk 948 LkQ 1016) Mk 940 (Lk 950 LkQ 1123) Mk 1011ndash12 (= Matt 199 MattQ 532) Mk 1238ndash39 (= Lk 2046 LkQ 1143) Mk 139 11 (= Lk 2112ndash15 LkQ 1211ndash12) See further Fitzmyer Luke 81ndash82

33 See eg H Schuumlrmann ldquoDie Dubletten im Lukasevangeliumrdquo ZKT 75 (1953) 339ndash445 Idem ldquoDie Dublettenvermeidungen im Lukasevangeliumrdquo ZKT 76 (1954) 83ndash93

2 The Study of Q as a Reconstructed Text 9

when Luke is faced with a choice between Mark and Q and does not opt to retain both the preference is overwhelmingly given to the Q location and word-ing of the text34 Consequently it seems overly simplistic to suggest as Rodd does that ldquoas [the reconstructed] lsquoMarkrsquo is not Mark so in all probability the lsquoQrsquo of the scholars is not the historical document Qrdquo35 The evangelistsrsquo ten-dency to either retain the MarkQ parallels or ndash especially in Lukersquos case ndash to favor Q its wording and location over the Markan parallels shows that the two documents were not treated equally as far as the words of Jesus were concerned with the approach to Q being more conservative36

Thirdly the verse and word count discrepancy between the reconstructed and canonical Mark has been somewhat inflated as the percentages cited by scholars are routinely bolstered by the inclusion of the Great Omission On the 2DH there are two possible solutions to this well-known source-critical anom-aly the absence of Mk 645ndash826 from Lukersquos gospel is either intentional or stems from inheriting a shorter copy of Mark which lacked that material In either scenario Lukersquos omission of Mk 645ndash826 complicates the analogy be-tween the reconstructed Mark and Q If the omission was unintentional it tells us something only about the compositional history or textual transmission of Markrsquos gospel If however Lukersquos decision to skip Mk 645ndash826 was inten-tional is it not likely to have been motivated by Lukersquos avoidance of dou-blets37 A similar development is unlikely to have occurred in Lukersquos reception of Q as we have noted when faced with MarkQ doublets Luke tends to favor Qrsquos version over an available Markan parallel38 Consequently due to the sheer size of the Great Omission and regardless of the Omissionrsquos intentionality or

34 LkQ 112 4 9 (= Mk 1124ndash25) LkQ 1115 17ndash18 21 (= Mk 323ndash27) Lk 1210 (=

Mk 328ndash29) LkQ 1240 (= Mk 1332) LkQ 1318ndash19 (= Mk 430ndash32) LkQ 1330 (= Mk 1031) Lk 1618 (= Mk 1011ndash12) LkQ 171ndash2 (= Mk 942) LkQ 176 (= Mk 1123) LkQ 1723 31 (= Mk 1315ndash16 21) All of these are deployed by Luke in clusters of Q material rather than in the Lukan parallels to the respective Markan pericopes Mk 950 (= LkQ 1434ndash35) is similarly deployed away from its Markan context and surrounded by Q and L material Both Matthew and Luke favor the wording of Q 1434ndash35 over its Markan parallel

35 Rodd ldquoThe End of the Theology of Qrdquo 12 36 See eg Christopher M Tuckett Q and the History of Early Christianity Studies on Q

(Edinburgh TampT Clark 1996) 94 Luz ldquoQ in Matthewrdquo 50 37 Mk 645ndash52 contains a sea miracle similar to Mk 435ndash41 Mk 71ndash23 was likely elim-

inated to shift the lifting of the dietary restrictions to the post-Easter stage in Lukersquos narrative (Acts 109ndash16) Mk 724ndash30 was probably (a) deemed redundant (see LkQ 71ndash10) (b) re-garded as problematic due to the conflict between the Markan Jesusrsquo reluctance to perform a miracle for a Gentile person (Mk 727) and the Lukan Jesusrsquo programmatic openness to such developments (Lk 425ndash27) Mk 81ndash10 14ndash21 and 822ndash26 are clearly redundant (see Mk 635ndash44 Lk 912ndash17 Mk 1046ndash52 Lk 1835ndash43) Mk 811ndash13 has a Q parallel (= LkQ 1129ndash32)

38 On the L-M Hypothesis this would mean that Luke tends to favor Matthewrsquos version over an available Markan parallel

10 Chapter One Prolegomena

lack thereof the reconstructed Mark presents an analogy to Q that is at best tenuous

In light of the above observations my contention is that methodologically virtually the entire Q is likely to be accounted for in terms of its content39 That still leaves the question of the documentrsquos precise wording and its recovery Here Roth has argued that

there is a fundamental difference between conceiving of the ldquotext of Qrdquo as a reconstruction of its original wording and approaching it as a metaphorical and narratival realm an intertext as it were accessible through Matthew and Luke40

Roth further states as one of his monographrsquos objectives (which is primarily dedicated to the study of Qrsquos parables) an attempt to

advance Q studies by pursuing insight into the parables of Q through a different set of meth-odological approaches than those present in the reigning paradigm focusing upon word-level reconstruction The resultant exegetical work is not therefore in the first instance focused upon vocabulary and syntax of a reconstructed text but rather upon the narratival elements and structures characters images metaphors and theological emphases of an ldquointertextrdquo41

I see no reason to contest Rothrsquos objections to an uncritical acceptance of the CEQ text (of course the CEQ editors have already noted that it is only a work-ing reconstruction)42 Pending the surfacing of an actual copy of Q any recon-struction of its wording is necessarily going to remain hypothetical and thus subject to continued analysis Still to suggest that the hypothetical nature of the enterprise undermines its results perhaps runs the risk ldquothat a methodologi-cal limitation becomes an ontological description of Q itselfrdquo43 Roth admits that his own study of narratival and metaphorical elements ldquocannot function on an entirely lsquowordlessrsquo levelrdquo proposing as a solution that Qrsquos text should be accessed exclusively through the wording of Matthew and Luke44 Such drastic restrictions are in my opinion unnecessary In light of the previous discussion it is possible to assert from a methodologically sound position that Qrsquos recon-structions are not ldquopotentially faultyrdquo to the degree suggested by Roth45 While a precise word-by-word recovery may not be possible or even necessary in every verse of the synoptic double tradition a reliable near-word-level recon-struction of Q appears consistently attainable This is suggested by Lukersquos (and frequently Matthewrsquos) aforementioned preference of Qrsquos wording in the MarkQ parallels Matthewrsquos and Lukersquos slightly superior degree of verbal

39 See further Fleddermann Commentary 73ndash74 Luz ldquoQ in Matthewrdquo 45 (while positing

the existence of QMatt Luz concludes that it ldquodid not differ substantiallyrdquo from the main body of the Q source)

40 Roth Parables 41 41 Ibid 44ndash45 42 Ibid 38ndash39 Roth (ibid) also critiques Fleddermannrsquos alternative reconstruction 43 Kirk Q in Matthew 152 44 Roth Parables 40ndash41 45 Ibid 44

Index of Ancient Sources

Hebrew Bible (LXX)

Genesis414 28 3361ndash4 5062 4 (LXX) 115723 (LXX) 981316 331417 36174ndash6 1991710ndash14 1591817ndash18 1991826 (LXX) 981917 (LXX) 982218 199264 199

Exodus161ndash36 117171ndash7 1181715 (LXX) 1242114 (LXX) 1242225ndash26 1502320ndash21 23 1632415ndash16 (LXX) 472520 (LXX) 124

Numbers111ndash9 1172319 40

Deuteronomy324 (LXX) 146612ndash15 118613 (LXX) 116616 (LXX) 116 11882ndash3 11783 (LXX) 116811ndash20 118812ndash15 (LXX) 117

926 (LXX) 146159 (LXX) 205241ndash4 79 208 2092410ndash17 1502918ndash20 207319 25ndash26 209328ndash9 (LXX) 1213211 201

Joshua2313 (LXX) 207

Ruth212 201

1 Samuel27 (LXX) 1371821 (LXX) 207

1 Kings627 (LXX) 12486 (LXX) 1241717ndash24 162191ndash18 116 118 119194 (LXX) 117195 (LXX) 118198 (LXX) 117 1181910 14 (LXX) 1182219ndash23 (LXX) 121

2 Kings216 (LXX) 112 116418ndash37 16251ndash14 163

2 Chronicles58 (LXX) 1242314 125

Index of Ancient Sources246

Ezra91ndash2 1371018ndash44 137

Job16 11521 1151621 40256 40358 40387 115

Psalms2 16869 (LXX) 19785 40102 9 137178 2013510 137367 201605 (LXX) 124614 2016923 (LXX) 207722ndash12 1378018 40813 (LXX) 137901ndash2 4 (LXX) 124906 (LXX) 1249011ndash12 (LXX) 123914 2011063 (LXX) 1981091 (LXX) 4110916 22 13611826 1061457ndash8 (LXX) 1611463 401476 137

Proverbs1ndash9 55236 (LXX) 205264ndash5 189

Isaiah1ndash39 13511 168253ndash4 (LXX) 137315 201355 (LXX) 16140ndash55 135

426 168427 18 (LXX) 161435 198491ndash8 1685112 4055ndash66 135562 40563ndash8 136585ndash7 13860ndash62 135611 (LXX) 160 161611ndash2 (LXX) 48 134611ndash3 (LXX) 132 135 136 137665 (LXX) 1376618ndash20 164 198

Jeremiah317ndash18 164 1984918 33 405040 405143 40

Ezekiel8ndash11 112 11382 11440ndash48 112 113402 113403 114

Daniel713 27 40 41 168 213817 40

Amos13 (LXX) 20413ndash28 7528 15035 (LXX) 18086 (LXX) 137

Haggai220ndash22 163

Zechariah315 13787 198

Malachi16ndash29 163210ndash16 163

247Index of Ancient Sources

31 163 164 322ndash23 (LXX) 163

Old Tes tament Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha

1 Enoch1ndash5 761ndash36 4621ndash54 1226ndash11 526ndash16 4766 4573ndash6 1221021 164 198123ndash4 46124 113 125137 45139 45148ndash164 76151 46152ndash4 125171 11417ndash19 112 11320ndash36 112 113215 114242ndash257 113261ndash275 113323ndash6 11337ndash71 41 45 186 213381ndash6 122384ndash5 45391ndash3 45396 108413ndash8 76418 44421ndash2 (3) 126 171 201422 170451ndash6 76455 4546 52461ndash8 141462ndash4 42464ndash6 45468 46471ndash4 14148ndash49 52481 202481ndash10 141482 42

483 202483ndash7 168488ndash9 (10) 45 122492 4 168493 202505 76513 (5a) 168 172 20251ndash52 5252ndash56 112526 9 168531ndash5 45 122536 46 168542 45543ndash4 76545ndash6 45547 210554 45 108561ndash4 45565ndash8 43 44 45571 198591ndash6023 766010 4261ndash63 46 52621ndash9 45622ndash3 122624ndash6312 122625ndash14 42631ndash12 45 122632ndash4 106637 1236311 426312 76651ndash663 52671ndash681 52678ndash13 43 44 45 1226926ndash29 42 52701 42715ndash17 447113(14)ndash17 42 1418215ndash20 7683ndash84 52891ndash9 528973ndash74 1139038 164

Index of Ancient Sources248

1006 1681049ndash13 47

2 Enoch31ndash221 113101ndash6 112

3 Baruch3ndash17 113163 204

3 Enoch11ndash12 113

Ascension of Isaiah610ndash15 113

Baruch437 19855 198

Bel and the Dragon36 112 114 116

Jubilees11ndash8 209120 12122 114727 52102 52105 52106 121108ndash11 52 114 121114 121115 521114ndash1214 321220 1211525ndash34 1591531ndash32 114 1211928 121492 52

Letter of Aris teas155 145

Psalms of Solomon219 159823 30 1591112 1981731 164 1981810ndash12 76

Sirach21ndash17 72 86212 87143ndash7 2051410ndash11 202241ndash12 125247ndash11 1262410ndash11 1592525ndash26 2072611 2053113 2053522ndash3622 723824ndash3911 17243 76501ndash24 125

The Sentences of the Syriac Menander340ndash46 189

Tes tament of Abraham81ndash12 113

Tes tament of Levi26ndash57 113

Tes tament of Moses51ndash62 126

Tobit145ndash7 164 198

Vita Adae et Evae61ndash103 116121ndash161 115

Wisdom of Solomon410ndash15 46418ndash513 46

249Index of Ancient Sources

New Tes tament

Q32ndash958 (59ndash60) 101 103 104 108

126 155 173 17537 5237ndash9 16ndash17 5 54 64 68 70 90

104 11637ndash735 78 80 81 83 85

101 102 103317 54 9141ndash13 5 51 52 53 64 65

66 78 91 104 111 112 113 114 115 118 119 126 152 153 155 156

41ndash4 116 11745ndash8 114 119 121 122

123 15949ndash12 (13) 47 51 65 96 123

157 200416 91 129 130 131

153620ndash49 16 63 82 91 104

105 129 130 131 153

620b 12 91 132620bndash21 48 132 133 134

135 136 137620bndash23 5 131 132 143621a 12 20 91 132622 12 17 24 25 26

38 71 140 141 153 167 170 194 205

622ndash23 17 20 52 53 54 96 132 133 134 136 139 140 141 142 206

623c 64 82 129 132 139 140 142 143

627ndash35 (36) 13 16 71 129 147 151 152 153 154

629 24 91 150630 24 150631 91 152637ndash38 12 92640 92 144646 92 104 144 145

146 153 154 203

647ndash49 12 92 14471ndash10 9 64 92 104 126

155 156 158 169 197 199

76 145 20379 87 96 104 156

157 158 167 173 194 198 199

718ndash19 159 167718ndash23 159718ndash28 64 166718ndash960 92722 16 54 134 135

161 163 164 172727 96 163731ndash35 64 70 92 165 166

169 170 171733 51 53734 24 26 52 165 167

169 170 172735 166 170957ndash58 (59ndash60) 92 105 111 155

169 170 171957ndash62 63959ndash60 172 173958 24 25 26 27 38

52 71 164 165 169 170 171 172

959 145102ndash16 5 56 63 70 86

158 170 175 182 215

102ndash24 92102ndash1240 101 105 107 108

175 205104 48 92109 73 931012 93 1751012ndash15 54 64 82 861013ndash15 47 56 70 80 81

82 86 87 96 107 126 175 199 212

1016 72 931021 56 81 87 93 96

173 2091021ndash22 54 56 78 79 81

82 145 1941021ndash24 64 107

Index of Ancient Sources250

1022 81 93 114 116 145 146 203 209

1023ndash24 17 93 106112ndash4 9ndash13 5 63 78 93 117

176 177 179 180112b 48 178 184114 24 178119ndash13 12 93 176 177

178 179 180 1811114 51 1761114ndash20 52 531114ndash32 931114ndash52 64 107 1791118 51 53 93 114 121

1591124ndash26 51 53 9311(16) 29ndash32 9 54 70 96 2121130 24 26 52 1861133ndash52 93 2051134 93 2051139ndash52 70 107 126 1691142c 64 66 1251149 521149ndash51 47 53 54 66 96

118 119 157 2001151 52 200 205122ndash12 5 70 94 107 155

180 181 182 183 184 194

123 72 94124ndash5 54 70 73 181 182

190124ndash7 94 121 122 176

179 180 181 194 214

125 181 204128 24 26 38 54 185

187 188 189128ndash9 52 69 94 167 184

186 187 188 189 214

128ndash10 54 64 69 71 82 175 176 183 184 187 189 190 194 212

129 184 185 1881210 24 26 94 185 187

188 1891211ndash12 54 70 72 73 94

181 182 214

1222ndash31 (33ndash34) 63 73 176 177 178 179 180 190 192

1222ndash40 941224 23 178 1801227 231231 48 94 1841233 12 48 1911233ndash34 69 94 191 1921235ndash38 94 108 190 2031235ndash46 1081235ndash59 94 1081235ndash2230 101 105 108 109

197 2031239 17 18 95 1911239ndash40 18 20 54 70 71

94 105 175 190 191 192 193 203 212

1239ndash59 64 1911240 24 52 69 95 167

186 191 1931242ndash46 52 53 54 69 70

95 191 192 197 203 204 205 206 212

1245 96 2051246 2041251 20 951251ndash59 1081252ndash53 201256 171258ndash59 24 951318ndash19 20ndash21 5 20 48 63 95

108 2071318ndash24 951324 63 951325ndash30 54 63 82 871325ndash1423 54 95 96 126 158

1991327 52 53 96 118 1981328ndash29 96 198 1991334 52 125 2061334ndash35 47 53 54 63 66

81 82 83 96 105 106 107 108 109 118 119 125 157 194 198 200 201 202

1335 51 54 96 106 202

251Index of Ancient Sources

1411 54 961416ndash23 (24) 63 82 971423 541426 72 97 2151426ndash27 1733 20 63 72 971426ndash176 971427 54 97 140 141

182 2141434ndash35 63 97154ndash5a 7 20 63 97 108 2091613 12 63 94 971616 64 97 207 2091616ndash18 2061617 17 63 64 66 79

97 125 206 207 208 209

1616(17)ndash172 197 206 2081618 24 63 79 97 206

207 208 209171ndash2 97 207 208171ndash6 63173ndash4 18 20 98176 18 20 78 98 108

2101720ndash21 17 981723 98 2101723ndash37 54 64 69 70 71

98 167 170 197 210 211 212

1723ndash2230 108 2111724 26 30 24 52 98 991733 54 97 182 2141734ndash35 98 991912ndash26 64 69 99 108 197

203 204 205 206 212

1912ndash2230 991922 2052228ndash30 5 54 64 99 108

212

Matthew37 52310 9542 11745 12448 119 120413 130 1315ndash7 94 10251 119

54 13458 138511 (12) 52 205512 142515 7539 149 150540 15 150541 15 89 91 149 150542 150 151544 148 149544ndash45 91 149545 20861ndash18 94612 177619ndash21 94620 191623 205624 94625ndash34 94626 178627 177630 178 17975 1877 17779 177711 178 179712 152723 52724 26 9185ndash13 199810 155811ndash12 198 199819 169820 27 142 171821 172822 173829 12191ndash8 7920ndash22 97922 7937 92107 731026 71029 1801032 184 1891032ndash33 91 1841034 951038 731039 141115 134 163

Index of Ancient Sources252

1119 1691122ndash45 931125 2081217 731232 1841239 52 2051243 1241311 13 71342 951416 71521ndash28 97162bndash3 951613ndash28 1401617ndash19 471625 141171 1191717 7186 208186ndash22 97188ndash9 951825 971928 991929 992030 130219 1062131 972133ndash41 (42ndash46) 7 19221ndash14 18236ndash7 206237 1662334 522334ndash36 962335 522337 52 1972337ndash39 81 105 201243ndash41 210 211244ndash14 72423 982443 1912443ndash44 1932445 2062448 (49) 52 205251ndash13 972514ndash30 992526 28 2052530 992531 992541 95 121266ndash13 972640ndash41 7

2669 71 1302669ndash75 1892732 912755 97285 130289ndash10 972816ndash18 1192818 120

Mark114 21 131123ndash26 121124 130129ndash31 18821ndash12 731 14937ndash12 188313 114327 93328 188328ndash29 18443ndash8 193411ndash12 7413 177430ndash32 20 193438 177421ndash22 7435ndash41 9525ndash34 97534 761ndash6a 188615 163635ndash44 9637 7645ndash52 9645ndash826 971ndash23 9724ndash30 9 9781ndash10 9811ndash13 9822ndash26 9827 140827ndash98 47828 163831ndash33 121834ndash35 20835 141838 184 19092 11492ndash8 47

253Index of Ancient Sources

919 7943ndash47 951028 73 1791029 201035ndash40 1831039 1881046ndash52 91047 130119 1061117 7 1771122ndash23 25ab 18 201124 1801129ndash30 7121ndash9 (10ndash12) 7 19129 191211 191226 177133ndash37 210 211135ndash13 71315ndash16 991321 98143ndash9 971437ndash38 71447 95 1491462 411466ndash72 1891467 130151ndash5 951521 911541 97166 130

Luke15ndash25 10237 5242 11745 12246b 7 12046cd 120 121416 130416ndash30 188425ndash27 9438ndash39 188517ndash26 766 149617ndash19 188621 134622 205623 142625 134

627 149627ndash28 148628 149629 15 150630 150 151634 151635 91 208642 18646 146647ndash49 9179 155722 163734 169735 166 208810 7816ndash17 7824 177831 121848 7912ndash17 9913 7924 141926 190941 7957 169958 171959 172960 173102 92109 731017ndash20 1211021 208114 177115ndash8 97 177119 1771111 1771112 1171113 178 1791120 511121ndash22 931124 124 2051124ndash26 931129 52 2051143 166 2061149 521150 521151 52124 73 179126 180128 184

Index of Ancient Sources254

128ndash9 911211 731213ndash21 971223a 1771224 177 1781228 1791233 1911235ndash38 89 941239 1911239ndash40 1931242 2061245 52 2051249 89 951254ndash56 95131ndash35 1021327 52 1971328ndash29 1981334 52 1971415ndash24 181427 73158ndash10 97172 2081711ndash19 981720 981721 981722 981728ndash29 89 98 991731 991732 991733 971835ndash43 91912ndash27 991922 24 2051927 991938 96 1061941ndash44 961946 177209ndash16 (17ndash19) 7 192018 192037 177218ndash19 7223 1212228ndash30 992246 72249ndash51 952250 1492254ndash62 188234 14 952413ndash33 102

John446 158446ndash54 157448 158631ndash58 117844 121123 1061225ndash26 201231 1211430 1211611 1211828ndash1916 102

Acts23 9521ndash4 18951ndash11 189109ndash16 9121ndash2 183123ndash19 183

Romans1214 149

1 Corinthians412 14963 121 192132 18 20

2 Corinthians41ndash6 19244 121

Galatians113ndash14 18343 8ndash9 121 192

Ephesians21ndash2 121 192612 121 192

1 Thessalonians214ndash16 183218 121 19251ndash11 19252 20 19255ndash6 192

2 Thessalonians21ndash12 210 211

255Index of Ancient Sources

2 Timothy211ndash13 190

Hebrews1137 204

James 315ndash17 12444ndash7 121

1 Peter314 132 139 143319ndash20 47414 132 139 141 14358 121

2 Peter24ndash5 47 121

Jude16ndash7 121

Revelation110ndash20 113113 18635 19041ndash11 113123ndash4 121171ndash3 114173ndash18 112 113219ndash27 112 1132110 113

New Tes tament Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha

Gospel of Thomas1ndash71 1731ndash3 2161ndash4 1710 19 95111 1713 21161ndash2 20 95163 2017 1720ndash21 71 193201ndash4 20 192215ndash8 18 19 20 192243 36ndash39 17261ndash2 18262ndash331 1731 21361ndash3 19 143 180473 2148 18 19 20

54 137 13855 2058 17 13864 18 1965 1968 20 132 138 139

14068ndash69 19 139 143691 17 138692 19 20 137 13877 2179 2186 169 170103 17106ndash107 19 201131ndash2 9

Pseudo-Clementine Homilies12313 180

Dead Sea Scrolls

CD214ndash41 125412ndash14 121 124 125419ndash52 208

51ndash5 2091316ndash17 207122ndash3 121161ndash2 125

Index of Ancient Sources256

1QapGen 29 30 31 33 35 36 37 40

1QH430 40

1QM11 1211310ndash12 121175ndash6 51

1QpHab 56 125

1QS25 121211ndash15 207 208321ndash25 11749 18258 125119ndash10 1821120 40

1Q27 (1Q4QMys teries)1 i 1ndash8 56 202

4Q299 (1Q4QMys teries)3andashb ii 2ndash8 563andashb ii 9ndash16 56

4Q416 (4QIns truction)1 10ndash13 56 2021 12 1822 i 21ndashiv 13 562 ii 6 17 178

4Q417 (4QIns truction)1 i 6ndash9 561 i 10(11)ndash12 56 2021 i 12ndash13 561 i 14 561 i 16 115 1821 i 17 1821 i 24 56 2022 i 17ndash24 562 i 19 21ndash22 178

4Q418 (4QIns truction)69 ii 6ndash9 56 202

69 ii 12ndash13 5681 1ndash2 18281 2ndash5 5681 4 11581 5 11581 20 56 20288 56103 56107 56123 5ndash8 56

4Q423 (4QIns truction)5 3 565 5ndash6 56

4Q503 115

4Q521 16 54 135 137 159 160 161 162

4Q525 57 133

4QDeut j 1214 121

4QIsa 135

4QMMTC 4ndash9 125

11Q11 124

11Q13 135 137

11QPsa 191ndash18 121

11QT545 2075715ndash19 208669ndash11 207

Targums4QtgJob 314QtgLev 3111QtgJob 31 33 35 40

257Index of Ancient Sources

Josephus

Ant14133ndash146 4415103 451982 123

Bell188 46

1131ndash11 441161ndash5 461213 461335 452101ndash5 1232116 183

Babylonian Texts

Gilgamesh 112

Greek and Latin Authors

Dio CassiusHis t59271 120

HomerOd10503ndash15 1121112ndash22 112

PlatoPhaed111cndash112e 112

Senecade Ben2121ndash2 120

Seneca the ElderControv9210 183

TacitusAnn632 120

His t59 183

Apos tolic and Church Fathers

1 Clement132 153292 121394ndash5 121

2 Clement32 190134 148

Apos tolic Cons titutions721 152

722 148 150 151722ndash6 147725 149 150726 148 153

AthanasiusFes t Let 3911 14

Canons of the Holy Apos tles4ndash5 152

Index of Ancient Sources258

Chrysos tomHom Mt342 180

Clement of AlexandriaS trom4641 139 143

Didache11ndash63 1412c 15213b 148 14913bndash5b 11 12 13 15 16

71 147 151 15413bndash21 5 11 14 15 15013c 15113cndash4a 1413d 15 14814 1414a 1614b 15 14914c 91 15014d 15 149 150 15115a 15015b 148 15381ndash2 1482 16103bndash122a 14113 16113ndash137 14153ndash4 16161ndash8 210 211 212

EusebiusHis t Eccl3254

IrenaeusAdv Haer1101 1214162 121

Jus tin Martyr1 Apol159 148

2 Apol25 121

OrigenC Cels870 180

PolycarpPhilippians22ndash3 153

Shepherd of HermasMandate 24ndash6 153

Similitude535ndash8 138

Rabbinic Literature

j Ber3b 5b 5c 31 37 38

j Ket35a 31 37

j Šab3a 38d 31 37

j Taʿan65b 4069ab 125

R Gen72 313813 31 37796 31

R Num193 31 38

TargumsCairo BGen 414 31 33 34 37 41

259Index of Ancient Sources

Cairo FExod 1913 37Deut 346 37

Neof I Gen 414 31 33 41Gen 95ndash6 37Gen 4922 36

Papyri Manuscripts and Inscriptions

Br Mus Or 9271 14P Oxy 1 17P Oxy 654 17

P Oxy 655 17 143 180P Oxy 1782 14 15 148 151Sf III 16ndash17 40

Index of Modern Authors

Achtemeier P 139 141Adams S L 56 72 202Alexander P S 31 32Allison D C 1 2 3 5 12 22 24 66

75 77 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 90 91 94 96 98 99 103 105 107 112 117 119 120 123 125 129 130 131 133 134 135 136 138 139 140 144 147 148 149 150 152 153 155 158 160 163 169 170 172 175 176 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 193 197 198 200 205

Anderson A A 124Anderson F I 113Andrejevs O 25 164 172 190Arcari L 44Argall R A 47 72 202Arnal W E 23 24 48 59 61 63 65

66 67 68 78 86 104 123 125 132 134 136 150 191 194 208 214

Attridge H W 17Audet J-P 14Avigad N 29 30

Bailey K 102Bauckham R 12Baum A D 1Bazzana G B 1 3 24 59 178 198Beasley-Murray G R 158Berger K 104Bergmeier R 159 160 162Betz D H 3 24 51 103 146 179 183de Begraveze T 27Bird M F 159 198 199Black C C 11Black M 26 28 30 31 32 35 36 37

40 168Blenkinsopp J 135 136 137Boccaccini G 32 43 44 50Boring M E 38 183 184 185 188

192 211

Borsch F H 185Bovon F 5 19 93 95 96 98 99 106

140 177 179 184 185 198Bowman J W 28 33Boyarin D 23Breuer Y 34Brin G 208Broadhead E K 3 89Brodie T L 163Brooke G J 43 160Brown R E 11 12 102 130 157 158Broyles C C 123Bultmann R 3 60 98 111 132 156

158 184 185 186 187 188 201Burkett D 27 213Bussmann W 26

Campbell J Y 28 46Caragounis C C 27 29 39Carroll J T 3Carruth S 119Casey P M 29 34 35 37 39 41Cas tor G D 4 5Catchpole D R 21 77 90 96 99 129

131 145 147 156 157 159 164 175 188 198 208

Chang A 199Charlesworth J H 31 42 43 44 45

46 47 72 160 171 185Chazon E G 115 202Cheung L L 12Childs B S 163Chilton B D 26 36 39 117 130Clark D J 109Collins A Y 39 41 47 50 51 52 103

114 188 193 211Collins J J 23 40 43 48 49 50 51

52 53 57 76 77 121 126 160 161 162 163 168 202

Colpe C 25 26 28 29 31 32 36 37 39 40 45 140

Index of Modern Authors262

Conzelmann H 96 97Cotter W J 61 104 132 156 163 165

166 170 191Cromhout M 61 145 191Crossan J D 39 89 94 98 134

Dalman G 27 29 30Damm A 171Davidson M J 114Davies W D 1 2 3 91 99 119 120

131 138 139 140 149 150 169 172 179 180 184 185 193 197 200

DeConick A D 11 17 20 21 138 139 192

Derrenbacker R A 1 24Di Lella A A 73Dibelius M 12Diacuteez Macho A 30Dimant D 160DiTommaso L 57Doering L 208Downing F G 23 64Draper J A 13 14 15 16 68 156Dundenberg I 11Dunn J D G 1 149 183Dupont J 97 116Durham J I 163

Eldridge M D 117Elgvin T 49 56 57 115 202Eshel H 44

Fiebig P 26 27 28 34 37 39Fitzmyer J A 1 2 3 8 19 26 28 30

31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 82 91 95 97 98 117 118 119 130 131 133 138 139 140 146 149 163 177 179 208

Fleddermann H T 2 6 10 11 59 62 69 83 84 85 86 87 90 91 93 95 97 98 101 103 104 105 109 129 130 134 140 144 148 150 152 156 157 163 166 170 176 177 179 184 185 189 199 200 203 205 211

Flusser D 14 15Fos ter P 1 3 6 12 26Freedman H 32Frenschkowski M 145Frey J 56Freyne S 159 199

Funk F X 14 147

Garciacutea Martiacutenez F 49 57 160 162 202 208

Garrow A 13Gathercole S 17 19 20 138 139 181Gerber C 203Gibson J B 116Gieschen C A 147Ginsburger M 30Glover R 13 16Goering G S 72 125Goff M J 55 56 57 79 84 115 178

202Goodacre M 1 17 19Greenfield J C 27Greeven H 12Gregg B H 90 97 186 198 204Grenfell B P 14 17Guelich R A 193Guenther H O 26Gundry R H 150 181 197

Haenchen E 12 139 157 158 201Hahn F 185Han K S 124 125 200Hannah D D 42 43 45 46Hare D R A 38 39 40 184 185Harrington D J 33 55 57 202 Hartin P J 12 61 119 166Hasitschka M 118Heil C 5 38 60 99 119 181Higgins A J B 184Hill A E 163Hindley J C 43Hoffmann P 5 38 55 67 70 75 77

80 96 99 112 145 167 170 184 185

Holtzmann H J 4Hooker M D 45Horsley R 68 156 198 199 200van der Hors t P W 73Hossfeld F L 124Howard G 146Howes L 26 39 43 61 65 77 81 133

140 141 142 166 167 170 185 188 190 212

Hubbard B J 38Hultgren S 160 162Hunt A S 14 17

263Index of Modern Authors

van Iersel B M F 102

Jacobson A D 5 26 39 49 54 60 61 64 75 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 85 87 90 94 96 97 98 106 129 132 140 144 152 156 157 167 170 171 184 185 187 201 207 210

Jefford C N 13 14 15Jeremias J 179 198 204Jervis L A 55Jewett R 149Johnson L A 178 208Johnson L T 12Johnson-DeBaufre M 66 103 163Jonas H 51de Jonge H J 24 185Jongeling B 35Joseph S J 1 21 23 24 45 46 47 48

51 52 68 103 125 132 134 136 142 144 153 156 159 160 161 162 164 178 180 181 182 184 185 187 190 191 200 201 202 206 208 214 215

Jus t A A 102

Kahle P 26 30 31 36Kampen J L 162 209Kaufman S A 31 32 36 40Keener C S 183Kirk A 2 4 5 6 10 15 24 55 59 60

61 62 66 67 68 69 71 72 73 75 76 77 78 79 83 84 85 86 87 88 90 94 96 98 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 111 114 129 152 155 156 166 177 179 184 189 190 197 203 207 208 214 215

Kloppenborg J S 1 2 3 4 5 11 12 13 14 15 17 19 21 22 23 24 25 26 38 39 50 51 53 54 55 57 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 86 87 88 89 90 95 97 98 99 103 104 107 108 111 112 121 122 123 124 125 126 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 139 140 141 142 143 144 147 148 150 151 155 156 157 158 160 162 163 164 165 166 167 170 171 172 175 176 180 181 182 183 184 187 189

190 191 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 208 210 211 212 213

Knibb M A 46 202Koes ter H 15 38 48 60 61 63 66

148Koumlhler W D 16Kraus H-J 124Kutscher E Y 30 35 36

Lang B 201Laurence R 41Leives tad R 43Levine A-J 208Lichtenberger H 124Lindars B 29 34 37 39 43 184 185

188Lohfink N 118Lukaszewski A 25 27Luz U 3 10 60 74 75 78 81 87 90

91 93 95 96 97 99 102 106 111 131 134 140 142 145 148 150 151 166 169 180 181 184 185 197 198 199 201 204 207

Luumldemann G 183Luumlhrmann D 61 64 78 111 140 157

158 165 180 184

Mack B L 23 38 43 61 133 135 170Magness J 160Malherbe A 192 211Manson T W 5 28 101Maori Y 32Marcus J 8 11 41 47 102 183 188

193 199 211Marshall I H 3Martiacutenez R 166 167Martyn J L 183Maumlrz C-P 90 94McDermott J M 185McNamara M J 31Meadors E P 62 66 67 72 74 76 77

166 168 201Meadors G T 137Menken M J J 116 117Meyer A 27Meyer P D 157Middleton P 182Milik J P 36 42 43 187Milikowsky C 181Miller R J 63 201

Index of Modern Authors264

Mitchell D C 124Moller H B 29Moreland M 23Moss C 182Mournet T C 1Muraoka T 35 38Muumlnch C 203

Neirynck F 2 3 4 11 22 26 90 98 99 116 130 140 149

Nickelsburg G 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 52 53 76 106 112 113 122 126 141 168 172 202 210 213

Niebuhr K W 159Niederwimmer K 13 14 15 16 148

151 152Nielsen K 114 115Nolland J 179Novakovic L 160 162

Odeberg H 36Oegema G S 116Owen P 25 29 35

Patterson S J 17 18 21 61 63Perrin N 186Pervo R I 183Pietersma A 146Piovanelli P 44 45Piper R A 61 82 112 176 190Ploeg J P M 35Pokornyacute P 11 17 19 117 139Polag A 62 73 89 90 94Porter S E 180 181Porton G G 38Pries t J 126Propp W H C 163Puech Eacute 133 160 162

Ra Y 39 132 145 155 170 184 185Reicke B 141Riesner R 183Robbins M C 51 103 113 115 117

121 125Robbins V K 104Robinson J M 2 5 24 26 34 38 39

41 43 55 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 77 96 103 119 129 131 132 134 135 140 142 143 144 145

156 160 165 166 167 180 181 184 185 186 187 188 190 200 201 202

Rodd C S 6 7 9Rollens S E 2 3 23 24 26 61 132

182 191Roth D T 2 6 7 10 11 54 90 145

165 191 192 203 204 205 206Rothschild C K 90 159 164Royse J R 146Roumlsel M 146

Sacchi P 43 44 45 47Sandt H 5 14 15Sato M 3 59 62 74 75 76 77 79 80

82 83 87 90 94 98 111 134 170 176 184

Schalit A 44Schenk W 62 73 89 90 103 170 176Schiavo L 104 112 113Schiffman L H 57 160Schnackenburg R 12 157 158Schniedewind W M 160Schroumlter J 180Schulz S 74 132 165 167 176 179

201 210Schuumlrmann H 8 130 167 170Seeley D 132 141 142Segal M 43 114 121Sellew P 193Sevenich-Bax E 103 105Shelton J 163Shepherd D 29 35Shinall M C 51Shirock R J 102Sjoumlberg E 28 29 35 39 45Skeat T C 180Skehan P W 73Smith D A 96 201 202 203So K-C 157Sokoloff M 35Somov A 181Spranger P P 204S taples J A 145 146 154S teck O H 61 64 132 201S tone M E 45S treeter B H 4 12 130S trugnell J 55S tuckenbruck L T 27 30 47 51 65

114 121Syreeni K 4 15 153

265Index of Modern Authors

Tabor J D 160Tannehil R C 178 208Taylor N H 120 123 183Theissen G 123Theophilos M P 126Tigchelaar E J C 56Tiwald M 3 23 160Toumldt H E 47 184 185 186 187Tuckett C M 1 3 6 9 11 13 14 15

17 23 26 49 50 53 54 61 62 63 66 68 72 76 77 84 86 90 94 95 98 112 114 119 121 125 130 134 140 150 154 156 157 158 160 166 170 184 193 199 205 206 207 208 210

Uhlig S 45Uro R 26 62 185

Vaage L E 23 24 26 39 61 133 165 167 170 171 190 191 210

VanderKam J C 43 46 57 168Vassiliadis P 89 94de Vaux R 56Vermes G 26 28 29 31 32 33 34 35

36 37 38 39 40 43 140 160 184

Wacholder B Z 209

von Wahlde U C 12 158Wahlen C 51Walck L W 46 52Watson F 1Weaks J A 6 7Weinfeld M 118 146 207 208Weiser A 124Weiss B 130Wellhausen J 26Welch J W 102Wernberg-Mѳller P 36Wes termann C 135 136Williams P J 35Wilson W T 149Wins ton D 46 72Wise M O 160Witetschek S 86 167Wolter M 90van der Woude A S 35Wright III B J 72 202

Xeravits G G 202

York A D 32

Zeller D 63 69 111 165 212Zenger E 124

Index of Subjects

Abel-Main (Tell Abl) 45Abraham 32 157Agrippa I 123 183Ahab 118 121angel of Yahweh 163angelicheavenly rebellion 121 125Antigonus 43aphaeresis 27 32 34 36 38apocalypse 48ndash as incorrectly applied to Mk 133ndash37

211ndash as incorrectly applied to Q 1723ndash37

210 211apocalypticndash Chris tianity 53ndash discourse 211ndash framework 57 121ndash inaccurately used as a noun 49ndash literature 47 53 54 135ndash language in Ben Sira 72ndash tradition 56 57 186ndash wisdom ins tructions other than Q 56

57 77 202ndash worldview (outside of Q see its at-

tes tation in Q referenced separately below) 24 49 50 51 55 57 87 121

apocalypticism 25 87 58 62ndash and apocalypse 48 49ndash and eschatology 48ndash as a literary category 48 79ndash as a dis tortion of Godrsquos intended

order 23ndash as compatible with wisdom in late

second temple literature 57 62 66 70 72 154 202

ndash as having a place outside the genre of an apocalypse 49

ndash as synonymous with apocalyptic worldview 49

ndash in Pauline thought 192ndash in sectarian environments 53

ndash in recent Q scholarship 48ndash methodological definitions of 50 54

186Aramaic 25 26 46 70 140 187 204

213ndash OfficialImperialBiblical 26 27 35

40ndash Middle 26 27 30 32 33 34 35 36

37 38 40 41 52 167 170 187 188ndash Late 26 27 28 32 33 34 35 36 37

38 41 140 187ndash Galilean 29 36 38ndash Qumran 31 32 35 38Athaliah 125Augus tus 45

Babylonian Exile 118Banias 45βασιλείαndash as a hypothetical metaphor reflecting

the social interes ts of Qrsquos author(s) 48

ndash as a political entity 120ndash of God 23 48 73 95 108 123 132

177 178 182 183 184 192 194 206 207

ndash of Satan 51 114ndash realized 142beatitude(s) 82 91 93 105 131 132

133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 153

Bethsaida 45 56 93

Caesarea Philippi 46(Cairo) Geniza fragments 28 29 30 32

36 37Capernaum 45 56 93chiasm 83 85 101 102 103 109 118

120chias tic 85 101 103 106 107 108 120

152 197

Index of Subjects268

Chorazin 56 93chreia(s) 63 71 104 105 120 211chreiic 65 86 104 105 111 156chris tology (see the Q discussion refer-

enced separately below)ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 17ndash in Luke 19ndash in Mark 131circumcision 159 209Claudius 183cosmic mountain 114 119Cynic(s) 23

Dan 45 47Darius I 163Deuteronomis t 118Deuteronomis tic His tory 146deuteronomis ticndash agenda 156ndash context(s) 143 153ndash framework 53 54ndash motifs 118 127ndash orientation 64ndash outlook 61 82 114ndash redaction 80ndash rhetoric 136ndash s tratums trata 78ndash theme 78ndash tradition 79ndash unders tanding 64devil 51 66 114 117 119 120 121 123

124

Elijah 96 116 118 126 162 163 164ElijahElisha cycle 162 163Enoch 44 45 47 51 76 112 113 157

172 202ndash as a scribe 46ndash Book of Watchers 45 113 125ndash sapiential content in Watchers 76ndash Book of Parables 24 41 47 157 167

171 213ndash sapiential content in Parables 76ndash Epis tle of Enoch 43ndash his torical incarnation of 202ndash Seminar 47Enochicndash author 122ndash corpus 52 73ndash formulation 52

ndash framework 121ndash literaturetext 43 46 56ndash movement 47 53 157 210ndash mythology 113 114 122 164ndash Son of Man 172ndash tradents 46ndash tradition 43 46 47 79 113 122 157

215ndash Watchers myth 45 53 121eschatological prophetndash in 4Q521 160 162ndash in Q 164 165 166eschatology (see the Q discussion refer-

enced separately below) 47 48 50ndash in 1 Enoch 42 47 76 122 141 142

168 169ndash in 4Q521 159 160 162ndash in 4QIns truction 56ndash in Ben Sira 72ndash in Malachi 163 164ndash in Psalms of Solomon 159ndash in Trito-Isaiah 136Exodusndash legendmyth 117ndash imagerymotifs 116 163

form (literary)ndash and meaning 82ndash and worldview 76ndash apocalypse 49ndash criticism 61 62 63 67 68 69 70

74 156 170 214ndash miracle s tory 156ndash wisdom 84ndash (wisdom) ins truction 70 71

Gaius (Caligula) 44 46 123Galilee 23 36 44 45 47 56 73 131

171 194 215ndash village scribes 48ndash villagestowns 24 93 199Gentile(s) 9 87 96 120 126 155 157

158 159 164 167 168 169 173 198 199 209 215

Great Omission 8 9

HasidicHasidim 79 162Hebrew 25 35 39 40 41 42 204Hebrew Biblescriptures 24 118 127

136 160

269Index of Subjects

Hermogenes 171mt Hermon 45 46 47Herod the Great and the Herodian era

43 44 45 46 126Herodians 45(holy) Spirit 72 94 178 189Hulah Valley 45

Isaiah (see the Index of Ancient Sources for specific passages)

ndash Deutero 46 135 136 168 169ndash firs t-century reader of 135ndash Trito 51 54 135 136 137 143 154

163 200Israelndash in Ben Sira 125ndash in Daniel 168ndash in Deuteronomy 118ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 139ndash in the Hebrew Bible 198 199ndash in Jubilees 121ndash in Malachi 163ndash in Q 53 64 78 80 87 96 104 118

127 155 156 158 198 199ndash pre-exilic 50ndash traditional wisdom of 58ndash wilderness myth 117

James (son of Zebedee) 183Jerusalem 44 72 96 106 108 113 119

125 159 166 199 200ndash culttemple 136 137 163 214ndash pries thood 45 47 127Jesusndash as an apocalyptic figure in Q 38ndash as a literary character in Q 21ndash floating traditions ascribed to 48ndash his torical 21 29 37 43 47 73 116

141 142 164 165 171 172 186 198ndash his torical greeting of in Jerusalem

106ndash movement 23ndash tradition 161Jewish Chris tianityndash as a movement in a contes ted envi-

ronment 43 183ndash as a proliferation of groups and

communities 183ndash on the use of the term 23

ndash possible connection to the Enochic movement 47

Jewish War 200John (the Baptis t) 68 78 80 83 85 90

91 92 97 103 104 105 116 159 163 164 165 166 167 169 172

ndash followers of 159 165 166ndash his torical 159 165Journeysndash cosmicterres trial 76 112 113 114

119 122 127ndash heavenly 45 112 113Judea 36 44 200 215

Kallirrhoeuml 45Kleinliteratur 3 4 59 60 73 215

Lordrsquos Prayer 93 94 177Lot 97 99

Maccabean era 126Mas tema 121Matthew and Luke as conservative

traditionalis ts 4Matthewrsquos and Lukersquos redactorial

freedom 4Matthewrsquos use of Q 4messiah 106 116 162 164 210messiahship 123messianic 116 210Migdal 46mimesis 114 141minor agreements 15 130Minor Prophets 146Moses 117

Nag Hammadi 17Nimrod 32

oralndash possible cross-influence on the Gos-

pel of Thomas from the canonical gospels 11 193

ndash harmonization of Matthew and Luke 16

ndash life of the primitive community 60ndash performance 15 16 161ndash source utilization 15ndash tradition 17 98 151ndash transmission 188

Index of Subjects270

ndash usage and application of Q 4ndash usage of Matthew 15ndash variants of Q 4Oxyrhynchus 17

Paneion 46Parousia 116 186 193Parthian invasion of 40 BCE 44 46Paulndash his torical 149 183ndash possible awareness of the Q tradition

by 192persecutionndash as an apocalyptic motif 54ndash because of someone 142ndash in authentic Pauline corpus 149 183ndash in Q 52 54 78 94 107 118 122

126 132 133 134 140 141 142 143 144 175 180 181 182 184 190 194 200 206

ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 138ndash in the Parables of Enoch 141ndash in Trito-Isaiah 137 200ndash plausibility of 182 183Pharisees 65 68 94 166 169 205 206

214pleroma 39prophecyndash pre-exilic and Persian era (classical)

50ndash mixture of with wisdom 77Prophetisierung 75

Qndash apocalypticism apocalyptic motifs

features imagination framework and worldview 23 25 46 53 57 58 63 69 70 71 73 76 79 84 87 88 111 114 121 127 141 175 190 194 197 202 210 211 213 214

ndash apocalyptic document 48 51ndash apocalyptic wisdom ins truction 23

55 70 73 74 77 79 214ndash (apocalyptic) communitymovement

55 107 122 194 195 206 209ndash Aramaic roots 26ndash chris tology 70 81 83 87 93 104

115 116 123 130 131 142 144 145 147 153 154 156 157 159 164 166 167 194 214

ndash demonology 51 53ndash eschatological (apocalyptic) dis-

course 64 83 97 98 170 210 211 212

ndash eschatology 48 51 54 56 69 73 75 87 94 95 101 104 105 108 133 141 142 143 144 147 159 164 165 166 167 169 172 180 192 193 194 198 199 202 203 210

ndash final (literary) form 59 62 69 78 178

ndash hypothetical mid- (lower) level or sub-elite scribal origin 24 59

ndash hypothetical recensions 3 4 59 60 90 98

ndash hypothetical segregation of wisdom and apocalyptic s trata 60 66 67 70 213 214

ndash mission speech 23 56 86 87 92 104 105 107 173 182 194

ndash Pales tinian character 24ndash possible authenticity of its content

22 81ndash prophetic content 61 63 67 70 74

75 76 77 79 80 82 83 142 143 176

ndash recons truction (CEQ) 5 6 10 90 (see also recons truction [in this s tudy] below as such frequently follows the CEQ)

ndash recons truction (feasibility) 2 3 4 10 11

ndash recons truction (in this s tudy) 60 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 111 116 119 120 123 130 131 134 144 147 148 149 151 152 165 169 170 172 175 176 177 178 179 181 184 191 193 199 204 207 213 215

ndash recons truction (methodology) 5 89 90

ndash recons truction (skepticism) 2 10 59 (see also recons tructed Mark below)

ndash sapiential content 12 62 63 67 77 79 80 82 130 154 175 191 202 214

ndash sermon 63 82 91 92 103 105 127 129 130 131 134 135 138 140 144 145 147 152 153 154 155 156

ndash sophis ticated scribal traditions 24ndash sub-literary view of 3 59 60 74

271Index of Subjects

ndash tradents 4 59 67 125 135 147 181 182 197 199 202 203 207 209 214

ndash tradition 13 17 87 161 163 164 186 187 192 202

Quintillian 171Qumran (see the Index of Ancient

Sources for specific documents)ndash apocalyptic worldview 50 135ndash Aramaic corpus 33ndash beatitude collection 133ndash communitymovementYahad 44 53

56 121 135 136 137 157 160 161 206 207 208 209

ndash demonology 124ndash discovery 29ndash fellowship with angels 115ndash fragments of 1 Enoch 44ndash library 43ndash manualsrules 82ndash sapiential literature 25 55 56 57

58 62 69ndash social setting 43

recons tructed Mark 2 6 7 8 9 10RomeRomans 44 91 121 126 159

199 207ndash occupation of Judea 44

sage(s) 55 56 79 84Samaria 44Satan 50 51 52 53 114 115 117 118

120 121 159 192scribe(s) 102 205ndash ancient reading practices of 102ndash as a Q opponent group 68 169 205ndash as advanced or elite readers of Q

102 103ndash Enochic 46 215ndash in Matthewrsquos community (other than

Matthew) 4ndash in the Q community 48 135 195

215ndash in the text of Q 169 172ndash memory competence of 4 102ndash responsible for 2 Enoch 112ndash responsible for Did 13bndash5b 15scriptorium 46Sefire 27 37Sepphoris 38 46Sermon on the Mount 15 16 87 94

Sermon on the Plain 15 16(Deutero-Isaianic) Servant 136 168 169Sidon 199Simeon II 125Son of Man 47 115ndash Aramaic background of the phrase

25 26 28 37 153ndash as a messianic title in the Parables of

Enoch 28 46ndash circumlocutional non-titular use of

the phrase in Late Aramaic 34ndash classifications of the phrasersquos Q

ins tances 26ndash designation of as Son of Humanity in

some recent research 39ndash his torical incarnation of as under-

s tood by some ancient authors 165 172

ndash hypothetical non-titular (circumlocu-tional or generic) use of the definite phrase in Middle Aramaic by the his torical Jesus and in Q 28 29 34 37 38 39 42 43 52 71 140 142 167 170 186 187

ndash in Daniel 41 42 186 213ndash in Luke 142 186ndash in Mark 41ndash in Matthew 99 142 186ndash in Q 25 26 34 38 39 42 43 46 47

52 53 64 67 69 70 71 96 98 104 106 115 116 123 141 142 147 164 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 176 185 186 187 188 189 191 194 201 203 210 212 213

ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 170ndash in the Parables of Enoch 25 28 41

42 43 44 45 46 47 122 141 142 146 147 153 155 164 165 168 169 172 173 202 213

ndash non-titular use of the indefinite phrase in Middle Aramaic 41

ndash titular (including but not limited to chris tological) use of the definite phrase in Q 34 38 52 53 64 70 104 123 142 143 147 167 168 172 173 185 186 187 189 191 194 201 203 210 212 213

Sondergut 89 90ndash Matthean 91ndash Lukan 94 95 97 98 177

Index of Subjects272

Sophiandash myth (Enochic tradition) 172 202ndash myth (synoptic tradition) 96 200

201ndash words of 96 201synopticndash gospels 11 150 151ndash material 16 151ndash parallels 18 19ndash problem 1ndash Sayings Source 3 216ndash s tudies 4ndash tradition 17 21 26 98 101 131 151

158 205 215Syria 215

Talmud 30 36 37 38Targum 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

38 40 41ndash recons truction of the Pales tinian Tar-

gum 32Taricheae 46Tell Dan 45templendash apparatusins titution 50 96 107

113 119 125 126 127 137 157 197 200 205

ndash eschatological 76

ndash purityholiness of 65 123 137ndash mitigatingprotective role 51 124ndash of Augus tus at Paneion 45ndash second temple era 25 41 44 48 56

62 70 71 72 79 82 84 121 124 136 137 154 163 186 201 209 213 216

ndash liturgy 124ndash mounthill 113ndash pollution of as perceived by some

ancient authors 113 125 136Theon of Alexandria 171Tiberias 38Torah 58 64 72 79 112 207 208 209transfiguration 47tree of knowledge 113Tyre 199

Vermes-Fitzmyer debate 28 38 39

Watchers 45 53 121Wicked Pries t 125

Yahweh 117 118

Zechariah (son of Jehoiada) 200mt Zion 113

  • Cover13
  • Titel13
  • Preface
  • Table of Contents13
  • List of Abbreviations
  • Chapter One Prolegomena
    • 1 Introduction Recent Methodological Questions in Q Studies
    • 2 The Study of Q as a Reconstructed Text
      • Index of Ancient Sources
      • Index of Modern Authors
      • Index of Subjects
Page 17: Apocalypticism in the Synoptic Sayings Source€¦ · Apocalypticism in the Synoptic Sayings Source A Reassessment of Q’s Stratigraphy Mohr Siebeck. Olegs Andrejevs, born 1982;

2 The Study of Q as a Reconstructed Text 5

ensuing Q scholarship as well as a number of Matthean and Lukan scholars10 today it is possible to assert with ldquoa near unanimity that Luke best preserved the sequence of Q sayingsrdquo11

Q attained what currently remains its definitive reconstruction by the end of the twentieth century in the form of The Critical Edition of Q (hereafter CEQ)12 To call the CEQ ldquodefinitiverdquo of course is to neither imply its infalli-bility nor to expect it to produce the final say on the matter13 As noted by James M Robinson in the introduction to the CEQ it was a product ldquoof a team of scholars who have been working together since 1985 as the International Q Projectrdquo (hereafter IQP)14 The text and sequence of Q published in the CEQ

Castor Matthewrsquos Sayings of Jesus The Non-Marcan Common Source of Matthew and Luke (PhD diss University of Chicago 1918) 120ndash39

10 Eg T W Manson The Sayings of Jesus as recorded in the Gospels according to St Matthew and St Luke arranged with introduction and commentary (London SCM Press 1949 reprint 1971) 39ndash148 James M Robinson ldquoThe Sermon on the Mount Plain Work Sheets for the Reconstruction of Qrdquo SBLSP 22 (1983) 451ndash54 Arland D Jacobson The First Gospel An Introduction to Q (FFRS Sonoma CA Polebridge Press 1992) 45 Dale C Allison The Jesus Tradition in Q (Harrisburg PA Trinity Press International 1997) 2 n 6 Franҫois Bovon Luke 1 A Commentary on the Gospel of Luke 11ndash950 (Hermeneia Minneapolis MN Fortress Press 2002) 6ndash8 Kirk Q in Matthew 163ndash66

11 Kloppenborg Verbin Excavating Q 88 Noting that ldquomost recent reconstructions of Q include both (a) the double tradition and (b) items triply attested where the degree of agreement against Mark is substantial and where the agreements are not likely to be merely coincidentalrdquo Kloppenborg (ibid 92) uses these criteria to assign the following texts to Q (by Lukan versifi-cation) Q 37bndash9 16bndash17 41ndash13 620bndash23 27ndash33 35c 36ndash37b 38c 39ndash49 71bndash2 6bndash10 18ndash19 22ndash23 24ndash28 31ndash35 957ndash60 102ndash16 21ndash22 23bndash24 112ndash4 9ndash13 14ndash20 23 24ndash26 29ndash35 39ndash44 46ndash52 122ndash12 22bndash31 33ndash34 39ndash40 42bndash46 51ndash53 54bndash56 58ndash59 1318ndash19 20ndash21 24 26ndash27 28ndash30 34ndash35 14111814 1416ndash24 26ndash27 34ndash35 154ndash7 1613 16 17 18 171bndash2 3bndash4 6b 23ndash24 26ndash27 30 33 34ndash35 37b 1912ndash13 15bndash26 2228bndash30 Kloppenborg also assigns to Q some Sondergut materials which involve a different set of methodological considerations See the discussion in chapter four

12 James M Robinson Paul Hoffmann and John S Kloppenborg eds The Critical Edition of Q Synopsis including the Gospels of Matthew and Luke Mark and Thomas with English German and French Translations of Q and Thomas (Hermeneia Supplement Series Minneap-olis MN Fortress Press 2000)

13 It may suffice here to quote the editors James M Robinson ldquoHistory of Q Researchrdquo in The Critical Edition of Q lxxi ldquoIt is not to be assumed that the present critical text is a last wordrdquo John S Kloppenborg ldquoThe Use of the Synoptics or Q in Did 13bndash21rdquo in Matthew and the Didache Two Documents from the Same Jewish-Christian Milieu (ed Huub van de Sandt Minneapolis MN Fortress Press 2005) 115 ldquoWhile the Critical Edition should hardly be taken as the definitive reconstruction of Q it does provide a benchmark and a useful point of referencerdquo

14 Robinson ldquoHistory of Q Researchrdquo xix For a survey of IQPrsquos methodology and results as assessed at the time of the CEQrsquos publication see Christoph Heil ldquoDie Q-Rekonstruktion des Internationalen Q-Projekts Einfuumlhrung in Methodik und Resultaterdquo NovT 43 (2001) 128ndash43 For IQP work sessions see James M Robinson ldquoThe International Q Project Work Session 17 November 1989rdquo JBL 109 (1990) 499ndash501 Idem ldquoThe International Q Project Work

6 Chapter One Prolegomena

therefore represent a consensus among a group of scholars reflecting the pre-suppositions held by those scholars at a particular juncture in the history of Qrsquos research15 That it is only a necessary first step and demands continued reeval-uation becomes evident from the fact that some of the IQP members whose preferences were occasionally not reflected in the CEQ proceeded to release their own alternative reconstructions of Q either shortly before or after the CEQrsquos seminal publication16 Indeed the present study also makes several emendations of both the CEQrsquos reconstruction of the documentrsquos sequence and of its wording Overall however it is clear that the CEQ will continue to pro-vide the baseline for compositional studies of Q for years to come

The availability of the reconstructed text enables the literary analysis of Q A number of scholars however have recently expressed doubts regarding the attainability of not only Qrsquos wording but in fact of the documentrsquos full extent Cyril S Rodd has declared it ldquosheer conjecturerdquo to imagine ldquothat the passages which are common to Matthew and Luke comprise this Q document in its en-tiretyrdquo17 Joseph Allen Weaks has similarly called the text of Q ldquospeculativerdquo claiming that to rely on it as though it were ldquoan extant gospel textrdquo is ldquosimply not possiblerdquo18 Both scholars have tied the bulk of their objections to the ob-servation (called a ldquothought experimentrdquo by Dieter T Roth)19 that the text of Markrsquos gospel cannot be accurately reconstructed from its Matthean and Lukan reception While this argument has already been engaged by some scholars20 the deficiency of its logic appears to not have been sufficiently exposed as Rothrsquos renewed deployment of it in 2018 demonstrates ndash in a Q monograph21 It is therefore important to allow the reader to assess the difficulties

Session 16 November 1990rdquo JBL 110 (1991) 494ndash98 Idem ldquoThe International Q Project Work Sessions 12ndash14 July 22 November 1991rdquo JBL 111 (1992) 500ndash08 Idem ldquoThe Interna-tional Q Project Work Sessions 31 Julyndash2 August 20 November 1992rdquo JBL 112 (1993) 500ndash06 Idem ldquoThe International Q Project Work Sessions 6ndash8 August 18ndash19 November 1993rdquo JBL 113 (1994) 495ndash99 Idem ldquoThe International Q Project Work Sessions 23ndash27 May 22ndash26 August 17ndash18 November 1994rdquo JBL 114 (1995) 475ndash85 Idem ldquoThe International Q Pro-ject Editorial Board Meetings 1ndash10 June 16 November 1995 16ndash23 August 22 November 1996 Work Sessions 17 November 1995 23 November 1996rdquo JBL 116 (1997) 521ndash25

15 The full list of the IQPrsquos members may be found in The Critical Edition xvii 16 Kirk Composition 152ndash403 Fleddermann Commentary 874ndash913 17 Cyril S Rodd ldquoThe End of the Theology of Qrdquo ExpT 113 (2001) 12 Idem ldquoThe The-

ology of Q Yet Again A Reply to the Responses of Christopher Tuckett and Paul Fosterrdquo ExpT 114 (2002) 80ndash85

18 Joseph Allen Weaks ldquoMark without Mark Problematizing the Reliability of a Recon-structed Text of Qrdquo (PhD diss Brite Divinity School 2010) 344ndash45

19 Roth Parables 36 20 Eg Christopher M Tuckett ldquoThe Search for a Theology of Q A Dead Endrdquo ExpT 113

(2002) 291ndash94 Paul Foster ldquoIn Defense of the Study of Qrdquo ExpT 113 (2002) 295ndash300 21 Roth Parables 36ndash37 It should be noted of course that Roth does not wish to com-

pletely dismiss the accessibility of Qrsquos text His intention is to argue that ldquoscholarship should be rather more skeptical about the wording of Qrdquo (ibid 39)

2 The Study of Q as a Reconstructed Text 7

compromising the case that Rodd Weaks and Roth have found rather persua-sive Three observations stand to be made in this regard

First of all because it is a sayings collection Q does not lend itself to the same type of editorial abridgements as Mark The two documents are very dif-ferent Not nearly enough attention is given to this by Rodd Weaks and Roth all of whom hang their case to some degree on the fragmentary product that is the reconstructed Mark as though Q similarly contains a plot or even a remotely compatible story to saying ratio The abridgement of Markan pericopes by Luke and Matthew reflects editorial strategies appropriate to rewriting a biography viz a document exhibiting a large concentration of narrative material22 The Markan words of Jesus are omitted at a vastly different rate with the majority of those words preserved by both Matthew and Luke with minimal rephrasing23

22 Rodd (ldquoThe End of the Theology of Qrdquo 6) notes that ldquoalmost always each pericope in

[the reconstructed] lsquoMarkrsquo will be shorter than in the canonical gospelrdquo citing as examples the abridgements of Mk 21ndash12 (= Matt 91ndash8 Lk 517ndash26) and Mk 121ndash12 (= Matt 2133ndash46 Lk 209ndash19) However the healing of a man with the palsy (Mk 21ndash12) is a good example of a story whose narrative details welcome abridgements while the words of Jesus (Mk 25b 8bndash11) ndash notably including the key statements in Mk 25b 10 ndash are preserved correctly by both Matthew and Luke (Matt 92c 4bndash6 Lk 520b 22bndash24) As for the parable of the wicked tenants (Mk 121ndash12) this can be reliably reconstructed from its MatthewLuke reproduction missing only minor details The omitted details scarcely seem to affect the interpretation of the source text viz the intention of the parable as it was deployed in Markrsquos gospel

23 Mk 141 44 (= Matt 83ndash4 Lk 513ndash14) Mk 25 8ndash11 (= Matt 92 4ndash6 Lk 520 22ndash24) Mk 214 (= Matt 99 Lk 527) Mk 217 (= Matt 912ndash13 Lk 531ndash32) Mk 219ndash22 (= Matt 915ndash17 Lk 534ndash38) Mk 225ndash28 (= Matt 123ndash4 8 Lk 63ndash5) Mk 34ndash5 (= Matt 1212ndash13 Lk 69ndash10) Mk 335 (= Matt 1250 Lk 821) Mk 42ndash9 (= Matt 133ndash9 Lk 85ndash8) Mk 411ndash12 (= Matt 1311 13 Lk 810) Mk 414ndash20 (= Matt 1318ndash23 Lk 811ndash15) Mk 421ndash22 (= MattQ 515 MattQ 1026 Lk 816ndash17) Mk 424c (= MattQ 72 LkQ 638) Mk 425 (= Matt 1312 Lk 818) Mk 440 (= Matt 826 Lk 825) Mk 534 (= Matt 922 Lk 848) Mk 539 (= Matt 923ndash24 Lk 852) Mk 64bc (= Matt 1357 Lk 424) Mk 637 (= Matt 1416 Lk 913) Mk 827 29 (= Matt 1613 15 Lk 918 20) Mk 834ndash36 (= Matt 1624ndash26 Lk 923ndash25) Mk 91 (= Matt 1628 Lk 927) Mk 919 (= Matt 1717 Lk 941) Mk 931 (= Matt 1722ndash23 Lk 944) Mk 935 (= Matt 2311 Lk 2226) Mk 937 (= Matt 185 Lk 948) Mk 940 (= MattQ 1230 Lk 950) Mk 1014ndash15 (= Matt 183 1914 Lk 1816ndash17) Mk 1018ndash19 21 23 25 27 29ndash30 (= Matt 1917ndash19 21 23ndash24 26 29 Lk 1819ndash20 22 24ndash25 27 29ndash30) Mk 1033ndash34 (= Matt 2018ndash19 Lk 1831ndash33) Mk 1042ndash45 (= Matt 2025ndash28 Lk 2225ndash27) Mk 1051 (= Matt 2032 Lk 1841) Mk 112ndash3 (= Matt 212ndash3 Lk 1930ndash31) Mk 1117 (= Matt 2113 Lk 1946) Mk 1129ndash30 33 (= Matt 2124ndash25 27 Lk 203ndash4 8) Mk 121ndash10 (= Matt 2133ndash42 Lk 209ndash17) Mk 1215dndash17 (= Matt 2219ndash21 Lk 2024ndash25) Mk 1225ndash27 (= Matt 2230ndash32 Lk 2034ndash38) Mk 1230ndash31 (= Matt 2237ndash39 Lk 1027) Mk 1235ndash37 (= Matt 2241ndash45 Lk 2041ndash44) Mk 132 (= Matt 242 Lk 216) Mk 135ndash13 (Matt 244ndash13 Lk 218ndash19) Mk 1314c 17 19 (= Matt 2416 19 21 Lk 2121 23) Mk 1324ndash31 (= Matt 2429ndash35 Lk 2125ndash33) Mk 1413ndash14 (= Matt 2618 Lk 2210ndash11) Mk 1418 20ndash21 (= Matt 2621 23ndash24 Lk 2221ndash22) Mk 1422ndash25 (= Matt 2626ndash29 Lk 2216ndash20) Mk 1430 (= Matt 2634 Lk 2234) Mk 1436 (= Matt 2639 Lk 2242) Mk 1437ndash38 (= Matt 2640ndash41 Lk 2246) Mk 1448ndash49a (= Matt 2655 Lk 2252ndash53a) Mk 1462 (= Matt 2664 Lk 2269ndash70) Mk 152 (= Matt 2711 Lk 233)

8 Chapter One Prolegomena

and the non-Q related omissions limited to (a) statements forming an integral part of a narrative24 (b) statements commands and questions that are redun-dant25 (c) statements that cast a potentially negative light on Jesusrsquo family26 or disciples27 both established Markan themes28 (d) statements that are poten-tially problematic theologically29 (e) statements falling under none of the above categories that are abridged expanded or reworked by one of the evan-gelists30 (f) statements occurring in pericopes that have been eliminated com-pletely by Matthew or Luke31 Of these six categories the first three are un-likely to have been present in Q due to its lack of a plot relative scarcity of stories and absence of any interest in Jesusrsquo family or disciples The remaining three categories include only a few sayings outside of the Great Omission (more on that below) Consequently it appears that Matthew and Luke already elim-inating a minor percentage of the Markan Jesusrsquo words that lack Q parallels had no clear reason to omit even that much from Q

Secondly on a number of occasions one or both evangelists preserve dou-blets of the Markan sayings of Jesus which on the 2DH are assigned to Q32 This development is surprising in Lukersquos case since his tendency to avoid dou-blets is well known33 What is really decisive however is that in instances

24 Mk 125 138 435 59 19 530 541 1243 (omitted by Matthew) Mk 1036 1432

34 41ndash42 (omitted by Luke) Mk 1114 (either omitted or reworked in Lk 136ndash9) Mk 439 58 631 638 916 21 25 933 939c 1049 1234 (omitted or reworked by both Matthew and Luke)

25 Mk 424bd 1238 40 (omitted by Matthew) Mk 334 837 941 1211 1215b 1224 1318 20 23 (omitted by Luke) Mk 1449b (reworked in Lk 2253b) Mk 949 1024 1229 (omitted by both Matthew and Luke)

26 Mk 333ndash34 Mk 64de (omitted by Luke) 27 Mk 413 (omitted by Matthew and Luke) Mk 833 1038ndash40 (omitted by Luke) Mk

1427ndash28 (reworked in Lk 2231ndash32) 28 Eg Joel Marcus Mark (AB 27 and 27A 2 vols New York NY and New Haven CT

Doubleday and Yale 2000ndash2009) 279ndash80 310ndash11 378ndash80 509ndash15 653 677ndash81 999ndash1000 29 Mk 939 (omitted by Matthew and Luke) Mk 943ndash48 (omitted by Luke) Mk 1534

(reworked in Lk 2346) 30 Mk 115 (reworked and expanded in Lk 416ndash21) Mk 536 (abridged in Matt 923ndash26)

Mk 1314ab (reworked in Lk 2120) Mk 146ndash9 (reworked in Lk 736ndash50) Mk 1413ndash15 (abridged in Matt 2618)

31 Mk 426ndash29 99ndash13 (omitted by Luke) everything that belongs to Mk 645ndash826 (the Great Omission of the Markan material by Luke)

32 Mk 421 (= Lk 816 LkQ 1133) Mk 422 (= Lk 817 LkQ 122) Mk 425 (= Matt 1312 MattQ 2529 Lk 818 LkQ 1926) Mk 68 10ndash11 (= Lk 93ndash5 LkQ 104ndash5 8 10ndash11) Mk 834 (= MattQ 1038 Matt 1624 Lk 923 LkQ 1427) Mk 835 (= MattQ 1039 Matt 1625 Lk 924 LkQ 1733) Mk 838 (= Lk 926 LkQ 128ndash9) Mk 937 (= Matt 185 MattQ 1040 Lk 948 LkQ 1016) Mk 940 (Lk 950 LkQ 1123) Mk 1011ndash12 (= Matt 199 MattQ 532) Mk 1238ndash39 (= Lk 2046 LkQ 1143) Mk 139 11 (= Lk 2112ndash15 LkQ 1211ndash12) See further Fitzmyer Luke 81ndash82

33 See eg H Schuumlrmann ldquoDie Dubletten im Lukasevangeliumrdquo ZKT 75 (1953) 339ndash445 Idem ldquoDie Dublettenvermeidungen im Lukasevangeliumrdquo ZKT 76 (1954) 83ndash93

2 The Study of Q as a Reconstructed Text 9

when Luke is faced with a choice between Mark and Q and does not opt to retain both the preference is overwhelmingly given to the Q location and word-ing of the text34 Consequently it seems overly simplistic to suggest as Rodd does that ldquoas [the reconstructed] lsquoMarkrsquo is not Mark so in all probability the lsquoQrsquo of the scholars is not the historical document Qrdquo35 The evangelistsrsquo ten-dency to either retain the MarkQ parallels or ndash especially in Lukersquos case ndash to favor Q its wording and location over the Markan parallels shows that the two documents were not treated equally as far as the words of Jesus were concerned with the approach to Q being more conservative36

Thirdly the verse and word count discrepancy between the reconstructed and canonical Mark has been somewhat inflated as the percentages cited by scholars are routinely bolstered by the inclusion of the Great Omission On the 2DH there are two possible solutions to this well-known source-critical anom-aly the absence of Mk 645ndash826 from Lukersquos gospel is either intentional or stems from inheriting a shorter copy of Mark which lacked that material In either scenario Lukersquos omission of Mk 645ndash826 complicates the analogy be-tween the reconstructed Mark and Q If the omission was unintentional it tells us something only about the compositional history or textual transmission of Markrsquos gospel If however Lukersquos decision to skip Mk 645ndash826 was inten-tional is it not likely to have been motivated by Lukersquos avoidance of dou-blets37 A similar development is unlikely to have occurred in Lukersquos reception of Q as we have noted when faced with MarkQ doublets Luke tends to favor Qrsquos version over an available Markan parallel38 Consequently due to the sheer size of the Great Omission and regardless of the Omissionrsquos intentionality or

34 LkQ 112 4 9 (= Mk 1124ndash25) LkQ 1115 17ndash18 21 (= Mk 323ndash27) Lk 1210 (=

Mk 328ndash29) LkQ 1240 (= Mk 1332) LkQ 1318ndash19 (= Mk 430ndash32) LkQ 1330 (= Mk 1031) Lk 1618 (= Mk 1011ndash12) LkQ 171ndash2 (= Mk 942) LkQ 176 (= Mk 1123) LkQ 1723 31 (= Mk 1315ndash16 21) All of these are deployed by Luke in clusters of Q material rather than in the Lukan parallels to the respective Markan pericopes Mk 950 (= LkQ 1434ndash35) is similarly deployed away from its Markan context and surrounded by Q and L material Both Matthew and Luke favor the wording of Q 1434ndash35 over its Markan parallel

35 Rodd ldquoThe End of the Theology of Qrdquo 12 36 See eg Christopher M Tuckett Q and the History of Early Christianity Studies on Q

(Edinburgh TampT Clark 1996) 94 Luz ldquoQ in Matthewrdquo 50 37 Mk 645ndash52 contains a sea miracle similar to Mk 435ndash41 Mk 71ndash23 was likely elim-

inated to shift the lifting of the dietary restrictions to the post-Easter stage in Lukersquos narrative (Acts 109ndash16) Mk 724ndash30 was probably (a) deemed redundant (see LkQ 71ndash10) (b) re-garded as problematic due to the conflict between the Markan Jesusrsquo reluctance to perform a miracle for a Gentile person (Mk 727) and the Lukan Jesusrsquo programmatic openness to such developments (Lk 425ndash27) Mk 81ndash10 14ndash21 and 822ndash26 are clearly redundant (see Mk 635ndash44 Lk 912ndash17 Mk 1046ndash52 Lk 1835ndash43) Mk 811ndash13 has a Q parallel (= LkQ 1129ndash32)

38 On the L-M Hypothesis this would mean that Luke tends to favor Matthewrsquos version over an available Markan parallel

10 Chapter One Prolegomena

lack thereof the reconstructed Mark presents an analogy to Q that is at best tenuous

In light of the above observations my contention is that methodologically virtually the entire Q is likely to be accounted for in terms of its content39 That still leaves the question of the documentrsquos precise wording and its recovery Here Roth has argued that

there is a fundamental difference between conceiving of the ldquotext of Qrdquo as a reconstruction of its original wording and approaching it as a metaphorical and narratival realm an intertext as it were accessible through Matthew and Luke40

Roth further states as one of his monographrsquos objectives (which is primarily dedicated to the study of Qrsquos parables) an attempt to

advance Q studies by pursuing insight into the parables of Q through a different set of meth-odological approaches than those present in the reigning paradigm focusing upon word-level reconstruction The resultant exegetical work is not therefore in the first instance focused upon vocabulary and syntax of a reconstructed text but rather upon the narratival elements and structures characters images metaphors and theological emphases of an ldquointertextrdquo41

I see no reason to contest Rothrsquos objections to an uncritical acceptance of the CEQ text (of course the CEQ editors have already noted that it is only a work-ing reconstruction)42 Pending the surfacing of an actual copy of Q any recon-struction of its wording is necessarily going to remain hypothetical and thus subject to continued analysis Still to suggest that the hypothetical nature of the enterprise undermines its results perhaps runs the risk ldquothat a methodologi-cal limitation becomes an ontological description of Q itselfrdquo43 Roth admits that his own study of narratival and metaphorical elements ldquocannot function on an entirely lsquowordlessrsquo levelrdquo proposing as a solution that Qrsquos text should be accessed exclusively through the wording of Matthew and Luke44 Such drastic restrictions are in my opinion unnecessary In light of the previous discussion it is possible to assert from a methodologically sound position that Qrsquos recon-structions are not ldquopotentially faultyrdquo to the degree suggested by Roth45 While a precise word-by-word recovery may not be possible or even necessary in every verse of the synoptic double tradition a reliable near-word-level recon-struction of Q appears consistently attainable This is suggested by Lukersquos (and frequently Matthewrsquos) aforementioned preference of Qrsquos wording in the MarkQ parallels Matthewrsquos and Lukersquos slightly superior degree of verbal

39 See further Fleddermann Commentary 73ndash74 Luz ldquoQ in Matthewrdquo 45 (while positing

the existence of QMatt Luz concludes that it ldquodid not differ substantiallyrdquo from the main body of the Q source)

40 Roth Parables 41 41 Ibid 44ndash45 42 Ibid 38ndash39 Roth (ibid) also critiques Fleddermannrsquos alternative reconstruction 43 Kirk Q in Matthew 152 44 Roth Parables 40ndash41 45 Ibid 44

Index of Ancient Sources

Hebrew Bible (LXX)

Genesis414 28 3361ndash4 5062 4 (LXX) 115723 (LXX) 981316 331417 36174ndash6 1991710ndash14 1591817ndash18 1991826 (LXX) 981917 (LXX) 982218 199264 199

Exodus161ndash36 117171ndash7 1181715 (LXX) 1242114 (LXX) 1242225ndash26 1502320ndash21 23 1632415ndash16 (LXX) 472520 (LXX) 124

Numbers111ndash9 1172319 40

Deuteronomy324 (LXX) 146612ndash15 118613 (LXX) 116616 (LXX) 116 11882ndash3 11783 (LXX) 116811ndash20 118812ndash15 (LXX) 117

926 (LXX) 146159 (LXX) 205241ndash4 79 208 2092410ndash17 1502918ndash20 207319 25ndash26 209328ndash9 (LXX) 1213211 201

Joshua2313 (LXX) 207

Ruth212 201

1 Samuel27 (LXX) 1371821 (LXX) 207

1 Kings627 (LXX) 12486 (LXX) 1241717ndash24 162191ndash18 116 118 119194 (LXX) 117195 (LXX) 118198 (LXX) 117 1181910 14 (LXX) 1182219ndash23 (LXX) 121

2 Kings216 (LXX) 112 116418ndash37 16251ndash14 163

2 Chronicles58 (LXX) 1242314 125

Index of Ancient Sources246

Ezra91ndash2 1371018ndash44 137

Job16 11521 1151621 40256 40358 40387 115

Psalms2 16869 (LXX) 19785 40102 9 137178 2013510 137367 201605 (LXX) 124614 2016923 (LXX) 207722ndash12 1378018 40813 (LXX) 137901ndash2 4 (LXX) 124906 (LXX) 1249011ndash12 (LXX) 123914 2011063 (LXX) 1981091 (LXX) 4110916 22 13611826 1061457ndash8 (LXX) 1611463 401476 137

Proverbs1ndash9 55236 (LXX) 205264ndash5 189

Isaiah1ndash39 13511 168253ndash4 (LXX) 137315 201355 (LXX) 16140ndash55 135

426 168427 18 (LXX) 161435 198491ndash8 1685112 4055ndash66 135562 40563ndash8 136585ndash7 13860ndash62 135611 (LXX) 160 161611ndash2 (LXX) 48 134611ndash3 (LXX) 132 135 136 137665 (LXX) 1376618ndash20 164 198

Jeremiah317ndash18 164 1984918 33 405040 405143 40

Ezekiel8ndash11 112 11382 11440ndash48 112 113402 113403 114

Daniel713 27 40 41 168 213817 40

Amos13 (LXX) 20413ndash28 7528 15035 (LXX) 18086 (LXX) 137

Haggai220ndash22 163

Zechariah315 13787 198

Malachi16ndash29 163210ndash16 163

247Index of Ancient Sources

31 163 164 322ndash23 (LXX) 163

Old Tes tament Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha

1 Enoch1ndash5 761ndash36 4621ndash54 1226ndash11 526ndash16 4766 4573ndash6 1221021 164 198123ndash4 46124 113 125137 45139 45148ndash164 76151 46152ndash4 125171 11417ndash19 112 11320ndash36 112 113215 114242ndash257 113261ndash275 113323ndash6 11337ndash71 41 45 186 213381ndash6 122384ndash5 45391ndash3 45396 108413ndash8 76418 44421ndash2 (3) 126 171 201422 170451ndash6 76455 4546 52461ndash8 141462ndash4 42464ndash6 45468 46471ndash4 14148ndash49 52481 202481ndash10 141482 42

483 202483ndash7 168488ndash9 (10) 45 122492 4 168493 202505 76513 (5a) 168 172 20251ndash52 5252ndash56 112526 9 168531ndash5 45 122536 46 168542 45543ndash4 76545ndash6 45547 210554 45 108561ndash4 45565ndash8 43 44 45571 198591ndash6023 766010 4261ndash63 46 52621ndash9 45622ndash3 122624ndash6312 122625ndash14 42631ndash12 45 122632ndash4 106637 1236311 426312 76651ndash663 52671ndash681 52678ndash13 43 44 45 1226926ndash29 42 52701 42715ndash17 447113(14)ndash17 42 1418215ndash20 7683ndash84 52891ndash9 528973ndash74 1139038 164

Index of Ancient Sources248

1006 1681049ndash13 47

2 Enoch31ndash221 113101ndash6 112

3 Baruch3ndash17 113163 204

3 Enoch11ndash12 113

Ascension of Isaiah610ndash15 113

Baruch437 19855 198

Bel and the Dragon36 112 114 116

Jubilees11ndash8 209120 12122 114727 52102 52105 52106 121108ndash11 52 114 121114 121115 521114ndash1214 321220 1211525ndash34 1591531ndash32 114 1211928 121492 52

Letter of Aris teas155 145

Psalms of Solomon219 159823 30 1591112 1981731 164 1981810ndash12 76

Sirach21ndash17 72 86212 87143ndash7 2051410ndash11 202241ndash12 125247ndash11 1262410ndash11 1592525ndash26 2072611 2053113 2053522ndash3622 723824ndash3911 17243 76501ndash24 125

The Sentences of the Syriac Menander340ndash46 189

Tes tament of Abraham81ndash12 113

Tes tament of Levi26ndash57 113

Tes tament of Moses51ndash62 126

Tobit145ndash7 164 198

Vita Adae et Evae61ndash103 116121ndash161 115

Wisdom of Solomon410ndash15 46418ndash513 46

249Index of Ancient Sources

New Tes tament

Q32ndash958 (59ndash60) 101 103 104 108

126 155 173 17537 5237ndash9 16ndash17 5 54 64 68 70 90

104 11637ndash735 78 80 81 83 85

101 102 103317 54 9141ndash13 5 51 52 53 64 65

66 78 91 104 111 112 113 114 115 118 119 126 152 153 155 156

41ndash4 116 11745ndash8 114 119 121 122

123 15949ndash12 (13) 47 51 65 96 123

157 200416 91 129 130 131

153620ndash49 16 63 82 91 104

105 129 130 131 153

620b 12 91 132620bndash21 48 132 133 134

135 136 137620bndash23 5 131 132 143621a 12 20 91 132622 12 17 24 25 26

38 71 140 141 153 167 170 194 205

622ndash23 17 20 52 53 54 96 132 133 134 136 139 140 141 142 206

623c 64 82 129 132 139 140 142 143

627ndash35 (36) 13 16 71 129 147 151 152 153 154

629 24 91 150630 24 150631 91 152637ndash38 12 92640 92 144646 92 104 144 145

146 153 154 203

647ndash49 12 92 14471ndash10 9 64 92 104 126

155 156 158 169 197 199

76 145 20379 87 96 104 156

157 158 167 173 194 198 199

718ndash19 159 167718ndash23 159718ndash28 64 166718ndash960 92722 16 54 134 135

161 163 164 172727 96 163731ndash35 64 70 92 165 166

169 170 171733 51 53734 24 26 52 165 167

169 170 172735 166 170957ndash58 (59ndash60) 92 105 111 155

169 170 171957ndash62 63959ndash60 172 173958 24 25 26 27 38

52 71 164 165 169 170 171 172

959 145102ndash16 5 56 63 70 86

158 170 175 182 215

102ndash24 92102ndash1240 101 105 107 108

175 205104 48 92109 73 931012 93 1751012ndash15 54 64 82 861013ndash15 47 56 70 80 81

82 86 87 96 107 126 175 199 212

1016 72 931021 56 81 87 93 96

173 2091021ndash22 54 56 78 79 81

82 145 1941021ndash24 64 107

Index of Ancient Sources250

1022 81 93 114 116 145 146 203 209

1023ndash24 17 93 106112ndash4 9ndash13 5 63 78 93 117

176 177 179 180112b 48 178 184114 24 178119ndash13 12 93 176 177

178 179 180 1811114 51 1761114ndash20 52 531114ndash32 931114ndash52 64 107 1791118 51 53 93 114 121

1591124ndash26 51 53 9311(16) 29ndash32 9 54 70 96 2121130 24 26 52 1861133ndash52 93 2051134 93 2051139ndash52 70 107 126 1691142c 64 66 1251149 521149ndash51 47 53 54 66 96

118 119 157 2001151 52 200 205122ndash12 5 70 94 107 155

180 181 182 183 184 194

123 72 94124ndash5 54 70 73 181 182

190124ndash7 94 121 122 176

179 180 181 194 214

125 181 204128 24 26 38 54 185

187 188 189128ndash9 52 69 94 167 184

186 187 188 189 214

128ndash10 54 64 69 71 82 175 176 183 184 187 189 190 194 212

129 184 185 1881210 24 26 94 185 187

188 1891211ndash12 54 70 72 73 94

181 182 214

1222ndash31 (33ndash34) 63 73 176 177 178 179 180 190 192

1222ndash40 941224 23 178 1801227 231231 48 94 1841233 12 48 1911233ndash34 69 94 191 1921235ndash38 94 108 190 2031235ndash46 1081235ndash59 94 1081235ndash2230 101 105 108 109

197 2031239 17 18 95 1911239ndash40 18 20 54 70 71

94 105 175 190 191 192 193 203 212

1239ndash59 64 1911240 24 52 69 95 167

186 191 1931242ndash46 52 53 54 69 70

95 191 192 197 203 204 205 206 212

1245 96 2051246 2041251 20 951251ndash59 1081252ndash53 201256 171258ndash59 24 951318ndash19 20ndash21 5 20 48 63 95

108 2071318ndash24 951324 63 951325ndash30 54 63 82 871325ndash1423 54 95 96 126 158

1991327 52 53 96 118 1981328ndash29 96 198 1991334 52 125 2061334ndash35 47 53 54 63 66

81 82 83 96 105 106 107 108 109 118 119 125 157 194 198 200 201 202

1335 51 54 96 106 202

251Index of Ancient Sources

1411 54 961416ndash23 (24) 63 82 971423 541426 72 97 2151426ndash27 1733 20 63 72 971426ndash176 971427 54 97 140 141

182 2141434ndash35 63 97154ndash5a 7 20 63 97 108 2091613 12 63 94 971616 64 97 207 2091616ndash18 2061617 17 63 64 66 79

97 125 206 207 208 209

1616(17)ndash172 197 206 2081618 24 63 79 97 206

207 208 209171ndash2 97 207 208171ndash6 63173ndash4 18 20 98176 18 20 78 98 108

2101720ndash21 17 981723 98 2101723ndash37 54 64 69 70 71

98 167 170 197 210 211 212

1723ndash2230 108 2111724 26 30 24 52 98 991733 54 97 182 2141734ndash35 98 991912ndash26 64 69 99 108 197

203 204 205 206 212

1912ndash2230 991922 2052228ndash30 5 54 64 99 108

212

Matthew37 52310 9542 11745 12448 119 120413 130 1315ndash7 94 10251 119

54 13458 138511 (12) 52 205512 142515 7539 149 150540 15 150541 15 89 91 149 150542 150 151544 148 149544ndash45 91 149545 20861ndash18 94612 177619ndash21 94620 191623 205624 94625ndash34 94626 178627 177630 178 17975 1877 17779 177711 178 179712 152723 52724 26 9185ndash13 199810 155811ndash12 198 199819 169820 27 142 171821 172822 173829 12191ndash8 7920ndash22 97922 7937 92107 731026 71029 1801032 184 1891032ndash33 91 1841034 951038 731039 141115 134 163

Index of Ancient Sources252

1119 1691122ndash45 931125 2081217 731232 1841239 52 2051243 1241311 13 71342 951416 71521ndash28 97162bndash3 951613ndash28 1401617ndash19 471625 141171 1191717 7186 208186ndash22 97188ndash9 951825 971928 991929 992030 130219 1062131 972133ndash41 (42ndash46) 7 19221ndash14 18236ndash7 206237 1662334 522334ndash36 962335 522337 52 1972337ndash39 81 105 201243ndash41 210 211244ndash14 72423 982443 1912443ndash44 1932445 2062448 (49) 52 205251ndash13 972514ndash30 992526 28 2052530 992531 992541 95 121266ndash13 972640ndash41 7

2669 71 1302669ndash75 1892732 912755 97285 130289ndash10 972816ndash18 1192818 120

Mark114 21 131123ndash26 121124 130129ndash31 18821ndash12 731 14937ndash12 188313 114327 93328 188328ndash29 18443ndash8 193411ndash12 7413 177430ndash32 20 193438 177421ndash22 7435ndash41 9525ndash34 97534 761ndash6a 188615 163635ndash44 9637 7645ndash52 9645ndash826 971ndash23 9724ndash30 9 9781ndash10 9811ndash13 9822ndash26 9827 140827ndash98 47828 163831ndash33 121834ndash35 20835 141838 184 19092 11492ndash8 47

253Index of Ancient Sources

919 7943ndash47 951028 73 1791029 201035ndash40 1831039 1881046ndash52 91047 130119 1061117 7 1771122ndash23 25ab 18 201124 1801129ndash30 7121ndash9 (10ndash12) 7 19129 191211 191226 177133ndash37 210 211135ndash13 71315ndash16 991321 98143ndash9 971437ndash38 71447 95 1491462 411466ndash72 1891467 130151ndash5 951521 911541 97166 130

Luke15ndash25 10237 5242 11745 12246b 7 12046cd 120 121416 130416ndash30 188425ndash27 9438ndash39 188517ndash26 766 149617ndash19 188621 134622 205623 142625 134

627 149627ndash28 148628 149629 15 150630 150 151634 151635 91 208642 18646 146647ndash49 9179 155722 163734 169735 166 208810 7816ndash17 7824 177831 121848 7912ndash17 9913 7924 141926 190941 7957 169958 171959 172960 173102 92109 731017ndash20 1211021 208114 177115ndash8 97 177119 1771111 1771112 1171113 178 1791120 511121ndash22 931124 124 2051124ndash26 931129 52 2051143 166 2061149 521150 521151 52124 73 179126 180128 184

Index of Ancient Sources254

128ndash9 911211 731213ndash21 971223a 1771224 177 1781228 1791233 1911235ndash38 89 941239 1911239ndash40 1931242 2061245 52 2051249 89 951254ndash56 95131ndash35 1021327 52 1971328ndash29 1981334 52 1971415ndash24 181427 73158ndash10 97172 2081711ndash19 981720 981721 981722 981728ndash29 89 98 991731 991732 991733 971835ndash43 91912ndash27 991922 24 2051927 991938 96 1061941ndash44 961946 177209ndash16 (17ndash19) 7 192018 192037 177218ndash19 7223 1212228ndash30 992246 72249ndash51 952250 1492254ndash62 188234 14 952413ndash33 102

John446 158446ndash54 157448 158631ndash58 117844 121123 1061225ndash26 201231 1211430 1211611 1211828ndash1916 102

Acts23 9521ndash4 18951ndash11 189109ndash16 9121ndash2 183123ndash19 183

Romans1214 149

1 Corinthians412 14963 121 192132 18 20

2 Corinthians41ndash6 19244 121

Galatians113ndash14 18343 8ndash9 121 192

Ephesians21ndash2 121 192612 121 192

1 Thessalonians214ndash16 183218 121 19251ndash11 19252 20 19255ndash6 192

2 Thessalonians21ndash12 210 211

255Index of Ancient Sources

2 Timothy211ndash13 190

Hebrews1137 204

James 315ndash17 12444ndash7 121

1 Peter314 132 139 143319ndash20 47414 132 139 141 14358 121

2 Peter24ndash5 47 121

Jude16ndash7 121

Revelation110ndash20 113113 18635 19041ndash11 113123ndash4 121171ndash3 114173ndash18 112 113219ndash27 112 1132110 113

New Tes tament Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha

Gospel of Thomas1ndash71 1731ndash3 2161ndash4 1710 19 95111 1713 21161ndash2 20 95163 2017 1720ndash21 71 193201ndash4 20 192215ndash8 18 19 20 192243 36ndash39 17261ndash2 18262ndash331 1731 21361ndash3 19 143 180473 2148 18 19 20

54 137 13855 2058 17 13864 18 1965 1968 20 132 138 139

14068ndash69 19 139 143691 17 138692 19 20 137 13877 2179 2186 169 170103 17106ndash107 19 201131ndash2 9

Pseudo-Clementine Homilies12313 180

Dead Sea Scrolls

CD214ndash41 125412ndash14 121 124 125419ndash52 208

51ndash5 2091316ndash17 207122ndash3 121161ndash2 125

Index of Ancient Sources256

1QapGen 29 30 31 33 35 36 37 40

1QH430 40

1QM11 1211310ndash12 121175ndash6 51

1QpHab 56 125

1QS25 121211ndash15 207 208321ndash25 11749 18258 125119ndash10 1821120 40

1Q27 (1Q4QMys teries)1 i 1ndash8 56 202

4Q299 (1Q4QMys teries)3andashb ii 2ndash8 563andashb ii 9ndash16 56

4Q416 (4QIns truction)1 10ndash13 56 2021 12 1822 i 21ndashiv 13 562 ii 6 17 178

4Q417 (4QIns truction)1 i 6ndash9 561 i 10(11)ndash12 56 2021 i 12ndash13 561 i 14 561 i 16 115 1821 i 17 1821 i 24 56 2022 i 17ndash24 562 i 19 21ndash22 178

4Q418 (4QIns truction)69 ii 6ndash9 56 202

69 ii 12ndash13 5681 1ndash2 18281 2ndash5 5681 4 11581 5 11581 20 56 20288 56103 56107 56123 5ndash8 56

4Q423 (4QIns truction)5 3 565 5ndash6 56

4Q503 115

4Q521 16 54 135 137 159 160 161 162

4Q525 57 133

4QDeut j 1214 121

4QIsa 135

4QMMTC 4ndash9 125

11Q11 124

11Q13 135 137

11QPsa 191ndash18 121

11QT545 2075715ndash19 208669ndash11 207

Targums4QtgJob 314QtgLev 3111QtgJob 31 33 35 40

257Index of Ancient Sources

Josephus

Ant14133ndash146 4415103 451982 123

Bell188 46

1131ndash11 441161ndash5 461213 461335 452101ndash5 1232116 183

Babylonian Texts

Gilgamesh 112

Greek and Latin Authors

Dio CassiusHis t59271 120

HomerOd10503ndash15 1121112ndash22 112

PlatoPhaed111cndash112e 112

Senecade Ben2121ndash2 120

Seneca the ElderControv9210 183

TacitusAnn632 120

His t59 183

Apos tolic and Church Fathers

1 Clement132 153292 121394ndash5 121

2 Clement32 190134 148

Apos tolic Cons titutions721 152

722 148 150 151722ndash6 147725 149 150726 148 153

AthanasiusFes t Let 3911 14

Canons of the Holy Apos tles4ndash5 152

Index of Ancient Sources258

Chrysos tomHom Mt342 180

Clement of AlexandriaS trom4641 139 143

Didache11ndash63 1412c 15213b 148 14913bndash5b 11 12 13 15 16

71 147 151 15413bndash21 5 11 14 15 15013c 15113cndash4a 1413d 15 14814 1414a 1614b 15 14914c 91 15014d 15 149 150 15115a 15015b 148 15381ndash2 1482 16103bndash122a 14113 16113ndash137 14153ndash4 16161ndash8 210 211 212

EusebiusHis t Eccl3254

IrenaeusAdv Haer1101 1214162 121

Jus tin Martyr1 Apol159 148

2 Apol25 121

OrigenC Cels870 180

PolycarpPhilippians22ndash3 153

Shepherd of HermasMandate 24ndash6 153

Similitude535ndash8 138

Rabbinic Literature

j Ber3b 5b 5c 31 37 38

j Ket35a 31 37

j Šab3a 38d 31 37

j Taʿan65b 4069ab 125

R Gen72 313813 31 37796 31

R Num193 31 38

TargumsCairo BGen 414 31 33 34 37 41

259Index of Ancient Sources

Cairo FExod 1913 37Deut 346 37

Neof I Gen 414 31 33 41Gen 95ndash6 37Gen 4922 36

Papyri Manuscripts and Inscriptions

Br Mus Or 9271 14P Oxy 1 17P Oxy 654 17

P Oxy 655 17 143 180P Oxy 1782 14 15 148 151Sf III 16ndash17 40

Index of Modern Authors

Achtemeier P 139 141Adams S L 56 72 202Alexander P S 31 32Allison D C 1 2 3 5 12 22 24 66

75 77 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 90 91 94 96 98 99 103 105 107 112 117 119 120 123 125 129 130 131 133 134 135 136 138 139 140 144 147 148 149 150 152 153 155 158 160 163 169 170 172 175 176 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 193 197 198 200 205

Anderson A A 124Anderson F I 113Andrejevs O 25 164 172 190Arcari L 44Argall R A 47 72 202Arnal W E 23 24 48 59 61 63 65

66 67 68 78 86 104 123 125 132 134 136 150 191 194 208 214

Attridge H W 17Audet J-P 14Avigad N 29 30

Bailey K 102Bauckham R 12Baum A D 1Bazzana G B 1 3 24 59 178 198Beasley-Murray G R 158Berger K 104Bergmeier R 159 160 162Betz D H 3 24 51 103 146 179 183de Begraveze T 27Bird M F 159 198 199Black C C 11Black M 26 28 30 31 32 35 36 37

40 168Blenkinsopp J 135 136 137Boccaccini G 32 43 44 50Boring M E 38 183 184 185 188

192 211

Borsch F H 185Bovon F 5 19 93 95 96 98 99 106

140 177 179 184 185 198Bowman J W 28 33Boyarin D 23Breuer Y 34Brin G 208Broadhead E K 3 89Brodie T L 163Brooke G J 43 160Brown R E 11 12 102 130 157 158Broyles C C 123Bultmann R 3 60 98 111 132 156

158 184 185 186 187 188 201Burkett D 27 213Bussmann W 26

Campbell J Y 28 46Caragounis C C 27 29 39Carroll J T 3Carruth S 119Casey P M 29 34 35 37 39 41Cas tor G D 4 5Catchpole D R 21 77 90 96 99 129

131 145 147 156 157 159 164 175 188 198 208

Chang A 199Charlesworth J H 31 42 43 44 45

46 47 72 160 171 185Chazon E G 115 202Cheung L L 12Childs B S 163Chilton B D 26 36 39 117 130Clark D J 109Collins A Y 39 41 47 50 51 52 103

114 188 193 211Collins J J 23 40 43 48 49 50 51

52 53 57 76 77 121 126 160 161 162 163 168 202

Colpe C 25 26 28 29 31 32 36 37 39 40 45 140

Index of Modern Authors262

Conzelmann H 96 97Cotter W J 61 104 132 156 163 165

166 170 191Cromhout M 61 145 191Crossan J D 39 89 94 98 134

Dalman G 27 29 30Damm A 171Davidson M J 114Davies W D 1 2 3 91 99 119 120

131 138 139 140 149 150 169 172 179 180 184 185 193 197 200

DeConick A D 11 17 20 21 138 139 192

Derrenbacker R A 1 24Di Lella A A 73Dibelius M 12Diacuteez Macho A 30Dimant D 160DiTommaso L 57Doering L 208Downing F G 23 64Draper J A 13 14 15 16 68 156Dundenberg I 11Dunn J D G 1 149 183Dupont J 97 116Durham J I 163

Eldridge M D 117Elgvin T 49 56 57 115 202Eshel H 44

Fiebig P 26 27 28 34 37 39Fitzmyer J A 1 2 3 8 19 26 28 30

31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 82 91 95 97 98 117 118 119 130 131 133 138 139 140 146 149 163 177 179 208

Fleddermann H T 2 6 10 11 59 62 69 83 84 85 86 87 90 91 93 95 97 98 101 103 104 105 109 129 130 134 140 144 148 150 152 156 157 163 166 170 176 177 179 184 185 189 199 200 203 205 211

Flusser D 14 15Fos ter P 1 3 6 12 26Freedman H 32Frenschkowski M 145Frey J 56Freyne S 159 199

Funk F X 14 147

Garciacutea Martiacutenez F 49 57 160 162 202 208

Garrow A 13Gathercole S 17 19 20 138 139 181Gerber C 203Gibson J B 116Gieschen C A 147Ginsburger M 30Glover R 13 16Goering G S 72 125Goff M J 55 56 57 79 84 115 178

202Goodacre M 1 17 19Greenfield J C 27Greeven H 12Gregg B H 90 97 186 198 204Grenfell B P 14 17Guelich R A 193Guenther H O 26Gundry R H 150 181 197

Haenchen E 12 139 157 158 201Hahn F 185Han K S 124 125 200Hannah D D 42 43 45 46Hare D R A 38 39 40 184 185Harrington D J 33 55 57 202 Hartin P J 12 61 119 166Hasitschka M 118Heil C 5 38 60 99 119 181Higgins A J B 184Hill A E 163Hindley J C 43Hoffmann P 5 38 55 67 70 75 77

80 96 99 112 145 167 170 184 185

Holtzmann H J 4Hooker M D 45Horsley R 68 156 198 199 200van der Hors t P W 73Hossfeld F L 124Howard G 146Howes L 26 39 43 61 65 77 81 133

140 141 142 166 167 170 185 188 190 212

Hubbard B J 38Hultgren S 160 162Hunt A S 14 17

263Index of Modern Authors

van Iersel B M F 102

Jacobson A D 5 26 39 49 54 60 61 64 75 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 85 87 90 94 96 97 98 106 129 132 140 144 152 156 157 167 170 171 184 185 187 201 207 210

Jefford C N 13 14 15Jeremias J 179 198 204Jervis L A 55Jewett R 149Johnson L A 178 208Johnson L T 12Johnson-DeBaufre M 66 103 163Jonas H 51de Jonge H J 24 185Jongeling B 35Joseph S J 1 21 23 24 45 46 47 48

51 52 68 103 125 132 134 136 142 144 153 156 159 160 161 162 164 178 180 181 182 184 185 187 190 191 200 201 202 206 208 214 215

Jus t A A 102

Kahle P 26 30 31 36Kampen J L 162 209Kaufman S A 31 32 36 40Keener C S 183Kirk A 2 4 5 6 10 15 24 55 59 60

61 62 66 67 68 69 71 72 73 75 76 77 78 79 83 84 85 86 87 88 90 94 96 98 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 111 114 129 152 155 156 166 177 179 184 189 190 197 203 207 208 214 215

Kloppenborg J S 1 2 3 4 5 11 12 13 14 15 17 19 21 22 23 24 25 26 38 39 50 51 53 54 55 57 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 86 87 88 89 90 95 97 98 99 103 104 107 108 111 112 121 122 123 124 125 126 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 139 140 141 142 143 144 147 148 150 151 155 156 157 158 160 162 163 164 165 166 167 170 171 172 175 176 180 181 182 183 184 187 189

190 191 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 208 210 211 212 213

Knibb M A 46 202Koes ter H 15 38 48 60 61 63 66

148Koumlhler W D 16Kraus H-J 124Kutscher E Y 30 35 36

Lang B 201Laurence R 41Leives tad R 43Levine A-J 208Lichtenberger H 124Lindars B 29 34 37 39 43 184 185

188Lohfink N 118Lukaszewski A 25 27Luz U 3 10 60 74 75 78 81 87 90

91 93 95 96 97 99 102 106 111 131 134 140 142 145 148 150 151 166 169 180 181 184 185 197 198 199 201 204 207

Luumldemann G 183Luumlhrmann D 61 64 78 111 140 157

158 165 180 184

Mack B L 23 38 43 61 133 135 170Magness J 160Malherbe A 192 211Manson T W 5 28 101Maori Y 32Marcus J 8 11 41 47 102 183 188

193 199 211Marshall I H 3Martiacutenez R 166 167Martyn J L 183Maumlrz C-P 90 94McDermott J M 185McNamara M J 31Meadors E P 62 66 67 72 74 76 77

166 168 201Meadors G T 137Menken M J J 116 117Meyer A 27Meyer P D 157Middleton P 182Milik J P 36 42 43 187Milikowsky C 181Miller R J 63 201

Index of Modern Authors264

Mitchell D C 124Moller H B 29Moreland M 23Moss C 182Mournet T C 1Muraoka T 35 38Muumlnch C 203

Neirynck F 2 3 4 11 22 26 90 98 99 116 130 140 149

Nickelsburg G 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 52 53 76 106 112 113 122 126 141 168 172 202 210 213

Niebuhr K W 159Niederwimmer K 13 14 15 16 148

151 152Nielsen K 114 115Nolland J 179Novakovic L 160 162

Odeberg H 36Oegema G S 116Owen P 25 29 35

Patterson S J 17 18 21 61 63Perrin N 186Pervo R I 183Pietersma A 146Piovanelli P 44 45Piper R A 61 82 112 176 190Ploeg J P M 35Pokornyacute P 11 17 19 117 139Polag A 62 73 89 90 94Porter S E 180 181Porton G G 38Pries t J 126Propp W H C 163Puech Eacute 133 160 162

Ra Y 39 132 145 155 170 184 185Reicke B 141Riesner R 183Robbins M C 51 103 113 115 117

121 125Robbins V K 104Robinson J M 2 5 24 26 34 38 39

41 43 55 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 77 96 103 119 129 131 132 134 135 140 142 143 144 145

156 160 165 166 167 180 181 184 185 186 187 188 190 200 201 202

Rodd C S 6 7 9Rollens S E 2 3 23 24 26 61 132

182 191Roth D T 2 6 7 10 11 54 90 145

165 191 192 203 204 205 206Rothschild C K 90 159 164Royse J R 146Roumlsel M 146

Sacchi P 43 44 45 47Sandt H 5 14 15Sato M 3 59 62 74 75 76 77 79 80

82 83 87 90 94 98 111 134 170 176 184

Schalit A 44Schenk W 62 73 89 90 103 170 176Schiavo L 104 112 113Schiffman L H 57 160Schnackenburg R 12 157 158Schniedewind W M 160Schroumlter J 180Schulz S 74 132 165 167 176 179

201 210Schuumlrmann H 8 130 167 170Seeley D 132 141 142Segal M 43 114 121Sellew P 193Sevenich-Bax E 103 105Shelton J 163Shepherd D 29 35Shinall M C 51Shirock R J 102Sjoumlberg E 28 29 35 39 45Skeat T C 180Skehan P W 73Smith D A 96 201 202 203So K-C 157Sokoloff M 35Somov A 181Spranger P P 204S taples J A 145 146 154S teck O H 61 64 132 201S tone M E 45S treeter B H 4 12 130S trugnell J 55S tuckenbruck L T 27 30 47 51 65

114 121Syreeni K 4 15 153

265Index of Modern Authors

Tabor J D 160Tannehil R C 178 208Taylor N H 120 123 183Theissen G 123Theophilos M P 126Tigchelaar E J C 56Tiwald M 3 23 160Toumldt H E 47 184 185 186 187Tuckett C M 1 3 6 9 11 13 14 15

17 23 26 49 50 53 54 61 62 63 66 68 72 76 77 84 86 90 94 95 98 112 114 119 121 125 130 134 140 150 154 156 157 158 160 166 170 184 193 199 205 206 207 208 210

Uhlig S 45Uro R 26 62 185

Vaage L E 23 24 26 39 61 133 165 167 170 171 190 191 210

VanderKam J C 43 46 57 168Vassiliadis P 89 94de Vaux R 56Vermes G 26 28 29 31 32 33 34 35

36 37 38 39 40 43 140 160 184

Wacholder B Z 209

von Wahlde U C 12 158Wahlen C 51Walck L W 46 52Watson F 1Weaks J A 6 7Weinfeld M 118 146 207 208Weiser A 124Weiss B 130Wellhausen J 26Welch J W 102Wernberg-Mѳller P 36Wes termann C 135 136Williams P J 35Wilson W T 149Wins ton D 46 72Wise M O 160Witetschek S 86 167Wolter M 90van der Woude A S 35Wright III B J 72 202

Xeravits G G 202

York A D 32

Zeller D 63 69 111 165 212Zenger E 124

Index of Subjects

Abel-Main (Tell Abl) 45Abraham 32 157Agrippa I 123 183Ahab 118 121angel of Yahweh 163angelicheavenly rebellion 121 125Antigonus 43aphaeresis 27 32 34 36 38apocalypse 48ndash as incorrectly applied to Mk 133ndash37

211ndash as incorrectly applied to Q 1723ndash37

210 211apocalypticndash Chris tianity 53ndash discourse 211ndash framework 57 121ndash inaccurately used as a noun 49ndash literature 47 53 54 135ndash language in Ben Sira 72ndash tradition 56 57 186ndash wisdom ins tructions other than Q 56

57 77 202ndash worldview (outside of Q see its at-

tes tation in Q referenced separately below) 24 49 50 51 55 57 87 121

apocalypticism 25 87 58 62ndash and apocalypse 48 49ndash and eschatology 48ndash as a literary category 48 79ndash as a dis tortion of Godrsquos intended

order 23ndash as compatible with wisdom in late

second temple literature 57 62 66 70 72 154 202

ndash as having a place outside the genre of an apocalypse 49

ndash as synonymous with apocalyptic worldview 49

ndash in Pauline thought 192ndash in sectarian environments 53

ndash in recent Q scholarship 48ndash methodological definitions of 50 54

186Aramaic 25 26 46 70 140 187 204

213ndash OfficialImperialBiblical 26 27 35

40ndash Middle 26 27 30 32 33 34 35 36

37 38 40 41 52 167 170 187 188ndash Late 26 27 28 32 33 34 35 36 37

38 41 140 187ndash Galilean 29 36 38ndash Qumran 31 32 35 38Athaliah 125Augus tus 45

Babylonian Exile 118Banias 45βασιλείαndash as a hypothetical metaphor reflecting

the social interes ts of Qrsquos author(s) 48

ndash as a political entity 120ndash of God 23 48 73 95 108 123 132

177 178 182 183 184 192 194 206 207

ndash of Satan 51 114ndash realized 142beatitude(s) 82 91 93 105 131 132

133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 153

Bethsaida 45 56 93

Caesarea Philippi 46(Cairo) Geniza fragments 28 29 30 32

36 37Capernaum 45 56 93chiasm 83 85 101 102 103 109 118

120chias tic 85 101 103 106 107 108 120

152 197

Index of Subjects268

Chorazin 56 93chreia(s) 63 71 104 105 120 211chreiic 65 86 104 105 111 156chris tology (see the Q discussion refer-

enced separately below)ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 17ndash in Luke 19ndash in Mark 131circumcision 159 209Claudius 183cosmic mountain 114 119Cynic(s) 23

Dan 45 47Darius I 163Deuteronomis t 118Deuteronomis tic His tory 146deuteronomis ticndash agenda 156ndash context(s) 143 153ndash framework 53 54ndash motifs 118 127ndash orientation 64ndash outlook 61 82 114ndash redaction 80ndash rhetoric 136ndash s tratums trata 78ndash theme 78ndash tradition 79ndash unders tanding 64devil 51 66 114 117 119 120 121 123

124

Elijah 96 116 118 126 162 163 164ElijahElisha cycle 162 163Enoch 44 45 47 51 76 112 113 157

172 202ndash as a scribe 46ndash Book of Watchers 45 113 125ndash sapiential content in Watchers 76ndash Book of Parables 24 41 47 157 167

171 213ndash sapiential content in Parables 76ndash Epis tle of Enoch 43ndash his torical incarnation of 202ndash Seminar 47Enochicndash author 122ndash corpus 52 73ndash formulation 52

ndash framework 121ndash literaturetext 43 46 56ndash movement 47 53 157 210ndash mythology 113 114 122 164ndash Son of Man 172ndash tradents 46ndash tradition 43 46 47 79 113 122 157

215ndash Watchers myth 45 53 121eschatological prophetndash in 4Q521 160 162ndash in Q 164 165 166eschatology (see the Q discussion refer-

enced separately below) 47 48 50ndash in 1 Enoch 42 47 76 122 141 142

168 169ndash in 4Q521 159 160 162ndash in 4QIns truction 56ndash in Ben Sira 72ndash in Malachi 163 164ndash in Psalms of Solomon 159ndash in Trito-Isaiah 136Exodusndash legendmyth 117ndash imagerymotifs 116 163

form (literary)ndash and meaning 82ndash and worldview 76ndash apocalypse 49ndash criticism 61 62 63 67 68 69 70

74 156 170 214ndash miracle s tory 156ndash wisdom 84ndash (wisdom) ins truction 70 71

Gaius (Caligula) 44 46 123Galilee 23 36 44 45 47 56 73 131

171 194 215ndash village scribes 48ndash villagestowns 24 93 199Gentile(s) 9 87 96 120 126 155 157

158 159 164 167 168 169 173 198 199 209 215

Great Omission 8 9

HasidicHasidim 79 162Hebrew 25 35 39 40 41 42 204Hebrew Biblescriptures 24 118 127

136 160

269Index of Subjects

Hermogenes 171mt Hermon 45 46 47Herod the Great and the Herodian era

43 44 45 46 126Herodians 45(holy) Spirit 72 94 178 189Hulah Valley 45

Isaiah (see the Index of Ancient Sources for specific passages)

ndash Deutero 46 135 136 168 169ndash firs t-century reader of 135ndash Trito 51 54 135 136 137 143 154

163 200Israelndash in Ben Sira 125ndash in Daniel 168ndash in Deuteronomy 118ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 139ndash in the Hebrew Bible 198 199ndash in Jubilees 121ndash in Malachi 163ndash in Q 53 64 78 80 87 96 104 118

127 155 156 158 198 199ndash pre-exilic 50ndash traditional wisdom of 58ndash wilderness myth 117

James (son of Zebedee) 183Jerusalem 44 72 96 106 108 113 119

125 159 166 199 200ndash culttemple 136 137 163 214ndash pries thood 45 47 127Jesusndash as an apocalyptic figure in Q 38ndash as a literary character in Q 21ndash floating traditions ascribed to 48ndash his torical 21 29 37 43 47 73 116

141 142 164 165 171 172 186 198ndash his torical greeting of in Jerusalem

106ndash movement 23ndash tradition 161Jewish Chris tianityndash as a movement in a contes ted envi-

ronment 43 183ndash as a proliferation of groups and

communities 183ndash on the use of the term 23

ndash possible connection to the Enochic movement 47

Jewish War 200John (the Baptis t) 68 78 80 83 85 90

91 92 97 103 104 105 116 159 163 164 165 166 167 169 172

ndash followers of 159 165 166ndash his torical 159 165Journeysndash cosmicterres trial 76 112 113 114

119 122 127ndash heavenly 45 112 113Judea 36 44 200 215

Kallirrhoeuml 45Kleinliteratur 3 4 59 60 73 215

Lordrsquos Prayer 93 94 177Lot 97 99

Maccabean era 126Mas tema 121Matthew and Luke as conservative

traditionalis ts 4Matthewrsquos and Lukersquos redactorial

freedom 4Matthewrsquos use of Q 4messiah 106 116 162 164 210messiahship 123messianic 116 210Migdal 46mimesis 114 141minor agreements 15 130Minor Prophets 146Moses 117

Nag Hammadi 17Nimrod 32

oralndash possible cross-influence on the Gos-

pel of Thomas from the canonical gospels 11 193

ndash harmonization of Matthew and Luke 16

ndash life of the primitive community 60ndash performance 15 16 161ndash source utilization 15ndash tradition 17 98 151ndash transmission 188

Index of Subjects270

ndash usage and application of Q 4ndash usage of Matthew 15ndash variants of Q 4Oxyrhynchus 17

Paneion 46Parousia 116 186 193Parthian invasion of 40 BCE 44 46Paulndash his torical 149 183ndash possible awareness of the Q tradition

by 192persecutionndash as an apocalyptic motif 54ndash because of someone 142ndash in authentic Pauline corpus 149 183ndash in Q 52 54 78 94 107 118 122

126 132 133 134 140 141 142 143 144 175 180 181 182 184 190 194 200 206

ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 138ndash in the Parables of Enoch 141ndash in Trito-Isaiah 137 200ndash plausibility of 182 183Pharisees 65 68 94 166 169 205 206

214pleroma 39prophecyndash pre-exilic and Persian era (classical)

50ndash mixture of with wisdom 77Prophetisierung 75

Qndash apocalypticism apocalyptic motifs

features imagination framework and worldview 23 25 46 53 57 58 63 69 70 71 73 76 79 84 87 88 111 114 121 127 141 175 190 194 197 202 210 211 213 214

ndash apocalyptic document 48 51ndash apocalyptic wisdom ins truction 23

55 70 73 74 77 79 214ndash (apocalyptic) communitymovement

55 107 122 194 195 206 209ndash Aramaic roots 26ndash chris tology 70 81 83 87 93 104

115 116 123 130 131 142 144 145 147 153 154 156 157 159 164 166 167 194 214

ndash demonology 51 53ndash eschatological (apocalyptic) dis-

course 64 83 97 98 170 210 211 212

ndash eschatology 48 51 54 56 69 73 75 87 94 95 101 104 105 108 133 141 142 143 144 147 159 164 165 166 167 169 172 180 192 193 194 198 199 202 203 210

ndash final (literary) form 59 62 69 78 178

ndash hypothetical mid- (lower) level or sub-elite scribal origin 24 59

ndash hypothetical recensions 3 4 59 60 90 98

ndash hypothetical segregation of wisdom and apocalyptic s trata 60 66 67 70 213 214

ndash mission speech 23 56 86 87 92 104 105 107 173 182 194

ndash Pales tinian character 24ndash possible authenticity of its content

22 81ndash prophetic content 61 63 67 70 74

75 76 77 79 80 82 83 142 143 176

ndash recons truction (CEQ) 5 6 10 90 (see also recons truction [in this s tudy] below as such frequently follows the CEQ)

ndash recons truction (feasibility) 2 3 4 10 11

ndash recons truction (in this s tudy) 60 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 111 116 119 120 123 130 131 134 144 147 148 149 151 152 165 169 170 172 175 176 177 178 179 181 184 191 193 199 204 207 213 215

ndash recons truction (methodology) 5 89 90

ndash recons truction (skepticism) 2 10 59 (see also recons tructed Mark below)

ndash sapiential content 12 62 63 67 77 79 80 82 130 154 175 191 202 214

ndash sermon 63 82 91 92 103 105 127 129 130 131 134 135 138 140 144 145 147 152 153 154 155 156

ndash sophis ticated scribal traditions 24ndash sub-literary view of 3 59 60 74

271Index of Subjects

ndash tradents 4 59 67 125 135 147 181 182 197 199 202 203 207 209 214

ndash tradition 13 17 87 161 163 164 186 187 192 202

Quintillian 171Qumran (see the Index of Ancient

Sources for specific documents)ndash apocalyptic worldview 50 135ndash Aramaic corpus 33ndash beatitude collection 133ndash communitymovementYahad 44 53

56 121 135 136 137 157 160 161 206 207 208 209

ndash demonology 124ndash discovery 29ndash fellowship with angels 115ndash fragments of 1 Enoch 44ndash library 43ndash manualsrules 82ndash sapiential literature 25 55 56 57

58 62 69ndash social setting 43

recons tructed Mark 2 6 7 8 9 10RomeRomans 44 91 121 126 159

199 207ndash occupation of Judea 44

sage(s) 55 56 79 84Samaria 44Satan 50 51 52 53 114 115 117 118

120 121 159 192scribe(s) 102 205ndash ancient reading practices of 102ndash as a Q opponent group 68 169 205ndash as advanced or elite readers of Q

102 103ndash Enochic 46 215ndash in Matthewrsquos community (other than

Matthew) 4ndash in the Q community 48 135 195

215ndash in the text of Q 169 172ndash memory competence of 4 102ndash responsible for 2 Enoch 112ndash responsible for Did 13bndash5b 15scriptorium 46Sefire 27 37Sepphoris 38 46Sermon on the Mount 15 16 87 94

Sermon on the Plain 15 16(Deutero-Isaianic) Servant 136 168 169Sidon 199Simeon II 125Son of Man 47 115ndash Aramaic background of the phrase

25 26 28 37 153ndash as a messianic title in the Parables of

Enoch 28 46ndash circumlocutional non-titular use of

the phrase in Late Aramaic 34ndash classifications of the phrasersquos Q

ins tances 26ndash designation of as Son of Humanity in

some recent research 39ndash his torical incarnation of as under-

s tood by some ancient authors 165 172

ndash hypothetical non-titular (circumlocu-tional or generic) use of the definite phrase in Middle Aramaic by the his torical Jesus and in Q 28 29 34 37 38 39 42 43 52 71 140 142 167 170 186 187

ndash in Daniel 41 42 186 213ndash in Luke 142 186ndash in Mark 41ndash in Matthew 99 142 186ndash in Q 25 26 34 38 39 42 43 46 47

52 53 64 67 69 70 71 96 98 104 106 115 116 123 141 142 147 164 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 176 185 186 187 188 189 191 194 201 203 210 212 213

ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 170ndash in the Parables of Enoch 25 28 41

42 43 44 45 46 47 122 141 142 146 147 153 155 164 165 168 169 172 173 202 213

ndash non-titular use of the indefinite phrase in Middle Aramaic 41

ndash titular (including but not limited to chris tological) use of the definite phrase in Q 34 38 52 53 64 70 104 123 142 143 147 167 168 172 173 185 186 187 189 191 194 201 203 210 212 213

Sondergut 89 90ndash Matthean 91ndash Lukan 94 95 97 98 177

Index of Subjects272

Sophiandash myth (Enochic tradition) 172 202ndash myth (synoptic tradition) 96 200

201ndash words of 96 201synopticndash gospels 11 150 151ndash material 16 151ndash parallels 18 19ndash problem 1ndash Sayings Source 3 216ndash s tudies 4ndash tradition 17 21 26 98 101 131 151

158 205 215Syria 215

Talmud 30 36 37 38Targum 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

38 40 41ndash recons truction of the Pales tinian Tar-

gum 32Taricheae 46Tell Dan 45templendash apparatusins titution 50 96 107

113 119 125 126 127 137 157 197 200 205

ndash eschatological 76

ndash purityholiness of 65 123 137ndash mitigatingprotective role 51 124ndash of Augus tus at Paneion 45ndash second temple era 25 41 44 48 56

62 70 71 72 79 82 84 121 124 136 137 154 163 186 201 209 213 216

ndash liturgy 124ndash mounthill 113ndash pollution of as perceived by some

ancient authors 113 125 136Theon of Alexandria 171Tiberias 38Torah 58 64 72 79 112 207 208 209transfiguration 47tree of knowledge 113Tyre 199

Vermes-Fitzmyer debate 28 38 39

Watchers 45 53 121Wicked Pries t 125

Yahweh 117 118

Zechariah (son of Jehoiada) 200mt Zion 113

  • Cover13
  • Titel13
  • Preface
  • Table of Contents13
  • List of Abbreviations
  • Chapter One Prolegomena
    • 1 Introduction Recent Methodological Questions in Q Studies
    • 2 The Study of Q as a Reconstructed Text
      • Index of Ancient Sources
      • Index of Modern Authors
      • Index of Subjects
Page 18: Apocalypticism in the Synoptic Sayings Source€¦ · Apocalypticism in the Synoptic Sayings Source A Reassessment of Q’s Stratigraphy Mohr Siebeck. Olegs Andrejevs, born 1982;

6 Chapter One Prolegomena

therefore represent a consensus among a group of scholars reflecting the pre-suppositions held by those scholars at a particular juncture in the history of Qrsquos research15 That it is only a necessary first step and demands continued reeval-uation becomes evident from the fact that some of the IQP members whose preferences were occasionally not reflected in the CEQ proceeded to release their own alternative reconstructions of Q either shortly before or after the CEQrsquos seminal publication16 Indeed the present study also makes several emendations of both the CEQrsquos reconstruction of the documentrsquos sequence and of its wording Overall however it is clear that the CEQ will continue to pro-vide the baseline for compositional studies of Q for years to come

The availability of the reconstructed text enables the literary analysis of Q A number of scholars however have recently expressed doubts regarding the attainability of not only Qrsquos wording but in fact of the documentrsquos full extent Cyril S Rodd has declared it ldquosheer conjecturerdquo to imagine ldquothat the passages which are common to Matthew and Luke comprise this Q document in its en-tiretyrdquo17 Joseph Allen Weaks has similarly called the text of Q ldquospeculativerdquo claiming that to rely on it as though it were ldquoan extant gospel textrdquo is ldquosimply not possiblerdquo18 Both scholars have tied the bulk of their objections to the ob-servation (called a ldquothought experimentrdquo by Dieter T Roth)19 that the text of Markrsquos gospel cannot be accurately reconstructed from its Matthean and Lukan reception While this argument has already been engaged by some scholars20 the deficiency of its logic appears to not have been sufficiently exposed as Rothrsquos renewed deployment of it in 2018 demonstrates ndash in a Q monograph21 It is therefore important to allow the reader to assess the difficulties

Session 16 November 1990rdquo JBL 110 (1991) 494ndash98 Idem ldquoThe International Q Project Work Sessions 12ndash14 July 22 November 1991rdquo JBL 111 (1992) 500ndash08 Idem ldquoThe Interna-tional Q Project Work Sessions 31 Julyndash2 August 20 November 1992rdquo JBL 112 (1993) 500ndash06 Idem ldquoThe International Q Project Work Sessions 6ndash8 August 18ndash19 November 1993rdquo JBL 113 (1994) 495ndash99 Idem ldquoThe International Q Project Work Sessions 23ndash27 May 22ndash26 August 17ndash18 November 1994rdquo JBL 114 (1995) 475ndash85 Idem ldquoThe International Q Pro-ject Editorial Board Meetings 1ndash10 June 16 November 1995 16ndash23 August 22 November 1996 Work Sessions 17 November 1995 23 November 1996rdquo JBL 116 (1997) 521ndash25

15 The full list of the IQPrsquos members may be found in The Critical Edition xvii 16 Kirk Composition 152ndash403 Fleddermann Commentary 874ndash913 17 Cyril S Rodd ldquoThe End of the Theology of Qrdquo ExpT 113 (2001) 12 Idem ldquoThe The-

ology of Q Yet Again A Reply to the Responses of Christopher Tuckett and Paul Fosterrdquo ExpT 114 (2002) 80ndash85

18 Joseph Allen Weaks ldquoMark without Mark Problematizing the Reliability of a Recon-structed Text of Qrdquo (PhD diss Brite Divinity School 2010) 344ndash45

19 Roth Parables 36 20 Eg Christopher M Tuckett ldquoThe Search for a Theology of Q A Dead Endrdquo ExpT 113

(2002) 291ndash94 Paul Foster ldquoIn Defense of the Study of Qrdquo ExpT 113 (2002) 295ndash300 21 Roth Parables 36ndash37 It should be noted of course that Roth does not wish to com-

pletely dismiss the accessibility of Qrsquos text His intention is to argue that ldquoscholarship should be rather more skeptical about the wording of Qrdquo (ibid 39)

2 The Study of Q as a Reconstructed Text 7

compromising the case that Rodd Weaks and Roth have found rather persua-sive Three observations stand to be made in this regard

First of all because it is a sayings collection Q does not lend itself to the same type of editorial abridgements as Mark The two documents are very dif-ferent Not nearly enough attention is given to this by Rodd Weaks and Roth all of whom hang their case to some degree on the fragmentary product that is the reconstructed Mark as though Q similarly contains a plot or even a remotely compatible story to saying ratio The abridgement of Markan pericopes by Luke and Matthew reflects editorial strategies appropriate to rewriting a biography viz a document exhibiting a large concentration of narrative material22 The Markan words of Jesus are omitted at a vastly different rate with the majority of those words preserved by both Matthew and Luke with minimal rephrasing23

22 Rodd (ldquoThe End of the Theology of Qrdquo 6) notes that ldquoalmost always each pericope in

[the reconstructed] lsquoMarkrsquo will be shorter than in the canonical gospelrdquo citing as examples the abridgements of Mk 21ndash12 (= Matt 91ndash8 Lk 517ndash26) and Mk 121ndash12 (= Matt 2133ndash46 Lk 209ndash19) However the healing of a man with the palsy (Mk 21ndash12) is a good example of a story whose narrative details welcome abridgements while the words of Jesus (Mk 25b 8bndash11) ndash notably including the key statements in Mk 25b 10 ndash are preserved correctly by both Matthew and Luke (Matt 92c 4bndash6 Lk 520b 22bndash24) As for the parable of the wicked tenants (Mk 121ndash12) this can be reliably reconstructed from its MatthewLuke reproduction missing only minor details The omitted details scarcely seem to affect the interpretation of the source text viz the intention of the parable as it was deployed in Markrsquos gospel

23 Mk 141 44 (= Matt 83ndash4 Lk 513ndash14) Mk 25 8ndash11 (= Matt 92 4ndash6 Lk 520 22ndash24) Mk 214 (= Matt 99 Lk 527) Mk 217 (= Matt 912ndash13 Lk 531ndash32) Mk 219ndash22 (= Matt 915ndash17 Lk 534ndash38) Mk 225ndash28 (= Matt 123ndash4 8 Lk 63ndash5) Mk 34ndash5 (= Matt 1212ndash13 Lk 69ndash10) Mk 335 (= Matt 1250 Lk 821) Mk 42ndash9 (= Matt 133ndash9 Lk 85ndash8) Mk 411ndash12 (= Matt 1311 13 Lk 810) Mk 414ndash20 (= Matt 1318ndash23 Lk 811ndash15) Mk 421ndash22 (= MattQ 515 MattQ 1026 Lk 816ndash17) Mk 424c (= MattQ 72 LkQ 638) Mk 425 (= Matt 1312 Lk 818) Mk 440 (= Matt 826 Lk 825) Mk 534 (= Matt 922 Lk 848) Mk 539 (= Matt 923ndash24 Lk 852) Mk 64bc (= Matt 1357 Lk 424) Mk 637 (= Matt 1416 Lk 913) Mk 827 29 (= Matt 1613 15 Lk 918 20) Mk 834ndash36 (= Matt 1624ndash26 Lk 923ndash25) Mk 91 (= Matt 1628 Lk 927) Mk 919 (= Matt 1717 Lk 941) Mk 931 (= Matt 1722ndash23 Lk 944) Mk 935 (= Matt 2311 Lk 2226) Mk 937 (= Matt 185 Lk 948) Mk 940 (= MattQ 1230 Lk 950) Mk 1014ndash15 (= Matt 183 1914 Lk 1816ndash17) Mk 1018ndash19 21 23 25 27 29ndash30 (= Matt 1917ndash19 21 23ndash24 26 29 Lk 1819ndash20 22 24ndash25 27 29ndash30) Mk 1033ndash34 (= Matt 2018ndash19 Lk 1831ndash33) Mk 1042ndash45 (= Matt 2025ndash28 Lk 2225ndash27) Mk 1051 (= Matt 2032 Lk 1841) Mk 112ndash3 (= Matt 212ndash3 Lk 1930ndash31) Mk 1117 (= Matt 2113 Lk 1946) Mk 1129ndash30 33 (= Matt 2124ndash25 27 Lk 203ndash4 8) Mk 121ndash10 (= Matt 2133ndash42 Lk 209ndash17) Mk 1215dndash17 (= Matt 2219ndash21 Lk 2024ndash25) Mk 1225ndash27 (= Matt 2230ndash32 Lk 2034ndash38) Mk 1230ndash31 (= Matt 2237ndash39 Lk 1027) Mk 1235ndash37 (= Matt 2241ndash45 Lk 2041ndash44) Mk 132 (= Matt 242 Lk 216) Mk 135ndash13 (Matt 244ndash13 Lk 218ndash19) Mk 1314c 17 19 (= Matt 2416 19 21 Lk 2121 23) Mk 1324ndash31 (= Matt 2429ndash35 Lk 2125ndash33) Mk 1413ndash14 (= Matt 2618 Lk 2210ndash11) Mk 1418 20ndash21 (= Matt 2621 23ndash24 Lk 2221ndash22) Mk 1422ndash25 (= Matt 2626ndash29 Lk 2216ndash20) Mk 1430 (= Matt 2634 Lk 2234) Mk 1436 (= Matt 2639 Lk 2242) Mk 1437ndash38 (= Matt 2640ndash41 Lk 2246) Mk 1448ndash49a (= Matt 2655 Lk 2252ndash53a) Mk 1462 (= Matt 2664 Lk 2269ndash70) Mk 152 (= Matt 2711 Lk 233)

8 Chapter One Prolegomena

and the non-Q related omissions limited to (a) statements forming an integral part of a narrative24 (b) statements commands and questions that are redun-dant25 (c) statements that cast a potentially negative light on Jesusrsquo family26 or disciples27 both established Markan themes28 (d) statements that are poten-tially problematic theologically29 (e) statements falling under none of the above categories that are abridged expanded or reworked by one of the evan-gelists30 (f) statements occurring in pericopes that have been eliminated com-pletely by Matthew or Luke31 Of these six categories the first three are un-likely to have been present in Q due to its lack of a plot relative scarcity of stories and absence of any interest in Jesusrsquo family or disciples The remaining three categories include only a few sayings outside of the Great Omission (more on that below) Consequently it appears that Matthew and Luke already elim-inating a minor percentage of the Markan Jesusrsquo words that lack Q parallels had no clear reason to omit even that much from Q

Secondly on a number of occasions one or both evangelists preserve dou-blets of the Markan sayings of Jesus which on the 2DH are assigned to Q32 This development is surprising in Lukersquos case since his tendency to avoid dou-blets is well known33 What is really decisive however is that in instances

24 Mk 125 138 435 59 19 530 541 1243 (omitted by Matthew) Mk 1036 1432

34 41ndash42 (omitted by Luke) Mk 1114 (either omitted or reworked in Lk 136ndash9) Mk 439 58 631 638 916 21 25 933 939c 1049 1234 (omitted or reworked by both Matthew and Luke)

25 Mk 424bd 1238 40 (omitted by Matthew) Mk 334 837 941 1211 1215b 1224 1318 20 23 (omitted by Luke) Mk 1449b (reworked in Lk 2253b) Mk 949 1024 1229 (omitted by both Matthew and Luke)

26 Mk 333ndash34 Mk 64de (omitted by Luke) 27 Mk 413 (omitted by Matthew and Luke) Mk 833 1038ndash40 (omitted by Luke) Mk

1427ndash28 (reworked in Lk 2231ndash32) 28 Eg Joel Marcus Mark (AB 27 and 27A 2 vols New York NY and New Haven CT

Doubleday and Yale 2000ndash2009) 279ndash80 310ndash11 378ndash80 509ndash15 653 677ndash81 999ndash1000 29 Mk 939 (omitted by Matthew and Luke) Mk 943ndash48 (omitted by Luke) Mk 1534

(reworked in Lk 2346) 30 Mk 115 (reworked and expanded in Lk 416ndash21) Mk 536 (abridged in Matt 923ndash26)

Mk 1314ab (reworked in Lk 2120) Mk 146ndash9 (reworked in Lk 736ndash50) Mk 1413ndash15 (abridged in Matt 2618)

31 Mk 426ndash29 99ndash13 (omitted by Luke) everything that belongs to Mk 645ndash826 (the Great Omission of the Markan material by Luke)

32 Mk 421 (= Lk 816 LkQ 1133) Mk 422 (= Lk 817 LkQ 122) Mk 425 (= Matt 1312 MattQ 2529 Lk 818 LkQ 1926) Mk 68 10ndash11 (= Lk 93ndash5 LkQ 104ndash5 8 10ndash11) Mk 834 (= MattQ 1038 Matt 1624 Lk 923 LkQ 1427) Mk 835 (= MattQ 1039 Matt 1625 Lk 924 LkQ 1733) Mk 838 (= Lk 926 LkQ 128ndash9) Mk 937 (= Matt 185 MattQ 1040 Lk 948 LkQ 1016) Mk 940 (Lk 950 LkQ 1123) Mk 1011ndash12 (= Matt 199 MattQ 532) Mk 1238ndash39 (= Lk 2046 LkQ 1143) Mk 139 11 (= Lk 2112ndash15 LkQ 1211ndash12) See further Fitzmyer Luke 81ndash82

33 See eg H Schuumlrmann ldquoDie Dubletten im Lukasevangeliumrdquo ZKT 75 (1953) 339ndash445 Idem ldquoDie Dublettenvermeidungen im Lukasevangeliumrdquo ZKT 76 (1954) 83ndash93

2 The Study of Q as a Reconstructed Text 9

when Luke is faced with a choice between Mark and Q and does not opt to retain both the preference is overwhelmingly given to the Q location and word-ing of the text34 Consequently it seems overly simplistic to suggest as Rodd does that ldquoas [the reconstructed] lsquoMarkrsquo is not Mark so in all probability the lsquoQrsquo of the scholars is not the historical document Qrdquo35 The evangelistsrsquo ten-dency to either retain the MarkQ parallels or ndash especially in Lukersquos case ndash to favor Q its wording and location over the Markan parallels shows that the two documents were not treated equally as far as the words of Jesus were concerned with the approach to Q being more conservative36

Thirdly the verse and word count discrepancy between the reconstructed and canonical Mark has been somewhat inflated as the percentages cited by scholars are routinely bolstered by the inclusion of the Great Omission On the 2DH there are two possible solutions to this well-known source-critical anom-aly the absence of Mk 645ndash826 from Lukersquos gospel is either intentional or stems from inheriting a shorter copy of Mark which lacked that material In either scenario Lukersquos omission of Mk 645ndash826 complicates the analogy be-tween the reconstructed Mark and Q If the omission was unintentional it tells us something only about the compositional history or textual transmission of Markrsquos gospel If however Lukersquos decision to skip Mk 645ndash826 was inten-tional is it not likely to have been motivated by Lukersquos avoidance of dou-blets37 A similar development is unlikely to have occurred in Lukersquos reception of Q as we have noted when faced with MarkQ doublets Luke tends to favor Qrsquos version over an available Markan parallel38 Consequently due to the sheer size of the Great Omission and regardless of the Omissionrsquos intentionality or

34 LkQ 112 4 9 (= Mk 1124ndash25) LkQ 1115 17ndash18 21 (= Mk 323ndash27) Lk 1210 (=

Mk 328ndash29) LkQ 1240 (= Mk 1332) LkQ 1318ndash19 (= Mk 430ndash32) LkQ 1330 (= Mk 1031) Lk 1618 (= Mk 1011ndash12) LkQ 171ndash2 (= Mk 942) LkQ 176 (= Mk 1123) LkQ 1723 31 (= Mk 1315ndash16 21) All of these are deployed by Luke in clusters of Q material rather than in the Lukan parallels to the respective Markan pericopes Mk 950 (= LkQ 1434ndash35) is similarly deployed away from its Markan context and surrounded by Q and L material Both Matthew and Luke favor the wording of Q 1434ndash35 over its Markan parallel

35 Rodd ldquoThe End of the Theology of Qrdquo 12 36 See eg Christopher M Tuckett Q and the History of Early Christianity Studies on Q

(Edinburgh TampT Clark 1996) 94 Luz ldquoQ in Matthewrdquo 50 37 Mk 645ndash52 contains a sea miracle similar to Mk 435ndash41 Mk 71ndash23 was likely elim-

inated to shift the lifting of the dietary restrictions to the post-Easter stage in Lukersquos narrative (Acts 109ndash16) Mk 724ndash30 was probably (a) deemed redundant (see LkQ 71ndash10) (b) re-garded as problematic due to the conflict between the Markan Jesusrsquo reluctance to perform a miracle for a Gentile person (Mk 727) and the Lukan Jesusrsquo programmatic openness to such developments (Lk 425ndash27) Mk 81ndash10 14ndash21 and 822ndash26 are clearly redundant (see Mk 635ndash44 Lk 912ndash17 Mk 1046ndash52 Lk 1835ndash43) Mk 811ndash13 has a Q parallel (= LkQ 1129ndash32)

38 On the L-M Hypothesis this would mean that Luke tends to favor Matthewrsquos version over an available Markan parallel

10 Chapter One Prolegomena

lack thereof the reconstructed Mark presents an analogy to Q that is at best tenuous

In light of the above observations my contention is that methodologically virtually the entire Q is likely to be accounted for in terms of its content39 That still leaves the question of the documentrsquos precise wording and its recovery Here Roth has argued that

there is a fundamental difference between conceiving of the ldquotext of Qrdquo as a reconstruction of its original wording and approaching it as a metaphorical and narratival realm an intertext as it were accessible through Matthew and Luke40

Roth further states as one of his monographrsquos objectives (which is primarily dedicated to the study of Qrsquos parables) an attempt to

advance Q studies by pursuing insight into the parables of Q through a different set of meth-odological approaches than those present in the reigning paradigm focusing upon word-level reconstruction The resultant exegetical work is not therefore in the first instance focused upon vocabulary and syntax of a reconstructed text but rather upon the narratival elements and structures characters images metaphors and theological emphases of an ldquointertextrdquo41

I see no reason to contest Rothrsquos objections to an uncritical acceptance of the CEQ text (of course the CEQ editors have already noted that it is only a work-ing reconstruction)42 Pending the surfacing of an actual copy of Q any recon-struction of its wording is necessarily going to remain hypothetical and thus subject to continued analysis Still to suggest that the hypothetical nature of the enterprise undermines its results perhaps runs the risk ldquothat a methodologi-cal limitation becomes an ontological description of Q itselfrdquo43 Roth admits that his own study of narratival and metaphorical elements ldquocannot function on an entirely lsquowordlessrsquo levelrdquo proposing as a solution that Qrsquos text should be accessed exclusively through the wording of Matthew and Luke44 Such drastic restrictions are in my opinion unnecessary In light of the previous discussion it is possible to assert from a methodologically sound position that Qrsquos recon-structions are not ldquopotentially faultyrdquo to the degree suggested by Roth45 While a precise word-by-word recovery may not be possible or even necessary in every verse of the synoptic double tradition a reliable near-word-level recon-struction of Q appears consistently attainable This is suggested by Lukersquos (and frequently Matthewrsquos) aforementioned preference of Qrsquos wording in the MarkQ parallels Matthewrsquos and Lukersquos slightly superior degree of verbal

39 See further Fleddermann Commentary 73ndash74 Luz ldquoQ in Matthewrdquo 45 (while positing

the existence of QMatt Luz concludes that it ldquodid not differ substantiallyrdquo from the main body of the Q source)

40 Roth Parables 41 41 Ibid 44ndash45 42 Ibid 38ndash39 Roth (ibid) also critiques Fleddermannrsquos alternative reconstruction 43 Kirk Q in Matthew 152 44 Roth Parables 40ndash41 45 Ibid 44

Index of Ancient Sources

Hebrew Bible (LXX)

Genesis414 28 3361ndash4 5062 4 (LXX) 115723 (LXX) 981316 331417 36174ndash6 1991710ndash14 1591817ndash18 1991826 (LXX) 981917 (LXX) 982218 199264 199

Exodus161ndash36 117171ndash7 1181715 (LXX) 1242114 (LXX) 1242225ndash26 1502320ndash21 23 1632415ndash16 (LXX) 472520 (LXX) 124

Numbers111ndash9 1172319 40

Deuteronomy324 (LXX) 146612ndash15 118613 (LXX) 116616 (LXX) 116 11882ndash3 11783 (LXX) 116811ndash20 118812ndash15 (LXX) 117

926 (LXX) 146159 (LXX) 205241ndash4 79 208 2092410ndash17 1502918ndash20 207319 25ndash26 209328ndash9 (LXX) 1213211 201

Joshua2313 (LXX) 207

Ruth212 201

1 Samuel27 (LXX) 1371821 (LXX) 207

1 Kings627 (LXX) 12486 (LXX) 1241717ndash24 162191ndash18 116 118 119194 (LXX) 117195 (LXX) 118198 (LXX) 117 1181910 14 (LXX) 1182219ndash23 (LXX) 121

2 Kings216 (LXX) 112 116418ndash37 16251ndash14 163

2 Chronicles58 (LXX) 1242314 125

Index of Ancient Sources246

Ezra91ndash2 1371018ndash44 137

Job16 11521 1151621 40256 40358 40387 115

Psalms2 16869 (LXX) 19785 40102 9 137178 2013510 137367 201605 (LXX) 124614 2016923 (LXX) 207722ndash12 1378018 40813 (LXX) 137901ndash2 4 (LXX) 124906 (LXX) 1249011ndash12 (LXX) 123914 2011063 (LXX) 1981091 (LXX) 4110916 22 13611826 1061457ndash8 (LXX) 1611463 401476 137

Proverbs1ndash9 55236 (LXX) 205264ndash5 189

Isaiah1ndash39 13511 168253ndash4 (LXX) 137315 201355 (LXX) 16140ndash55 135

426 168427 18 (LXX) 161435 198491ndash8 1685112 4055ndash66 135562 40563ndash8 136585ndash7 13860ndash62 135611 (LXX) 160 161611ndash2 (LXX) 48 134611ndash3 (LXX) 132 135 136 137665 (LXX) 1376618ndash20 164 198

Jeremiah317ndash18 164 1984918 33 405040 405143 40

Ezekiel8ndash11 112 11382 11440ndash48 112 113402 113403 114

Daniel713 27 40 41 168 213817 40

Amos13 (LXX) 20413ndash28 7528 15035 (LXX) 18086 (LXX) 137

Haggai220ndash22 163

Zechariah315 13787 198

Malachi16ndash29 163210ndash16 163

247Index of Ancient Sources

31 163 164 322ndash23 (LXX) 163

Old Tes tament Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha

1 Enoch1ndash5 761ndash36 4621ndash54 1226ndash11 526ndash16 4766 4573ndash6 1221021 164 198123ndash4 46124 113 125137 45139 45148ndash164 76151 46152ndash4 125171 11417ndash19 112 11320ndash36 112 113215 114242ndash257 113261ndash275 113323ndash6 11337ndash71 41 45 186 213381ndash6 122384ndash5 45391ndash3 45396 108413ndash8 76418 44421ndash2 (3) 126 171 201422 170451ndash6 76455 4546 52461ndash8 141462ndash4 42464ndash6 45468 46471ndash4 14148ndash49 52481 202481ndash10 141482 42

483 202483ndash7 168488ndash9 (10) 45 122492 4 168493 202505 76513 (5a) 168 172 20251ndash52 5252ndash56 112526 9 168531ndash5 45 122536 46 168542 45543ndash4 76545ndash6 45547 210554 45 108561ndash4 45565ndash8 43 44 45571 198591ndash6023 766010 4261ndash63 46 52621ndash9 45622ndash3 122624ndash6312 122625ndash14 42631ndash12 45 122632ndash4 106637 1236311 426312 76651ndash663 52671ndash681 52678ndash13 43 44 45 1226926ndash29 42 52701 42715ndash17 447113(14)ndash17 42 1418215ndash20 7683ndash84 52891ndash9 528973ndash74 1139038 164

Index of Ancient Sources248

1006 1681049ndash13 47

2 Enoch31ndash221 113101ndash6 112

3 Baruch3ndash17 113163 204

3 Enoch11ndash12 113

Ascension of Isaiah610ndash15 113

Baruch437 19855 198

Bel and the Dragon36 112 114 116

Jubilees11ndash8 209120 12122 114727 52102 52105 52106 121108ndash11 52 114 121114 121115 521114ndash1214 321220 1211525ndash34 1591531ndash32 114 1211928 121492 52

Letter of Aris teas155 145

Psalms of Solomon219 159823 30 1591112 1981731 164 1981810ndash12 76

Sirach21ndash17 72 86212 87143ndash7 2051410ndash11 202241ndash12 125247ndash11 1262410ndash11 1592525ndash26 2072611 2053113 2053522ndash3622 723824ndash3911 17243 76501ndash24 125

The Sentences of the Syriac Menander340ndash46 189

Tes tament of Abraham81ndash12 113

Tes tament of Levi26ndash57 113

Tes tament of Moses51ndash62 126

Tobit145ndash7 164 198

Vita Adae et Evae61ndash103 116121ndash161 115

Wisdom of Solomon410ndash15 46418ndash513 46

249Index of Ancient Sources

New Tes tament

Q32ndash958 (59ndash60) 101 103 104 108

126 155 173 17537 5237ndash9 16ndash17 5 54 64 68 70 90

104 11637ndash735 78 80 81 83 85

101 102 103317 54 9141ndash13 5 51 52 53 64 65

66 78 91 104 111 112 113 114 115 118 119 126 152 153 155 156

41ndash4 116 11745ndash8 114 119 121 122

123 15949ndash12 (13) 47 51 65 96 123

157 200416 91 129 130 131

153620ndash49 16 63 82 91 104

105 129 130 131 153

620b 12 91 132620bndash21 48 132 133 134

135 136 137620bndash23 5 131 132 143621a 12 20 91 132622 12 17 24 25 26

38 71 140 141 153 167 170 194 205

622ndash23 17 20 52 53 54 96 132 133 134 136 139 140 141 142 206

623c 64 82 129 132 139 140 142 143

627ndash35 (36) 13 16 71 129 147 151 152 153 154

629 24 91 150630 24 150631 91 152637ndash38 12 92640 92 144646 92 104 144 145

146 153 154 203

647ndash49 12 92 14471ndash10 9 64 92 104 126

155 156 158 169 197 199

76 145 20379 87 96 104 156

157 158 167 173 194 198 199

718ndash19 159 167718ndash23 159718ndash28 64 166718ndash960 92722 16 54 134 135

161 163 164 172727 96 163731ndash35 64 70 92 165 166

169 170 171733 51 53734 24 26 52 165 167

169 170 172735 166 170957ndash58 (59ndash60) 92 105 111 155

169 170 171957ndash62 63959ndash60 172 173958 24 25 26 27 38

52 71 164 165 169 170 171 172

959 145102ndash16 5 56 63 70 86

158 170 175 182 215

102ndash24 92102ndash1240 101 105 107 108

175 205104 48 92109 73 931012 93 1751012ndash15 54 64 82 861013ndash15 47 56 70 80 81

82 86 87 96 107 126 175 199 212

1016 72 931021 56 81 87 93 96

173 2091021ndash22 54 56 78 79 81

82 145 1941021ndash24 64 107

Index of Ancient Sources250

1022 81 93 114 116 145 146 203 209

1023ndash24 17 93 106112ndash4 9ndash13 5 63 78 93 117

176 177 179 180112b 48 178 184114 24 178119ndash13 12 93 176 177

178 179 180 1811114 51 1761114ndash20 52 531114ndash32 931114ndash52 64 107 1791118 51 53 93 114 121

1591124ndash26 51 53 9311(16) 29ndash32 9 54 70 96 2121130 24 26 52 1861133ndash52 93 2051134 93 2051139ndash52 70 107 126 1691142c 64 66 1251149 521149ndash51 47 53 54 66 96

118 119 157 2001151 52 200 205122ndash12 5 70 94 107 155

180 181 182 183 184 194

123 72 94124ndash5 54 70 73 181 182

190124ndash7 94 121 122 176

179 180 181 194 214

125 181 204128 24 26 38 54 185

187 188 189128ndash9 52 69 94 167 184

186 187 188 189 214

128ndash10 54 64 69 71 82 175 176 183 184 187 189 190 194 212

129 184 185 1881210 24 26 94 185 187

188 1891211ndash12 54 70 72 73 94

181 182 214

1222ndash31 (33ndash34) 63 73 176 177 178 179 180 190 192

1222ndash40 941224 23 178 1801227 231231 48 94 1841233 12 48 1911233ndash34 69 94 191 1921235ndash38 94 108 190 2031235ndash46 1081235ndash59 94 1081235ndash2230 101 105 108 109

197 2031239 17 18 95 1911239ndash40 18 20 54 70 71

94 105 175 190 191 192 193 203 212

1239ndash59 64 1911240 24 52 69 95 167

186 191 1931242ndash46 52 53 54 69 70

95 191 192 197 203 204 205 206 212

1245 96 2051246 2041251 20 951251ndash59 1081252ndash53 201256 171258ndash59 24 951318ndash19 20ndash21 5 20 48 63 95

108 2071318ndash24 951324 63 951325ndash30 54 63 82 871325ndash1423 54 95 96 126 158

1991327 52 53 96 118 1981328ndash29 96 198 1991334 52 125 2061334ndash35 47 53 54 63 66

81 82 83 96 105 106 107 108 109 118 119 125 157 194 198 200 201 202

1335 51 54 96 106 202

251Index of Ancient Sources

1411 54 961416ndash23 (24) 63 82 971423 541426 72 97 2151426ndash27 1733 20 63 72 971426ndash176 971427 54 97 140 141

182 2141434ndash35 63 97154ndash5a 7 20 63 97 108 2091613 12 63 94 971616 64 97 207 2091616ndash18 2061617 17 63 64 66 79

97 125 206 207 208 209

1616(17)ndash172 197 206 2081618 24 63 79 97 206

207 208 209171ndash2 97 207 208171ndash6 63173ndash4 18 20 98176 18 20 78 98 108

2101720ndash21 17 981723 98 2101723ndash37 54 64 69 70 71

98 167 170 197 210 211 212

1723ndash2230 108 2111724 26 30 24 52 98 991733 54 97 182 2141734ndash35 98 991912ndash26 64 69 99 108 197

203 204 205 206 212

1912ndash2230 991922 2052228ndash30 5 54 64 99 108

212

Matthew37 52310 9542 11745 12448 119 120413 130 1315ndash7 94 10251 119

54 13458 138511 (12) 52 205512 142515 7539 149 150540 15 150541 15 89 91 149 150542 150 151544 148 149544ndash45 91 149545 20861ndash18 94612 177619ndash21 94620 191623 205624 94625ndash34 94626 178627 177630 178 17975 1877 17779 177711 178 179712 152723 52724 26 9185ndash13 199810 155811ndash12 198 199819 169820 27 142 171821 172822 173829 12191ndash8 7920ndash22 97922 7937 92107 731026 71029 1801032 184 1891032ndash33 91 1841034 951038 731039 141115 134 163

Index of Ancient Sources252

1119 1691122ndash45 931125 2081217 731232 1841239 52 2051243 1241311 13 71342 951416 71521ndash28 97162bndash3 951613ndash28 1401617ndash19 471625 141171 1191717 7186 208186ndash22 97188ndash9 951825 971928 991929 992030 130219 1062131 972133ndash41 (42ndash46) 7 19221ndash14 18236ndash7 206237 1662334 522334ndash36 962335 522337 52 1972337ndash39 81 105 201243ndash41 210 211244ndash14 72423 982443 1912443ndash44 1932445 2062448 (49) 52 205251ndash13 972514ndash30 992526 28 2052530 992531 992541 95 121266ndash13 972640ndash41 7

2669 71 1302669ndash75 1892732 912755 97285 130289ndash10 972816ndash18 1192818 120

Mark114 21 131123ndash26 121124 130129ndash31 18821ndash12 731 14937ndash12 188313 114327 93328 188328ndash29 18443ndash8 193411ndash12 7413 177430ndash32 20 193438 177421ndash22 7435ndash41 9525ndash34 97534 761ndash6a 188615 163635ndash44 9637 7645ndash52 9645ndash826 971ndash23 9724ndash30 9 9781ndash10 9811ndash13 9822ndash26 9827 140827ndash98 47828 163831ndash33 121834ndash35 20835 141838 184 19092 11492ndash8 47

253Index of Ancient Sources

919 7943ndash47 951028 73 1791029 201035ndash40 1831039 1881046ndash52 91047 130119 1061117 7 1771122ndash23 25ab 18 201124 1801129ndash30 7121ndash9 (10ndash12) 7 19129 191211 191226 177133ndash37 210 211135ndash13 71315ndash16 991321 98143ndash9 971437ndash38 71447 95 1491462 411466ndash72 1891467 130151ndash5 951521 911541 97166 130

Luke15ndash25 10237 5242 11745 12246b 7 12046cd 120 121416 130416ndash30 188425ndash27 9438ndash39 188517ndash26 766 149617ndash19 188621 134622 205623 142625 134

627 149627ndash28 148628 149629 15 150630 150 151634 151635 91 208642 18646 146647ndash49 9179 155722 163734 169735 166 208810 7816ndash17 7824 177831 121848 7912ndash17 9913 7924 141926 190941 7957 169958 171959 172960 173102 92109 731017ndash20 1211021 208114 177115ndash8 97 177119 1771111 1771112 1171113 178 1791120 511121ndash22 931124 124 2051124ndash26 931129 52 2051143 166 2061149 521150 521151 52124 73 179126 180128 184

Index of Ancient Sources254

128ndash9 911211 731213ndash21 971223a 1771224 177 1781228 1791233 1911235ndash38 89 941239 1911239ndash40 1931242 2061245 52 2051249 89 951254ndash56 95131ndash35 1021327 52 1971328ndash29 1981334 52 1971415ndash24 181427 73158ndash10 97172 2081711ndash19 981720 981721 981722 981728ndash29 89 98 991731 991732 991733 971835ndash43 91912ndash27 991922 24 2051927 991938 96 1061941ndash44 961946 177209ndash16 (17ndash19) 7 192018 192037 177218ndash19 7223 1212228ndash30 992246 72249ndash51 952250 1492254ndash62 188234 14 952413ndash33 102

John446 158446ndash54 157448 158631ndash58 117844 121123 1061225ndash26 201231 1211430 1211611 1211828ndash1916 102

Acts23 9521ndash4 18951ndash11 189109ndash16 9121ndash2 183123ndash19 183

Romans1214 149

1 Corinthians412 14963 121 192132 18 20

2 Corinthians41ndash6 19244 121

Galatians113ndash14 18343 8ndash9 121 192

Ephesians21ndash2 121 192612 121 192

1 Thessalonians214ndash16 183218 121 19251ndash11 19252 20 19255ndash6 192

2 Thessalonians21ndash12 210 211

255Index of Ancient Sources

2 Timothy211ndash13 190

Hebrews1137 204

James 315ndash17 12444ndash7 121

1 Peter314 132 139 143319ndash20 47414 132 139 141 14358 121

2 Peter24ndash5 47 121

Jude16ndash7 121

Revelation110ndash20 113113 18635 19041ndash11 113123ndash4 121171ndash3 114173ndash18 112 113219ndash27 112 1132110 113

New Tes tament Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha

Gospel of Thomas1ndash71 1731ndash3 2161ndash4 1710 19 95111 1713 21161ndash2 20 95163 2017 1720ndash21 71 193201ndash4 20 192215ndash8 18 19 20 192243 36ndash39 17261ndash2 18262ndash331 1731 21361ndash3 19 143 180473 2148 18 19 20

54 137 13855 2058 17 13864 18 1965 1968 20 132 138 139

14068ndash69 19 139 143691 17 138692 19 20 137 13877 2179 2186 169 170103 17106ndash107 19 201131ndash2 9

Pseudo-Clementine Homilies12313 180

Dead Sea Scrolls

CD214ndash41 125412ndash14 121 124 125419ndash52 208

51ndash5 2091316ndash17 207122ndash3 121161ndash2 125

Index of Ancient Sources256

1QapGen 29 30 31 33 35 36 37 40

1QH430 40

1QM11 1211310ndash12 121175ndash6 51

1QpHab 56 125

1QS25 121211ndash15 207 208321ndash25 11749 18258 125119ndash10 1821120 40

1Q27 (1Q4QMys teries)1 i 1ndash8 56 202

4Q299 (1Q4QMys teries)3andashb ii 2ndash8 563andashb ii 9ndash16 56

4Q416 (4QIns truction)1 10ndash13 56 2021 12 1822 i 21ndashiv 13 562 ii 6 17 178

4Q417 (4QIns truction)1 i 6ndash9 561 i 10(11)ndash12 56 2021 i 12ndash13 561 i 14 561 i 16 115 1821 i 17 1821 i 24 56 2022 i 17ndash24 562 i 19 21ndash22 178

4Q418 (4QIns truction)69 ii 6ndash9 56 202

69 ii 12ndash13 5681 1ndash2 18281 2ndash5 5681 4 11581 5 11581 20 56 20288 56103 56107 56123 5ndash8 56

4Q423 (4QIns truction)5 3 565 5ndash6 56

4Q503 115

4Q521 16 54 135 137 159 160 161 162

4Q525 57 133

4QDeut j 1214 121

4QIsa 135

4QMMTC 4ndash9 125

11Q11 124

11Q13 135 137

11QPsa 191ndash18 121

11QT545 2075715ndash19 208669ndash11 207

Targums4QtgJob 314QtgLev 3111QtgJob 31 33 35 40

257Index of Ancient Sources

Josephus

Ant14133ndash146 4415103 451982 123

Bell188 46

1131ndash11 441161ndash5 461213 461335 452101ndash5 1232116 183

Babylonian Texts

Gilgamesh 112

Greek and Latin Authors

Dio CassiusHis t59271 120

HomerOd10503ndash15 1121112ndash22 112

PlatoPhaed111cndash112e 112

Senecade Ben2121ndash2 120

Seneca the ElderControv9210 183

TacitusAnn632 120

His t59 183

Apos tolic and Church Fathers

1 Clement132 153292 121394ndash5 121

2 Clement32 190134 148

Apos tolic Cons titutions721 152

722 148 150 151722ndash6 147725 149 150726 148 153

AthanasiusFes t Let 3911 14

Canons of the Holy Apos tles4ndash5 152

Index of Ancient Sources258

Chrysos tomHom Mt342 180

Clement of AlexandriaS trom4641 139 143

Didache11ndash63 1412c 15213b 148 14913bndash5b 11 12 13 15 16

71 147 151 15413bndash21 5 11 14 15 15013c 15113cndash4a 1413d 15 14814 1414a 1614b 15 14914c 91 15014d 15 149 150 15115a 15015b 148 15381ndash2 1482 16103bndash122a 14113 16113ndash137 14153ndash4 16161ndash8 210 211 212

EusebiusHis t Eccl3254

IrenaeusAdv Haer1101 1214162 121

Jus tin Martyr1 Apol159 148

2 Apol25 121

OrigenC Cels870 180

PolycarpPhilippians22ndash3 153

Shepherd of HermasMandate 24ndash6 153

Similitude535ndash8 138

Rabbinic Literature

j Ber3b 5b 5c 31 37 38

j Ket35a 31 37

j Šab3a 38d 31 37

j Taʿan65b 4069ab 125

R Gen72 313813 31 37796 31

R Num193 31 38

TargumsCairo BGen 414 31 33 34 37 41

259Index of Ancient Sources

Cairo FExod 1913 37Deut 346 37

Neof I Gen 414 31 33 41Gen 95ndash6 37Gen 4922 36

Papyri Manuscripts and Inscriptions

Br Mus Or 9271 14P Oxy 1 17P Oxy 654 17

P Oxy 655 17 143 180P Oxy 1782 14 15 148 151Sf III 16ndash17 40

Index of Modern Authors

Achtemeier P 139 141Adams S L 56 72 202Alexander P S 31 32Allison D C 1 2 3 5 12 22 24 66

75 77 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 90 91 94 96 98 99 103 105 107 112 117 119 120 123 125 129 130 131 133 134 135 136 138 139 140 144 147 148 149 150 152 153 155 158 160 163 169 170 172 175 176 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 193 197 198 200 205

Anderson A A 124Anderson F I 113Andrejevs O 25 164 172 190Arcari L 44Argall R A 47 72 202Arnal W E 23 24 48 59 61 63 65

66 67 68 78 86 104 123 125 132 134 136 150 191 194 208 214

Attridge H W 17Audet J-P 14Avigad N 29 30

Bailey K 102Bauckham R 12Baum A D 1Bazzana G B 1 3 24 59 178 198Beasley-Murray G R 158Berger K 104Bergmeier R 159 160 162Betz D H 3 24 51 103 146 179 183de Begraveze T 27Bird M F 159 198 199Black C C 11Black M 26 28 30 31 32 35 36 37

40 168Blenkinsopp J 135 136 137Boccaccini G 32 43 44 50Boring M E 38 183 184 185 188

192 211

Borsch F H 185Bovon F 5 19 93 95 96 98 99 106

140 177 179 184 185 198Bowman J W 28 33Boyarin D 23Breuer Y 34Brin G 208Broadhead E K 3 89Brodie T L 163Brooke G J 43 160Brown R E 11 12 102 130 157 158Broyles C C 123Bultmann R 3 60 98 111 132 156

158 184 185 186 187 188 201Burkett D 27 213Bussmann W 26

Campbell J Y 28 46Caragounis C C 27 29 39Carroll J T 3Carruth S 119Casey P M 29 34 35 37 39 41Cas tor G D 4 5Catchpole D R 21 77 90 96 99 129

131 145 147 156 157 159 164 175 188 198 208

Chang A 199Charlesworth J H 31 42 43 44 45

46 47 72 160 171 185Chazon E G 115 202Cheung L L 12Childs B S 163Chilton B D 26 36 39 117 130Clark D J 109Collins A Y 39 41 47 50 51 52 103

114 188 193 211Collins J J 23 40 43 48 49 50 51

52 53 57 76 77 121 126 160 161 162 163 168 202

Colpe C 25 26 28 29 31 32 36 37 39 40 45 140

Index of Modern Authors262

Conzelmann H 96 97Cotter W J 61 104 132 156 163 165

166 170 191Cromhout M 61 145 191Crossan J D 39 89 94 98 134

Dalman G 27 29 30Damm A 171Davidson M J 114Davies W D 1 2 3 91 99 119 120

131 138 139 140 149 150 169 172 179 180 184 185 193 197 200

DeConick A D 11 17 20 21 138 139 192

Derrenbacker R A 1 24Di Lella A A 73Dibelius M 12Diacuteez Macho A 30Dimant D 160DiTommaso L 57Doering L 208Downing F G 23 64Draper J A 13 14 15 16 68 156Dundenberg I 11Dunn J D G 1 149 183Dupont J 97 116Durham J I 163

Eldridge M D 117Elgvin T 49 56 57 115 202Eshel H 44

Fiebig P 26 27 28 34 37 39Fitzmyer J A 1 2 3 8 19 26 28 30

31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 82 91 95 97 98 117 118 119 130 131 133 138 139 140 146 149 163 177 179 208

Fleddermann H T 2 6 10 11 59 62 69 83 84 85 86 87 90 91 93 95 97 98 101 103 104 105 109 129 130 134 140 144 148 150 152 156 157 163 166 170 176 177 179 184 185 189 199 200 203 205 211

Flusser D 14 15Fos ter P 1 3 6 12 26Freedman H 32Frenschkowski M 145Frey J 56Freyne S 159 199

Funk F X 14 147

Garciacutea Martiacutenez F 49 57 160 162 202 208

Garrow A 13Gathercole S 17 19 20 138 139 181Gerber C 203Gibson J B 116Gieschen C A 147Ginsburger M 30Glover R 13 16Goering G S 72 125Goff M J 55 56 57 79 84 115 178

202Goodacre M 1 17 19Greenfield J C 27Greeven H 12Gregg B H 90 97 186 198 204Grenfell B P 14 17Guelich R A 193Guenther H O 26Gundry R H 150 181 197

Haenchen E 12 139 157 158 201Hahn F 185Han K S 124 125 200Hannah D D 42 43 45 46Hare D R A 38 39 40 184 185Harrington D J 33 55 57 202 Hartin P J 12 61 119 166Hasitschka M 118Heil C 5 38 60 99 119 181Higgins A J B 184Hill A E 163Hindley J C 43Hoffmann P 5 38 55 67 70 75 77

80 96 99 112 145 167 170 184 185

Holtzmann H J 4Hooker M D 45Horsley R 68 156 198 199 200van der Hors t P W 73Hossfeld F L 124Howard G 146Howes L 26 39 43 61 65 77 81 133

140 141 142 166 167 170 185 188 190 212

Hubbard B J 38Hultgren S 160 162Hunt A S 14 17

263Index of Modern Authors

van Iersel B M F 102

Jacobson A D 5 26 39 49 54 60 61 64 75 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 85 87 90 94 96 97 98 106 129 132 140 144 152 156 157 167 170 171 184 185 187 201 207 210

Jefford C N 13 14 15Jeremias J 179 198 204Jervis L A 55Jewett R 149Johnson L A 178 208Johnson L T 12Johnson-DeBaufre M 66 103 163Jonas H 51de Jonge H J 24 185Jongeling B 35Joseph S J 1 21 23 24 45 46 47 48

51 52 68 103 125 132 134 136 142 144 153 156 159 160 161 162 164 178 180 181 182 184 185 187 190 191 200 201 202 206 208 214 215

Jus t A A 102

Kahle P 26 30 31 36Kampen J L 162 209Kaufman S A 31 32 36 40Keener C S 183Kirk A 2 4 5 6 10 15 24 55 59 60

61 62 66 67 68 69 71 72 73 75 76 77 78 79 83 84 85 86 87 88 90 94 96 98 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 111 114 129 152 155 156 166 177 179 184 189 190 197 203 207 208 214 215

Kloppenborg J S 1 2 3 4 5 11 12 13 14 15 17 19 21 22 23 24 25 26 38 39 50 51 53 54 55 57 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 86 87 88 89 90 95 97 98 99 103 104 107 108 111 112 121 122 123 124 125 126 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 139 140 141 142 143 144 147 148 150 151 155 156 157 158 160 162 163 164 165 166 167 170 171 172 175 176 180 181 182 183 184 187 189

190 191 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 208 210 211 212 213

Knibb M A 46 202Koes ter H 15 38 48 60 61 63 66

148Koumlhler W D 16Kraus H-J 124Kutscher E Y 30 35 36

Lang B 201Laurence R 41Leives tad R 43Levine A-J 208Lichtenberger H 124Lindars B 29 34 37 39 43 184 185

188Lohfink N 118Lukaszewski A 25 27Luz U 3 10 60 74 75 78 81 87 90

91 93 95 96 97 99 102 106 111 131 134 140 142 145 148 150 151 166 169 180 181 184 185 197 198 199 201 204 207

Luumldemann G 183Luumlhrmann D 61 64 78 111 140 157

158 165 180 184

Mack B L 23 38 43 61 133 135 170Magness J 160Malherbe A 192 211Manson T W 5 28 101Maori Y 32Marcus J 8 11 41 47 102 183 188

193 199 211Marshall I H 3Martiacutenez R 166 167Martyn J L 183Maumlrz C-P 90 94McDermott J M 185McNamara M J 31Meadors E P 62 66 67 72 74 76 77

166 168 201Meadors G T 137Menken M J J 116 117Meyer A 27Meyer P D 157Middleton P 182Milik J P 36 42 43 187Milikowsky C 181Miller R J 63 201

Index of Modern Authors264

Mitchell D C 124Moller H B 29Moreland M 23Moss C 182Mournet T C 1Muraoka T 35 38Muumlnch C 203

Neirynck F 2 3 4 11 22 26 90 98 99 116 130 140 149

Nickelsburg G 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 52 53 76 106 112 113 122 126 141 168 172 202 210 213

Niebuhr K W 159Niederwimmer K 13 14 15 16 148

151 152Nielsen K 114 115Nolland J 179Novakovic L 160 162

Odeberg H 36Oegema G S 116Owen P 25 29 35

Patterson S J 17 18 21 61 63Perrin N 186Pervo R I 183Pietersma A 146Piovanelli P 44 45Piper R A 61 82 112 176 190Ploeg J P M 35Pokornyacute P 11 17 19 117 139Polag A 62 73 89 90 94Porter S E 180 181Porton G G 38Pries t J 126Propp W H C 163Puech Eacute 133 160 162

Ra Y 39 132 145 155 170 184 185Reicke B 141Riesner R 183Robbins M C 51 103 113 115 117

121 125Robbins V K 104Robinson J M 2 5 24 26 34 38 39

41 43 55 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 77 96 103 119 129 131 132 134 135 140 142 143 144 145

156 160 165 166 167 180 181 184 185 186 187 188 190 200 201 202

Rodd C S 6 7 9Rollens S E 2 3 23 24 26 61 132

182 191Roth D T 2 6 7 10 11 54 90 145

165 191 192 203 204 205 206Rothschild C K 90 159 164Royse J R 146Roumlsel M 146

Sacchi P 43 44 45 47Sandt H 5 14 15Sato M 3 59 62 74 75 76 77 79 80

82 83 87 90 94 98 111 134 170 176 184

Schalit A 44Schenk W 62 73 89 90 103 170 176Schiavo L 104 112 113Schiffman L H 57 160Schnackenburg R 12 157 158Schniedewind W M 160Schroumlter J 180Schulz S 74 132 165 167 176 179

201 210Schuumlrmann H 8 130 167 170Seeley D 132 141 142Segal M 43 114 121Sellew P 193Sevenich-Bax E 103 105Shelton J 163Shepherd D 29 35Shinall M C 51Shirock R J 102Sjoumlberg E 28 29 35 39 45Skeat T C 180Skehan P W 73Smith D A 96 201 202 203So K-C 157Sokoloff M 35Somov A 181Spranger P P 204S taples J A 145 146 154S teck O H 61 64 132 201S tone M E 45S treeter B H 4 12 130S trugnell J 55S tuckenbruck L T 27 30 47 51 65

114 121Syreeni K 4 15 153

265Index of Modern Authors

Tabor J D 160Tannehil R C 178 208Taylor N H 120 123 183Theissen G 123Theophilos M P 126Tigchelaar E J C 56Tiwald M 3 23 160Toumldt H E 47 184 185 186 187Tuckett C M 1 3 6 9 11 13 14 15

17 23 26 49 50 53 54 61 62 63 66 68 72 76 77 84 86 90 94 95 98 112 114 119 121 125 130 134 140 150 154 156 157 158 160 166 170 184 193 199 205 206 207 208 210

Uhlig S 45Uro R 26 62 185

Vaage L E 23 24 26 39 61 133 165 167 170 171 190 191 210

VanderKam J C 43 46 57 168Vassiliadis P 89 94de Vaux R 56Vermes G 26 28 29 31 32 33 34 35

36 37 38 39 40 43 140 160 184

Wacholder B Z 209

von Wahlde U C 12 158Wahlen C 51Walck L W 46 52Watson F 1Weaks J A 6 7Weinfeld M 118 146 207 208Weiser A 124Weiss B 130Wellhausen J 26Welch J W 102Wernberg-Mѳller P 36Wes termann C 135 136Williams P J 35Wilson W T 149Wins ton D 46 72Wise M O 160Witetschek S 86 167Wolter M 90van der Woude A S 35Wright III B J 72 202

Xeravits G G 202

York A D 32

Zeller D 63 69 111 165 212Zenger E 124

Index of Subjects

Abel-Main (Tell Abl) 45Abraham 32 157Agrippa I 123 183Ahab 118 121angel of Yahweh 163angelicheavenly rebellion 121 125Antigonus 43aphaeresis 27 32 34 36 38apocalypse 48ndash as incorrectly applied to Mk 133ndash37

211ndash as incorrectly applied to Q 1723ndash37

210 211apocalypticndash Chris tianity 53ndash discourse 211ndash framework 57 121ndash inaccurately used as a noun 49ndash literature 47 53 54 135ndash language in Ben Sira 72ndash tradition 56 57 186ndash wisdom ins tructions other than Q 56

57 77 202ndash worldview (outside of Q see its at-

tes tation in Q referenced separately below) 24 49 50 51 55 57 87 121

apocalypticism 25 87 58 62ndash and apocalypse 48 49ndash and eschatology 48ndash as a literary category 48 79ndash as a dis tortion of Godrsquos intended

order 23ndash as compatible with wisdom in late

second temple literature 57 62 66 70 72 154 202

ndash as having a place outside the genre of an apocalypse 49

ndash as synonymous with apocalyptic worldview 49

ndash in Pauline thought 192ndash in sectarian environments 53

ndash in recent Q scholarship 48ndash methodological definitions of 50 54

186Aramaic 25 26 46 70 140 187 204

213ndash OfficialImperialBiblical 26 27 35

40ndash Middle 26 27 30 32 33 34 35 36

37 38 40 41 52 167 170 187 188ndash Late 26 27 28 32 33 34 35 36 37

38 41 140 187ndash Galilean 29 36 38ndash Qumran 31 32 35 38Athaliah 125Augus tus 45

Babylonian Exile 118Banias 45βασιλείαndash as a hypothetical metaphor reflecting

the social interes ts of Qrsquos author(s) 48

ndash as a political entity 120ndash of God 23 48 73 95 108 123 132

177 178 182 183 184 192 194 206 207

ndash of Satan 51 114ndash realized 142beatitude(s) 82 91 93 105 131 132

133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 153

Bethsaida 45 56 93

Caesarea Philippi 46(Cairo) Geniza fragments 28 29 30 32

36 37Capernaum 45 56 93chiasm 83 85 101 102 103 109 118

120chias tic 85 101 103 106 107 108 120

152 197

Index of Subjects268

Chorazin 56 93chreia(s) 63 71 104 105 120 211chreiic 65 86 104 105 111 156chris tology (see the Q discussion refer-

enced separately below)ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 17ndash in Luke 19ndash in Mark 131circumcision 159 209Claudius 183cosmic mountain 114 119Cynic(s) 23

Dan 45 47Darius I 163Deuteronomis t 118Deuteronomis tic His tory 146deuteronomis ticndash agenda 156ndash context(s) 143 153ndash framework 53 54ndash motifs 118 127ndash orientation 64ndash outlook 61 82 114ndash redaction 80ndash rhetoric 136ndash s tratums trata 78ndash theme 78ndash tradition 79ndash unders tanding 64devil 51 66 114 117 119 120 121 123

124

Elijah 96 116 118 126 162 163 164ElijahElisha cycle 162 163Enoch 44 45 47 51 76 112 113 157

172 202ndash as a scribe 46ndash Book of Watchers 45 113 125ndash sapiential content in Watchers 76ndash Book of Parables 24 41 47 157 167

171 213ndash sapiential content in Parables 76ndash Epis tle of Enoch 43ndash his torical incarnation of 202ndash Seminar 47Enochicndash author 122ndash corpus 52 73ndash formulation 52

ndash framework 121ndash literaturetext 43 46 56ndash movement 47 53 157 210ndash mythology 113 114 122 164ndash Son of Man 172ndash tradents 46ndash tradition 43 46 47 79 113 122 157

215ndash Watchers myth 45 53 121eschatological prophetndash in 4Q521 160 162ndash in Q 164 165 166eschatology (see the Q discussion refer-

enced separately below) 47 48 50ndash in 1 Enoch 42 47 76 122 141 142

168 169ndash in 4Q521 159 160 162ndash in 4QIns truction 56ndash in Ben Sira 72ndash in Malachi 163 164ndash in Psalms of Solomon 159ndash in Trito-Isaiah 136Exodusndash legendmyth 117ndash imagerymotifs 116 163

form (literary)ndash and meaning 82ndash and worldview 76ndash apocalypse 49ndash criticism 61 62 63 67 68 69 70

74 156 170 214ndash miracle s tory 156ndash wisdom 84ndash (wisdom) ins truction 70 71

Gaius (Caligula) 44 46 123Galilee 23 36 44 45 47 56 73 131

171 194 215ndash village scribes 48ndash villagestowns 24 93 199Gentile(s) 9 87 96 120 126 155 157

158 159 164 167 168 169 173 198 199 209 215

Great Omission 8 9

HasidicHasidim 79 162Hebrew 25 35 39 40 41 42 204Hebrew Biblescriptures 24 118 127

136 160

269Index of Subjects

Hermogenes 171mt Hermon 45 46 47Herod the Great and the Herodian era

43 44 45 46 126Herodians 45(holy) Spirit 72 94 178 189Hulah Valley 45

Isaiah (see the Index of Ancient Sources for specific passages)

ndash Deutero 46 135 136 168 169ndash firs t-century reader of 135ndash Trito 51 54 135 136 137 143 154

163 200Israelndash in Ben Sira 125ndash in Daniel 168ndash in Deuteronomy 118ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 139ndash in the Hebrew Bible 198 199ndash in Jubilees 121ndash in Malachi 163ndash in Q 53 64 78 80 87 96 104 118

127 155 156 158 198 199ndash pre-exilic 50ndash traditional wisdom of 58ndash wilderness myth 117

James (son of Zebedee) 183Jerusalem 44 72 96 106 108 113 119

125 159 166 199 200ndash culttemple 136 137 163 214ndash pries thood 45 47 127Jesusndash as an apocalyptic figure in Q 38ndash as a literary character in Q 21ndash floating traditions ascribed to 48ndash his torical 21 29 37 43 47 73 116

141 142 164 165 171 172 186 198ndash his torical greeting of in Jerusalem

106ndash movement 23ndash tradition 161Jewish Chris tianityndash as a movement in a contes ted envi-

ronment 43 183ndash as a proliferation of groups and

communities 183ndash on the use of the term 23

ndash possible connection to the Enochic movement 47

Jewish War 200John (the Baptis t) 68 78 80 83 85 90

91 92 97 103 104 105 116 159 163 164 165 166 167 169 172

ndash followers of 159 165 166ndash his torical 159 165Journeysndash cosmicterres trial 76 112 113 114

119 122 127ndash heavenly 45 112 113Judea 36 44 200 215

Kallirrhoeuml 45Kleinliteratur 3 4 59 60 73 215

Lordrsquos Prayer 93 94 177Lot 97 99

Maccabean era 126Mas tema 121Matthew and Luke as conservative

traditionalis ts 4Matthewrsquos and Lukersquos redactorial

freedom 4Matthewrsquos use of Q 4messiah 106 116 162 164 210messiahship 123messianic 116 210Migdal 46mimesis 114 141minor agreements 15 130Minor Prophets 146Moses 117

Nag Hammadi 17Nimrod 32

oralndash possible cross-influence on the Gos-

pel of Thomas from the canonical gospels 11 193

ndash harmonization of Matthew and Luke 16

ndash life of the primitive community 60ndash performance 15 16 161ndash source utilization 15ndash tradition 17 98 151ndash transmission 188

Index of Subjects270

ndash usage and application of Q 4ndash usage of Matthew 15ndash variants of Q 4Oxyrhynchus 17

Paneion 46Parousia 116 186 193Parthian invasion of 40 BCE 44 46Paulndash his torical 149 183ndash possible awareness of the Q tradition

by 192persecutionndash as an apocalyptic motif 54ndash because of someone 142ndash in authentic Pauline corpus 149 183ndash in Q 52 54 78 94 107 118 122

126 132 133 134 140 141 142 143 144 175 180 181 182 184 190 194 200 206

ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 138ndash in the Parables of Enoch 141ndash in Trito-Isaiah 137 200ndash plausibility of 182 183Pharisees 65 68 94 166 169 205 206

214pleroma 39prophecyndash pre-exilic and Persian era (classical)

50ndash mixture of with wisdom 77Prophetisierung 75

Qndash apocalypticism apocalyptic motifs

features imagination framework and worldview 23 25 46 53 57 58 63 69 70 71 73 76 79 84 87 88 111 114 121 127 141 175 190 194 197 202 210 211 213 214

ndash apocalyptic document 48 51ndash apocalyptic wisdom ins truction 23

55 70 73 74 77 79 214ndash (apocalyptic) communitymovement

55 107 122 194 195 206 209ndash Aramaic roots 26ndash chris tology 70 81 83 87 93 104

115 116 123 130 131 142 144 145 147 153 154 156 157 159 164 166 167 194 214

ndash demonology 51 53ndash eschatological (apocalyptic) dis-

course 64 83 97 98 170 210 211 212

ndash eschatology 48 51 54 56 69 73 75 87 94 95 101 104 105 108 133 141 142 143 144 147 159 164 165 166 167 169 172 180 192 193 194 198 199 202 203 210

ndash final (literary) form 59 62 69 78 178

ndash hypothetical mid- (lower) level or sub-elite scribal origin 24 59

ndash hypothetical recensions 3 4 59 60 90 98

ndash hypothetical segregation of wisdom and apocalyptic s trata 60 66 67 70 213 214

ndash mission speech 23 56 86 87 92 104 105 107 173 182 194

ndash Pales tinian character 24ndash possible authenticity of its content

22 81ndash prophetic content 61 63 67 70 74

75 76 77 79 80 82 83 142 143 176

ndash recons truction (CEQ) 5 6 10 90 (see also recons truction [in this s tudy] below as such frequently follows the CEQ)

ndash recons truction (feasibility) 2 3 4 10 11

ndash recons truction (in this s tudy) 60 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 111 116 119 120 123 130 131 134 144 147 148 149 151 152 165 169 170 172 175 176 177 178 179 181 184 191 193 199 204 207 213 215

ndash recons truction (methodology) 5 89 90

ndash recons truction (skepticism) 2 10 59 (see also recons tructed Mark below)

ndash sapiential content 12 62 63 67 77 79 80 82 130 154 175 191 202 214

ndash sermon 63 82 91 92 103 105 127 129 130 131 134 135 138 140 144 145 147 152 153 154 155 156

ndash sophis ticated scribal traditions 24ndash sub-literary view of 3 59 60 74

271Index of Subjects

ndash tradents 4 59 67 125 135 147 181 182 197 199 202 203 207 209 214

ndash tradition 13 17 87 161 163 164 186 187 192 202

Quintillian 171Qumran (see the Index of Ancient

Sources for specific documents)ndash apocalyptic worldview 50 135ndash Aramaic corpus 33ndash beatitude collection 133ndash communitymovementYahad 44 53

56 121 135 136 137 157 160 161 206 207 208 209

ndash demonology 124ndash discovery 29ndash fellowship with angels 115ndash fragments of 1 Enoch 44ndash library 43ndash manualsrules 82ndash sapiential literature 25 55 56 57

58 62 69ndash social setting 43

recons tructed Mark 2 6 7 8 9 10RomeRomans 44 91 121 126 159

199 207ndash occupation of Judea 44

sage(s) 55 56 79 84Samaria 44Satan 50 51 52 53 114 115 117 118

120 121 159 192scribe(s) 102 205ndash ancient reading practices of 102ndash as a Q opponent group 68 169 205ndash as advanced or elite readers of Q

102 103ndash Enochic 46 215ndash in Matthewrsquos community (other than

Matthew) 4ndash in the Q community 48 135 195

215ndash in the text of Q 169 172ndash memory competence of 4 102ndash responsible for 2 Enoch 112ndash responsible for Did 13bndash5b 15scriptorium 46Sefire 27 37Sepphoris 38 46Sermon on the Mount 15 16 87 94

Sermon on the Plain 15 16(Deutero-Isaianic) Servant 136 168 169Sidon 199Simeon II 125Son of Man 47 115ndash Aramaic background of the phrase

25 26 28 37 153ndash as a messianic title in the Parables of

Enoch 28 46ndash circumlocutional non-titular use of

the phrase in Late Aramaic 34ndash classifications of the phrasersquos Q

ins tances 26ndash designation of as Son of Humanity in

some recent research 39ndash his torical incarnation of as under-

s tood by some ancient authors 165 172

ndash hypothetical non-titular (circumlocu-tional or generic) use of the definite phrase in Middle Aramaic by the his torical Jesus and in Q 28 29 34 37 38 39 42 43 52 71 140 142 167 170 186 187

ndash in Daniel 41 42 186 213ndash in Luke 142 186ndash in Mark 41ndash in Matthew 99 142 186ndash in Q 25 26 34 38 39 42 43 46 47

52 53 64 67 69 70 71 96 98 104 106 115 116 123 141 142 147 164 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 176 185 186 187 188 189 191 194 201 203 210 212 213

ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 170ndash in the Parables of Enoch 25 28 41

42 43 44 45 46 47 122 141 142 146 147 153 155 164 165 168 169 172 173 202 213

ndash non-titular use of the indefinite phrase in Middle Aramaic 41

ndash titular (including but not limited to chris tological) use of the definite phrase in Q 34 38 52 53 64 70 104 123 142 143 147 167 168 172 173 185 186 187 189 191 194 201 203 210 212 213

Sondergut 89 90ndash Matthean 91ndash Lukan 94 95 97 98 177

Index of Subjects272

Sophiandash myth (Enochic tradition) 172 202ndash myth (synoptic tradition) 96 200

201ndash words of 96 201synopticndash gospels 11 150 151ndash material 16 151ndash parallels 18 19ndash problem 1ndash Sayings Source 3 216ndash s tudies 4ndash tradition 17 21 26 98 101 131 151

158 205 215Syria 215

Talmud 30 36 37 38Targum 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

38 40 41ndash recons truction of the Pales tinian Tar-

gum 32Taricheae 46Tell Dan 45templendash apparatusins titution 50 96 107

113 119 125 126 127 137 157 197 200 205

ndash eschatological 76

ndash purityholiness of 65 123 137ndash mitigatingprotective role 51 124ndash of Augus tus at Paneion 45ndash second temple era 25 41 44 48 56

62 70 71 72 79 82 84 121 124 136 137 154 163 186 201 209 213 216

ndash liturgy 124ndash mounthill 113ndash pollution of as perceived by some

ancient authors 113 125 136Theon of Alexandria 171Tiberias 38Torah 58 64 72 79 112 207 208 209transfiguration 47tree of knowledge 113Tyre 199

Vermes-Fitzmyer debate 28 38 39

Watchers 45 53 121Wicked Pries t 125

Yahweh 117 118

Zechariah (son of Jehoiada) 200mt Zion 113

  • Cover13
  • Titel13
  • Preface
  • Table of Contents13
  • List of Abbreviations
  • Chapter One Prolegomena
    • 1 Introduction Recent Methodological Questions in Q Studies
    • 2 The Study of Q as a Reconstructed Text
      • Index of Ancient Sources
      • Index of Modern Authors
      • Index of Subjects
Page 19: Apocalypticism in the Synoptic Sayings Source€¦ · Apocalypticism in the Synoptic Sayings Source A Reassessment of Q’s Stratigraphy Mohr Siebeck. Olegs Andrejevs, born 1982;

2 The Study of Q as a Reconstructed Text 7

compromising the case that Rodd Weaks and Roth have found rather persua-sive Three observations stand to be made in this regard

First of all because it is a sayings collection Q does not lend itself to the same type of editorial abridgements as Mark The two documents are very dif-ferent Not nearly enough attention is given to this by Rodd Weaks and Roth all of whom hang their case to some degree on the fragmentary product that is the reconstructed Mark as though Q similarly contains a plot or even a remotely compatible story to saying ratio The abridgement of Markan pericopes by Luke and Matthew reflects editorial strategies appropriate to rewriting a biography viz a document exhibiting a large concentration of narrative material22 The Markan words of Jesus are omitted at a vastly different rate with the majority of those words preserved by both Matthew and Luke with minimal rephrasing23

22 Rodd (ldquoThe End of the Theology of Qrdquo 6) notes that ldquoalmost always each pericope in

[the reconstructed] lsquoMarkrsquo will be shorter than in the canonical gospelrdquo citing as examples the abridgements of Mk 21ndash12 (= Matt 91ndash8 Lk 517ndash26) and Mk 121ndash12 (= Matt 2133ndash46 Lk 209ndash19) However the healing of a man with the palsy (Mk 21ndash12) is a good example of a story whose narrative details welcome abridgements while the words of Jesus (Mk 25b 8bndash11) ndash notably including the key statements in Mk 25b 10 ndash are preserved correctly by both Matthew and Luke (Matt 92c 4bndash6 Lk 520b 22bndash24) As for the parable of the wicked tenants (Mk 121ndash12) this can be reliably reconstructed from its MatthewLuke reproduction missing only minor details The omitted details scarcely seem to affect the interpretation of the source text viz the intention of the parable as it was deployed in Markrsquos gospel

23 Mk 141 44 (= Matt 83ndash4 Lk 513ndash14) Mk 25 8ndash11 (= Matt 92 4ndash6 Lk 520 22ndash24) Mk 214 (= Matt 99 Lk 527) Mk 217 (= Matt 912ndash13 Lk 531ndash32) Mk 219ndash22 (= Matt 915ndash17 Lk 534ndash38) Mk 225ndash28 (= Matt 123ndash4 8 Lk 63ndash5) Mk 34ndash5 (= Matt 1212ndash13 Lk 69ndash10) Mk 335 (= Matt 1250 Lk 821) Mk 42ndash9 (= Matt 133ndash9 Lk 85ndash8) Mk 411ndash12 (= Matt 1311 13 Lk 810) Mk 414ndash20 (= Matt 1318ndash23 Lk 811ndash15) Mk 421ndash22 (= MattQ 515 MattQ 1026 Lk 816ndash17) Mk 424c (= MattQ 72 LkQ 638) Mk 425 (= Matt 1312 Lk 818) Mk 440 (= Matt 826 Lk 825) Mk 534 (= Matt 922 Lk 848) Mk 539 (= Matt 923ndash24 Lk 852) Mk 64bc (= Matt 1357 Lk 424) Mk 637 (= Matt 1416 Lk 913) Mk 827 29 (= Matt 1613 15 Lk 918 20) Mk 834ndash36 (= Matt 1624ndash26 Lk 923ndash25) Mk 91 (= Matt 1628 Lk 927) Mk 919 (= Matt 1717 Lk 941) Mk 931 (= Matt 1722ndash23 Lk 944) Mk 935 (= Matt 2311 Lk 2226) Mk 937 (= Matt 185 Lk 948) Mk 940 (= MattQ 1230 Lk 950) Mk 1014ndash15 (= Matt 183 1914 Lk 1816ndash17) Mk 1018ndash19 21 23 25 27 29ndash30 (= Matt 1917ndash19 21 23ndash24 26 29 Lk 1819ndash20 22 24ndash25 27 29ndash30) Mk 1033ndash34 (= Matt 2018ndash19 Lk 1831ndash33) Mk 1042ndash45 (= Matt 2025ndash28 Lk 2225ndash27) Mk 1051 (= Matt 2032 Lk 1841) Mk 112ndash3 (= Matt 212ndash3 Lk 1930ndash31) Mk 1117 (= Matt 2113 Lk 1946) Mk 1129ndash30 33 (= Matt 2124ndash25 27 Lk 203ndash4 8) Mk 121ndash10 (= Matt 2133ndash42 Lk 209ndash17) Mk 1215dndash17 (= Matt 2219ndash21 Lk 2024ndash25) Mk 1225ndash27 (= Matt 2230ndash32 Lk 2034ndash38) Mk 1230ndash31 (= Matt 2237ndash39 Lk 1027) Mk 1235ndash37 (= Matt 2241ndash45 Lk 2041ndash44) Mk 132 (= Matt 242 Lk 216) Mk 135ndash13 (Matt 244ndash13 Lk 218ndash19) Mk 1314c 17 19 (= Matt 2416 19 21 Lk 2121 23) Mk 1324ndash31 (= Matt 2429ndash35 Lk 2125ndash33) Mk 1413ndash14 (= Matt 2618 Lk 2210ndash11) Mk 1418 20ndash21 (= Matt 2621 23ndash24 Lk 2221ndash22) Mk 1422ndash25 (= Matt 2626ndash29 Lk 2216ndash20) Mk 1430 (= Matt 2634 Lk 2234) Mk 1436 (= Matt 2639 Lk 2242) Mk 1437ndash38 (= Matt 2640ndash41 Lk 2246) Mk 1448ndash49a (= Matt 2655 Lk 2252ndash53a) Mk 1462 (= Matt 2664 Lk 2269ndash70) Mk 152 (= Matt 2711 Lk 233)

8 Chapter One Prolegomena

and the non-Q related omissions limited to (a) statements forming an integral part of a narrative24 (b) statements commands and questions that are redun-dant25 (c) statements that cast a potentially negative light on Jesusrsquo family26 or disciples27 both established Markan themes28 (d) statements that are poten-tially problematic theologically29 (e) statements falling under none of the above categories that are abridged expanded or reworked by one of the evan-gelists30 (f) statements occurring in pericopes that have been eliminated com-pletely by Matthew or Luke31 Of these six categories the first three are un-likely to have been present in Q due to its lack of a plot relative scarcity of stories and absence of any interest in Jesusrsquo family or disciples The remaining three categories include only a few sayings outside of the Great Omission (more on that below) Consequently it appears that Matthew and Luke already elim-inating a minor percentage of the Markan Jesusrsquo words that lack Q parallels had no clear reason to omit even that much from Q

Secondly on a number of occasions one or both evangelists preserve dou-blets of the Markan sayings of Jesus which on the 2DH are assigned to Q32 This development is surprising in Lukersquos case since his tendency to avoid dou-blets is well known33 What is really decisive however is that in instances

24 Mk 125 138 435 59 19 530 541 1243 (omitted by Matthew) Mk 1036 1432

34 41ndash42 (omitted by Luke) Mk 1114 (either omitted or reworked in Lk 136ndash9) Mk 439 58 631 638 916 21 25 933 939c 1049 1234 (omitted or reworked by both Matthew and Luke)

25 Mk 424bd 1238 40 (omitted by Matthew) Mk 334 837 941 1211 1215b 1224 1318 20 23 (omitted by Luke) Mk 1449b (reworked in Lk 2253b) Mk 949 1024 1229 (omitted by both Matthew and Luke)

26 Mk 333ndash34 Mk 64de (omitted by Luke) 27 Mk 413 (omitted by Matthew and Luke) Mk 833 1038ndash40 (omitted by Luke) Mk

1427ndash28 (reworked in Lk 2231ndash32) 28 Eg Joel Marcus Mark (AB 27 and 27A 2 vols New York NY and New Haven CT

Doubleday and Yale 2000ndash2009) 279ndash80 310ndash11 378ndash80 509ndash15 653 677ndash81 999ndash1000 29 Mk 939 (omitted by Matthew and Luke) Mk 943ndash48 (omitted by Luke) Mk 1534

(reworked in Lk 2346) 30 Mk 115 (reworked and expanded in Lk 416ndash21) Mk 536 (abridged in Matt 923ndash26)

Mk 1314ab (reworked in Lk 2120) Mk 146ndash9 (reworked in Lk 736ndash50) Mk 1413ndash15 (abridged in Matt 2618)

31 Mk 426ndash29 99ndash13 (omitted by Luke) everything that belongs to Mk 645ndash826 (the Great Omission of the Markan material by Luke)

32 Mk 421 (= Lk 816 LkQ 1133) Mk 422 (= Lk 817 LkQ 122) Mk 425 (= Matt 1312 MattQ 2529 Lk 818 LkQ 1926) Mk 68 10ndash11 (= Lk 93ndash5 LkQ 104ndash5 8 10ndash11) Mk 834 (= MattQ 1038 Matt 1624 Lk 923 LkQ 1427) Mk 835 (= MattQ 1039 Matt 1625 Lk 924 LkQ 1733) Mk 838 (= Lk 926 LkQ 128ndash9) Mk 937 (= Matt 185 MattQ 1040 Lk 948 LkQ 1016) Mk 940 (Lk 950 LkQ 1123) Mk 1011ndash12 (= Matt 199 MattQ 532) Mk 1238ndash39 (= Lk 2046 LkQ 1143) Mk 139 11 (= Lk 2112ndash15 LkQ 1211ndash12) See further Fitzmyer Luke 81ndash82

33 See eg H Schuumlrmann ldquoDie Dubletten im Lukasevangeliumrdquo ZKT 75 (1953) 339ndash445 Idem ldquoDie Dublettenvermeidungen im Lukasevangeliumrdquo ZKT 76 (1954) 83ndash93

2 The Study of Q as a Reconstructed Text 9

when Luke is faced with a choice between Mark and Q and does not opt to retain both the preference is overwhelmingly given to the Q location and word-ing of the text34 Consequently it seems overly simplistic to suggest as Rodd does that ldquoas [the reconstructed] lsquoMarkrsquo is not Mark so in all probability the lsquoQrsquo of the scholars is not the historical document Qrdquo35 The evangelistsrsquo ten-dency to either retain the MarkQ parallels or ndash especially in Lukersquos case ndash to favor Q its wording and location over the Markan parallels shows that the two documents were not treated equally as far as the words of Jesus were concerned with the approach to Q being more conservative36

Thirdly the verse and word count discrepancy between the reconstructed and canonical Mark has been somewhat inflated as the percentages cited by scholars are routinely bolstered by the inclusion of the Great Omission On the 2DH there are two possible solutions to this well-known source-critical anom-aly the absence of Mk 645ndash826 from Lukersquos gospel is either intentional or stems from inheriting a shorter copy of Mark which lacked that material In either scenario Lukersquos omission of Mk 645ndash826 complicates the analogy be-tween the reconstructed Mark and Q If the omission was unintentional it tells us something only about the compositional history or textual transmission of Markrsquos gospel If however Lukersquos decision to skip Mk 645ndash826 was inten-tional is it not likely to have been motivated by Lukersquos avoidance of dou-blets37 A similar development is unlikely to have occurred in Lukersquos reception of Q as we have noted when faced with MarkQ doublets Luke tends to favor Qrsquos version over an available Markan parallel38 Consequently due to the sheer size of the Great Omission and regardless of the Omissionrsquos intentionality or

34 LkQ 112 4 9 (= Mk 1124ndash25) LkQ 1115 17ndash18 21 (= Mk 323ndash27) Lk 1210 (=

Mk 328ndash29) LkQ 1240 (= Mk 1332) LkQ 1318ndash19 (= Mk 430ndash32) LkQ 1330 (= Mk 1031) Lk 1618 (= Mk 1011ndash12) LkQ 171ndash2 (= Mk 942) LkQ 176 (= Mk 1123) LkQ 1723 31 (= Mk 1315ndash16 21) All of these are deployed by Luke in clusters of Q material rather than in the Lukan parallels to the respective Markan pericopes Mk 950 (= LkQ 1434ndash35) is similarly deployed away from its Markan context and surrounded by Q and L material Both Matthew and Luke favor the wording of Q 1434ndash35 over its Markan parallel

35 Rodd ldquoThe End of the Theology of Qrdquo 12 36 See eg Christopher M Tuckett Q and the History of Early Christianity Studies on Q

(Edinburgh TampT Clark 1996) 94 Luz ldquoQ in Matthewrdquo 50 37 Mk 645ndash52 contains a sea miracle similar to Mk 435ndash41 Mk 71ndash23 was likely elim-

inated to shift the lifting of the dietary restrictions to the post-Easter stage in Lukersquos narrative (Acts 109ndash16) Mk 724ndash30 was probably (a) deemed redundant (see LkQ 71ndash10) (b) re-garded as problematic due to the conflict between the Markan Jesusrsquo reluctance to perform a miracle for a Gentile person (Mk 727) and the Lukan Jesusrsquo programmatic openness to such developments (Lk 425ndash27) Mk 81ndash10 14ndash21 and 822ndash26 are clearly redundant (see Mk 635ndash44 Lk 912ndash17 Mk 1046ndash52 Lk 1835ndash43) Mk 811ndash13 has a Q parallel (= LkQ 1129ndash32)

38 On the L-M Hypothesis this would mean that Luke tends to favor Matthewrsquos version over an available Markan parallel

10 Chapter One Prolegomena

lack thereof the reconstructed Mark presents an analogy to Q that is at best tenuous

In light of the above observations my contention is that methodologically virtually the entire Q is likely to be accounted for in terms of its content39 That still leaves the question of the documentrsquos precise wording and its recovery Here Roth has argued that

there is a fundamental difference between conceiving of the ldquotext of Qrdquo as a reconstruction of its original wording and approaching it as a metaphorical and narratival realm an intertext as it were accessible through Matthew and Luke40

Roth further states as one of his monographrsquos objectives (which is primarily dedicated to the study of Qrsquos parables) an attempt to

advance Q studies by pursuing insight into the parables of Q through a different set of meth-odological approaches than those present in the reigning paradigm focusing upon word-level reconstruction The resultant exegetical work is not therefore in the first instance focused upon vocabulary and syntax of a reconstructed text but rather upon the narratival elements and structures characters images metaphors and theological emphases of an ldquointertextrdquo41

I see no reason to contest Rothrsquos objections to an uncritical acceptance of the CEQ text (of course the CEQ editors have already noted that it is only a work-ing reconstruction)42 Pending the surfacing of an actual copy of Q any recon-struction of its wording is necessarily going to remain hypothetical and thus subject to continued analysis Still to suggest that the hypothetical nature of the enterprise undermines its results perhaps runs the risk ldquothat a methodologi-cal limitation becomes an ontological description of Q itselfrdquo43 Roth admits that his own study of narratival and metaphorical elements ldquocannot function on an entirely lsquowordlessrsquo levelrdquo proposing as a solution that Qrsquos text should be accessed exclusively through the wording of Matthew and Luke44 Such drastic restrictions are in my opinion unnecessary In light of the previous discussion it is possible to assert from a methodologically sound position that Qrsquos recon-structions are not ldquopotentially faultyrdquo to the degree suggested by Roth45 While a precise word-by-word recovery may not be possible or even necessary in every verse of the synoptic double tradition a reliable near-word-level recon-struction of Q appears consistently attainable This is suggested by Lukersquos (and frequently Matthewrsquos) aforementioned preference of Qrsquos wording in the MarkQ parallels Matthewrsquos and Lukersquos slightly superior degree of verbal

39 See further Fleddermann Commentary 73ndash74 Luz ldquoQ in Matthewrdquo 45 (while positing

the existence of QMatt Luz concludes that it ldquodid not differ substantiallyrdquo from the main body of the Q source)

40 Roth Parables 41 41 Ibid 44ndash45 42 Ibid 38ndash39 Roth (ibid) also critiques Fleddermannrsquos alternative reconstruction 43 Kirk Q in Matthew 152 44 Roth Parables 40ndash41 45 Ibid 44

Index of Ancient Sources

Hebrew Bible (LXX)

Genesis414 28 3361ndash4 5062 4 (LXX) 115723 (LXX) 981316 331417 36174ndash6 1991710ndash14 1591817ndash18 1991826 (LXX) 981917 (LXX) 982218 199264 199

Exodus161ndash36 117171ndash7 1181715 (LXX) 1242114 (LXX) 1242225ndash26 1502320ndash21 23 1632415ndash16 (LXX) 472520 (LXX) 124

Numbers111ndash9 1172319 40

Deuteronomy324 (LXX) 146612ndash15 118613 (LXX) 116616 (LXX) 116 11882ndash3 11783 (LXX) 116811ndash20 118812ndash15 (LXX) 117

926 (LXX) 146159 (LXX) 205241ndash4 79 208 2092410ndash17 1502918ndash20 207319 25ndash26 209328ndash9 (LXX) 1213211 201

Joshua2313 (LXX) 207

Ruth212 201

1 Samuel27 (LXX) 1371821 (LXX) 207

1 Kings627 (LXX) 12486 (LXX) 1241717ndash24 162191ndash18 116 118 119194 (LXX) 117195 (LXX) 118198 (LXX) 117 1181910 14 (LXX) 1182219ndash23 (LXX) 121

2 Kings216 (LXX) 112 116418ndash37 16251ndash14 163

2 Chronicles58 (LXX) 1242314 125

Index of Ancient Sources246

Ezra91ndash2 1371018ndash44 137

Job16 11521 1151621 40256 40358 40387 115

Psalms2 16869 (LXX) 19785 40102 9 137178 2013510 137367 201605 (LXX) 124614 2016923 (LXX) 207722ndash12 1378018 40813 (LXX) 137901ndash2 4 (LXX) 124906 (LXX) 1249011ndash12 (LXX) 123914 2011063 (LXX) 1981091 (LXX) 4110916 22 13611826 1061457ndash8 (LXX) 1611463 401476 137

Proverbs1ndash9 55236 (LXX) 205264ndash5 189

Isaiah1ndash39 13511 168253ndash4 (LXX) 137315 201355 (LXX) 16140ndash55 135

426 168427 18 (LXX) 161435 198491ndash8 1685112 4055ndash66 135562 40563ndash8 136585ndash7 13860ndash62 135611 (LXX) 160 161611ndash2 (LXX) 48 134611ndash3 (LXX) 132 135 136 137665 (LXX) 1376618ndash20 164 198

Jeremiah317ndash18 164 1984918 33 405040 405143 40

Ezekiel8ndash11 112 11382 11440ndash48 112 113402 113403 114

Daniel713 27 40 41 168 213817 40

Amos13 (LXX) 20413ndash28 7528 15035 (LXX) 18086 (LXX) 137

Haggai220ndash22 163

Zechariah315 13787 198

Malachi16ndash29 163210ndash16 163

247Index of Ancient Sources

31 163 164 322ndash23 (LXX) 163

Old Tes tament Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha

1 Enoch1ndash5 761ndash36 4621ndash54 1226ndash11 526ndash16 4766 4573ndash6 1221021 164 198123ndash4 46124 113 125137 45139 45148ndash164 76151 46152ndash4 125171 11417ndash19 112 11320ndash36 112 113215 114242ndash257 113261ndash275 113323ndash6 11337ndash71 41 45 186 213381ndash6 122384ndash5 45391ndash3 45396 108413ndash8 76418 44421ndash2 (3) 126 171 201422 170451ndash6 76455 4546 52461ndash8 141462ndash4 42464ndash6 45468 46471ndash4 14148ndash49 52481 202481ndash10 141482 42

483 202483ndash7 168488ndash9 (10) 45 122492 4 168493 202505 76513 (5a) 168 172 20251ndash52 5252ndash56 112526 9 168531ndash5 45 122536 46 168542 45543ndash4 76545ndash6 45547 210554 45 108561ndash4 45565ndash8 43 44 45571 198591ndash6023 766010 4261ndash63 46 52621ndash9 45622ndash3 122624ndash6312 122625ndash14 42631ndash12 45 122632ndash4 106637 1236311 426312 76651ndash663 52671ndash681 52678ndash13 43 44 45 1226926ndash29 42 52701 42715ndash17 447113(14)ndash17 42 1418215ndash20 7683ndash84 52891ndash9 528973ndash74 1139038 164

Index of Ancient Sources248

1006 1681049ndash13 47

2 Enoch31ndash221 113101ndash6 112

3 Baruch3ndash17 113163 204

3 Enoch11ndash12 113

Ascension of Isaiah610ndash15 113

Baruch437 19855 198

Bel and the Dragon36 112 114 116

Jubilees11ndash8 209120 12122 114727 52102 52105 52106 121108ndash11 52 114 121114 121115 521114ndash1214 321220 1211525ndash34 1591531ndash32 114 1211928 121492 52

Letter of Aris teas155 145

Psalms of Solomon219 159823 30 1591112 1981731 164 1981810ndash12 76

Sirach21ndash17 72 86212 87143ndash7 2051410ndash11 202241ndash12 125247ndash11 1262410ndash11 1592525ndash26 2072611 2053113 2053522ndash3622 723824ndash3911 17243 76501ndash24 125

The Sentences of the Syriac Menander340ndash46 189

Tes tament of Abraham81ndash12 113

Tes tament of Levi26ndash57 113

Tes tament of Moses51ndash62 126

Tobit145ndash7 164 198

Vita Adae et Evae61ndash103 116121ndash161 115

Wisdom of Solomon410ndash15 46418ndash513 46

249Index of Ancient Sources

New Tes tament

Q32ndash958 (59ndash60) 101 103 104 108

126 155 173 17537 5237ndash9 16ndash17 5 54 64 68 70 90

104 11637ndash735 78 80 81 83 85

101 102 103317 54 9141ndash13 5 51 52 53 64 65

66 78 91 104 111 112 113 114 115 118 119 126 152 153 155 156

41ndash4 116 11745ndash8 114 119 121 122

123 15949ndash12 (13) 47 51 65 96 123

157 200416 91 129 130 131

153620ndash49 16 63 82 91 104

105 129 130 131 153

620b 12 91 132620bndash21 48 132 133 134

135 136 137620bndash23 5 131 132 143621a 12 20 91 132622 12 17 24 25 26

38 71 140 141 153 167 170 194 205

622ndash23 17 20 52 53 54 96 132 133 134 136 139 140 141 142 206

623c 64 82 129 132 139 140 142 143

627ndash35 (36) 13 16 71 129 147 151 152 153 154

629 24 91 150630 24 150631 91 152637ndash38 12 92640 92 144646 92 104 144 145

146 153 154 203

647ndash49 12 92 14471ndash10 9 64 92 104 126

155 156 158 169 197 199

76 145 20379 87 96 104 156

157 158 167 173 194 198 199

718ndash19 159 167718ndash23 159718ndash28 64 166718ndash960 92722 16 54 134 135

161 163 164 172727 96 163731ndash35 64 70 92 165 166

169 170 171733 51 53734 24 26 52 165 167

169 170 172735 166 170957ndash58 (59ndash60) 92 105 111 155

169 170 171957ndash62 63959ndash60 172 173958 24 25 26 27 38

52 71 164 165 169 170 171 172

959 145102ndash16 5 56 63 70 86

158 170 175 182 215

102ndash24 92102ndash1240 101 105 107 108

175 205104 48 92109 73 931012 93 1751012ndash15 54 64 82 861013ndash15 47 56 70 80 81

82 86 87 96 107 126 175 199 212

1016 72 931021 56 81 87 93 96

173 2091021ndash22 54 56 78 79 81

82 145 1941021ndash24 64 107

Index of Ancient Sources250

1022 81 93 114 116 145 146 203 209

1023ndash24 17 93 106112ndash4 9ndash13 5 63 78 93 117

176 177 179 180112b 48 178 184114 24 178119ndash13 12 93 176 177

178 179 180 1811114 51 1761114ndash20 52 531114ndash32 931114ndash52 64 107 1791118 51 53 93 114 121

1591124ndash26 51 53 9311(16) 29ndash32 9 54 70 96 2121130 24 26 52 1861133ndash52 93 2051134 93 2051139ndash52 70 107 126 1691142c 64 66 1251149 521149ndash51 47 53 54 66 96

118 119 157 2001151 52 200 205122ndash12 5 70 94 107 155

180 181 182 183 184 194

123 72 94124ndash5 54 70 73 181 182

190124ndash7 94 121 122 176

179 180 181 194 214

125 181 204128 24 26 38 54 185

187 188 189128ndash9 52 69 94 167 184

186 187 188 189 214

128ndash10 54 64 69 71 82 175 176 183 184 187 189 190 194 212

129 184 185 1881210 24 26 94 185 187

188 1891211ndash12 54 70 72 73 94

181 182 214

1222ndash31 (33ndash34) 63 73 176 177 178 179 180 190 192

1222ndash40 941224 23 178 1801227 231231 48 94 1841233 12 48 1911233ndash34 69 94 191 1921235ndash38 94 108 190 2031235ndash46 1081235ndash59 94 1081235ndash2230 101 105 108 109

197 2031239 17 18 95 1911239ndash40 18 20 54 70 71

94 105 175 190 191 192 193 203 212

1239ndash59 64 1911240 24 52 69 95 167

186 191 1931242ndash46 52 53 54 69 70

95 191 192 197 203 204 205 206 212

1245 96 2051246 2041251 20 951251ndash59 1081252ndash53 201256 171258ndash59 24 951318ndash19 20ndash21 5 20 48 63 95

108 2071318ndash24 951324 63 951325ndash30 54 63 82 871325ndash1423 54 95 96 126 158

1991327 52 53 96 118 1981328ndash29 96 198 1991334 52 125 2061334ndash35 47 53 54 63 66

81 82 83 96 105 106 107 108 109 118 119 125 157 194 198 200 201 202

1335 51 54 96 106 202

251Index of Ancient Sources

1411 54 961416ndash23 (24) 63 82 971423 541426 72 97 2151426ndash27 1733 20 63 72 971426ndash176 971427 54 97 140 141

182 2141434ndash35 63 97154ndash5a 7 20 63 97 108 2091613 12 63 94 971616 64 97 207 2091616ndash18 2061617 17 63 64 66 79

97 125 206 207 208 209

1616(17)ndash172 197 206 2081618 24 63 79 97 206

207 208 209171ndash2 97 207 208171ndash6 63173ndash4 18 20 98176 18 20 78 98 108

2101720ndash21 17 981723 98 2101723ndash37 54 64 69 70 71

98 167 170 197 210 211 212

1723ndash2230 108 2111724 26 30 24 52 98 991733 54 97 182 2141734ndash35 98 991912ndash26 64 69 99 108 197

203 204 205 206 212

1912ndash2230 991922 2052228ndash30 5 54 64 99 108

212

Matthew37 52310 9542 11745 12448 119 120413 130 1315ndash7 94 10251 119

54 13458 138511 (12) 52 205512 142515 7539 149 150540 15 150541 15 89 91 149 150542 150 151544 148 149544ndash45 91 149545 20861ndash18 94612 177619ndash21 94620 191623 205624 94625ndash34 94626 178627 177630 178 17975 1877 17779 177711 178 179712 152723 52724 26 9185ndash13 199810 155811ndash12 198 199819 169820 27 142 171821 172822 173829 12191ndash8 7920ndash22 97922 7937 92107 731026 71029 1801032 184 1891032ndash33 91 1841034 951038 731039 141115 134 163

Index of Ancient Sources252

1119 1691122ndash45 931125 2081217 731232 1841239 52 2051243 1241311 13 71342 951416 71521ndash28 97162bndash3 951613ndash28 1401617ndash19 471625 141171 1191717 7186 208186ndash22 97188ndash9 951825 971928 991929 992030 130219 1062131 972133ndash41 (42ndash46) 7 19221ndash14 18236ndash7 206237 1662334 522334ndash36 962335 522337 52 1972337ndash39 81 105 201243ndash41 210 211244ndash14 72423 982443 1912443ndash44 1932445 2062448 (49) 52 205251ndash13 972514ndash30 992526 28 2052530 992531 992541 95 121266ndash13 972640ndash41 7

2669 71 1302669ndash75 1892732 912755 97285 130289ndash10 972816ndash18 1192818 120

Mark114 21 131123ndash26 121124 130129ndash31 18821ndash12 731 14937ndash12 188313 114327 93328 188328ndash29 18443ndash8 193411ndash12 7413 177430ndash32 20 193438 177421ndash22 7435ndash41 9525ndash34 97534 761ndash6a 188615 163635ndash44 9637 7645ndash52 9645ndash826 971ndash23 9724ndash30 9 9781ndash10 9811ndash13 9822ndash26 9827 140827ndash98 47828 163831ndash33 121834ndash35 20835 141838 184 19092 11492ndash8 47

253Index of Ancient Sources

919 7943ndash47 951028 73 1791029 201035ndash40 1831039 1881046ndash52 91047 130119 1061117 7 1771122ndash23 25ab 18 201124 1801129ndash30 7121ndash9 (10ndash12) 7 19129 191211 191226 177133ndash37 210 211135ndash13 71315ndash16 991321 98143ndash9 971437ndash38 71447 95 1491462 411466ndash72 1891467 130151ndash5 951521 911541 97166 130

Luke15ndash25 10237 5242 11745 12246b 7 12046cd 120 121416 130416ndash30 188425ndash27 9438ndash39 188517ndash26 766 149617ndash19 188621 134622 205623 142625 134

627 149627ndash28 148628 149629 15 150630 150 151634 151635 91 208642 18646 146647ndash49 9179 155722 163734 169735 166 208810 7816ndash17 7824 177831 121848 7912ndash17 9913 7924 141926 190941 7957 169958 171959 172960 173102 92109 731017ndash20 1211021 208114 177115ndash8 97 177119 1771111 1771112 1171113 178 1791120 511121ndash22 931124 124 2051124ndash26 931129 52 2051143 166 2061149 521150 521151 52124 73 179126 180128 184

Index of Ancient Sources254

128ndash9 911211 731213ndash21 971223a 1771224 177 1781228 1791233 1911235ndash38 89 941239 1911239ndash40 1931242 2061245 52 2051249 89 951254ndash56 95131ndash35 1021327 52 1971328ndash29 1981334 52 1971415ndash24 181427 73158ndash10 97172 2081711ndash19 981720 981721 981722 981728ndash29 89 98 991731 991732 991733 971835ndash43 91912ndash27 991922 24 2051927 991938 96 1061941ndash44 961946 177209ndash16 (17ndash19) 7 192018 192037 177218ndash19 7223 1212228ndash30 992246 72249ndash51 952250 1492254ndash62 188234 14 952413ndash33 102

John446 158446ndash54 157448 158631ndash58 117844 121123 1061225ndash26 201231 1211430 1211611 1211828ndash1916 102

Acts23 9521ndash4 18951ndash11 189109ndash16 9121ndash2 183123ndash19 183

Romans1214 149

1 Corinthians412 14963 121 192132 18 20

2 Corinthians41ndash6 19244 121

Galatians113ndash14 18343 8ndash9 121 192

Ephesians21ndash2 121 192612 121 192

1 Thessalonians214ndash16 183218 121 19251ndash11 19252 20 19255ndash6 192

2 Thessalonians21ndash12 210 211

255Index of Ancient Sources

2 Timothy211ndash13 190

Hebrews1137 204

James 315ndash17 12444ndash7 121

1 Peter314 132 139 143319ndash20 47414 132 139 141 14358 121

2 Peter24ndash5 47 121

Jude16ndash7 121

Revelation110ndash20 113113 18635 19041ndash11 113123ndash4 121171ndash3 114173ndash18 112 113219ndash27 112 1132110 113

New Tes tament Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha

Gospel of Thomas1ndash71 1731ndash3 2161ndash4 1710 19 95111 1713 21161ndash2 20 95163 2017 1720ndash21 71 193201ndash4 20 192215ndash8 18 19 20 192243 36ndash39 17261ndash2 18262ndash331 1731 21361ndash3 19 143 180473 2148 18 19 20

54 137 13855 2058 17 13864 18 1965 1968 20 132 138 139

14068ndash69 19 139 143691 17 138692 19 20 137 13877 2179 2186 169 170103 17106ndash107 19 201131ndash2 9

Pseudo-Clementine Homilies12313 180

Dead Sea Scrolls

CD214ndash41 125412ndash14 121 124 125419ndash52 208

51ndash5 2091316ndash17 207122ndash3 121161ndash2 125

Index of Ancient Sources256

1QapGen 29 30 31 33 35 36 37 40

1QH430 40

1QM11 1211310ndash12 121175ndash6 51

1QpHab 56 125

1QS25 121211ndash15 207 208321ndash25 11749 18258 125119ndash10 1821120 40

1Q27 (1Q4QMys teries)1 i 1ndash8 56 202

4Q299 (1Q4QMys teries)3andashb ii 2ndash8 563andashb ii 9ndash16 56

4Q416 (4QIns truction)1 10ndash13 56 2021 12 1822 i 21ndashiv 13 562 ii 6 17 178

4Q417 (4QIns truction)1 i 6ndash9 561 i 10(11)ndash12 56 2021 i 12ndash13 561 i 14 561 i 16 115 1821 i 17 1821 i 24 56 2022 i 17ndash24 562 i 19 21ndash22 178

4Q418 (4QIns truction)69 ii 6ndash9 56 202

69 ii 12ndash13 5681 1ndash2 18281 2ndash5 5681 4 11581 5 11581 20 56 20288 56103 56107 56123 5ndash8 56

4Q423 (4QIns truction)5 3 565 5ndash6 56

4Q503 115

4Q521 16 54 135 137 159 160 161 162

4Q525 57 133

4QDeut j 1214 121

4QIsa 135

4QMMTC 4ndash9 125

11Q11 124

11Q13 135 137

11QPsa 191ndash18 121

11QT545 2075715ndash19 208669ndash11 207

Targums4QtgJob 314QtgLev 3111QtgJob 31 33 35 40

257Index of Ancient Sources

Josephus

Ant14133ndash146 4415103 451982 123

Bell188 46

1131ndash11 441161ndash5 461213 461335 452101ndash5 1232116 183

Babylonian Texts

Gilgamesh 112

Greek and Latin Authors

Dio CassiusHis t59271 120

HomerOd10503ndash15 1121112ndash22 112

PlatoPhaed111cndash112e 112

Senecade Ben2121ndash2 120

Seneca the ElderControv9210 183

TacitusAnn632 120

His t59 183

Apos tolic and Church Fathers

1 Clement132 153292 121394ndash5 121

2 Clement32 190134 148

Apos tolic Cons titutions721 152

722 148 150 151722ndash6 147725 149 150726 148 153

AthanasiusFes t Let 3911 14

Canons of the Holy Apos tles4ndash5 152

Index of Ancient Sources258

Chrysos tomHom Mt342 180

Clement of AlexandriaS trom4641 139 143

Didache11ndash63 1412c 15213b 148 14913bndash5b 11 12 13 15 16

71 147 151 15413bndash21 5 11 14 15 15013c 15113cndash4a 1413d 15 14814 1414a 1614b 15 14914c 91 15014d 15 149 150 15115a 15015b 148 15381ndash2 1482 16103bndash122a 14113 16113ndash137 14153ndash4 16161ndash8 210 211 212

EusebiusHis t Eccl3254

IrenaeusAdv Haer1101 1214162 121

Jus tin Martyr1 Apol159 148

2 Apol25 121

OrigenC Cels870 180

PolycarpPhilippians22ndash3 153

Shepherd of HermasMandate 24ndash6 153

Similitude535ndash8 138

Rabbinic Literature

j Ber3b 5b 5c 31 37 38

j Ket35a 31 37

j Šab3a 38d 31 37

j Taʿan65b 4069ab 125

R Gen72 313813 31 37796 31

R Num193 31 38

TargumsCairo BGen 414 31 33 34 37 41

259Index of Ancient Sources

Cairo FExod 1913 37Deut 346 37

Neof I Gen 414 31 33 41Gen 95ndash6 37Gen 4922 36

Papyri Manuscripts and Inscriptions

Br Mus Or 9271 14P Oxy 1 17P Oxy 654 17

P Oxy 655 17 143 180P Oxy 1782 14 15 148 151Sf III 16ndash17 40

Index of Modern Authors

Achtemeier P 139 141Adams S L 56 72 202Alexander P S 31 32Allison D C 1 2 3 5 12 22 24 66

75 77 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 90 91 94 96 98 99 103 105 107 112 117 119 120 123 125 129 130 131 133 134 135 136 138 139 140 144 147 148 149 150 152 153 155 158 160 163 169 170 172 175 176 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 193 197 198 200 205

Anderson A A 124Anderson F I 113Andrejevs O 25 164 172 190Arcari L 44Argall R A 47 72 202Arnal W E 23 24 48 59 61 63 65

66 67 68 78 86 104 123 125 132 134 136 150 191 194 208 214

Attridge H W 17Audet J-P 14Avigad N 29 30

Bailey K 102Bauckham R 12Baum A D 1Bazzana G B 1 3 24 59 178 198Beasley-Murray G R 158Berger K 104Bergmeier R 159 160 162Betz D H 3 24 51 103 146 179 183de Begraveze T 27Bird M F 159 198 199Black C C 11Black M 26 28 30 31 32 35 36 37

40 168Blenkinsopp J 135 136 137Boccaccini G 32 43 44 50Boring M E 38 183 184 185 188

192 211

Borsch F H 185Bovon F 5 19 93 95 96 98 99 106

140 177 179 184 185 198Bowman J W 28 33Boyarin D 23Breuer Y 34Brin G 208Broadhead E K 3 89Brodie T L 163Brooke G J 43 160Brown R E 11 12 102 130 157 158Broyles C C 123Bultmann R 3 60 98 111 132 156

158 184 185 186 187 188 201Burkett D 27 213Bussmann W 26

Campbell J Y 28 46Caragounis C C 27 29 39Carroll J T 3Carruth S 119Casey P M 29 34 35 37 39 41Cas tor G D 4 5Catchpole D R 21 77 90 96 99 129

131 145 147 156 157 159 164 175 188 198 208

Chang A 199Charlesworth J H 31 42 43 44 45

46 47 72 160 171 185Chazon E G 115 202Cheung L L 12Childs B S 163Chilton B D 26 36 39 117 130Clark D J 109Collins A Y 39 41 47 50 51 52 103

114 188 193 211Collins J J 23 40 43 48 49 50 51

52 53 57 76 77 121 126 160 161 162 163 168 202

Colpe C 25 26 28 29 31 32 36 37 39 40 45 140

Index of Modern Authors262

Conzelmann H 96 97Cotter W J 61 104 132 156 163 165

166 170 191Cromhout M 61 145 191Crossan J D 39 89 94 98 134

Dalman G 27 29 30Damm A 171Davidson M J 114Davies W D 1 2 3 91 99 119 120

131 138 139 140 149 150 169 172 179 180 184 185 193 197 200

DeConick A D 11 17 20 21 138 139 192

Derrenbacker R A 1 24Di Lella A A 73Dibelius M 12Diacuteez Macho A 30Dimant D 160DiTommaso L 57Doering L 208Downing F G 23 64Draper J A 13 14 15 16 68 156Dundenberg I 11Dunn J D G 1 149 183Dupont J 97 116Durham J I 163

Eldridge M D 117Elgvin T 49 56 57 115 202Eshel H 44

Fiebig P 26 27 28 34 37 39Fitzmyer J A 1 2 3 8 19 26 28 30

31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 82 91 95 97 98 117 118 119 130 131 133 138 139 140 146 149 163 177 179 208

Fleddermann H T 2 6 10 11 59 62 69 83 84 85 86 87 90 91 93 95 97 98 101 103 104 105 109 129 130 134 140 144 148 150 152 156 157 163 166 170 176 177 179 184 185 189 199 200 203 205 211

Flusser D 14 15Fos ter P 1 3 6 12 26Freedman H 32Frenschkowski M 145Frey J 56Freyne S 159 199

Funk F X 14 147

Garciacutea Martiacutenez F 49 57 160 162 202 208

Garrow A 13Gathercole S 17 19 20 138 139 181Gerber C 203Gibson J B 116Gieschen C A 147Ginsburger M 30Glover R 13 16Goering G S 72 125Goff M J 55 56 57 79 84 115 178

202Goodacre M 1 17 19Greenfield J C 27Greeven H 12Gregg B H 90 97 186 198 204Grenfell B P 14 17Guelich R A 193Guenther H O 26Gundry R H 150 181 197

Haenchen E 12 139 157 158 201Hahn F 185Han K S 124 125 200Hannah D D 42 43 45 46Hare D R A 38 39 40 184 185Harrington D J 33 55 57 202 Hartin P J 12 61 119 166Hasitschka M 118Heil C 5 38 60 99 119 181Higgins A J B 184Hill A E 163Hindley J C 43Hoffmann P 5 38 55 67 70 75 77

80 96 99 112 145 167 170 184 185

Holtzmann H J 4Hooker M D 45Horsley R 68 156 198 199 200van der Hors t P W 73Hossfeld F L 124Howard G 146Howes L 26 39 43 61 65 77 81 133

140 141 142 166 167 170 185 188 190 212

Hubbard B J 38Hultgren S 160 162Hunt A S 14 17

263Index of Modern Authors

van Iersel B M F 102

Jacobson A D 5 26 39 49 54 60 61 64 75 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 85 87 90 94 96 97 98 106 129 132 140 144 152 156 157 167 170 171 184 185 187 201 207 210

Jefford C N 13 14 15Jeremias J 179 198 204Jervis L A 55Jewett R 149Johnson L A 178 208Johnson L T 12Johnson-DeBaufre M 66 103 163Jonas H 51de Jonge H J 24 185Jongeling B 35Joseph S J 1 21 23 24 45 46 47 48

51 52 68 103 125 132 134 136 142 144 153 156 159 160 161 162 164 178 180 181 182 184 185 187 190 191 200 201 202 206 208 214 215

Jus t A A 102

Kahle P 26 30 31 36Kampen J L 162 209Kaufman S A 31 32 36 40Keener C S 183Kirk A 2 4 5 6 10 15 24 55 59 60

61 62 66 67 68 69 71 72 73 75 76 77 78 79 83 84 85 86 87 88 90 94 96 98 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 111 114 129 152 155 156 166 177 179 184 189 190 197 203 207 208 214 215

Kloppenborg J S 1 2 3 4 5 11 12 13 14 15 17 19 21 22 23 24 25 26 38 39 50 51 53 54 55 57 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 86 87 88 89 90 95 97 98 99 103 104 107 108 111 112 121 122 123 124 125 126 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 139 140 141 142 143 144 147 148 150 151 155 156 157 158 160 162 163 164 165 166 167 170 171 172 175 176 180 181 182 183 184 187 189

190 191 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 208 210 211 212 213

Knibb M A 46 202Koes ter H 15 38 48 60 61 63 66

148Koumlhler W D 16Kraus H-J 124Kutscher E Y 30 35 36

Lang B 201Laurence R 41Leives tad R 43Levine A-J 208Lichtenberger H 124Lindars B 29 34 37 39 43 184 185

188Lohfink N 118Lukaszewski A 25 27Luz U 3 10 60 74 75 78 81 87 90

91 93 95 96 97 99 102 106 111 131 134 140 142 145 148 150 151 166 169 180 181 184 185 197 198 199 201 204 207

Luumldemann G 183Luumlhrmann D 61 64 78 111 140 157

158 165 180 184

Mack B L 23 38 43 61 133 135 170Magness J 160Malherbe A 192 211Manson T W 5 28 101Maori Y 32Marcus J 8 11 41 47 102 183 188

193 199 211Marshall I H 3Martiacutenez R 166 167Martyn J L 183Maumlrz C-P 90 94McDermott J M 185McNamara M J 31Meadors E P 62 66 67 72 74 76 77

166 168 201Meadors G T 137Menken M J J 116 117Meyer A 27Meyer P D 157Middleton P 182Milik J P 36 42 43 187Milikowsky C 181Miller R J 63 201

Index of Modern Authors264

Mitchell D C 124Moller H B 29Moreland M 23Moss C 182Mournet T C 1Muraoka T 35 38Muumlnch C 203

Neirynck F 2 3 4 11 22 26 90 98 99 116 130 140 149

Nickelsburg G 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 52 53 76 106 112 113 122 126 141 168 172 202 210 213

Niebuhr K W 159Niederwimmer K 13 14 15 16 148

151 152Nielsen K 114 115Nolland J 179Novakovic L 160 162

Odeberg H 36Oegema G S 116Owen P 25 29 35

Patterson S J 17 18 21 61 63Perrin N 186Pervo R I 183Pietersma A 146Piovanelli P 44 45Piper R A 61 82 112 176 190Ploeg J P M 35Pokornyacute P 11 17 19 117 139Polag A 62 73 89 90 94Porter S E 180 181Porton G G 38Pries t J 126Propp W H C 163Puech Eacute 133 160 162

Ra Y 39 132 145 155 170 184 185Reicke B 141Riesner R 183Robbins M C 51 103 113 115 117

121 125Robbins V K 104Robinson J M 2 5 24 26 34 38 39

41 43 55 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 77 96 103 119 129 131 132 134 135 140 142 143 144 145

156 160 165 166 167 180 181 184 185 186 187 188 190 200 201 202

Rodd C S 6 7 9Rollens S E 2 3 23 24 26 61 132

182 191Roth D T 2 6 7 10 11 54 90 145

165 191 192 203 204 205 206Rothschild C K 90 159 164Royse J R 146Roumlsel M 146

Sacchi P 43 44 45 47Sandt H 5 14 15Sato M 3 59 62 74 75 76 77 79 80

82 83 87 90 94 98 111 134 170 176 184

Schalit A 44Schenk W 62 73 89 90 103 170 176Schiavo L 104 112 113Schiffman L H 57 160Schnackenburg R 12 157 158Schniedewind W M 160Schroumlter J 180Schulz S 74 132 165 167 176 179

201 210Schuumlrmann H 8 130 167 170Seeley D 132 141 142Segal M 43 114 121Sellew P 193Sevenich-Bax E 103 105Shelton J 163Shepherd D 29 35Shinall M C 51Shirock R J 102Sjoumlberg E 28 29 35 39 45Skeat T C 180Skehan P W 73Smith D A 96 201 202 203So K-C 157Sokoloff M 35Somov A 181Spranger P P 204S taples J A 145 146 154S teck O H 61 64 132 201S tone M E 45S treeter B H 4 12 130S trugnell J 55S tuckenbruck L T 27 30 47 51 65

114 121Syreeni K 4 15 153

265Index of Modern Authors

Tabor J D 160Tannehil R C 178 208Taylor N H 120 123 183Theissen G 123Theophilos M P 126Tigchelaar E J C 56Tiwald M 3 23 160Toumldt H E 47 184 185 186 187Tuckett C M 1 3 6 9 11 13 14 15

17 23 26 49 50 53 54 61 62 63 66 68 72 76 77 84 86 90 94 95 98 112 114 119 121 125 130 134 140 150 154 156 157 158 160 166 170 184 193 199 205 206 207 208 210

Uhlig S 45Uro R 26 62 185

Vaage L E 23 24 26 39 61 133 165 167 170 171 190 191 210

VanderKam J C 43 46 57 168Vassiliadis P 89 94de Vaux R 56Vermes G 26 28 29 31 32 33 34 35

36 37 38 39 40 43 140 160 184

Wacholder B Z 209

von Wahlde U C 12 158Wahlen C 51Walck L W 46 52Watson F 1Weaks J A 6 7Weinfeld M 118 146 207 208Weiser A 124Weiss B 130Wellhausen J 26Welch J W 102Wernberg-Mѳller P 36Wes termann C 135 136Williams P J 35Wilson W T 149Wins ton D 46 72Wise M O 160Witetschek S 86 167Wolter M 90van der Woude A S 35Wright III B J 72 202

Xeravits G G 202

York A D 32

Zeller D 63 69 111 165 212Zenger E 124

Index of Subjects

Abel-Main (Tell Abl) 45Abraham 32 157Agrippa I 123 183Ahab 118 121angel of Yahweh 163angelicheavenly rebellion 121 125Antigonus 43aphaeresis 27 32 34 36 38apocalypse 48ndash as incorrectly applied to Mk 133ndash37

211ndash as incorrectly applied to Q 1723ndash37

210 211apocalypticndash Chris tianity 53ndash discourse 211ndash framework 57 121ndash inaccurately used as a noun 49ndash literature 47 53 54 135ndash language in Ben Sira 72ndash tradition 56 57 186ndash wisdom ins tructions other than Q 56

57 77 202ndash worldview (outside of Q see its at-

tes tation in Q referenced separately below) 24 49 50 51 55 57 87 121

apocalypticism 25 87 58 62ndash and apocalypse 48 49ndash and eschatology 48ndash as a literary category 48 79ndash as a dis tortion of Godrsquos intended

order 23ndash as compatible with wisdom in late

second temple literature 57 62 66 70 72 154 202

ndash as having a place outside the genre of an apocalypse 49

ndash as synonymous with apocalyptic worldview 49

ndash in Pauline thought 192ndash in sectarian environments 53

ndash in recent Q scholarship 48ndash methodological definitions of 50 54

186Aramaic 25 26 46 70 140 187 204

213ndash OfficialImperialBiblical 26 27 35

40ndash Middle 26 27 30 32 33 34 35 36

37 38 40 41 52 167 170 187 188ndash Late 26 27 28 32 33 34 35 36 37

38 41 140 187ndash Galilean 29 36 38ndash Qumran 31 32 35 38Athaliah 125Augus tus 45

Babylonian Exile 118Banias 45βασιλείαndash as a hypothetical metaphor reflecting

the social interes ts of Qrsquos author(s) 48

ndash as a political entity 120ndash of God 23 48 73 95 108 123 132

177 178 182 183 184 192 194 206 207

ndash of Satan 51 114ndash realized 142beatitude(s) 82 91 93 105 131 132

133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 153

Bethsaida 45 56 93

Caesarea Philippi 46(Cairo) Geniza fragments 28 29 30 32

36 37Capernaum 45 56 93chiasm 83 85 101 102 103 109 118

120chias tic 85 101 103 106 107 108 120

152 197

Index of Subjects268

Chorazin 56 93chreia(s) 63 71 104 105 120 211chreiic 65 86 104 105 111 156chris tology (see the Q discussion refer-

enced separately below)ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 17ndash in Luke 19ndash in Mark 131circumcision 159 209Claudius 183cosmic mountain 114 119Cynic(s) 23

Dan 45 47Darius I 163Deuteronomis t 118Deuteronomis tic His tory 146deuteronomis ticndash agenda 156ndash context(s) 143 153ndash framework 53 54ndash motifs 118 127ndash orientation 64ndash outlook 61 82 114ndash redaction 80ndash rhetoric 136ndash s tratums trata 78ndash theme 78ndash tradition 79ndash unders tanding 64devil 51 66 114 117 119 120 121 123

124

Elijah 96 116 118 126 162 163 164ElijahElisha cycle 162 163Enoch 44 45 47 51 76 112 113 157

172 202ndash as a scribe 46ndash Book of Watchers 45 113 125ndash sapiential content in Watchers 76ndash Book of Parables 24 41 47 157 167

171 213ndash sapiential content in Parables 76ndash Epis tle of Enoch 43ndash his torical incarnation of 202ndash Seminar 47Enochicndash author 122ndash corpus 52 73ndash formulation 52

ndash framework 121ndash literaturetext 43 46 56ndash movement 47 53 157 210ndash mythology 113 114 122 164ndash Son of Man 172ndash tradents 46ndash tradition 43 46 47 79 113 122 157

215ndash Watchers myth 45 53 121eschatological prophetndash in 4Q521 160 162ndash in Q 164 165 166eschatology (see the Q discussion refer-

enced separately below) 47 48 50ndash in 1 Enoch 42 47 76 122 141 142

168 169ndash in 4Q521 159 160 162ndash in 4QIns truction 56ndash in Ben Sira 72ndash in Malachi 163 164ndash in Psalms of Solomon 159ndash in Trito-Isaiah 136Exodusndash legendmyth 117ndash imagerymotifs 116 163

form (literary)ndash and meaning 82ndash and worldview 76ndash apocalypse 49ndash criticism 61 62 63 67 68 69 70

74 156 170 214ndash miracle s tory 156ndash wisdom 84ndash (wisdom) ins truction 70 71

Gaius (Caligula) 44 46 123Galilee 23 36 44 45 47 56 73 131

171 194 215ndash village scribes 48ndash villagestowns 24 93 199Gentile(s) 9 87 96 120 126 155 157

158 159 164 167 168 169 173 198 199 209 215

Great Omission 8 9

HasidicHasidim 79 162Hebrew 25 35 39 40 41 42 204Hebrew Biblescriptures 24 118 127

136 160

269Index of Subjects

Hermogenes 171mt Hermon 45 46 47Herod the Great and the Herodian era

43 44 45 46 126Herodians 45(holy) Spirit 72 94 178 189Hulah Valley 45

Isaiah (see the Index of Ancient Sources for specific passages)

ndash Deutero 46 135 136 168 169ndash firs t-century reader of 135ndash Trito 51 54 135 136 137 143 154

163 200Israelndash in Ben Sira 125ndash in Daniel 168ndash in Deuteronomy 118ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 139ndash in the Hebrew Bible 198 199ndash in Jubilees 121ndash in Malachi 163ndash in Q 53 64 78 80 87 96 104 118

127 155 156 158 198 199ndash pre-exilic 50ndash traditional wisdom of 58ndash wilderness myth 117

James (son of Zebedee) 183Jerusalem 44 72 96 106 108 113 119

125 159 166 199 200ndash culttemple 136 137 163 214ndash pries thood 45 47 127Jesusndash as an apocalyptic figure in Q 38ndash as a literary character in Q 21ndash floating traditions ascribed to 48ndash his torical 21 29 37 43 47 73 116

141 142 164 165 171 172 186 198ndash his torical greeting of in Jerusalem

106ndash movement 23ndash tradition 161Jewish Chris tianityndash as a movement in a contes ted envi-

ronment 43 183ndash as a proliferation of groups and

communities 183ndash on the use of the term 23

ndash possible connection to the Enochic movement 47

Jewish War 200John (the Baptis t) 68 78 80 83 85 90

91 92 97 103 104 105 116 159 163 164 165 166 167 169 172

ndash followers of 159 165 166ndash his torical 159 165Journeysndash cosmicterres trial 76 112 113 114

119 122 127ndash heavenly 45 112 113Judea 36 44 200 215

Kallirrhoeuml 45Kleinliteratur 3 4 59 60 73 215

Lordrsquos Prayer 93 94 177Lot 97 99

Maccabean era 126Mas tema 121Matthew and Luke as conservative

traditionalis ts 4Matthewrsquos and Lukersquos redactorial

freedom 4Matthewrsquos use of Q 4messiah 106 116 162 164 210messiahship 123messianic 116 210Migdal 46mimesis 114 141minor agreements 15 130Minor Prophets 146Moses 117

Nag Hammadi 17Nimrod 32

oralndash possible cross-influence on the Gos-

pel of Thomas from the canonical gospels 11 193

ndash harmonization of Matthew and Luke 16

ndash life of the primitive community 60ndash performance 15 16 161ndash source utilization 15ndash tradition 17 98 151ndash transmission 188

Index of Subjects270

ndash usage and application of Q 4ndash usage of Matthew 15ndash variants of Q 4Oxyrhynchus 17

Paneion 46Parousia 116 186 193Parthian invasion of 40 BCE 44 46Paulndash his torical 149 183ndash possible awareness of the Q tradition

by 192persecutionndash as an apocalyptic motif 54ndash because of someone 142ndash in authentic Pauline corpus 149 183ndash in Q 52 54 78 94 107 118 122

126 132 133 134 140 141 142 143 144 175 180 181 182 184 190 194 200 206

ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 138ndash in the Parables of Enoch 141ndash in Trito-Isaiah 137 200ndash plausibility of 182 183Pharisees 65 68 94 166 169 205 206

214pleroma 39prophecyndash pre-exilic and Persian era (classical)

50ndash mixture of with wisdom 77Prophetisierung 75

Qndash apocalypticism apocalyptic motifs

features imagination framework and worldview 23 25 46 53 57 58 63 69 70 71 73 76 79 84 87 88 111 114 121 127 141 175 190 194 197 202 210 211 213 214

ndash apocalyptic document 48 51ndash apocalyptic wisdom ins truction 23

55 70 73 74 77 79 214ndash (apocalyptic) communitymovement

55 107 122 194 195 206 209ndash Aramaic roots 26ndash chris tology 70 81 83 87 93 104

115 116 123 130 131 142 144 145 147 153 154 156 157 159 164 166 167 194 214

ndash demonology 51 53ndash eschatological (apocalyptic) dis-

course 64 83 97 98 170 210 211 212

ndash eschatology 48 51 54 56 69 73 75 87 94 95 101 104 105 108 133 141 142 143 144 147 159 164 165 166 167 169 172 180 192 193 194 198 199 202 203 210

ndash final (literary) form 59 62 69 78 178

ndash hypothetical mid- (lower) level or sub-elite scribal origin 24 59

ndash hypothetical recensions 3 4 59 60 90 98

ndash hypothetical segregation of wisdom and apocalyptic s trata 60 66 67 70 213 214

ndash mission speech 23 56 86 87 92 104 105 107 173 182 194

ndash Pales tinian character 24ndash possible authenticity of its content

22 81ndash prophetic content 61 63 67 70 74

75 76 77 79 80 82 83 142 143 176

ndash recons truction (CEQ) 5 6 10 90 (see also recons truction [in this s tudy] below as such frequently follows the CEQ)

ndash recons truction (feasibility) 2 3 4 10 11

ndash recons truction (in this s tudy) 60 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 111 116 119 120 123 130 131 134 144 147 148 149 151 152 165 169 170 172 175 176 177 178 179 181 184 191 193 199 204 207 213 215

ndash recons truction (methodology) 5 89 90

ndash recons truction (skepticism) 2 10 59 (see also recons tructed Mark below)

ndash sapiential content 12 62 63 67 77 79 80 82 130 154 175 191 202 214

ndash sermon 63 82 91 92 103 105 127 129 130 131 134 135 138 140 144 145 147 152 153 154 155 156

ndash sophis ticated scribal traditions 24ndash sub-literary view of 3 59 60 74

271Index of Subjects

ndash tradents 4 59 67 125 135 147 181 182 197 199 202 203 207 209 214

ndash tradition 13 17 87 161 163 164 186 187 192 202

Quintillian 171Qumran (see the Index of Ancient

Sources for specific documents)ndash apocalyptic worldview 50 135ndash Aramaic corpus 33ndash beatitude collection 133ndash communitymovementYahad 44 53

56 121 135 136 137 157 160 161 206 207 208 209

ndash demonology 124ndash discovery 29ndash fellowship with angels 115ndash fragments of 1 Enoch 44ndash library 43ndash manualsrules 82ndash sapiential literature 25 55 56 57

58 62 69ndash social setting 43

recons tructed Mark 2 6 7 8 9 10RomeRomans 44 91 121 126 159

199 207ndash occupation of Judea 44

sage(s) 55 56 79 84Samaria 44Satan 50 51 52 53 114 115 117 118

120 121 159 192scribe(s) 102 205ndash ancient reading practices of 102ndash as a Q opponent group 68 169 205ndash as advanced or elite readers of Q

102 103ndash Enochic 46 215ndash in Matthewrsquos community (other than

Matthew) 4ndash in the Q community 48 135 195

215ndash in the text of Q 169 172ndash memory competence of 4 102ndash responsible for 2 Enoch 112ndash responsible for Did 13bndash5b 15scriptorium 46Sefire 27 37Sepphoris 38 46Sermon on the Mount 15 16 87 94

Sermon on the Plain 15 16(Deutero-Isaianic) Servant 136 168 169Sidon 199Simeon II 125Son of Man 47 115ndash Aramaic background of the phrase

25 26 28 37 153ndash as a messianic title in the Parables of

Enoch 28 46ndash circumlocutional non-titular use of

the phrase in Late Aramaic 34ndash classifications of the phrasersquos Q

ins tances 26ndash designation of as Son of Humanity in

some recent research 39ndash his torical incarnation of as under-

s tood by some ancient authors 165 172

ndash hypothetical non-titular (circumlocu-tional or generic) use of the definite phrase in Middle Aramaic by the his torical Jesus and in Q 28 29 34 37 38 39 42 43 52 71 140 142 167 170 186 187

ndash in Daniel 41 42 186 213ndash in Luke 142 186ndash in Mark 41ndash in Matthew 99 142 186ndash in Q 25 26 34 38 39 42 43 46 47

52 53 64 67 69 70 71 96 98 104 106 115 116 123 141 142 147 164 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 176 185 186 187 188 189 191 194 201 203 210 212 213

ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 170ndash in the Parables of Enoch 25 28 41

42 43 44 45 46 47 122 141 142 146 147 153 155 164 165 168 169 172 173 202 213

ndash non-titular use of the indefinite phrase in Middle Aramaic 41

ndash titular (including but not limited to chris tological) use of the definite phrase in Q 34 38 52 53 64 70 104 123 142 143 147 167 168 172 173 185 186 187 189 191 194 201 203 210 212 213

Sondergut 89 90ndash Matthean 91ndash Lukan 94 95 97 98 177

Index of Subjects272

Sophiandash myth (Enochic tradition) 172 202ndash myth (synoptic tradition) 96 200

201ndash words of 96 201synopticndash gospels 11 150 151ndash material 16 151ndash parallels 18 19ndash problem 1ndash Sayings Source 3 216ndash s tudies 4ndash tradition 17 21 26 98 101 131 151

158 205 215Syria 215

Talmud 30 36 37 38Targum 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

38 40 41ndash recons truction of the Pales tinian Tar-

gum 32Taricheae 46Tell Dan 45templendash apparatusins titution 50 96 107

113 119 125 126 127 137 157 197 200 205

ndash eschatological 76

ndash purityholiness of 65 123 137ndash mitigatingprotective role 51 124ndash of Augus tus at Paneion 45ndash second temple era 25 41 44 48 56

62 70 71 72 79 82 84 121 124 136 137 154 163 186 201 209 213 216

ndash liturgy 124ndash mounthill 113ndash pollution of as perceived by some

ancient authors 113 125 136Theon of Alexandria 171Tiberias 38Torah 58 64 72 79 112 207 208 209transfiguration 47tree of knowledge 113Tyre 199

Vermes-Fitzmyer debate 28 38 39

Watchers 45 53 121Wicked Pries t 125

Yahweh 117 118

Zechariah (son of Jehoiada) 200mt Zion 113

  • Cover13
  • Titel13
  • Preface
  • Table of Contents13
  • List of Abbreviations
  • Chapter One Prolegomena
    • 1 Introduction Recent Methodological Questions in Q Studies
    • 2 The Study of Q as a Reconstructed Text
      • Index of Ancient Sources
      • Index of Modern Authors
      • Index of Subjects
Page 20: Apocalypticism in the Synoptic Sayings Source€¦ · Apocalypticism in the Synoptic Sayings Source A Reassessment of Q’s Stratigraphy Mohr Siebeck. Olegs Andrejevs, born 1982;

8 Chapter One Prolegomena

and the non-Q related omissions limited to (a) statements forming an integral part of a narrative24 (b) statements commands and questions that are redun-dant25 (c) statements that cast a potentially negative light on Jesusrsquo family26 or disciples27 both established Markan themes28 (d) statements that are poten-tially problematic theologically29 (e) statements falling under none of the above categories that are abridged expanded or reworked by one of the evan-gelists30 (f) statements occurring in pericopes that have been eliminated com-pletely by Matthew or Luke31 Of these six categories the first three are un-likely to have been present in Q due to its lack of a plot relative scarcity of stories and absence of any interest in Jesusrsquo family or disciples The remaining three categories include only a few sayings outside of the Great Omission (more on that below) Consequently it appears that Matthew and Luke already elim-inating a minor percentage of the Markan Jesusrsquo words that lack Q parallels had no clear reason to omit even that much from Q

Secondly on a number of occasions one or both evangelists preserve dou-blets of the Markan sayings of Jesus which on the 2DH are assigned to Q32 This development is surprising in Lukersquos case since his tendency to avoid dou-blets is well known33 What is really decisive however is that in instances

24 Mk 125 138 435 59 19 530 541 1243 (omitted by Matthew) Mk 1036 1432

34 41ndash42 (omitted by Luke) Mk 1114 (either omitted or reworked in Lk 136ndash9) Mk 439 58 631 638 916 21 25 933 939c 1049 1234 (omitted or reworked by both Matthew and Luke)

25 Mk 424bd 1238 40 (omitted by Matthew) Mk 334 837 941 1211 1215b 1224 1318 20 23 (omitted by Luke) Mk 1449b (reworked in Lk 2253b) Mk 949 1024 1229 (omitted by both Matthew and Luke)

26 Mk 333ndash34 Mk 64de (omitted by Luke) 27 Mk 413 (omitted by Matthew and Luke) Mk 833 1038ndash40 (omitted by Luke) Mk

1427ndash28 (reworked in Lk 2231ndash32) 28 Eg Joel Marcus Mark (AB 27 and 27A 2 vols New York NY and New Haven CT

Doubleday and Yale 2000ndash2009) 279ndash80 310ndash11 378ndash80 509ndash15 653 677ndash81 999ndash1000 29 Mk 939 (omitted by Matthew and Luke) Mk 943ndash48 (omitted by Luke) Mk 1534

(reworked in Lk 2346) 30 Mk 115 (reworked and expanded in Lk 416ndash21) Mk 536 (abridged in Matt 923ndash26)

Mk 1314ab (reworked in Lk 2120) Mk 146ndash9 (reworked in Lk 736ndash50) Mk 1413ndash15 (abridged in Matt 2618)

31 Mk 426ndash29 99ndash13 (omitted by Luke) everything that belongs to Mk 645ndash826 (the Great Omission of the Markan material by Luke)

32 Mk 421 (= Lk 816 LkQ 1133) Mk 422 (= Lk 817 LkQ 122) Mk 425 (= Matt 1312 MattQ 2529 Lk 818 LkQ 1926) Mk 68 10ndash11 (= Lk 93ndash5 LkQ 104ndash5 8 10ndash11) Mk 834 (= MattQ 1038 Matt 1624 Lk 923 LkQ 1427) Mk 835 (= MattQ 1039 Matt 1625 Lk 924 LkQ 1733) Mk 838 (= Lk 926 LkQ 128ndash9) Mk 937 (= Matt 185 MattQ 1040 Lk 948 LkQ 1016) Mk 940 (Lk 950 LkQ 1123) Mk 1011ndash12 (= Matt 199 MattQ 532) Mk 1238ndash39 (= Lk 2046 LkQ 1143) Mk 139 11 (= Lk 2112ndash15 LkQ 1211ndash12) See further Fitzmyer Luke 81ndash82

33 See eg H Schuumlrmann ldquoDie Dubletten im Lukasevangeliumrdquo ZKT 75 (1953) 339ndash445 Idem ldquoDie Dublettenvermeidungen im Lukasevangeliumrdquo ZKT 76 (1954) 83ndash93

2 The Study of Q as a Reconstructed Text 9

when Luke is faced with a choice between Mark and Q and does not opt to retain both the preference is overwhelmingly given to the Q location and word-ing of the text34 Consequently it seems overly simplistic to suggest as Rodd does that ldquoas [the reconstructed] lsquoMarkrsquo is not Mark so in all probability the lsquoQrsquo of the scholars is not the historical document Qrdquo35 The evangelistsrsquo ten-dency to either retain the MarkQ parallels or ndash especially in Lukersquos case ndash to favor Q its wording and location over the Markan parallels shows that the two documents were not treated equally as far as the words of Jesus were concerned with the approach to Q being more conservative36

Thirdly the verse and word count discrepancy between the reconstructed and canonical Mark has been somewhat inflated as the percentages cited by scholars are routinely bolstered by the inclusion of the Great Omission On the 2DH there are two possible solutions to this well-known source-critical anom-aly the absence of Mk 645ndash826 from Lukersquos gospel is either intentional or stems from inheriting a shorter copy of Mark which lacked that material In either scenario Lukersquos omission of Mk 645ndash826 complicates the analogy be-tween the reconstructed Mark and Q If the omission was unintentional it tells us something only about the compositional history or textual transmission of Markrsquos gospel If however Lukersquos decision to skip Mk 645ndash826 was inten-tional is it not likely to have been motivated by Lukersquos avoidance of dou-blets37 A similar development is unlikely to have occurred in Lukersquos reception of Q as we have noted when faced with MarkQ doublets Luke tends to favor Qrsquos version over an available Markan parallel38 Consequently due to the sheer size of the Great Omission and regardless of the Omissionrsquos intentionality or

34 LkQ 112 4 9 (= Mk 1124ndash25) LkQ 1115 17ndash18 21 (= Mk 323ndash27) Lk 1210 (=

Mk 328ndash29) LkQ 1240 (= Mk 1332) LkQ 1318ndash19 (= Mk 430ndash32) LkQ 1330 (= Mk 1031) Lk 1618 (= Mk 1011ndash12) LkQ 171ndash2 (= Mk 942) LkQ 176 (= Mk 1123) LkQ 1723 31 (= Mk 1315ndash16 21) All of these are deployed by Luke in clusters of Q material rather than in the Lukan parallels to the respective Markan pericopes Mk 950 (= LkQ 1434ndash35) is similarly deployed away from its Markan context and surrounded by Q and L material Both Matthew and Luke favor the wording of Q 1434ndash35 over its Markan parallel

35 Rodd ldquoThe End of the Theology of Qrdquo 12 36 See eg Christopher M Tuckett Q and the History of Early Christianity Studies on Q

(Edinburgh TampT Clark 1996) 94 Luz ldquoQ in Matthewrdquo 50 37 Mk 645ndash52 contains a sea miracle similar to Mk 435ndash41 Mk 71ndash23 was likely elim-

inated to shift the lifting of the dietary restrictions to the post-Easter stage in Lukersquos narrative (Acts 109ndash16) Mk 724ndash30 was probably (a) deemed redundant (see LkQ 71ndash10) (b) re-garded as problematic due to the conflict between the Markan Jesusrsquo reluctance to perform a miracle for a Gentile person (Mk 727) and the Lukan Jesusrsquo programmatic openness to such developments (Lk 425ndash27) Mk 81ndash10 14ndash21 and 822ndash26 are clearly redundant (see Mk 635ndash44 Lk 912ndash17 Mk 1046ndash52 Lk 1835ndash43) Mk 811ndash13 has a Q parallel (= LkQ 1129ndash32)

38 On the L-M Hypothesis this would mean that Luke tends to favor Matthewrsquos version over an available Markan parallel

10 Chapter One Prolegomena

lack thereof the reconstructed Mark presents an analogy to Q that is at best tenuous

In light of the above observations my contention is that methodologically virtually the entire Q is likely to be accounted for in terms of its content39 That still leaves the question of the documentrsquos precise wording and its recovery Here Roth has argued that

there is a fundamental difference between conceiving of the ldquotext of Qrdquo as a reconstruction of its original wording and approaching it as a metaphorical and narratival realm an intertext as it were accessible through Matthew and Luke40

Roth further states as one of his monographrsquos objectives (which is primarily dedicated to the study of Qrsquos parables) an attempt to

advance Q studies by pursuing insight into the parables of Q through a different set of meth-odological approaches than those present in the reigning paradigm focusing upon word-level reconstruction The resultant exegetical work is not therefore in the first instance focused upon vocabulary and syntax of a reconstructed text but rather upon the narratival elements and structures characters images metaphors and theological emphases of an ldquointertextrdquo41

I see no reason to contest Rothrsquos objections to an uncritical acceptance of the CEQ text (of course the CEQ editors have already noted that it is only a work-ing reconstruction)42 Pending the surfacing of an actual copy of Q any recon-struction of its wording is necessarily going to remain hypothetical and thus subject to continued analysis Still to suggest that the hypothetical nature of the enterprise undermines its results perhaps runs the risk ldquothat a methodologi-cal limitation becomes an ontological description of Q itselfrdquo43 Roth admits that his own study of narratival and metaphorical elements ldquocannot function on an entirely lsquowordlessrsquo levelrdquo proposing as a solution that Qrsquos text should be accessed exclusively through the wording of Matthew and Luke44 Such drastic restrictions are in my opinion unnecessary In light of the previous discussion it is possible to assert from a methodologically sound position that Qrsquos recon-structions are not ldquopotentially faultyrdquo to the degree suggested by Roth45 While a precise word-by-word recovery may not be possible or even necessary in every verse of the synoptic double tradition a reliable near-word-level recon-struction of Q appears consistently attainable This is suggested by Lukersquos (and frequently Matthewrsquos) aforementioned preference of Qrsquos wording in the MarkQ parallels Matthewrsquos and Lukersquos slightly superior degree of verbal

39 See further Fleddermann Commentary 73ndash74 Luz ldquoQ in Matthewrdquo 45 (while positing

the existence of QMatt Luz concludes that it ldquodid not differ substantiallyrdquo from the main body of the Q source)

40 Roth Parables 41 41 Ibid 44ndash45 42 Ibid 38ndash39 Roth (ibid) also critiques Fleddermannrsquos alternative reconstruction 43 Kirk Q in Matthew 152 44 Roth Parables 40ndash41 45 Ibid 44

Index of Ancient Sources

Hebrew Bible (LXX)

Genesis414 28 3361ndash4 5062 4 (LXX) 115723 (LXX) 981316 331417 36174ndash6 1991710ndash14 1591817ndash18 1991826 (LXX) 981917 (LXX) 982218 199264 199

Exodus161ndash36 117171ndash7 1181715 (LXX) 1242114 (LXX) 1242225ndash26 1502320ndash21 23 1632415ndash16 (LXX) 472520 (LXX) 124

Numbers111ndash9 1172319 40

Deuteronomy324 (LXX) 146612ndash15 118613 (LXX) 116616 (LXX) 116 11882ndash3 11783 (LXX) 116811ndash20 118812ndash15 (LXX) 117

926 (LXX) 146159 (LXX) 205241ndash4 79 208 2092410ndash17 1502918ndash20 207319 25ndash26 209328ndash9 (LXX) 1213211 201

Joshua2313 (LXX) 207

Ruth212 201

1 Samuel27 (LXX) 1371821 (LXX) 207

1 Kings627 (LXX) 12486 (LXX) 1241717ndash24 162191ndash18 116 118 119194 (LXX) 117195 (LXX) 118198 (LXX) 117 1181910 14 (LXX) 1182219ndash23 (LXX) 121

2 Kings216 (LXX) 112 116418ndash37 16251ndash14 163

2 Chronicles58 (LXX) 1242314 125

Index of Ancient Sources246

Ezra91ndash2 1371018ndash44 137

Job16 11521 1151621 40256 40358 40387 115

Psalms2 16869 (LXX) 19785 40102 9 137178 2013510 137367 201605 (LXX) 124614 2016923 (LXX) 207722ndash12 1378018 40813 (LXX) 137901ndash2 4 (LXX) 124906 (LXX) 1249011ndash12 (LXX) 123914 2011063 (LXX) 1981091 (LXX) 4110916 22 13611826 1061457ndash8 (LXX) 1611463 401476 137

Proverbs1ndash9 55236 (LXX) 205264ndash5 189

Isaiah1ndash39 13511 168253ndash4 (LXX) 137315 201355 (LXX) 16140ndash55 135

426 168427 18 (LXX) 161435 198491ndash8 1685112 4055ndash66 135562 40563ndash8 136585ndash7 13860ndash62 135611 (LXX) 160 161611ndash2 (LXX) 48 134611ndash3 (LXX) 132 135 136 137665 (LXX) 1376618ndash20 164 198

Jeremiah317ndash18 164 1984918 33 405040 405143 40

Ezekiel8ndash11 112 11382 11440ndash48 112 113402 113403 114

Daniel713 27 40 41 168 213817 40

Amos13 (LXX) 20413ndash28 7528 15035 (LXX) 18086 (LXX) 137

Haggai220ndash22 163

Zechariah315 13787 198

Malachi16ndash29 163210ndash16 163

247Index of Ancient Sources

31 163 164 322ndash23 (LXX) 163

Old Tes tament Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha

1 Enoch1ndash5 761ndash36 4621ndash54 1226ndash11 526ndash16 4766 4573ndash6 1221021 164 198123ndash4 46124 113 125137 45139 45148ndash164 76151 46152ndash4 125171 11417ndash19 112 11320ndash36 112 113215 114242ndash257 113261ndash275 113323ndash6 11337ndash71 41 45 186 213381ndash6 122384ndash5 45391ndash3 45396 108413ndash8 76418 44421ndash2 (3) 126 171 201422 170451ndash6 76455 4546 52461ndash8 141462ndash4 42464ndash6 45468 46471ndash4 14148ndash49 52481 202481ndash10 141482 42

483 202483ndash7 168488ndash9 (10) 45 122492 4 168493 202505 76513 (5a) 168 172 20251ndash52 5252ndash56 112526 9 168531ndash5 45 122536 46 168542 45543ndash4 76545ndash6 45547 210554 45 108561ndash4 45565ndash8 43 44 45571 198591ndash6023 766010 4261ndash63 46 52621ndash9 45622ndash3 122624ndash6312 122625ndash14 42631ndash12 45 122632ndash4 106637 1236311 426312 76651ndash663 52671ndash681 52678ndash13 43 44 45 1226926ndash29 42 52701 42715ndash17 447113(14)ndash17 42 1418215ndash20 7683ndash84 52891ndash9 528973ndash74 1139038 164

Index of Ancient Sources248

1006 1681049ndash13 47

2 Enoch31ndash221 113101ndash6 112

3 Baruch3ndash17 113163 204

3 Enoch11ndash12 113

Ascension of Isaiah610ndash15 113

Baruch437 19855 198

Bel and the Dragon36 112 114 116

Jubilees11ndash8 209120 12122 114727 52102 52105 52106 121108ndash11 52 114 121114 121115 521114ndash1214 321220 1211525ndash34 1591531ndash32 114 1211928 121492 52

Letter of Aris teas155 145

Psalms of Solomon219 159823 30 1591112 1981731 164 1981810ndash12 76

Sirach21ndash17 72 86212 87143ndash7 2051410ndash11 202241ndash12 125247ndash11 1262410ndash11 1592525ndash26 2072611 2053113 2053522ndash3622 723824ndash3911 17243 76501ndash24 125

The Sentences of the Syriac Menander340ndash46 189

Tes tament of Abraham81ndash12 113

Tes tament of Levi26ndash57 113

Tes tament of Moses51ndash62 126

Tobit145ndash7 164 198

Vita Adae et Evae61ndash103 116121ndash161 115

Wisdom of Solomon410ndash15 46418ndash513 46

249Index of Ancient Sources

New Tes tament

Q32ndash958 (59ndash60) 101 103 104 108

126 155 173 17537 5237ndash9 16ndash17 5 54 64 68 70 90

104 11637ndash735 78 80 81 83 85

101 102 103317 54 9141ndash13 5 51 52 53 64 65

66 78 91 104 111 112 113 114 115 118 119 126 152 153 155 156

41ndash4 116 11745ndash8 114 119 121 122

123 15949ndash12 (13) 47 51 65 96 123

157 200416 91 129 130 131

153620ndash49 16 63 82 91 104

105 129 130 131 153

620b 12 91 132620bndash21 48 132 133 134

135 136 137620bndash23 5 131 132 143621a 12 20 91 132622 12 17 24 25 26

38 71 140 141 153 167 170 194 205

622ndash23 17 20 52 53 54 96 132 133 134 136 139 140 141 142 206

623c 64 82 129 132 139 140 142 143

627ndash35 (36) 13 16 71 129 147 151 152 153 154

629 24 91 150630 24 150631 91 152637ndash38 12 92640 92 144646 92 104 144 145

146 153 154 203

647ndash49 12 92 14471ndash10 9 64 92 104 126

155 156 158 169 197 199

76 145 20379 87 96 104 156

157 158 167 173 194 198 199

718ndash19 159 167718ndash23 159718ndash28 64 166718ndash960 92722 16 54 134 135

161 163 164 172727 96 163731ndash35 64 70 92 165 166

169 170 171733 51 53734 24 26 52 165 167

169 170 172735 166 170957ndash58 (59ndash60) 92 105 111 155

169 170 171957ndash62 63959ndash60 172 173958 24 25 26 27 38

52 71 164 165 169 170 171 172

959 145102ndash16 5 56 63 70 86

158 170 175 182 215

102ndash24 92102ndash1240 101 105 107 108

175 205104 48 92109 73 931012 93 1751012ndash15 54 64 82 861013ndash15 47 56 70 80 81

82 86 87 96 107 126 175 199 212

1016 72 931021 56 81 87 93 96

173 2091021ndash22 54 56 78 79 81

82 145 1941021ndash24 64 107

Index of Ancient Sources250

1022 81 93 114 116 145 146 203 209

1023ndash24 17 93 106112ndash4 9ndash13 5 63 78 93 117

176 177 179 180112b 48 178 184114 24 178119ndash13 12 93 176 177

178 179 180 1811114 51 1761114ndash20 52 531114ndash32 931114ndash52 64 107 1791118 51 53 93 114 121

1591124ndash26 51 53 9311(16) 29ndash32 9 54 70 96 2121130 24 26 52 1861133ndash52 93 2051134 93 2051139ndash52 70 107 126 1691142c 64 66 1251149 521149ndash51 47 53 54 66 96

118 119 157 2001151 52 200 205122ndash12 5 70 94 107 155

180 181 182 183 184 194

123 72 94124ndash5 54 70 73 181 182

190124ndash7 94 121 122 176

179 180 181 194 214

125 181 204128 24 26 38 54 185

187 188 189128ndash9 52 69 94 167 184

186 187 188 189 214

128ndash10 54 64 69 71 82 175 176 183 184 187 189 190 194 212

129 184 185 1881210 24 26 94 185 187

188 1891211ndash12 54 70 72 73 94

181 182 214

1222ndash31 (33ndash34) 63 73 176 177 178 179 180 190 192

1222ndash40 941224 23 178 1801227 231231 48 94 1841233 12 48 1911233ndash34 69 94 191 1921235ndash38 94 108 190 2031235ndash46 1081235ndash59 94 1081235ndash2230 101 105 108 109

197 2031239 17 18 95 1911239ndash40 18 20 54 70 71

94 105 175 190 191 192 193 203 212

1239ndash59 64 1911240 24 52 69 95 167

186 191 1931242ndash46 52 53 54 69 70

95 191 192 197 203 204 205 206 212

1245 96 2051246 2041251 20 951251ndash59 1081252ndash53 201256 171258ndash59 24 951318ndash19 20ndash21 5 20 48 63 95

108 2071318ndash24 951324 63 951325ndash30 54 63 82 871325ndash1423 54 95 96 126 158

1991327 52 53 96 118 1981328ndash29 96 198 1991334 52 125 2061334ndash35 47 53 54 63 66

81 82 83 96 105 106 107 108 109 118 119 125 157 194 198 200 201 202

1335 51 54 96 106 202

251Index of Ancient Sources

1411 54 961416ndash23 (24) 63 82 971423 541426 72 97 2151426ndash27 1733 20 63 72 971426ndash176 971427 54 97 140 141

182 2141434ndash35 63 97154ndash5a 7 20 63 97 108 2091613 12 63 94 971616 64 97 207 2091616ndash18 2061617 17 63 64 66 79

97 125 206 207 208 209

1616(17)ndash172 197 206 2081618 24 63 79 97 206

207 208 209171ndash2 97 207 208171ndash6 63173ndash4 18 20 98176 18 20 78 98 108

2101720ndash21 17 981723 98 2101723ndash37 54 64 69 70 71

98 167 170 197 210 211 212

1723ndash2230 108 2111724 26 30 24 52 98 991733 54 97 182 2141734ndash35 98 991912ndash26 64 69 99 108 197

203 204 205 206 212

1912ndash2230 991922 2052228ndash30 5 54 64 99 108

212

Matthew37 52310 9542 11745 12448 119 120413 130 1315ndash7 94 10251 119

54 13458 138511 (12) 52 205512 142515 7539 149 150540 15 150541 15 89 91 149 150542 150 151544 148 149544ndash45 91 149545 20861ndash18 94612 177619ndash21 94620 191623 205624 94625ndash34 94626 178627 177630 178 17975 1877 17779 177711 178 179712 152723 52724 26 9185ndash13 199810 155811ndash12 198 199819 169820 27 142 171821 172822 173829 12191ndash8 7920ndash22 97922 7937 92107 731026 71029 1801032 184 1891032ndash33 91 1841034 951038 731039 141115 134 163

Index of Ancient Sources252

1119 1691122ndash45 931125 2081217 731232 1841239 52 2051243 1241311 13 71342 951416 71521ndash28 97162bndash3 951613ndash28 1401617ndash19 471625 141171 1191717 7186 208186ndash22 97188ndash9 951825 971928 991929 992030 130219 1062131 972133ndash41 (42ndash46) 7 19221ndash14 18236ndash7 206237 1662334 522334ndash36 962335 522337 52 1972337ndash39 81 105 201243ndash41 210 211244ndash14 72423 982443 1912443ndash44 1932445 2062448 (49) 52 205251ndash13 972514ndash30 992526 28 2052530 992531 992541 95 121266ndash13 972640ndash41 7

2669 71 1302669ndash75 1892732 912755 97285 130289ndash10 972816ndash18 1192818 120

Mark114 21 131123ndash26 121124 130129ndash31 18821ndash12 731 14937ndash12 188313 114327 93328 188328ndash29 18443ndash8 193411ndash12 7413 177430ndash32 20 193438 177421ndash22 7435ndash41 9525ndash34 97534 761ndash6a 188615 163635ndash44 9637 7645ndash52 9645ndash826 971ndash23 9724ndash30 9 9781ndash10 9811ndash13 9822ndash26 9827 140827ndash98 47828 163831ndash33 121834ndash35 20835 141838 184 19092 11492ndash8 47

253Index of Ancient Sources

919 7943ndash47 951028 73 1791029 201035ndash40 1831039 1881046ndash52 91047 130119 1061117 7 1771122ndash23 25ab 18 201124 1801129ndash30 7121ndash9 (10ndash12) 7 19129 191211 191226 177133ndash37 210 211135ndash13 71315ndash16 991321 98143ndash9 971437ndash38 71447 95 1491462 411466ndash72 1891467 130151ndash5 951521 911541 97166 130

Luke15ndash25 10237 5242 11745 12246b 7 12046cd 120 121416 130416ndash30 188425ndash27 9438ndash39 188517ndash26 766 149617ndash19 188621 134622 205623 142625 134

627 149627ndash28 148628 149629 15 150630 150 151634 151635 91 208642 18646 146647ndash49 9179 155722 163734 169735 166 208810 7816ndash17 7824 177831 121848 7912ndash17 9913 7924 141926 190941 7957 169958 171959 172960 173102 92109 731017ndash20 1211021 208114 177115ndash8 97 177119 1771111 1771112 1171113 178 1791120 511121ndash22 931124 124 2051124ndash26 931129 52 2051143 166 2061149 521150 521151 52124 73 179126 180128 184

Index of Ancient Sources254

128ndash9 911211 731213ndash21 971223a 1771224 177 1781228 1791233 1911235ndash38 89 941239 1911239ndash40 1931242 2061245 52 2051249 89 951254ndash56 95131ndash35 1021327 52 1971328ndash29 1981334 52 1971415ndash24 181427 73158ndash10 97172 2081711ndash19 981720 981721 981722 981728ndash29 89 98 991731 991732 991733 971835ndash43 91912ndash27 991922 24 2051927 991938 96 1061941ndash44 961946 177209ndash16 (17ndash19) 7 192018 192037 177218ndash19 7223 1212228ndash30 992246 72249ndash51 952250 1492254ndash62 188234 14 952413ndash33 102

John446 158446ndash54 157448 158631ndash58 117844 121123 1061225ndash26 201231 1211430 1211611 1211828ndash1916 102

Acts23 9521ndash4 18951ndash11 189109ndash16 9121ndash2 183123ndash19 183

Romans1214 149

1 Corinthians412 14963 121 192132 18 20

2 Corinthians41ndash6 19244 121

Galatians113ndash14 18343 8ndash9 121 192

Ephesians21ndash2 121 192612 121 192

1 Thessalonians214ndash16 183218 121 19251ndash11 19252 20 19255ndash6 192

2 Thessalonians21ndash12 210 211

255Index of Ancient Sources

2 Timothy211ndash13 190

Hebrews1137 204

James 315ndash17 12444ndash7 121

1 Peter314 132 139 143319ndash20 47414 132 139 141 14358 121

2 Peter24ndash5 47 121

Jude16ndash7 121

Revelation110ndash20 113113 18635 19041ndash11 113123ndash4 121171ndash3 114173ndash18 112 113219ndash27 112 1132110 113

New Tes tament Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha

Gospel of Thomas1ndash71 1731ndash3 2161ndash4 1710 19 95111 1713 21161ndash2 20 95163 2017 1720ndash21 71 193201ndash4 20 192215ndash8 18 19 20 192243 36ndash39 17261ndash2 18262ndash331 1731 21361ndash3 19 143 180473 2148 18 19 20

54 137 13855 2058 17 13864 18 1965 1968 20 132 138 139

14068ndash69 19 139 143691 17 138692 19 20 137 13877 2179 2186 169 170103 17106ndash107 19 201131ndash2 9

Pseudo-Clementine Homilies12313 180

Dead Sea Scrolls

CD214ndash41 125412ndash14 121 124 125419ndash52 208

51ndash5 2091316ndash17 207122ndash3 121161ndash2 125

Index of Ancient Sources256

1QapGen 29 30 31 33 35 36 37 40

1QH430 40

1QM11 1211310ndash12 121175ndash6 51

1QpHab 56 125

1QS25 121211ndash15 207 208321ndash25 11749 18258 125119ndash10 1821120 40

1Q27 (1Q4QMys teries)1 i 1ndash8 56 202

4Q299 (1Q4QMys teries)3andashb ii 2ndash8 563andashb ii 9ndash16 56

4Q416 (4QIns truction)1 10ndash13 56 2021 12 1822 i 21ndashiv 13 562 ii 6 17 178

4Q417 (4QIns truction)1 i 6ndash9 561 i 10(11)ndash12 56 2021 i 12ndash13 561 i 14 561 i 16 115 1821 i 17 1821 i 24 56 2022 i 17ndash24 562 i 19 21ndash22 178

4Q418 (4QIns truction)69 ii 6ndash9 56 202

69 ii 12ndash13 5681 1ndash2 18281 2ndash5 5681 4 11581 5 11581 20 56 20288 56103 56107 56123 5ndash8 56

4Q423 (4QIns truction)5 3 565 5ndash6 56

4Q503 115

4Q521 16 54 135 137 159 160 161 162

4Q525 57 133

4QDeut j 1214 121

4QIsa 135

4QMMTC 4ndash9 125

11Q11 124

11Q13 135 137

11QPsa 191ndash18 121

11QT545 2075715ndash19 208669ndash11 207

Targums4QtgJob 314QtgLev 3111QtgJob 31 33 35 40

257Index of Ancient Sources

Josephus

Ant14133ndash146 4415103 451982 123

Bell188 46

1131ndash11 441161ndash5 461213 461335 452101ndash5 1232116 183

Babylonian Texts

Gilgamesh 112

Greek and Latin Authors

Dio CassiusHis t59271 120

HomerOd10503ndash15 1121112ndash22 112

PlatoPhaed111cndash112e 112

Senecade Ben2121ndash2 120

Seneca the ElderControv9210 183

TacitusAnn632 120

His t59 183

Apos tolic and Church Fathers

1 Clement132 153292 121394ndash5 121

2 Clement32 190134 148

Apos tolic Cons titutions721 152

722 148 150 151722ndash6 147725 149 150726 148 153

AthanasiusFes t Let 3911 14

Canons of the Holy Apos tles4ndash5 152

Index of Ancient Sources258

Chrysos tomHom Mt342 180

Clement of AlexandriaS trom4641 139 143

Didache11ndash63 1412c 15213b 148 14913bndash5b 11 12 13 15 16

71 147 151 15413bndash21 5 11 14 15 15013c 15113cndash4a 1413d 15 14814 1414a 1614b 15 14914c 91 15014d 15 149 150 15115a 15015b 148 15381ndash2 1482 16103bndash122a 14113 16113ndash137 14153ndash4 16161ndash8 210 211 212

EusebiusHis t Eccl3254

IrenaeusAdv Haer1101 1214162 121

Jus tin Martyr1 Apol159 148

2 Apol25 121

OrigenC Cels870 180

PolycarpPhilippians22ndash3 153

Shepherd of HermasMandate 24ndash6 153

Similitude535ndash8 138

Rabbinic Literature

j Ber3b 5b 5c 31 37 38

j Ket35a 31 37

j Šab3a 38d 31 37

j Taʿan65b 4069ab 125

R Gen72 313813 31 37796 31

R Num193 31 38

TargumsCairo BGen 414 31 33 34 37 41

259Index of Ancient Sources

Cairo FExod 1913 37Deut 346 37

Neof I Gen 414 31 33 41Gen 95ndash6 37Gen 4922 36

Papyri Manuscripts and Inscriptions

Br Mus Or 9271 14P Oxy 1 17P Oxy 654 17

P Oxy 655 17 143 180P Oxy 1782 14 15 148 151Sf III 16ndash17 40

Index of Modern Authors

Achtemeier P 139 141Adams S L 56 72 202Alexander P S 31 32Allison D C 1 2 3 5 12 22 24 66

75 77 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 90 91 94 96 98 99 103 105 107 112 117 119 120 123 125 129 130 131 133 134 135 136 138 139 140 144 147 148 149 150 152 153 155 158 160 163 169 170 172 175 176 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 193 197 198 200 205

Anderson A A 124Anderson F I 113Andrejevs O 25 164 172 190Arcari L 44Argall R A 47 72 202Arnal W E 23 24 48 59 61 63 65

66 67 68 78 86 104 123 125 132 134 136 150 191 194 208 214

Attridge H W 17Audet J-P 14Avigad N 29 30

Bailey K 102Bauckham R 12Baum A D 1Bazzana G B 1 3 24 59 178 198Beasley-Murray G R 158Berger K 104Bergmeier R 159 160 162Betz D H 3 24 51 103 146 179 183de Begraveze T 27Bird M F 159 198 199Black C C 11Black M 26 28 30 31 32 35 36 37

40 168Blenkinsopp J 135 136 137Boccaccini G 32 43 44 50Boring M E 38 183 184 185 188

192 211

Borsch F H 185Bovon F 5 19 93 95 96 98 99 106

140 177 179 184 185 198Bowman J W 28 33Boyarin D 23Breuer Y 34Brin G 208Broadhead E K 3 89Brodie T L 163Brooke G J 43 160Brown R E 11 12 102 130 157 158Broyles C C 123Bultmann R 3 60 98 111 132 156

158 184 185 186 187 188 201Burkett D 27 213Bussmann W 26

Campbell J Y 28 46Caragounis C C 27 29 39Carroll J T 3Carruth S 119Casey P M 29 34 35 37 39 41Cas tor G D 4 5Catchpole D R 21 77 90 96 99 129

131 145 147 156 157 159 164 175 188 198 208

Chang A 199Charlesworth J H 31 42 43 44 45

46 47 72 160 171 185Chazon E G 115 202Cheung L L 12Childs B S 163Chilton B D 26 36 39 117 130Clark D J 109Collins A Y 39 41 47 50 51 52 103

114 188 193 211Collins J J 23 40 43 48 49 50 51

52 53 57 76 77 121 126 160 161 162 163 168 202

Colpe C 25 26 28 29 31 32 36 37 39 40 45 140

Index of Modern Authors262

Conzelmann H 96 97Cotter W J 61 104 132 156 163 165

166 170 191Cromhout M 61 145 191Crossan J D 39 89 94 98 134

Dalman G 27 29 30Damm A 171Davidson M J 114Davies W D 1 2 3 91 99 119 120

131 138 139 140 149 150 169 172 179 180 184 185 193 197 200

DeConick A D 11 17 20 21 138 139 192

Derrenbacker R A 1 24Di Lella A A 73Dibelius M 12Diacuteez Macho A 30Dimant D 160DiTommaso L 57Doering L 208Downing F G 23 64Draper J A 13 14 15 16 68 156Dundenberg I 11Dunn J D G 1 149 183Dupont J 97 116Durham J I 163

Eldridge M D 117Elgvin T 49 56 57 115 202Eshel H 44

Fiebig P 26 27 28 34 37 39Fitzmyer J A 1 2 3 8 19 26 28 30

31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 82 91 95 97 98 117 118 119 130 131 133 138 139 140 146 149 163 177 179 208

Fleddermann H T 2 6 10 11 59 62 69 83 84 85 86 87 90 91 93 95 97 98 101 103 104 105 109 129 130 134 140 144 148 150 152 156 157 163 166 170 176 177 179 184 185 189 199 200 203 205 211

Flusser D 14 15Fos ter P 1 3 6 12 26Freedman H 32Frenschkowski M 145Frey J 56Freyne S 159 199

Funk F X 14 147

Garciacutea Martiacutenez F 49 57 160 162 202 208

Garrow A 13Gathercole S 17 19 20 138 139 181Gerber C 203Gibson J B 116Gieschen C A 147Ginsburger M 30Glover R 13 16Goering G S 72 125Goff M J 55 56 57 79 84 115 178

202Goodacre M 1 17 19Greenfield J C 27Greeven H 12Gregg B H 90 97 186 198 204Grenfell B P 14 17Guelich R A 193Guenther H O 26Gundry R H 150 181 197

Haenchen E 12 139 157 158 201Hahn F 185Han K S 124 125 200Hannah D D 42 43 45 46Hare D R A 38 39 40 184 185Harrington D J 33 55 57 202 Hartin P J 12 61 119 166Hasitschka M 118Heil C 5 38 60 99 119 181Higgins A J B 184Hill A E 163Hindley J C 43Hoffmann P 5 38 55 67 70 75 77

80 96 99 112 145 167 170 184 185

Holtzmann H J 4Hooker M D 45Horsley R 68 156 198 199 200van der Hors t P W 73Hossfeld F L 124Howard G 146Howes L 26 39 43 61 65 77 81 133

140 141 142 166 167 170 185 188 190 212

Hubbard B J 38Hultgren S 160 162Hunt A S 14 17

263Index of Modern Authors

van Iersel B M F 102

Jacobson A D 5 26 39 49 54 60 61 64 75 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 85 87 90 94 96 97 98 106 129 132 140 144 152 156 157 167 170 171 184 185 187 201 207 210

Jefford C N 13 14 15Jeremias J 179 198 204Jervis L A 55Jewett R 149Johnson L A 178 208Johnson L T 12Johnson-DeBaufre M 66 103 163Jonas H 51de Jonge H J 24 185Jongeling B 35Joseph S J 1 21 23 24 45 46 47 48

51 52 68 103 125 132 134 136 142 144 153 156 159 160 161 162 164 178 180 181 182 184 185 187 190 191 200 201 202 206 208 214 215

Jus t A A 102

Kahle P 26 30 31 36Kampen J L 162 209Kaufman S A 31 32 36 40Keener C S 183Kirk A 2 4 5 6 10 15 24 55 59 60

61 62 66 67 68 69 71 72 73 75 76 77 78 79 83 84 85 86 87 88 90 94 96 98 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 111 114 129 152 155 156 166 177 179 184 189 190 197 203 207 208 214 215

Kloppenborg J S 1 2 3 4 5 11 12 13 14 15 17 19 21 22 23 24 25 26 38 39 50 51 53 54 55 57 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 86 87 88 89 90 95 97 98 99 103 104 107 108 111 112 121 122 123 124 125 126 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 139 140 141 142 143 144 147 148 150 151 155 156 157 158 160 162 163 164 165 166 167 170 171 172 175 176 180 181 182 183 184 187 189

190 191 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 208 210 211 212 213

Knibb M A 46 202Koes ter H 15 38 48 60 61 63 66

148Koumlhler W D 16Kraus H-J 124Kutscher E Y 30 35 36

Lang B 201Laurence R 41Leives tad R 43Levine A-J 208Lichtenberger H 124Lindars B 29 34 37 39 43 184 185

188Lohfink N 118Lukaszewski A 25 27Luz U 3 10 60 74 75 78 81 87 90

91 93 95 96 97 99 102 106 111 131 134 140 142 145 148 150 151 166 169 180 181 184 185 197 198 199 201 204 207

Luumldemann G 183Luumlhrmann D 61 64 78 111 140 157

158 165 180 184

Mack B L 23 38 43 61 133 135 170Magness J 160Malherbe A 192 211Manson T W 5 28 101Maori Y 32Marcus J 8 11 41 47 102 183 188

193 199 211Marshall I H 3Martiacutenez R 166 167Martyn J L 183Maumlrz C-P 90 94McDermott J M 185McNamara M J 31Meadors E P 62 66 67 72 74 76 77

166 168 201Meadors G T 137Menken M J J 116 117Meyer A 27Meyer P D 157Middleton P 182Milik J P 36 42 43 187Milikowsky C 181Miller R J 63 201

Index of Modern Authors264

Mitchell D C 124Moller H B 29Moreland M 23Moss C 182Mournet T C 1Muraoka T 35 38Muumlnch C 203

Neirynck F 2 3 4 11 22 26 90 98 99 116 130 140 149

Nickelsburg G 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 52 53 76 106 112 113 122 126 141 168 172 202 210 213

Niebuhr K W 159Niederwimmer K 13 14 15 16 148

151 152Nielsen K 114 115Nolland J 179Novakovic L 160 162

Odeberg H 36Oegema G S 116Owen P 25 29 35

Patterson S J 17 18 21 61 63Perrin N 186Pervo R I 183Pietersma A 146Piovanelli P 44 45Piper R A 61 82 112 176 190Ploeg J P M 35Pokornyacute P 11 17 19 117 139Polag A 62 73 89 90 94Porter S E 180 181Porton G G 38Pries t J 126Propp W H C 163Puech Eacute 133 160 162

Ra Y 39 132 145 155 170 184 185Reicke B 141Riesner R 183Robbins M C 51 103 113 115 117

121 125Robbins V K 104Robinson J M 2 5 24 26 34 38 39

41 43 55 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 77 96 103 119 129 131 132 134 135 140 142 143 144 145

156 160 165 166 167 180 181 184 185 186 187 188 190 200 201 202

Rodd C S 6 7 9Rollens S E 2 3 23 24 26 61 132

182 191Roth D T 2 6 7 10 11 54 90 145

165 191 192 203 204 205 206Rothschild C K 90 159 164Royse J R 146Roumlsel M 146

Sacchi P 43 44 45 47Sandt H 5 14 15Sato M 3 59 62 74 75 76 77 79 80

82 83 87 90 94 98 111 134 170 176 184

Schalit A 44Schenk W 62 73 89 90 103 170 176Schiavo L 104 112 113Schiffman L H 57 160Schnackenburg R 12 157 158Schniedewind W M 160Schroumlter J 180Schulz S 74 132 165 167 176 179

201 210Schuumlrmann H 8 130 167 170Seeley D 132 141 142Segal M 43 114 121Sellew P 193Sevenich-Bax E 103 105Shelton J 163Shepherd D 29 35Shinall M C 51Shirock R J 102Sjoumlberg E 28 29 35 39 45Skeat T C 180Skehan P W 73Smith D A 96 201 202 203So K-C 157Sokoloff M 35Somov A 181Spranger P P 204S taples J A 145 146 154S teck O H 61 64 132 201S tone M E 45S treeter B H 4 12 130S trugnell J 55S tuckenbruck L T 27 30 47 51 65

114 121Syreeni K 4 15 153

265Index of Modern Authors

Tabor J D 160Tannehil R C 178 208Taylor N H 120 123 183Theissen G 123Theophilos M P 126Tigchelaar E J C 56Tiwald M 3 23 160Toumldt H E 47 184 185 186 187Tuckett C M 1 3 6 9 11 13 14 15

17 23 26 49 50 53 54 61 62 63 66 68 72 76 77 84 86 90 94 95 98 112 114 119 121 125 130 134 140 150 154 156 157 158 160 166 170 184 193 199 205 206 207 208 210

Uhlig S 45Uro R 26 62 185

Vaage L E 23 24 26 39 61 133 165 167 170 171 190 191 210

VanderKam J C 43 46 57 168Vassiliadis P 89 94de Vaux R 56Vermes G 26 28 29 31 32 33 34 35

36 37 38 39 40 43 140 160 184

Wacholder B Z 209

von Wahlde U C 12 158Wahlen C 51Walck L W 46 52Watson F 1Weaks J A 6 7Weinfeld M 118 146 207 208Weiser A 124Weiss B 130Wellhausen J 26Welch J W 102Wernberg-Mѳller P 36Wes termann C 135 136Williams P J 35Wilson W T 149Wins ton D 46 72Wise M O 160Witetschek S 86 167Wolter M 90van der Woude A S 35Wright III B J 72 202

Xeravits G G 202

York A D 32

Zeller D 63 69 111 165 212Zenger E 124

Index of Subjects

Abel-Main (Tell Abl) 45Abraham 32 157Agrippa I 123 183Ahab 118 121angel of Yahweh 163angelicheavenly rebellion 121 125Antigonus 43aphaeresis 27 32 34 36 38apocalypse 48ndash as incorrectly applied to Mk 133ndash37

211ndash as incorrectly applied to Q 1723ndash37

210 211apocalypticndash Chris tianity 53ndash discourse 211ndash framework 57 121ndash inaccurately used as a noun 49ndash literature 47 53 54 135ndash language in Ben Sira 72ndash tradition 56 57 186ndash wisdom ins tructions other than Q 56

57 77 202ndash worldview (outside of Q see its at-

tes tation in Q referenced separately below) 24 49 50 51 55 57 87 121

apocalypticism 25 87 58 62ndash and apocalypse 48 49ndash and eschatology 48ndash as a literary category 48 79ndash as a dis tortion of Godrsquos intended

order 23ndash as compatible with wisdom in late

second temple literature 57 62 66 70 72 154 202

ndash as having a place outside the genre of an apocalypse 49

ndash as synonymous with apocalyptic worldview 49

ndash in Pauline thought 192ndash in sectarian environments 53

ndash in recent Q scholarship 48ndash methodological definitions of 50 54

186Aramaic 25 26 46 70 140 187 204

213ndash OfficialImperialBiblical 26 27 35

40ndash Middle 26 27 30 32 33 34 35 36

37 38 40 41 52 167 170 187 188ndash Late 26 27 28 32 33 34 35 36 37

38 41 140 187ndash Galilean 29 36 38ndash Qumran 31 32 35 38Athaliah 125Augus tus 45

Babylonian Exile 118Banias 45βασιλείαndash as a hypothetical metaphor reflecting

the social interes ts of Qrsquos author(s) 48

ndash as a political entity 120ndash of God 23 48 73 95 108 123 132

177 178 182 183 184 192 194 206 207

ndash of Satan 51 114ndash realized 142beatitude(s) 82 91 93 105 131 132

133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 153

Bethsaida 45 56 93

Caesarea Philippi 46(Cairo) Geniza fragments 28 29 30 32

36 37Capernaum 45 56 93chiasm 83 85 101 102 103 109 118

120chias tic 85 101 103 106 107 108 120

152 197

Index of Subjects268

Chorazin 56 93chreia(s) 63 71 104 105 120 211chreiic 65 86 104 105 111 156chris tology (see the Q discussion refer-

enced separately below)ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 17ndash in Luke 19ndash in Mark 131circumcision 159 209Claudius 183cosmic mountain 114 119Cynic(s) 23

Dan 45 47Darius I 163Deuteronomis t 118Deuteronomis tic His tory 146deuteronomis ticndash agenda 156ndash context(s) 143 153ndash framework 53 54ndash motifs 118 127ndash orientation 64ndash outlook 61 82 114ndash redaction 80ndash rhetoric 136ndash s tratums trata 78ndash theme 78ndash tradition 79ndash unders tanding 64devil 51 66 114 117 119 120 121 123

124

Elijah 96 116 118 126 162 163 164ElijahElisha cycle 162 163Enoch 44 45 47 51 76 112 113 157

172 202ndash as a scribe 46ndash Book of Watchers 45 113 125ndash sapiential content in Watchers 76ndash Book of Parables 24 41 47 157 167

171 213ndash sapiential content in Parables 76ndash Epis tle of Enoch 43ndash his torical incarnation of 202ndash Seminar 47Enochicndash author 122ndash corpus 52 73ndash formulation 52

ndash framework 121ndash literaturetext 43 46 56ndash movement 47 53 157 210ndash mythology 113 114 122 164ndash Son of Man 172ndash tradents 46ndash tradition 43 46 47 79 113 122 157

215ndash Watchers myth 45 53 121eschatological prophetndash in 4Q521 160 162ndash in Q 164 165 166eschatology (see the Q discussion refer-

enced separately below) 47 48 50ndash in 1 Enoch 42 47 76 122 141 142

168 169ndash in 4Q521 159 160 162ndash in 4QIns truction 56ndash in Ben Sira 72ndash in Malachi 163 164ndash in Psalms of Solomon 159ndash in Trito-Isaiah 136Exodusndash legendmyth 117ndash imagerymotifs 116 163

form (literary)ndash and meaning 82ndash and worldview 76ndash apocalypse 49ndash criticism 61 62 63 67 68 69 70

74 156 170 214ndash miracle s tory 156ndash wisdom 84ndash (wisdom) ins truction 70 71

Gaius (Caligula) 44 46 123Galilee 23 36 44 45 47 56 73 131

171 194 215ndash village scribes 48ndash villagestowns 24 93 199Gentile(s) 9 87 96 120 126 155 157

158 159 164 167 168 169 173 198 199 209 215

Great Omission 8 9

HasidicHasidim 79 162Hebrew 25 35 39 40 41 42 204Hebrew Biblescriptures 24 118 127

136 160

269Index of Subjects

Hermogenes 171mt Hermon 45 46 47Herod the Great and the Herodian era

43 44 45 46 126Herodians 45(holy) Spirit 72 94 178 189Hulah Valley 45

Isaiah (see the Index of Ancient Sources for specific passages)

ndash Deutero 46 135 136 168 169ndash firs t-century reader of 135ndash Trito 51 54 135 136 137 143 154

163 200Israelndash in Ben Sira 125ndash in Daniel 168ndash in Deuteronomy 118ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 139ndash in the Hebrew Bible 198 199ndash in Jubilees 121ndash in Malachi 163ndash in Q 53 64 78 80 87 96 104 118

127 155 156 158 198 199ndash pre-exilic 50ndash traditional wisdom of 58ndash wilderness myth 117

James (son of Zebedee) 183Jerusalem 44 72 96 106 108 113 119

125 159 166 199 200ndash culttemple 136 137 163 214ndash pries thood 45 47 127Jesusndash as an apocalyptic figure in Q 38ndash as a literary character in Q 21ndash floating traditions ascribed to 48ndash his torical 21 29 37 43 47 73 116

141 142 164 165 171 172 186 198ndash his torical greeting of in Jerusalem

106ndash movement 23ndash tradition 161Jewish Chris tianityndash as a movement in a contes ted envi-

ronment 43 183ndash as a proliferation of groups and

communities 183ndash on the use of the term 23

ndash possible connection to the Enochic movement 47

Jewish War 200John (the Baptis t) 68 78 80 83 85 90

91 92 97 103 104 105 116 159 163 164 165 166 167 169 172

ndash followers of 159 165 166ndash his torical 159 165Journeysndash cosmicterres trial 76 112 113 114

119 122 127ndash heavenly 45 112 113Judea 36 44 200 215

Kallirrhoeuml 45Kleinliteratur 3 4 59 60 73 215

Lordrsquos Prayer 93 94 177Lot 97 99

Maccabean era 126Mas tema 121Matthew and Luke as conservative

traditionalis ts 4Matthewrsquos and Lukersquos redactorial

freedom 4Matthewrsquos use of Q 4messiah 106 116 162 164 210messiahship 123messianic 116 210Migdal 46mimesis 114 141minor agreements 15 130Minor Prophets 146Moses 117

Nag Hammadi 17Nimrod 32

oralndash possible cross-influence on the Gos-

pel of Thomas from the canonical gospels 11 193

ndash harmonization of Matthew and Luke 16

ndash life of the primitive community 60ndash performance 15 16 161ndash source utilization 15ndash tradition 17 98 151ndash transmission 188

Index of Subjects270

ndash usage and application of Q 4ndash usage of Matthew 15ndash variants of Q 4Oxyrhynchus 17

Paneion 46Parousia 116 186 193Parthian invasion of 40 BCE 44 46Paulndash his torical 149 183ndash possible awareness of the Q tradition

by 192persecutionndash as an apocalyptic motif 54ndash because of someone 142ndash in authentic Pauline corpus 149 183ndash in Q 52 54 78 94 107 118 122

126 132 133 134 140 141 142 143 144 175 180 181 182 184 190 194 200 206

ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 138ndash in the Parables of Enoch 141ndash in Trito-Isaiah 137 200ndash plausibility of 182 183Pharisees 65 68 94 166 169 205 206

214pleroma 39prophecyndash pre-exilic and Persian era (classical)

50ndash mixture of with wisdom 77Prophetisierung 75

Qndash apocalypticism apocalyptic motifs

features imagination framework and worldview 23 25 46 53 57 58 63 69 70 71 73 76 79 84 87 88 111 114 121 127 141 175 190 194 197 202 210 211 213 214

ndash apocalyptic document 48 51ndash apocalyptic wisdom ins truction 23

55 70 73 74 77 79 214ndash (apocalyptic) communitymovement

55 107 122 194 195 206 209ndash Aramaic roots 26ndash chris tology 70 81 83 87 93 104

115 116 123 130 131 142 144 145 147 153 154 156 157 159 164 166 167 194 214

ndash demonology 51 53ndash eschatological (apocalyptic) dis-

course 64 83 97 98 170 210 211 212

ndash eschatology 48 51 54 56 69 73 75 87 94 95 101 104 105 108 133 141 142 143 144 147 159 164 165 166 167 169 172 180 192 193 194 198 199 202 203 210

ndash final (literary) form 59 62 69 78 178

ndash hypothetical mid- (lower) level or sub-elite scribal origin 24 59

ndash hypothetical recensions 3 4 59 60 90 98

ndash hypothetical segregation of wisdom and apocalyptic s trata 60 66 67 70 213 214

ndash mission speech 23 56 86 87 92 104 105 107 173 182 194

ndash Pales tinian character 24ndash possible authenticity of its content

22 81ndash prophetic content 61 63 67 70 74

75 76 77 79 80 82 83 142 143 176

ndash recons truction (CEQ) 5 6 10 90 (see also recons truction [in this s tudy] below as such frequently follows the CEQ)

ndash recons truction (feasibility) 2 3 4 10 11

ndash recons truction (in this s tudy) 60 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 111 116 119 120 123 130 131 134 144 147 148 149 151 152 165 169 170 172 175 176 177 178 179 181 184 191 193 199 204 207 213 215

ndash recons truction (methodology) 5 89 90

ndash recons truction (skepticism) 2 10 59 (see also recons tructed Mark below)

ndash sapiential content 12 62 63 67 77 79 80 82 130 154 175 191 202 214

ndash sermon 63 82 91 92 103 105 127 129 130 131 134 135 138 140 144 145 147 152 153 154 155 156

ndash sophis ticated scribal traditions 24ndash sub-literary view of 3 59 60 74

271Index of Subjects

ndash tradents 4 59 67 125 135 147 181 182 197 199 202 203 207 209 214

ndash tradition 13 17 87 161 163 164 186 187 192 202

Quintillian 171Qumran (see the Index of Ancient

Sources for specific documents)ndash apocalyptic worldview 50 135ndash Aramaic corpus 33ndash beatitude collection 133ndash communitymovementYahad 44 53

56 121 135 136 137 157 160 161 206 207 208 209

ndash demonology 124ndash discovery 29ndash fellowship with angels 115ndash fragments of 1 Enoch 44ndash library 43ndash manualsrules 82ndash sapiential literature 25 55 56 57

58 62 69ndash social setting 43

recons tructed Mark 2 6 7 8 9 10RomeRomans 44 91 121 126 159

199 207ndash occupation of Judea 44

sage(s) 55 56 79 84Samaria 44Satan 50 51 52 53 114 115 117 118

120 121 159 192scribe(s) 102 205ndash ancient reading practices of 102ndash as a Q opponent group 68 169 205ndash as advanced or elite readers of Q

102 103ndash Enochic 46 215ndash in Matthewrsquos community (other than

Matthew) 4ndash in the Q community 48 135 195

215ndash in the text of Q 169 172ndash memory competence of 4 102ndash responsible for 2 Enoch 112ndash responsible for Did 13bndash5b 15scriptorium 46Sefire 27 37Sepphoris 38 46Sermon on the Mount 15 16 87 94

Sermon on the Plain 15 16(Deutero-Isaianic) Servant 136 168 169Sidon 199Simeon II 125Son of Man 47 115ndash Aramaic background of the phrase

25 26 28 37 153ndash as a messianic title in the Parables of

Enoch 28 46ndash circumlocutional non-titular use of

the phrase in Late Aramaic 34ndash classifications of the phrasersquos Q

ins tances 26ndash designation of as Son of Humanity in

some recent research 39ndash his torical incarnation of as under-

s tood by some ancient authors 165 172

ndash hypothetical non-titular (circumlocu-tional or generic) use of the definite phrase in Middle Aramaic by the his torical Jesus and in Q 28 29 34 37 38 39 42 43 52 71 140 142 167 170 186 187

ndash in Daniel 41 42 186 213ndash in Luke 142 186ndash in Mark 41ndash in Matthew 99 142 186ndash in Q 25 26 34 38 39 42 43 46 47

52 53 64 67 69 70 71 96 98 104 106 115 116 123 141 142 147 164 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 176 185 186 187 188 189 191 194 201 203 210 212 213

ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 170ndash in the Parables of Enoch 25 28 41

42 43 44 45 46 47 122 141 142 146 147 153 155 164 165 168 169 172 173 202 213

ndash non-titular use of the indefinite phrase in Middle Aramaic 41

ndash titular (including but not limited to chris tological) use of the definite phrase in Q 34 38 52 53 64 70 104 123 142 143 147 167 168 172 173 185 186 187 189 191 194 201 203 210 212 213

Sondergut 89 90ndash Matthean 91ndash Lukan 94 95 97 98 177

Index of Subjects272

Sophiandash myth (Enochic tradition) 172 202ndash myth (synoptic tradition) 96 200

201ndash words of 96 201synopticndash gospels 11 150 151ndash material 16 151ndash parallels 18 19ndash problem 1ndash Sayings Source 3 216ndash s tudies 4ndash tradition 17 21 26 98 101 131 151

158 205 215Syria 215

Talmud 30 36 37 38Targum 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

38 40 41ndash recons truction of the Pales tinian Tar-

gum 32Taricheae 46Tell Dan 45templendash apparatusins titution 50 96 107

113 119 125 126 127 137 157 197 200 205

ndash eschatological 76

ndash purityholiness of 65 123 137ndash mitigatingprotective role 51 124ndash of Augus tus at Paneion 45ndash second temple era 25 41 44 48 56

62 70 71 72 79 82 84 121 124 136 137 154 163 186 201 209 213 216

ndash liturgy 124ndash mounthill 113ndash pollution of as perceived by some

ancient authors 113 125 136Theon of Alexandria 171Tiberias 38Torah 58 64 72 79 112 207 208 209transfiguration 47tree of knowledge 113Tyre 199

Vermes-Fitzmyer debate 28 38 39

Watchers 45 53 121Wicked Pries t 125

Yahweh 117 118

Zechariah (son of Jehoiada) 200mt Zion 113

  • Cover13
  • Titel13
  • Preface
  • Table of Contents13
  • List of Abbreviations
  • Chapter One Prolegomena
    • 1 Introduction Recent Methodological Questions in Q Studies
    • 2 The Study of Q as a Reconstructed Text
      • Index of Ancient Sources
      • Index of Modern Authors
      • Index of Subjects
Page 21: Apocalypticism in the Synoptic Sayings Source€¦ · Apocalypticism in the Synoptic Sayings Source A Reassessment of Q’s Stratigraphy Mohr Siebeck. Olegs Andrejevs, born 1982;

2 The Study of Q as a Reconstructed Text 9

when Luke is faced with a choice between Mark and Q and does not opt to retain both the preference is overwhelmingly given to the Q location and word-ing of the text34 Consequently it seems overly simplistic to suggest as Rodd does that ldquoas [the reconstructed] lsquoMarkrsquo is not Mark so in all probability the lsquoQrsquo of the scholars is not the historical document Qrdquo35 The evangelistsrsquo ten-dency to either retain the MarkQ parallels or ndash especially in Lukersquos case ndash to favor Q its wording and location over the Markan parallels shows that the two documents were not treated equally as far as the words of Jesus were concerned with the approach to Q being more conservative36

Thirdly the verse and word count discrepancy between the reconstructed and canonical Mark has been somewhat inflated as the percentages cited by scholars are routinely bolstered by the inclusion of the Great Omission On the 2DH there are two possible solutions to this well-known source-critical anom-aly the absence of Mk 645ndash826 from Lukersquos gospel is either intentional or stems from inheriting a shorter copy of Mark which lacked that material In either scenario Lukersquos omission of Mk 645ndash826 complicates the analogy be-tween the reconstructed Mark and Q If the omission was unintentional it tells us something only about the compositional history or textual transmission of Markrsquos gospel If however Lukersquos decision to skip Mk 645ndash826 was inten-tional is it not likely to have been motivated by Lukersquos avoidance of dou-blets37 A similar development is unlikely to have occurred in Lukersquos reception of Q as we have noted when faced with MarkQ doublets Luke tends to favor Qrsquos version over an available Markan parallel38 Consequently due to the sheer size of the Great Omission and regardless of the Omissionrsquos intentionality or

34 LkQ 112 4 9 (= Mk 1124ndash25) LkQ 1115 17ndash18 21 (= Mk 323ndash27) Lk 1210 (=

Mk 328ndash29) LkQ 1240 (= Mk 1332) LkQ 1318ndash19 (= Mk 430ndash32) LkQ 1330 (= Mk 1031) Lk 1618 (= Mk 1011ndash12) LkQ 171ndash2 (= Mk 942) LkQ 176 (= Mk 1123) LkQ 1723 31 (= Mk 1315ndash16 21) All of these are deployed by Luke in clusters of Q material rather than in the Lukan parallels to the respective Markan pericopes Mk 950 (= LkQ 1434ndash35) is similarly deployed away from its Markan context and surrounded by Q and L material Both Matthew and Luke favor the wording of Q 1434ndash35 over its Markan parallel

35 Rodd ldquoThe End of the Theology of Qrdquo 12 36 See eg Christopher M Tuckett Q and the History of Early Christianity Studies on Q

(Edinburgh TampT Clark 1996) 94 Luz ldquoQ in Matthewrdquo 50 37 Mk 645ndash52 contains a sea miracle similar to Mk 435ndash41 Mk 71ndash23 was likely elim-

inated to shift the lifting of the dietary restrictions to the post-Easter stage in Lukersquos narrative (Acts 109ndash16) Mk 724ndash30 was probably (a) deemed redundant (see LkQ 71ndash10) (b) re-garded as problematic due to the conflict between the Markan Jesusrsquo reluctance to perform a miracle for a Gentile person (Mk 727) and the Lukan Jesusrsquo programmatic openness to such developments (Lk 425ndash27) Mk 81ndash10 14ndash21 and 822ndash26 are clearly redundant (see Mk 635ndash44 Lk 912ndash17 Mk 1046ndash52 Lk 1835ndash43) Mk 811ndash13 has a Q parallel (= LkQ 1129ndash32)

38 On the L-M Hypothesis this would mean that Luke tends to favor Matthewrsquos version over an available Markan parallel

10 Chapter One Prolegomena

lack thereof the reconstructed Mark presents an analogy to Q that is at best tenuous

In light of the above observations my contention is that methodologically virtually the entire Q is likely to be accounted for in terms of its content39 That still leaves the question of the documentrsquos precise wording and its recovery Here Roth has argued that

there is a fundamental difference between conceiving of the ldquotext of Qrdquo as a reconstruction of its original wording and approaching it as a metaphorical and narratival realm an intertext as it were accessible through Matthew and Luke40

Roth further states as one of his monographrsquos objectives (which is primarily dedicated to the study of Qrsquos parables) an attempt to

advance Q studies by pursuing insight into the parables of Q through a different set of meth-odological approaches than those present in the reigning paradigm focusing upon word-level reconstruction The resultant exegetical work is not therefore in the first instance focused upon vocabulary and syntax of a reconstructed text but rather upon the narratival elements and structures characters images metaphors and theological emphases of an ldquointertextrdquo41

I see no reason to contest Rothrsquos objections to an uncritical acceptance of the CEQ text (of course the CEQ editors have already noted that it is only a work-ing reconstruction)42 Pending the surfacing of an actual copy of Q any recon-struction of its wording is necessarily going to remain hypothetical and thus subject to continued analysis Still to suggest that the hypothetical nature of the enterprise undermines its results perhaps runs the risk ldquothat a methodologi-cal limitation becomes an ontological description of Q itselfrdquo43 Roth admits that his own study of narratival and metaphorical elements ldquocannot function on an entirely lsquowordlessrsquo levelrdquo proposing as a solution that Qrsquos text should be accessed exclusively through the wording of Matthew and Luke44 Such drastic restrictions are in my opinion unnecessary In light of the previous discussion it is possible to assert from a methodologically sound position that Qrsquos recon-structions are not ldquopotentially faultyrdquo to the degree suggested by Roth45 While a precise word-by-word recovery may not be possible or even necessary in every verse of the synoptic double tradition a reliable near-word-level recon-struction of Q appears consistently attainable This is suggested by Lukersquos (and frequently Matthewrsquos) aforementioned preference of Qrsquos wording in the MarkQ parallels Matthewrsquos and Lukersquos slightly superior degree of verbal

39 See further Fleddermann Commentary 73ndash74 Luz ldquoQ in Matthewrdquo 45 (while positing

the existence of QMatt Luz concludes that it ldquodid not differ substantiallyrdquo from the main body of the Q source)

40 Roth Parables 41 41 Ibid 44ndash45 42 Ibid 38ndash39 Roth (ibid) also critiques Fleddermannrsquos alternative reconstruction 43 Kirk Q in Matthew 152 44 Roth Parables 40ndash41 45 Ibid 44

Index of Ancient Sources

Hebrew Bible (LXX)

Genesis414 28 3361ndash4 5062 4 (LXX) 115723 (LXX) 981316 331417 36174ndash6 1991710ndash14 1591817ndash18 1991826 (LXX) 981917 (LXX) 982218 199264 199

Exodus161ndash36 117171ndash7 1181715 (LXX) 1242114 (LXX) 1242225ndash26 1502320ndash21 23 1632415ndash16 (LXX) 472520 (LXX) 124

Numbers111ndash9 1172319 40

Deuteronomy324 (LXX) 146612ndash15 118613 (LXX) 116616 (LXX) 116 11882ndash3 11783 (LXX) 116811ndash20 118812ndash15 (LXX) 117

926 (LXX) 146159 (LXX) 205241ndash4 79 208 2092410ndash17 1502918ndash20 207319 25ndash26 209328ndash9 (LXX) 1213211 201

Joshua2313 (LXX) 207

Ruth212 201

1 Samuel27 (LXX) 1371821 (LXX) 207

1 Kings627 (LXX) 12486 (LXX) 1241717ndash24 162191ndash18 116 118 119194 (LXX) 117195 (LXX) 118198 (LXX) 117 1181910 14 (LXX) 1182219ndash23 (LXX) 121

2 Kings216 (LXX) 112 116418ndash37 16251ndash14 163

2 Chronicles58 (LXX) 1242314 125

Index of Ancient Sources246

Ezra91ndash2 1371018ndash44 137

Job16 11521 1151621 40256 40358 40387 115

Psalms2 16869 (LXX) 19785 40102 9 137178 2013510 137367 201605 (LXX) 124614 2016923 (LXX) 207722ndash12 1378018 40813 (LXX) 137901ndash2 4 (LXX) 124906 (LXX) 1249011ndash12 (LXX) 123914 2011063 (LXX) 1981091 (LXX) 4110916 22 13611826 1061457ndash8 (LXX) 1611463 401476 137

Proverbs1ndash9 55236 (LXX) 205264ndash5 189

Isaiah1ndash39 13511 168253ndash4 (LXX) 137315 201355 (LXX) 16140ndash55 135

426 168427 18 (LXX) 161435 198491ndash8 1685112 4055ndash66 135562 40563ndash8 136585ndash7 13860ndash62 135611 (LXX) 160 161611ndash2 (LXX) 48 134611ndash3 (LXX) 132 135 136 137665 (LXX) 1376618ndash20 164 198

Jeremiah317ndash18 164 1984918 33 405040 405143 40

Ezekiel8ndash11 112 11382 11440ndash48 112 113402 113403 114

Daniel713 27 40 41 168 213817 40

Amos13 (LXX) 20413ndash28 7528 15035 (LXX) 18086 (LXX) 137

Haggai220ndash22 163

Zechariah315 13787 198

Malachi16ndash29 163210ndash16 163

247Index of Ancient Sources

31 163 164 322ndash23 (LXX) 163

Old Tes tament Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha

1 Enoch1ndash5 761ndash36 4621ndash54 1226ndash11 526ndash16 4766 4573ndash6 1221021 164 198123ndash4 46124 113 125137 45139 45148ndash164 76151 46152ndash4 125171 11417ndash19 112 11320ndash36 112 113215 114242ndash257 113261ndash275 113323ndash6 11337ndash71 41 45 186 213381ndash6 122384ndash5 45391ndash3 45396 108413ndash8 76418 44421ndash2 (3) 126 171 201422 170451ndash6 76455 4546 52461ndash8 141462ndash4 42464ndash6 45468 46471ndash4 14148ndash49 52481 202481ndash10 141482 42

483 202483ndash7 168488ndash9 (10) 45 122492 4 168493 202505 76513 (5a) 168 172 20251ndash52 5252ndash56 112526 9 168531ndash5 45 122536 46 168542 45543ndash4 76545ndash6 45547 210554 45 108561ndash4 45565ndash8 43 44 45571 198591ndash6023 766010 4261ndash63 46 52621ndash9 45622ndash3 122624ndash6312 122625ndash14 42631ndash12 45 122632ndash4 106637 1236311 426312 76651ndash663 52671ndash681 52678ndash13 43 44 45 1226926ndash29 42 52701 42715ndash17 447113(14)ndash17 42 1418215ndash20 7683ndash84 52891ndash9 528973ndash74 1139038 164

Index of Ancient Sources248

1006 1681049ndash13 47

2 Enoch31ndash221 113101ndash6 112

3 Baruch3ndash17 113163 204

3 Enoch11ndash12 113

Ascension of Isaiah610ndash15 113

Baruch437 19855 198

Bel and the Dragon36 112 114 116

Jubilees11ndash8 209120 12122 114727 52102 52105 52106 121108ndash11 52 114 121114 121115 521114ndash1214 321220 1211525ndash34 1591531ndash32 114 1211928 121492 52

Letter of Aris teas155 145

Psalms of Solomon219 159823 30 1591112 1981731 164 1981810ndash12 76

Sirach21ndash17 72 86212 87143ndash7 2051410ndash11 202241ndash12 125247ndash11 1262410ndash11 1592525ndash26 2072611 2053113 2053522ndash3622 723824ndash3911 17243 76501ndash24 125

The Sentences of the Syriac Menander340ndash46 189

Tes tament of Abraham81ndash12 113

Tes tament of Levi26ndash57 113

Tes tament of Moses51ndash62 126

Tobit145ndash7 164 198

Vita Adae et Evae61ndash103 116121ndash161 115

Wisdom of Solomon410ndash15 46418ndash513 46

249Index of Ancient Sources

New Tes tament

Q32ndash958 (59ndash60) 101 103 104 108

126 155 173 17537 5237ndash9 16ndash17 5 54 64 68 70 90

104 11637ndash735 78 80 81 83 85

101 102 103317 54 9141ndash13 5 51 52 53 64 65

66 78 91 104 111 112 113 114 115 118 119 126 152 153 155 156

41ndash4 116 11745ndash8 114 119 121 122

123 15949ndash12 (13) 47 51 65 96 123

157 200416 91 129 130 131

153620ndash49 16 63 82 91 104

105 129 130 131 153

620b 12 91 132620bndash21 48 132 133 134

135 136 137620bndash23 5 131 132 143621a 12 20 91 132622 12 17 24 25 26

38 71 140 141 153 167 170 194 205

622ndash23 17 20 52 53 54 96 132 133 134 136 139 140 141 142 206

623c 64 82 129 132 139 140 142 143

627ndash35 (36) 13 16 71 129 147 151 152 153 154

629 24 91 150630 24 150631 91 152637ndash38 12 92640 92 144646 92 104 144 145

146 153 154 203

647ndash49 12 92 14471ndash10 9 64 92 104 126

155 156 158 169 197 199

76 145 20379 87 96 104 156

157 158 167 173 194 198 199

718ndash19 159 167718ndash23 159718ndash28 64 166718ndash960 92722 16 54 134 135

161 163 164 172727 96 163731ndash35 64 70 92 165 166

169 170 171733 51 53734 24 26 52 165 167

169 170 172735 166 170957ndash58 (59ndash60) 92 105 111 155

169 170 171957ndash62 63959ndash60 172 173958 24 25 26 27 38

52 71 164 165 169 170 171 172

959 145102ndash16 5 56 63 70 86

158 170 175 182 215

102ndash24 92102ndash1240 101 105 107 108

175 205104 48 92109 73 931012 93 1751012ndash15 54 64 82 861013ndash15 47 56 70 80 81

82 86 87 96 107 126 175 199 212

1016 72 931021 56 81 87 93 96

173 2091021ndash22 54 56 78 79 81

82 145 1941021ndash24 64 107

Index of Ancient Sources250

1022 81 93 114 116 145 146 203 209

1023ndash24 17 93 106112ndash4 9ndash13 5 63 78 93 117

176 177 179 180112b 48 178 184114 24 178119ndash13 12 93 176 177

178 179 180 1811114 51 1761114ndash20 52 531114ndash32 931114ndash52 64 107 1791118 51 53 93 114 121

1591124ndash26 51 53 9311(16) 29ndash32 9 54 70 96 2121130 24 26 52 1861133ndash52 93 2051134 93 2051139ndash52 70 107 126 1691142c 64 66 1251149 521149ndash51 47 53 54 66 96

118 119 157 2001151 52 200 205122ndash12 5 70 94 107 155

180 181 182 183 184 194

123 72 94124ndash5 54 70 73 181 182

190124ndash7 94 121 122 176

179 180 181 194 214

125 181 204128 24 26 38 54 185

187 188 189128ndash9 52 69 94 167 184

186 187 188 189 214

128ndash10 54 64 69 71 82 175 176 183 184 187 189 190 194 212

129 184 185 1881210 24 26 94 185 187

188 1891211ndash12 54 70 72 73 94

181 182 214

1222ndash31 (33ndash34) 63 73 176 177 178 179 180 190 192

1222ndash40 941224 23 178 1801227 231231 48 94 1841233 12 48 1911233ndash34 69 94 191 1921235ndash38 94 108 190 2031235ndash46 1081235ndash59 94 1081235ndash2230 101 105 108 109

197 2031239 17 18 95 1911239ndash40 18 20 54 70 71

94 105 175 190 191 192 193 203 212

1239ndash59 64 1911240 24 52 69 95 167

186 191 1931242ndash46 52 53 54 69 70

95 191 192 197 203 204 205 206 212

1245 96 2051246 2041251 20 951251ndash59 1081252ndash53 201256 171258ndash59 24 951318ndash19 20ndash21 5 20 48 63 95

108 2071318ndash24 951324 63 951325ndash30 54 63 82 871325ndash1423 54 95 96 126 158

1991327 52 53 96 118 1981328ndash29 96 198 1991334 52 125 2061334ndash35 47 53 54 63 66

81 82 83 96 105 106 107 108 109 118 119 125 157 194 198 200 201 202

1335 51 54 96 106 202

251Index of Ancient Sources

1411 54 961416ndash23 (24) 63 82 971423 541426 72 97 2151426ndash27 1733 20 63 72 971426ndash176 971427 54 97 140 141

182 2141434ndash35 63 97154ndash5a 7 20 63 97 108 2091613 12 63 94 971616 64 97 207 2091616ndash18 2061617 17 63 64 66 79

97 125 206 207 208 209

1616(17)ndash172 197 206 2081618 24 63 79 97 206

207 208 209171ndash2 97 207 208171ndash6 63173ndash4 18 20 98176 18 20 78 98 108

2101720ndash21 17 981723 98 2101723ndash37 54 64 69 70 71

98 167 170 197 210 211 212

1723ndash2230 108 2111724 26 30 24 52 98 991733 54 97 182 2141734ndash35 98 991912ndash26 64 69 99 108 197

203 204 205 206 212

1912ndash2230 991922 2052228ndash30 5 54 64 99 108

212

Matthew37 52310 9542 11745 12448 119 120413 130 1315ndash7 94 10251 119

54 13458 138511 (12) 52 205512 142515 7539 149 150540 15 150541 15 89 91 149 150542 150 151544 148 149544ndash45 91 149545 20861ndash18 94612 177619ndash21 94620 191623 205624 94625ndash34 94626 178627 177630 178 17975 1877 17779 177711 178 179712 152723 52724 26 9185ndash13 199810 155811ndash12 198 199819 169820 27 142 171821 172822 173829 12191ndash8 7920ndash22 97922 7937 92107 731026 71029 1801032 184 1891032ndash33 91 1841034 951038 731039 141115 134 163

Index of Ancient Sources252

1119 1691122ndash45 931125 2081217 731232 1841239 52 2051243 1241311 13 71342 951416 71521ndash28 97162bndash3 951613ndash28 1401617ndash19 471625 141171 1191717 7186 208186ndash22 97188ndash9 951825 971928 991929 992030 130219 1062131 972133ndash41 (42ndash46) 7 19221ndash14 18236ndash7 206237 1662334 522334ndash36 962335 522337 52 1972337ndash39 81 105 201243ndash41 210 211244ndash14 72423 982443 1912443ndash44 1932445 2062448 (49) 52 205251ndash13 972514ndash30 992526 28 2052530 992531 992541 95 121266ndash13 972640ndash41 7

2669 71 1302669ndash75 1892732 912755 97285 130289ndash10 972816ndash18 1192818 120

Mark114 21 131123ndash26 121124 130129ndash31 18821ndash12 731 14937ndash12 188313 114327 93328 188328ndash29 18443ndash8 193411ndash12 7413 177430ndash32 20 193438 177421ndash22 7435ndash41 9525ndash34 97534 761ndash6a 188615 163635ndash44 9637 7645ndash52 9645ndash826 971ndash23 9724ndash30 9 9781ndash10 9811ndash13 9822ndash26 9827 140827ndash98 47828 163831ndash33 121834ndash35 20835 141838 184 19092 11492ndash8 47

253Index of Ancient Sources

919 7943ndash47 951028 73 1791029 201035ndash40 1831039 1881046ndash52 91047 130119 1061117 7 1771122ndash23 25ab 18 201124 1801129ndash30 7121ndash9 (10ndash12) 7 19129 191211 191226 177133ndash37 210 211135ndash13 71315ndash16 991321 98143ndash9 971437ndash38 71447 95 1491462 411466ndash72 1891467 130151ndash5 951521 911541 97166 130

Luke15ndash25 10237 5242 11745 12246b 7 12046cd 120 121416 130416ndash30 188425ndash27 9438ndash39 188517ndash26 766 149617ndash19 188621 134622 205623 142625 134

627 149627ndash28 148628 149629 15 150630 150 151634 151635 91 208642 18646 146647ndash49 9179 155722 163734 169735 166 208810 7816ndash17 7824 177831 121848 7912ndash17 9913 7924 141926 190941 7957 169958 171959 172960 173102 92109 731017ndash20 1211021 208114 177115ndash8 97 177119 1771111 1771112 1171113 178 1791120 511121ndash22 931124 124 2051124ndash26 931129 52 2051143 166 2061149 521150 521151 52124 73 179126 180128 184

Index of Ancient Sources254

128ndash9 911211 731213ndash21 971223a 1771224 177 1781228 1791233 1911235ndash38 89 941239 1911239ndash40 1931242 2061245 52 2051249 89 951254ndash56 95131ndash35 1021327 52 1971328ndash29 1981334 52 1971415ndash24 181427 73158ndash10 97172 2081711ndash19 981720 981721 981722 981728ndash29 89 98 991731 991732 991733 971835ndash43 91912ndash27 991922 24 2051927 991938 96 1061941ndash44 961946 177209ndash16 (17ndash19) 7 192018 192037 177218ndash19 7223 1212228ndash30 992246 72249ndash51 952250 1492254ndash62 188234 14 952413ndash33 102

John446 158446ndash54 157448 158631ndash58 117844 121123 1061225ndash26 201231 1211430 1211611 1211828ndash1916 102

Acts23 9521ndash4 18951ndash11 189109ndash16 9121ndash2 183123ndash19 183

Romans1214 149

1 Corinthians412 14963 121 192132 18 20

2 Corinthians41ndash6 19244 121

Galatians113ndash14 18343 8ndash9 121 192

Ephesians21ndash2 121 192612 121 192

1 Thessalonians214ndash16 183218 121 19251ndash11 19252 20 19255ndash6 192

2 Thessalonians21ndash12 210 211

255Index of Ancient Sources

2 Timothy211ndash13 190

Hebrews1137 204

James 315ndash17 12444ndash7 121

1 Peter314 132 139 143319ndash20 47414 132 139 141 14358 121

2 Peter24ndash5 47 121

Jude16ndash7 121

Revelation110ndash20 113113 18635 19041ndash11 113123ndash4 121171ndash3 114173ndash18 112 113219ndash27 112 1132110 113

New Tes tament Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha

Gospel of Thomas1ndash71 1731ndash3 2161ndash4 1710 19 95111 1713 21161ndash2 20 95163 2017 1720ndash21 71 193201ndash4 20 192215ndash8 18 19 20 192243 36ndash39 17261ndash2 18262ndash331 1731 21361ndash3 19 143 180473 2148 18 19 20

54 137 13855 2058 17 13864 18 1965 1968 20 132 138 139

14068ndash69 19 139 143691 17 138692 19 20 137 13877 2179 2186 169 170103 17106ndash107 19 201131ndash2 9

Pseudo-Clementine Homilies12313 180

Dead Sea Scrolls

CD214ndash41 125412ndash14 121 124 125419ndash52 208

51ndash5 2091316ndash17 207122ndash3 121161ndash2 125

Index of Ancient Sources256

1QapGen 29 30 31 33 35 36 37 40

1QH430 40

1QM11 1211310ndash12 121175ndash6 51

1QpHab 56 125

1QS25 121211ndash15 207 208321ndash25 11749 18258 125119ndash10 1821120 40

1Q27 (1Q4QMys teries)1 i 1ndash8 56 202

4Q299 (1Q4QMys teries)3andashb ii 2ndash8 563andashb ii 9ndash16 56

4Q416 (4QIns truction)1 10ndash13 56 2021 12 1822 i 21ndashiv 13 562 ii 6 17 178

4Q417 (4QIns truction)1 i 6ndash9 561 i 10(11)ndash12 56 2021 i 12ndash13 561 i 14 561 i 16 115 1821 i 17 1821 i 24 56 2022 i 17ndash24 562 i 19 21ndash22 178

4Q418 (4QIns truction)69 ii 6ndash9 56 202

69 ii 12ndash13 5681 1ndash2 18281 2ndash5 5681 4 11581 5 11581 20 56 20288 56103 56107 56123 5ndash8 56

4Q423 (4QIns truction)5 3 565 5ndash6 56

4Q503 115

4Q521 16 54 135 137 159 160 161 162

4Q525 57 133

4QDeut j 1214 121

4QIsa 135

4QMMTC 4ndash9 125

11Q11 124

11Q13 135 137

11QPsa 191ndash18 121

11QT545 2075715ndash19 208669ndash11 207

Targums4QtgJob 314QtgLev 3111QtgJob 31 33 35 40

257Index of Ancient Sources

Josephus

Ant14133ndash146 4415103 451982 123

Bell188 46

1131ndash11 441161ndash5 461213 461335 452101ndash5 1232116 183

Babylonian Texts

Gilgamesh 112

Greek and Latin Authors

Dio CassiusHis t59271 120

HomerOd10503ndash15 1121112ndash22 112

PlatoPhaed111cndash112e 112

Senecade Ben2121ndash2 120

Seneca the ElderControv9210 183

TacitusAnn632 120

His t59 183

Apos tolic and Church Fathers

1 Clement132 153292 121394ndash5 121

2 Clement32 190134 148

Apos tolic Cons titutions721 152

722 148 150 151722ndash6 147725 149 150726 148 153

AthanasiusFes t Let 3911 14

Canons of the Holy Apos tles4ndash5 152

Index of Ancient Sources258

Chrysos tomHom Mt342 180

Clement of AlexandriaS trom4641 139 143

Didache11ndash63 1412c 15213b 148 14913bndash5b 11 12 13 15 16

71 147 151 15413bndash21 5 11 14 15 15013c 15113cndash4a 1413d 15 14814 1414a 1614b 15 14914c 91 15014d 15 149 150 15115a 15015b 148 15381ndash2 1482 16103bndash122a 14113 16113ndash137 14153ndash4 16161ndash8 210 211 212

EusebiusHis t Eccl3254

IrenaeusAdv Haer1101 1214162 121

Jus tin Martyr1 Apol159 148

2 Apol25 121

OrigenC Cels870 180

PolycarpPhilippians22ndash3 153

Shepherd of HermasMandate 24ndash6 153

Similitude535ndash8 138

Rabbinic Literature

j Ber3b 5b 5c 31 37 38

j Ket35a 31 37

j Šab3a 38d 31 37

j Taʿan65b 4069ab 125

R Gen72 313813 31 37796 31

R Num193 31 38

TargumsCairo BGen 414 31 33 34 37 41

259Index of Ancient Sources

Cairo FExod 1913 37Deut 346 37

Neof I Gen 414 31 33 41Gen 95ndash6 37Gen 4922 36

Papyri Manuscripts and Inscriptions

Br Mus Or 9271 14P Oxy 1 17P Oxy 654 17

P Oxy 655 17 143 180P Oxy 1782 14 15 148 151Sf III 16ndash17 40

Index of Modern Authors

Achtemeier P 139 141Adams S L 56 72 202Alexander P S 31 32Allison D C 1 2 3 5 12 22 24 66

75 77 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 90 91 94 96 98 99 103 105 107 112 117 119 120 123 125 129 130 131 133 134 135 136 138 139 140 144 147 148 149 150 152 153 155 158 160 163 169 170 172 175 176 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 193 197 198 200 205

Anderson A A 124Anderson F I 113Andrejevs O 25 164 172 190Arcari L 44Argall R A 47 72 202Arnal W E 23 24 48 59 61 63 65

66 67 68 78 86 104 123 125 132 134 136 150 191 194 208 214

Attridge H W 17Audet J-P 14Avigad N 29 30

Bailey K 102Bauckham R 12Baum A D 1Bazzana G B 1 3 24 59 178 198Beasley-Murray G R 158Berger K 104Bergmeier R 159 160 162Betz D H 3 24 51 103 146 179 183de Begraveze T 27Bird M F 159 198 199Black C C 11Black M 26 28 30 31 32 35 36 37

40 168Blenkinsopp J 135 136 137Boccaccini G 32 43 44 50Boring M E 38 183 184 185 188

192 211

Borsch F H 185Bovon F 5 19 93 95 96 98 99 106

140 177 179 184 185 198Bowman J W 28 33Boyarin D 23Breuer Y 34Brin G 208Broadhead E K 3 89Brodie T L 163Brooke G J 43 160Brown R E 11 12 102 130 157 158Broyles C C 123Bultmann R 3 60 98 111 132 156

158 184 185 186 187 188 201Burkett D 27 213Bussmann W 26

Campbell J Y 28 46Caragounis C C 27 29 39Carroll J T 3Carruth S 119Casey P M 29 34 35 37 39 41Cas tor G D 4 5Catchpole D R 21 77 90 96 99 129

131 145 147 156 157 159 164 175 188 198 208

Chang A 199Charlesworth J H 31 42 43 44 45

46 47 72 160 171 185Chazon E G 115 202Cheung L L 12Childs B S 163Chilton B D 26 36 39 117 130Clark D J 109Collins A Y 39 41 47 50 51 52 103

114 188 193 211Collins J J 23 40 43 48 49 50 51

52 53 57 76 77 121 126 160 161 162 163 168 202

Colpe C 25 26 28 29 31 32 36 37 39 40 45 140

Index of Modern Authors262

Conzelmann H 96 97Cotter W J 61 104 132 156 163 165

166 170 191Cromhout M 61 145 191Crossan J D 39 89 94 98 134

Dalman G 27 29 30Damm A 171Davidson M J 114Davies W D 1 2 3 91 99 119 120

131 138 139 140 149 150 169 172 179 180 184 185 193 197 200

DeConick A D 11 17 20 21 138 139 192

Derrenbacker R A 1 24Di Lella A A 73Dibelius M 12Diacuteez Macho A 30Dimant D 160DiTommaso L 57Doering L 208Downing F G 23 64Draper J A 13 14 15 16 68 156Dundenberg I 11Dunn J D G 1 149 183Dupont J 97 116Durham J I 163

Eldridge M D 117Elgvin T 49 56 57 115 202Eshel H 44

Fiebig P 26 27 28 34 37 39Fitzmyer J A 1 2 3 8 19 26 28 30

31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 82 91 95 97 98 117 118 119 130 131 133 138 139 140 146 149 163 177 179 208

Fleddermann H T 2 6 10 11 59 62 69 83 84 85 86 87 90 91 93 95 97 98 101 103 104 105 109 129 130 134 140 144 148 150 152 156 157 163 166 170 176 177 179 184 185 189 199 200 203 205 211

Flusser D 14 15Fos ter P 1 3 6 12 26Freedman H 32Frenschkowski M 145Frey J 56Freyne S 159 199

Funk F X 14 147

Garciacutea Martiacutenez F 49 57 160 162 202 208

Garrow A 13Gathercole S 17 19 20 138 139 181Gerber C 203Gibson J B 116Gieschen C A 147Ginsburger M 30Glover R 13 16Goering G S 72 125Goff M J 55 56 57 79 84 115 178

202Goodacre M 1 17 19Greenfield J C 27Greeven H 12Gregg B H 90 97 186 198 204Grenfell B P 14 17Guelich R A 193Guenther H O 26Gundry R H 150 181 197

Haenchen E 12 139 157 158 201Hahn F 185Han K S 124 125 200Hannah D D 42 43 45 46Hare D R A 38 39 40 184 185Harrington D J 33 55 57 202 Hartin P J 12 61 119 166Hasitschka M 118Heil C 5 38 60 99 119 181Higgins A J B 184Hill A E 163Hindley J C 43Hoffmann P 5 38 55 67 70 75 77

80 96 99 112 145 167 170 184 185

Holtzmann H J 4Hooker M D 45Horsley R 68 156 198 199 200van der Hors t P W 73Hossfeld F L 124Howard G 146Howes L 26 39 43 61 65 77 81 133

140 141 142 166 167 170 185 188 190 212

Hubbard B J 38Hultgren S 160 162Hunt A S 14 17

263Index of Modern Authors

van Iersel B M F 102

Jacobson A D 5 26 39 49 54 60 61 64 75 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 85 87 90 94 96 97 98 106 129 132 140 144 152 156 157 167 170 171 184 185 187 201 207 210

Jefford C N 13 14 15Jeremias J 179 198 204Jervis L A 55Jewett R 149Johnson L A 178 208Johnson L T 12Johnson-DeBaufre M 66 103 163Jonas H 51de Jonge H J 24 185Jongeling B 35Joseph S J 1 21 23 24 45 46 47 48

51 52 68 103 125 132 134 136 142 144 153 156 159 160 161 162 164 178 180 181 182 184 185 187 190 191 200 201 202 206 208 214 215

Jus t A A 102

Kahle P 26 30 31 36Kampen J L 162 209Kaufman S A 31 32 36 40Keener C S 183Kirk A 2 4 5 6 10 15 24 55 59 60

61 62 66 67 68 69 71 72 73 75 76 77 78 79 83 84 85 86 87 88 90 94 96 98 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 111 114 129 152 155 156 166 177 179 184 189 190 197 203 207 208 214 215

Kloppenborg J S 1 2 3 4 5 11 12 13 14 15 17 19 21 22 23 24 25 26 38 39 50 51 53 54 55 57 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 86 87 88 89 90 95 97 98 99 103 104 107 108 111 112 121 122 123 124 125 126 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 139 140 141 142 143 144 147 148 150 151 155 156 157 158 160 162 163 164 165 166 167 170 171 172 175 176 180 181 182 183 184 187 189

190 191 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 208 210 211 212 213

Knibb M A 46 202Koes ter H 15 38 48 60 61 63 66

148Koumlhler W D 16Kraus H-J 124Kutscher E Y 30 35 36

Lang B 201Laurence R 41Leives tad R 43Levine A-J 208Lichtenberger H 124Lindars B 29 34 37 39 43 184 185

188Lohfink N 118Lukaszewski A 25 27Luz U 3 10 60 74 75 78 81 87 90

91 93 95 96 97 99 102 106 111 131 134 140 142 145 148 150 151 166 169 180 181 184 185 197 198 199 201 204 207

Luumldemann G 183Luumlhrmann D 61 64 78 111 140 157

158 165 180 184

Mack B L 23 38 43 61 133 135 170Magness J 160Malherbe A 192 211Manson T W 5 28 101Maori Y 32Marcus J 8 11 41 47 102 183 188

193 199 211Marshall I H 3Martiacutenez R 166 167Martyn J L 183Maumlrz C-P 90 94McDermott J M 185McNamara M J 31Meadors E P 62 66 67 72 74 76 77

166 168 201Meadors G T 137Menken M J J 116 117Meyer A 27Meyer P D 157Middleton P 182Milik J P 36 42 43 187Milikowsky C 181Miller R J 63 201

Index of Modern Authors264

Mitchell D C 124Moller H B 29Moreland M 23Moss C 182Mournet T C 1Muraoka T 35 38Muumlnch C 203

Neirynck F 2 3 4 11 22 26 90 98 99 116 130 140 149

Nickelsburg G 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 52 53 76 106 112 113 122 126 141 168 172 202 210 213

Niebuhr K W 159Niederwimmer K 13 14 15 16 148

151 152Nielsen K 114 115Nolland J 179Novakovic L 160 162

Odeberg H 36Oegema G S 116Owen P 25 29 35

Patterson S J 17 18 21 61 63Perrin N 186Pervo R I 183Pietersma A 146Piovanelli P 44 45Piper R A 61 82 112 176 190Ploeg J P M 35Pokornyacute P 11 17 19 117 139Polag A 62 73 89 90 94Porter S E 180 181Porton G G 38Pries t J 126Propp W H C 163Puech Eacute 133 160 162

Ra Y 39 132 145 155 170 184 185Reicke B 141Riesner R 183Robbins M C 51 103 113 115 117

121 125Robbins V K 104Robinson J M 2 5 24 26 34 38 39

41 43 55 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 77 96 103 119 129 131 132 134 135 140 142 143 144 145

156 160 165 166 167 180 181 184 185 186 187 188 190 200 201 202

Rodd C S 6 7 9Rollens S E 2 3 23 24 26 61 132

182 191Roth D T 2 6 7 10 11 54 90 145

165 191 192 203 204 205 206Rothschild C K 90 159 164Royse J R 146Roumlsel M 146

Sacchi P 43 44 45 47Sandt H 5 14 15Sato M 3 59 62 74 75 76 77 79 80

82 83 87 90 94 98 111 134 170 176 184

Schalit A 44Schenk W 62 73 89 90 103 170 176Schiavo L 104 112 113Schiffman L H 57 160Schnackenburg R 12 157 158Schniedewind W M 160Schroumlter J 180Schulz S 74 132 165 167 176 179

201 210Schuumlrmann H 8 130 167 170Seeley D 132 141 142Segal M 43 114 121Sellew P 193Sevenich-Bax E 103 105Shelton J 163Shepherd D 29 35Shinall M C 51Shirock R J 102Sjoumlberg E 28 29 35 39 45Skeat T C 180Skehan P W 73Smith D A 96 201 202 203So K-C 157Sokoloff M 35Somov A 181Spranger P P 204S taples J A 145 146 154S teck O H 61 64 132 201S tone M E 45S treeter B H 4 12 130S trugnell J 55S tuckenbruck L T 27 30 47 51 65

114 121Syreeni K 4 15 153

265Index of Modern Authors

Tabor J D 160Tannehil R C 178 208Taylor N H 120 123 183Theissen G 123Theophilos M P 126Tigchelaar E J C 56Tiwald M 3 23 160Toumldt H E 47 184 185 186 187Tuckett C M 1 3 6 9 11 13 14 15

17 23 26 49 50 53 54 61 62 63 66 68 72 76 77 84 86 90 94 95 98 112 114 119 121 125 130 134 140 150 154 156 157 158 160 166 170 184 193 199 205 206 207 208 210

Uhlig S 45Uro R 26 62 185

Vaage L E 23 24 26 39 61 133 165 167 170 171 190 191 210

VanderKam J C 43 46 57 168Vassiliadis P 89 94de Vaux R 56Vermes G 26 28 29 31 32 33 34 35

36 37 38 39 40 43 140 160 184

Wacholder B Z 209

von Wahlde U C 12 158Wahlen C 51Walck L W 46 52Watson F 1Weaks J A 6 7Weinfeld M 118 146 207 208Weiser A 124Weiss B 130Wellhausen J 26Welch J W 102Wernberg-Mѳller P 36Wes termann C 135 136Williams P J 35Wilson W T 149Wins ton D 46 72Wise M O 160Witetschek S 86 167Wolter M 90van der Woude A S 35Wright III B J 72 202

Xeravits G G 202

York A D 32

Zeller D 63 69 111 165 212Zenger E 124

Index of Subjects

Abel-Main (Tell Abl) 45Abraham 32 157Agrippa I 123 183Ahab 118 121angel of Yahweh 163angelicheavenly rebellion 121 125Antigonus 43aphaeresis 27 32 34 36 38apocalypse 48ndash as incorrectly applied to Mk 133ndash37

211ndash as incorrectly applied to Q 1723ndash37

210 211apocalypticndash Chris tianity 53ndash discourse 211ndash framework 57 121ndash inaccurately used as a noun 49ndash literature 47 53 54 135ndash language in Ben Sira 72ndash tradition 56 57 186ndash wisdom ins tructions other than Q 56

57 77 202ndash worldview (outside of Q see its at-

tes tation in Q referenced separately below) 24 49 50 51 55 57 87 121

apocalypticism 25 87 58 62ndash and apocalypse 48 49ndash and eschatology 48ndash as a literary category 48 79ndash as a dis tortion of Godrsquos intended

order 23ndash as compatible with wisdom in late

second temple literature 57 62 66 70 72 154 202

ndash as having a place outside the genre of an apocalypse 49

ndash as synonymous with apocalyptic worldview 49

ndash in Pauline thought 192ndash in sectarian environments 53

ndash in recent Q scholarship 48ndash methodological definitions of 50 54

186Aramaic 25 26 46 70 140 187 204

213ndash OfficialImperialBiblical 26 27 35

40ndash Middle 26 27 30 32 33 34 35 36

37 38 40 41 52 167 170 187 188ndash Late 26 27 28 32 33 34 35 36 37

38 41 140 187ndash Galilean 29 36 38ndash Qumran 31 32 35 38Athaliah 125Augus tus 45

Babylonian Exile 118Banias 45βασιλείαndash as a hypothetical metaphor reflecting

the social interes ts of Qrsquos author(s) 48

ndash as a political entity 120ndash of God 23 48 73 95 108 123 132

177 178 182 183 184 192 194 206 207

ndash of Satan 51 114ndash realized 142beatitude(s) 82 91 93 105 131 132

133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 153

Bethsaida 45 56 93

Caesarea Philippi 46(Cairo) Geniza fragments 28 29 30 32

36 37Capernaum 45 56 93chiasm 83 85 101 102 103 109 118

120chias tic 85 101 103 106 107 108 120

152 197

Index of Subjects268

Chorazin 56 93chreia(s) 63 71 104 105 120 211chreiic 65 86 104 105 111 156chris tology (see the Q discussion refer-

enced separately below)ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 17ndash in Luke 19ndash in Mark 131circumcision 159 209Claudius 183cosmic mountain 114 119Cynic(s) 23

Dan 45 47Darius I 163Deuteronomis t 118Deuteronomis tic His tory 146deuteronomis ticndash agenda 156ndash context(s) 143 153ndash framework 53 54ndash motifs 118 127ndash orientation 64ndash outlook 61 82 114ndash redaction 80ndash rhetoric 136ndash s tratums trata 78ndash theme 78ndash tradition 79ndash unders tanding 64devil 51 66 114 117 119 120 121 123

124

Elijah 96 116 118 126 162 163 164ElijahElisha cycle 162 163Enoch 44 45 47 51 76 112 113 157

172 202ndash as a scribe 46ndash Book of Watchers 45 113 125ndash sapiential content in Watchers 76ndash Book of Parables 24 41 47 157 167

171 213ndash sapiential content in Parables 76ndash Epis tle of Enoch 43ndash his torical incarnation of 202ndash Seminar 47Enochicndash author 122ndash corpus 52 73ndash formulation 52

ndash framework 121ndash literaturetext 43 46 56ndash movement 47 53 157 210ndash mythology 113 114 122 164ndash Son of Man 172ndash tradents 46ndash tradition 43 46 47 79 113 122 157

215ndash Watchers myth 45 53 121eschatological prophetndash in 4Q521 160 162ndash in Q 164 165 166eschatology (see the Q discussion refer-

enced separately below) 47 48 50ndash in 1 Enoch 42 47 76 122 141 142

168 169ndash in 4Q521 159 160 162ndash in 4QIns truction 56ndash in Ben Sira 72ndash in Malachi 163 164ndash in Psalms of Solomon 159ndash in Trito-Isaiah 136Exodusndash legendmyth 117ndash imagerymotifs 116 163

form (literary)ndash and meaning 82ndash and worldview 76ndash apocalypse 49ndash criticism 61 62 63 67 68 69 70

74 156 170 214ndash miracle s tory 156ndash wisdom 84ndash (wisdom) ins truction 70 71

Gaius (Caligula) 44 46 123Galilee 23 36 44 45 47 56 73 131

171 194 215ndash village scribes 48ndash villagestowns 24 93 199Gentile(s) 9 87 96 120 126 155 157

158 159 164 167 168 169 173 198 199 209 215

Great Omission 8 9

HasidicHasidim 79 162Hebrew 25 35 39 40 41 42 204Hebrew Biblescriptures 24 118 127

136 160

269Index of Subjects

Hermogenes 171mt Hermon 45 46 47Herod the Great and the Herodian era

43 44 45 46 126Herodians 45(holy) Spirit 72 94 178 189Hulah Valley 45

Isaiah (see the Index of Ancient Sources for specific passages)

ndash Deutero 46 135 136 168 169ndash firs t-century reader of 135ndash Trito 51 54 135 136 137 143 154

163 200Israelndash in Ben Sira 125ndash in Daniel 168ndash in Deuteronomy 118ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 139ndash in the Hebrew Bible 198 199ndash in Jubilees 121ndash in Malachi 163ndash in Q 53 64 78 80 87 96 104 118

127 155 156 158 198 199ndash pre-exilic 50ndash traditional wisdom of 58ndash wilderness myth 117

James (son of Zebedee) 183Jerusalem 44 72 96 106 108 113 119

125 159 166 199 200ndash culttemple 136 137 163 214ndash pries thood 45 47 127Jesusndash as an apocalyptic figure in Q 38ndash as a literary character in Q 21ndash floating traditions ascribed to 48ndash his torical 21 29 37 43 47 73 116

141 142 164 165 171 172 186 198ndash his torical greeting of in Jerusalem

106ndash movement 23ndash tradition 161Jewish Chris tianityndash as a movement in a contes ted envi-

ronment 43 183ndash as a proliferation of groups and

communities 183ndash on the use of the term 23

ndash possible connection to the Enochic movement 47

Jewish War 200John (the Baptis t) 68 78 80 83 85 90

91 92 97 103 104 105 116 159 163 164 165 166 167 169 172

ndash followers of 159 165 166ndash his torical 159 165Journeysndash cosmicterres trial 76 112 113 114

119 122 127ndash heavenly 45 112 113Judea 36 44 200 215

Kallirrhoeuml 45Kleinliteratur 3 4 59 60 73 215

Lordrsquos Prayer 93 94 177Lot 97 99

Maccabean era 126Mas tema 121Matthew and Luke as conservative

traditionalis ts 4Matthewrsquos and Lukersquos redactorial

freedom 4Matthewrsquos use of Q 4messiah 106 116 162 164 210messiahship 123messianic 116 210Migdal 46mimesis 114 141minor agreements 15 130Minor Prophets 146Moses 117

Nag Hammadi 17Nimrod 32

oralndash possible cross-influence on the Gos-

pel of Thomas from the canonical gospels 11 193

ndash harmonization of Matthew and Luke 16

ndash life of the primitive community 60ndash performance 15 16 161ndash source utilization 15ndash tradition 17 98 151ndash transmission 188

Index of Subjects270

ndash usage and application of Q 4ndash usage of Matthew 15ndash variants of Q 4Oxyrhynchus 17

Paneion 46Parousia 116 186 193Parthian invasion of 40 BCE 44 46Paulndash his torical 149 183ndash possible awareness of the Q tradition

by 192persecutionndash as an apocalyptic motif 54ndash because of someone 142ndash in authentic Pauline corpus 149 183ndash in Q 52 54 78 94 107 118 122

126 132 133 134 140 141 142 143 144 175 180 181 182 184 190 194 200 206

ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 138ndash in the Parables of Enoch 141ndash in Trito-Isaiah 137 200ndash plausibility of 182 183Pharisees 65 68 94 166 169 205 206

214pleroma 39prophecyndash pre-exilic and Persian era (classical)

50ndash mixture of with wisdom 77Prophetisierung 75

Qndash apocalypticism apocalyptic motifs

features imagination framework and worldview 23 25 46 53 57 58 63 69 70 71 73 76 79 84 87 88 111 114 121 127 141 175 190 194 197 202 210 211 213 214

ndash apocalyptic document 48 51ndash apocalyptic wisdom ins truction 23

55 70 73 74 77 79 214ndash (apocalyptic) communitymovement

55 107 122 194 195 206 209ndash Aramaic roots 26ndash chris tology 70 81 83 87 93 104

115 116 123 130 131 142 144 145 147 153 154 156 157 159 164 166 167 194 214

ndash demonology 51 53ndash eschatological (apocalyptic) dis-

course 64 83 97 98 170 210 211 212

ndash eschatology 48 51 54 56 69 73 75 87 94 95 101 104 105 108 133 141 142 143 144 147 159 164 165 166 167 169 172 180 192 193 194 198 199 202 203 210

ndash final (literary) form 59 62 69 78 178

ndash hypothetical mid- (lower) level or sub-elite scribal origin 24 59

ndash hypothetical recensions 3 4 59 60 90 98

ndash hypothetical segregation of wisdom and apocalyptic s trata 60 66 67 70 213 214

ndash mission speech 23 56 86 87 92 104 105 107 173 182 194

ndash Pales tinian character 24ndash possible authenticity of its content

22 81ndash prophetic content 61 63 67 70 74

75 76 77 79 80 82 83 142 143 176

ndash recons truction (CEQ) 5 6 10 90 (see also recons truction [in this s tudy] below as such frequently follows the CEQ)

ndash recons truction (feasibility) 2 3 4 10 11

ndash recons truction (in this s tudy) 60 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 111 116 119 120 123 130 131 134 144 147 148 149 151 152 165 169 170 172 175 176 177 178 179 181 184 191 193 199 204 207 213 215

ndash recons truction (methodology) 5 89 90

ndash recons truction (skepticism) 2 10 59 (see also recons tructed Mark below)

ndash sapiential content 12 62 63 67 77 79 80 82 130 154 175 191 202 214

ndash sermon 63 82 91 92 103 105 127 129 130 131 134 135 138 140 144 145 147 152 153 154 155 156

ndash sophis ticated scribal traditions 24ndash sub-literary view of 3 59 60 74

271Index of Subjects

ndash tradents 4 59 67 125 135 147 181 182 197 199 202 203 207 209 214

ndash tradition 13 17 87 161 163 164 186 187 192 202

Quintillian 171Qumran (see the Index of Ancient

Sources for specific documents)ndash apocalyptic worldview 50 135ndash Aramaic corpus 33ndash beatitude collection 133ndash communitymovementYahad 44 53

56 121 135 136 137 157 160 161 206 207 208 209

ndash demonology 124ndash discovery 29ndash fellowship with angels 115ndash fragments of 1 Enoch 44ndash library 43ndash manualsrules 82ndash sapiential literature 25 55 56 57

58 62 69ndash social setting 43

recons tructed Mark 2 6 7 8 9 10RomeRomans 44 91 121 126 159

199 207ndash occupation of Judea 44

sage(s) 55 56 79 84Samaria 44Satan 50 51 52 53 114 115 117 118

120 121 159 192scribe(s) 102 205ndash ancient reading practices of 102ndash as a Q opponent group 68 169 205ndash as advanced or elite readers of Q

102 103ndash Enochic 46 215ndash in Matthewrsquos community (other than

Matthew) 4ndash in the Q community 48 135 195

215ndash in the text of Q 169 172ndash memory competence of 4 102ndash responsible for 2 Enoch 112ndash responsible for Did 13bndash5b 15scriptorium 46Sefire 27 37Sepphoris 38 46Sermon on the Mount 15 16 87 94

Sermon on the Plain 15 16(Deutero-Isaianic) Servant 136 168 169Sidon 199Simeon II 125Son of Man 47 115ndash Aramaic background of the phrase

25 26 28 37 153ndash as a messianic title in the Parables of

Enoch 28 46ndash circumlocutional non-titular use of

the phrase in Late Aramaic 34ndash classifications of the phrasersquos Q

ins tances 26ndash designation of as Son of Humanity in

some recent research 39ndash his torical incarnation of as under-

s tood by some ancient authors 165 172

ndash hypothetical non-titular (circumlocu-tional or generic) use of the definite phrase in Middle Aramaic by the his torical Jesus and in Q 28 29 34 37 38 39 42 43 52 71 140 142 167 170 186 187

ndash in Daniel 41 42 186 213ndash in Luke 142 186ndash in Mark 41ndash in Matthew 99 142 186ndash in Q 25 26 34 38 39 42 43 46 47

52 53 64 67 69 70 71 96 98 104 106 115 116 123 141 142 147 164 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 176 185 186 187 188 189 191 194 201 203 210 212 213

ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 170ndash in the Parables of Enoch 25 28 41

42 43 44 45 46 47 122 141 142 146 147 153 155 164 165 168 169 172 173 202 213

ndash non-titular use of the indefinite phrase in Middle Aramaic 41

ndash titular (including but not limited to chris tological) use of the definite phrase in Q 34 38 52 53 64 70 104 123 142 143 147 167 168 172 173 185 186 187 189 191 194 201 203 210 212 213

Sondergut 89 90ndash Matthean 91ndash Lukan 94 95 97 98 177

Index of Subjects272

Sophiandash myth (Enochic tradition) 172 202ndash myth (synoptic tradition) 96 200

201ndash words of 96 201synopticndash gospels 11 150 151ndash material 16 151ndash parallels 18 19ndash problem 1ndash Sayings Source 3 216ndash s tudies 4ndash tradition 17 21 26 98 101 131 151

158 205 215Syria 215

Talmud 30 36 37 38Targum 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

38 40 41ndash recons truction of the Pales tinian Tar-

gum 32Taricheae 46Tell Dan 45templendash apparatusins titution 50 96 107

113 119 125 126 127 137 157 197 200 205

ndash eschatological 76

ndash purityholiness of 65 123 137ndash mitigatingprotective role 51 124ndash of Augus tus at Paneion 45ndash second temple era 25 41 44 48 56

62 70 71 72 79 82 84 121 124 136 137 154 163 186 201 209 213 216

ndash liturgy 124ndash mounthill 113ndash pollution of as perceived by some

ancient authors 113 125 136Theon of Alexandria 171Tiberias 38Torah 58 64 72 79 112 207 208 209transfiguration 47tree of knowledge 113Tyre 199

Vermes-Fitzmyer debate 28 38 39

Watchers 45 53 121Wicked Pries t 125

Yahweh 117 118

Zechariah (son of Jehoiada) 200mt Zion 113

  • Cover13
  • Titel13
  • Preface
  • Table of Contents13
  • List of Abbreviations
  • Chapter One Prolegomena
    • 1 Introduction Recent Methodological Questions in Q Studies
    • 2 The Study of Q as a Reconstructed Text
      • Index of Ancient Sources
      • Index of Modern Authors
      • Index of Subjects
Page 22: Apocalypticism in the Synoptic Sayings Source€¦ · Apocalypticism in the Synoptic Sayings Source A Reassessment of Q’s Stratigraphy Mohr Siebeck. Olegs Andrejevs, born 1982;

10 Chapter One Prolegomena

lack thereof the reconstructed Mark presents an analogy to Q that is at best tenuous

In light of the above observations my contention is that methodologically virtually the entire Q is likely to be accounted for in terms of its content39 That still leaves the question of the documentrsquos precise wording and its recovery Here Roth has argued that

there is a fundamental difference between conceiving of the ldquotext of Qrdquo as a reconstruction of its original wording and approaching it as a metaphorical and narratival realm an intertext as it were accessible through Matthew and Luke40

Roth further states as one of his monographrsquos objectives (which is primarily dedicated to the study of Qrsquos parables) an attempt to

advance Q studies by pursuing insight into the parables of Q through a different set of meth-odological approaches than those present in the reigning paradigm focusing upon word-level reconstruction The resultant exegetical work is not therefore in the first instance focused upon vocabulary and syntax of a reconstructed text but rather upon the narratival elements and structures characters images metaphors and theological emphases of an ldquointertextrdquo41

I see no reason to contest Rothrsquos objections to an uncritical acceptance of the CEQ text (of course the CEQ editors have already noted that it is only a work-ing reconstruction)42 Pending the surfacing of an actual copy of Q any recon-struction of its wording is necessarily going to remain hypothetical and thus subject to continued analysis Still to suggest that the hypothetical nature of the enterprise undermines its results perhaps runs the risk ldquothat a methodologi-cal limitation becomes an ontological description of Q itselfrdquo43 Roth admits that his own study of narratival and metaphorical elements ldquocannot function on an entirely lsquowordlessrsquo levelrdquo proposing as a solution that Qrsquos text should be accessed exclusively through the wording of Matthew and Luke44 Such drastic restrictions are in my opinion unnecessary In light of the previous discussion it is possible to assert from a methodologically sound position that Qrsquos recon-structions are not ldquopotentially faultyrdquo to the degree suggested by Roth45 While a precise word-by-word recovery may not be possible or even necessary in every verse of the synoptic double tradition a reliable near-word-level recon-struction of Q appears consistently attainable This is suggested by Lukersquos (and frequently Matthewrsquos) aforementioned preference of Qrsquos wording in the MarkQ parallels Matthewrsquos and Lukersquos slightly superior degree of verbal

39 See further Fleddermann Commentary 73ndash74 Luz ldquoQ in Matthewrdquo 45 (while positing

the existence of QMatt Luz concludes that it ldquodid not differ substantiallyrdquo from the main body of the Q source)

40 Roth Parables 41 41 Ibid 44ndash45 42 Ibid 38ndash39 Roth (ibid) also critiques Fleddermannrsquos alternative reconstruction 43 Kirk Q in Matthew 152 44 Roth Parables 40ndash41 45 Ibid 44

Index of Ancient Sources

Hebrew Bible (LXX)

Genesis414 28 3361ndash4 5062 4 (LXX) 115723 (LXX) 981316 331417 36174ndash6 1991710ndash14 1591817ndash18 1991826 (LXX) 981917 (LXX) 982218 199264 199

Exodus161ndash36 117171ndash7 1181715 (LXX) 1242114 (LXX) 1242225ndash26 1502320ndash21 23 1632415ndash16 (LXX) 472520 (LXX) 124

Numbers111ndash9 1172319 40

Deuteronomy324 (LXX) 146612ndash15 118613 (LXX) 116616 (LXX) 116 11882ndash3 11783 (LXX) 116811ndash20 118812ndash15 (LXX) 117

926 (LXX) 146159 (LXX) 205241ndash4 79 208 2092410ndash17 1502918ndash20 207319 25ndash26 209328ndash9 (LXX) 1213211 201

Joshua2313 (LXX) 207

Ruth212 201

1 Samuel27 (LXX) 1371821 (LXX) 207

1 Kings627 (LXX) 12486 (LXX) 1241717ndash24 162191ndash18 116 118 119194 (LXX) 117195 (LXX) 118198 (LXX) 117 1181910 14 (LXX) 1182219ndash23 (LXX) 121

2 Kings216 (LXX) 112 116418ndash37 16251ndash14 163

2 Chronicles58 (LXX) 1242314 125

Index of Ancient Sources246

Ezra91ndash2 1371018ndash44 137

Job16 11521 1151621 40256 40358 40387 115

Psalms2 16869 (LXX) 19785 40102 9 137178 2013510 137367 201605 (LXX) 124614 2016923 (LXX) 207722ndash12 1378018 40813 (LXX) 137901ndash2 4 (LXX) 124906 (LXX) 1249011ndash12 (LXX) 123914 2011063 (LXX) 1981091 (LXX) 4110916 22 13611826 1061457ndash8 (LXX) 1611463 401476 137

Proverbs1ndash9 55236 (LXX) 205264ndash5 189

Isaiah1ndash39 13511 168253ndash4 (LXX) 137315 201355 (LXX) 16140ndash55 135

426 168427 18 (LXX) 161435 198491ndash8 1685112 4055ndash66 135562 40563ndash8 136585ndash7 13860ndash62 135611 (LXX) 160 161611ndash2 (LXX) 48 134611ndash3 (LXX) 132 135 136 137665 (LXX) 1376618ndash20 164 198

Jeremiah317ndash18 164 1984918 33 405040 405143 40

Ezekiel8ndash11 112 11382 11440ndash48 112 113402 113403 114

Daniel713 27 40 41 168 213817 40

Amos13 (LXX) 20413ndash28 7528 15035 (LXX) 18086 (LXX) 137

Haggai220ndash22 163

Zechariah315 13787 198

Malachi16ndash29 163210ndash16 163

247Index of Ancient Sources

31 163 164 322ndash23 (LXX) 163

Old Tes tament Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha

1 Enoch1ndash5 761ndash36 4621ndash54 1226ndash11 526ndash16 4766 4573ndash6 1221021 164 198123ndash4 46124 113 125137 45139 45148ndash164 76151 46152ndash4 125171 11417ndash19 112 11320ndash36 112 113215 114242ndash257 113261ndash275 113323ndash6 11337ndash71 41 45 186 213381ndash6 122384ndash5 45391ndash3 45396 108413ndash8 76418 44421ndash2 (3) 126 171 201422 170451ndash6 76455 4546 52461ndash8 141462ndash4 42464ndash6 45468 46471ndash4 14148ndash49 52481 202481ndash10 141482 42

483 202483ndash7 168488ndash9 (10) 45 122492 4 168493 202505 76513 (5a) 168 172 20251ndash52 5252ndash56 112526 9 168531ndash5 45 122536 46 168542 45543ndash4 76545ndash6 45547 210554 45 108561ndash4 45565ndash8 43 44 45571 198591ndash6023 766010 4261ndash63 46 52621ndash9 45622ndash3 122624ndash6312 122625ndash14 42631ndash12 45 122632ndash4 106637 1236311 426312 76651ndash663 52671ndash681 52678ndash13 43 44 45 1226926ndash29 42 52701 42715ndash17 447113(14)ndash17 42 1418215ndash20 7683ndash84 52891ndash9 528973ndash74 1139038 164

Index of Ancient Sources248

1006 1681049ndash13 47

2 Enoch31ndash221 113101ndash6 112

3 Baruch3ndash17 113163 204

3 Enoch11ndash12 113

Ascension of Isaiah610ndash15 113

Baruch437 19855 198

Bel and the Dragon36 112 114 116

Jubilees11ndash8 209120 12122 114727 52102 52105 52106 121108ndash11 52 114 121114 121115 521114ndash1214 321220 1211525ndash34 1591531ndash32 114 1211928 121492 52

Letter of Aris teas155 145

Psalms of Solomon219 159823 30 1591112 1981731 164 1981810ndash12 76

Sirach21ndash17 72 86212 87143ndash7 2051410ndash11 202241ndash12 125247ndash11 1262410ndash11 1592525ndash26 2072611 2053113 2053522ndash3622 723824ndash3911 17243 76501ndash24 125

The Sentences of the Syriac Menander340ndash46 189

Tes tament of Abraham81ndash12 113

Tes tament of Levi26ndash57 113

Tes tament of Moses51ndash62 126

Tobit145ndash7 164 198

Vita Adae et Evae61ndash103 116121ndash161 115

Wisdom of Solomon410ndash15 46418ndash513 46

249Index of Ancient Sources

New Tes tament

Q32ndash958 (59ndash60) 101 103 104 108

126 155 173 17537 5237ndash9 16ndash17 5 54 64 68 70 90

104 11637ndash735 78 80 81 83 85

101 102 103317 54 9141ndash13 5 51 52 53 64 65

66 78 91 104 111 112 113 114 115 118 119 126 152 153 155 156

41ndash4 116 11745ndash8 114 119 121 122

123 15949ndash12 (13) 47 51 65 96 123

157 200416 91 129 130 131

153620ndash49 16 63 82 91 104

105 129 130 131 153

620b 12 91 132620bndash21 48 132 133 134

135 136 137620bndash23 5 131 132 143621a 12 20 91 132622 12 17 24 25 26

38 71 140 141 153 167 170 194 205

622ndash23 17 20 52 53 54 96 132 133 134 136 139 140 141 142 206

623c 64 82 129 132 139 140 142 143

627ndash35 (36) 13 16 71 129 147 151 152 153 154

629 24 91 150630 24 150631 91 152637ndash38 12 92640 92 144646 92 104 144 145

146 153 154 203

647ndash49 12 92 14471ndash10 9 64 92 104 126

155 156 158 169 197 199

76 145 20379 87 96 104 156

157 158 167 173 194 198 199

718ndash19 159 167718ndash23 159718ndash28 64 166718ndash960 92722 16 54 134 135

161 163 164 172727 96 163731ndash35 64 70 92 165 166

169 170 171733 51 53734 24 26 52 165 167

169 170 172735 166 170957ndash58 (59ndash60) 92 105 111 155

169 170 171957ndash62 63959ndash60 172 173958 24 25 26 27 38

52 71 164 165 169 170 171 172

959 145102ndash16 5 56 63 70 86

158 170 175 182 215

102ndash24 92102ndash1240 101 105 107 108

175 205104 48 92109 73 931012 93 1751012ndash15 54 64 82 861013ndash15 47 56 70 80 81

82 86 87 96 107 126 175 199 212

1016 72 931021 56 81 87 93 96

173 2091021ndash22 54 56 78 79 81

82 145 1941021ndash24 64 107

Index of Ancient Sources250

1022 81 93 114 116 145 146 203 209

1023ndash24 17 93 106112ndash4 9ndash13 5 63 78 93 117

176 177 179 180112b 48 178 184114 24 178119ndash13 12 93 176 177

178 179 180 1811114 51 1761114ndash20 52 531114ndash32 931114ndash52 64 107 1791118 51 53 93 114 121

1591124ndash26 51 53 9311(16) 29ndash32 9 54 70 96 2121130 24 26 52 1861133ndash52 93 2051134 93 2051139ndash52 70 107 126 1691142c 64 66 1251149 521149ndash51 47 53 54 66 96

118 119 157 2001151 52 200 205122ndash12 5 70 94 107 155

180 181 182 183 184 194

123 72 94124ndash5 54 70 73 181 182

190124ndash7 94 121 122 176

179 180 181 194 214

125 181 204128 24 26 38 54 185

187 188 189128ndash9 52 69 94 167 184

186 187 188 189 214

128ndash10 54 64 69 71 82 175 176 183 184 187 189 190 194 212

129 184 185 1881210 24 26 94 185 187

188 1891211ndash12 54 70 72 73 94

181 182 214

1222ndash31 (33ndash34) 63 73 176 177 178 179 180 190 192

1222ndash40 941224 23 178 1801227 231231 48 94 1841233 12 48 1911233ndash34 69 94 191 1921235ndash38 94 108 190 2031235ndash46 1081235ndash59 94 1081235ndash2230 101 105 108 109

197 2031239 17 18 95 1911239ndash40 18 20 54 70 71

94 105 175 190 191 192 193 203 212

1239ndash59 64 1911240 24 52 69 95 167

186 191 1931242ndash46 52 53 54 69 70

95 191 192 197 203 204 205 206 212

1245 96 2051246 2041251 20 951251ndash59 1081252ndash53 201256 171258ndash59 24 951318ndash19 20ndash21 5 20 48 63 95

108 2071318ndash24 951324 63 951325ndash30 54 63 82 871325ndash1423 54 95 96 126 158

1991327 52 53 96 118 1981328ndash29 96 198 1991334 52 125 2061334ndash35 47 53 54 63 66

81 82 83 96 105 106 107 108 109 118 119 125 157 194 198 200 201 202

1335 51 54 96 106 202

251Index of Ancient Sources

1411 54 961416ndash23 (24) 63 82 971423 541426 72 97 2151426ndash27 1733 20 63 72 971426ndash176 971427 54 97 140 141

182 2141434ndash35 63 97154ndash5a 7 20 63 97 108 2091613 12 63 94 971616 64 97 207 2091616ndash18 2061617 17 63 64 66 79

97 125 206 207 208 209

1616(17)ndash172 197 206 2081618 24 63 79 97 206

207 208 209171ndash2 97 207 208171ndash6 63173ndash4 18 20 98176 18 20 78 98 108

2101720ndash21 17 981723 98 2101723ndash37 54 64 69 70 71

98 167 170 197 210 211 212

1723ndash2230 108 2111724 26 30 24 52 98 991733 54 97 182 2141734ndash35 98 991912ndash26 64 69 99 108 197

203 204 205 206 212

1912ndash2230 991922 2052228ndash30 5 54 64 99 108

212

Matthew37 52310 9542 11745 12448 119 120413 130 1315ndash7 94 10251 119

54 13458 138511 (12) 52 205512 142515 7539 149 150540 15 150541 15 89 91 149 150542 150 151544 148 149544ndash45 91 149545 20861ndash18 94612 177619ndash21 94620 191623 205624 94625ndash34 94626 178627 177630 178 17975 1877 17779 177711 178 179712 152723 52724 26 9185ndash13 199810 155811ndash12 198 199819 169820 27 142 171821 172822 173829 12191ndash8 7920ndash22 97922 7937 92107 731026 71029 1801032 184 1891032ndash33 91 1841034 951038 731039 141115 134 163

Index of Ancient Sources252

1119 1691122ndash45 931125 2081217 731232 1841239 52 2051243 1241311 13 71342 951416 71521ndash28 97162bndash3 951613ndash28 1401617ndash19 471625 141171 1191717 7186 208186ndash22 97188ndash9 951825 971928 991929 992030 130219 1062131 972133ndash41 (42ndash46) 7 19221ndash14 18236ndash7 206237 1662334 522334ndash36 962335 522337 52 1972337ndash39 81 105 201243ndash41 210 211244ndash14 72423 982443 1912443ndash44 1932445 2062448 (49) 52 205251ndash13 972514ndash30 992526 28 2052530 992531 992541 95 121266ndash13 972640ndash41 7

2669 71 1302669ndash75 1892732 912755 97285 130289ndash10 972816ndash18 1192818 120

Mark114 21 131123ndash26 121124 130129ndash31 18821ndash12 731 14937ndash12 188313 114327 93328 188328ndash29 18443ndash8 193411ndash12 7413 177430ndash32 20 193438 177421ndash22 7435ndash41 9525ndash34 97534 761ndash6a 188615 163635ndash44 9637 7645ndash52 9645ndash826 971ndash23 9724ndash30 9 9781ndash10 9811ndash13 9822ndash26 9827 140827ndash98 47828 163831ndash33 121834ndash35 20835 141838 184 19092 11492ndash8 47

253Index of Ancient Sources

919 7943ndash47 951028 73 1791029 201035ndash40 1831039 1881046ndash52 91047 130119 1061117 7 1771122ndash23 25ab 18 201124 1801129ndash30 7121ndash9 (10ndash12) 7 19129 191211 191226 177133ndash37 210 211135ndash13 71315ndash16 991321 98143ndash9 971437ndash38 71447 95 1491462 411466ndash72 1891467 130151ndash5 951521 911541 97166 130

Luke15ndash25 10237 5242 11745 12246b 7 12046cd 120 121416 130416ndash30 188425ndash27 9438ndash39 188517ndash26 766 149617ndash19 188621 134622 205623 142625 134

627 149627ndash28 148628 149629 15 150630 150 151634 151635 91 208642 18646 146647ndash49 9179 155722 163734 169735 166 208810 7816ndash17 7824 177831 121848 7912ndash17 9913 7924 141926 190941 7957 169958 171959 172960 173102 92109 731017ndash20 1211021 208114 177115ndash8 97 177119 1771111 1771112 1171113 178 1791120 511121ndash22 931124 124 2051124ndash26 931129 52 2051143 166 2061149 521150 521151 52124 73 179126 180128 184

Index of Ancient Sources254

128ndash9 911211 731213ndash21 971223a 1771224 177 1781228 1791233 1911235ndash38 89 941239 1911239ndash40 1931242 2061245 52 2051249 89 951254ndash56 95131ndash35 1021327 52 1971328ndash29 1981334 52 1971415ndash24 181427 73158ndash10 97172 2081711ndash19 981720 981721 981722 981728ndash29 89 98 991731 991732 991733 971835ndash43 91912ndash27 991922 24 2051927 991938 96 1061941ndash44 961946 177209ndash16 (17ndash19) 7 192018 192037 177218ndash19 7223 1212228ndash30 992246 72249ndash51 952250 1492254ndash62 188234 14 952413ndash33 102

John446 158446ndash54 157448 158631ndash58 117844 121123 1061225ndash26 201231 1211430 1211611 1211828ndash1916 102

Acts23 9521ndash4 18951ndash11 189109ndash16 9121ndash2 183123ndash19 183

Romans1214 149

1 Corinthians412 14963 121 192132 18 20

2 Corinthians41ndash6 19244 121

Galatians113ndash14 18343 8ndash9 121 192

Ephesians21ndash2 121 192612 121 192

1 Thessalonians214ndash16 183218 121 19251ndash11 19252 20 19255ndash6 192

2 Thessalonians21ndash12 210 211

255Index of Ancient Sources

2 Timothy211ndash13 190

Hebrews1137 204

James 315ndash17 12444ndash7 121

1 Peter314 132 139 143319ndash20 47414 132 139 141 14358 121

2 Peter24ndash5 47 121

Jude16ndash7 121

Revelation110ndash20 113113 18635 19041ndash11 113123ndash4 121171ndash3 114173ndash18 112 113219ndash27 112 1132110 113

New Tes tament Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha

Gospel of Thomas1ndash71 1731ndash3 2161ndash4 1710 19 95111 1713 21161ndash2 20 95163 2017 1720ndash21 71 193201ndash4 20 192215ndash8 18 19 20 192243 36ndash39 17261ndash2 18262ndash331 1731 21361ndash3 19 143 180473 2148 18 19 20

54 137 13855 2058 17 13864 18 1965 1968 20 132 138 139

14068ndash69 19 139 143691 17 138692 19 20 137 13877 2179 2186 169 170103 17106ndash107 19 201131ndash2 9

Pseudo-Clementine Homilies12313 180

Dead Sea Scrolls

CD214ndash41 125412ndash14 121 124 125419ndash52 208

51ndash5 2091316ndash17 207122ndash3 121161ndash2 125

Index of Ancient Sources256

1QapGen 29 30 31 33 35 36 37 40

1QH430 40

1QM11 1211310ndash12 121175ndash6 51

1QpHab 56 125

1QS25 121211ndash15 207 208321ndash25 11749 18258 125119ndash10 1821120 40

1Q27 (1Q4QMys teries)1 i 1ndash8 56 202

4Q299 (1Q4QMys teries)3andashb ii 2ndash8 563andashb ii 9ndash16 56

4Q416 (4QIns truction)1 10ndash13 56 2021 12 1822 i 21ndashiv 13 562 ii 6 17 178

4Q417 (4QIns truction)1 i 6ndash9 561 i 10(11)ndash12 56 2021 i 12ndash13 561 i 14 561 i 16 115 1821 i 17 1821 i 24 56 2022 i 17ndash24 562 i 19 21ndash22 178

4Q418 (4QIns truction)69 ii 6ndash9 56 202

69 ii 12ndash13 5681 1ndash2 18281 2ndash5 5681 4 11581 5 11581 20 56 20288 56103 56107 56123 5ndash8 56

4Q423 (4QIns truction)5 3 565 5ndash6 56

4Q503 115

4Q521 16 54 135 137 159 160 161 162

4Q525 57 133

4QDeut j 1214 121

4QIsa 135

4QMMTC 4ndash9 125

11Q11 124

11Q13 135 137

11QPsa 191ndash18 121

11QT545 2075715ndash19 208669ndash11 207

Targums4QtgJob 314QtgLev 3111QtgJob 31 33 35 40

257Index of Ancient Sources

Josephus

Ant14133ndash146 4415103 451982 123

Bell188 46

1131ndash11 441161ndash5 461213 461335 452101ndash5 1232116 183

Babylonian Texts

Gilgamesh 112

Greek and Latin Authors

Dio CassiusHis t59271 120

HomerOd10503ndash15 1121112ndash22 112

PlatoPhaed111cndash112e 112

Senecade Ben2121ndash2 120

Seneca the ElderControv9210 183

TacitusAnn632 120

His t59 183

Apos tolic and Church Fathers

1 Clement132 153292 121394ndash5 121

2 Clement32 190134 148

Apos tolic Cons titutions721 152

722 148 150 151722ndash6 147725 149 150726 148 153

AthanasiusFes t Let 3911 14

Canons of the Holy Apos tles4ndash5 152

Index of Ancient Sources258

Chrysos tomHom Mt342 180

Clement of AlexandriaS trom4641 139 143

Didache11ndash63 1412c 15213b 148 14913bndash5b 11 12 13 15 16

71 147 151 15413bndash21 5 11 14 15 15013c 15113cndash4a 1413d 15 14814 1414a 1614b 15 14914c 91 15014d 15 149 150 15115a 15015b 148 15381ndash2 1482 16103bndash122a 14113 16113ndash137 14153ndash4 16161ndash8 210 211 212

EusebiusHis t Eccl3254

IrenaeusAdv Haer1101 1214162 121

Jus tin Martyr1 Apol159 148

2 Apol25 121

OrigenC Cels870 180

PolycarpPhilippians22ndash3 153

Shepherd of HermasMandate 24ndash6 153

Similitude535ndash8 138

Rabbinic Literature

j Ber3b 5b 5c 31 37 38

j Ket35a 31 37

j Šab3a 38d 31 37

j Taʿan65b 4069ab 125

R Gen72 313813 31 37796 31

R Num193 31 38

TargumsCairo BGen 414 31 33 34 37 41

259Index of Ancient Sources

Cairo FExod 1913 37Deut 346 37

Neof I Gen 414 31 33 41Gen 95ndash6 37Gen 4922 36

Papyri Manuscripts and Inscriptions

Br Mus Or 9271 14P Oxy 1 17P Oxy 654 17

P Oxy 655 17 143 180P Oxy 1782 14 15 148 151Sf III 16ndash17 40

Index of Modern Authors

Achtemeier P 139 141Adams S L 56 72 202Alexander P S 31 32Allison D C 1 2 3 5 12 22 24 66

75 77 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 90 91 94 96 98 99 103 105 107 112 117 119 120 123 125 129 130 131 133 134 135 136 138 139 140 144 147 148 149 150 152 153 155 158 160 163 169 170 172 175 176 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 193 197 198 200 205

Anderson A A 124Anderson F I 113Andrejevs O 25 164 172 190Arcari L 44Argall R A 47 72 202Arnal W E 23 24 48 59 61 63 65

66 67 68 78 86 104 123 125 132 134 136 150 191 194 208 214

Attridge H W 17Audet J-P 14Avigad N 29 30

Bailey K 102Bauckham R 12Baum A D 1Bazzana G B 1 3 24 59 178 198Beasley-Murray G R 158Berger K 104Bergmeier R 159 160 162Betz D H 3 24 51 103 146 179 183de Begraveze T 27Bird M F 159 198 199Black C C 11Black M 26 28 30 31 32 35 36 37

40 168Blenkinsopp J 135 136 137Boccaccini G 32 43 44 50Boring M E 38 183 184 185 188

192 211

Borsch F H 185Bovon F 5 19 93 95 96 98 99 106

140 177 179 184 185 198Bowman J W 28 33Boyarin D 23Breuer Y 34Brin G 208Broadhead E K 3 89Brodie T L 163Brooke G J 43 160Brown R E 11 12 102 130 157 158Broyles C C 123Bultmann R 3 60 98 111 132 156

158 184 185 186 187 188 201Burkett D 27 213Bussmann W 26

Campbell J Y 28 46Caragounis C C 27 29 39Carroll J T 3Carruth S 119Casey P M 29 34 35 37 39 41Cas tor G D 4 5Catchpole D R 21 77 90 96 99 129

131 145 147 156 157 159 164 175 188 198 208

Chang A 199Charlesworth J H 31 42 43 44 45

46 47 72 160 171 185Chazon E G 115 202Cheung L L 12Childs B S 163Chilton B D 26 36 39 117 130Clark D J 109Collins A Y 39 41 47 50 51 52 103

114 188 193 211Collins J J 23 40 43 48 49 50 51

52 53 57 76 77 121 126 160 161 162 163 168 202

Colpe C 25 26 28 29 31 32 36 37 39 40 45 140

Index of Modern Authors262

Conzelmann H 96 97Cotter W J 61 104 132 156 163 165

166 170 191Cromhout M 61 145 191Crossan J D 39 89 94 98 134

Dalman G 27 29 30Damm A 171Davidson M J 114Davies W D 1 2 3 91 99 119 120

131 138 139 140 149 150 169 172 179 180 184 185 193 197 200

DeConick A D 11 17 20 21 138 139 192

Derrenbacker R A 1 24Di Lella A A 73Dibelius M 12Diacuteez Macho A 30Dimant D 160DiTommaso L 57Doering L 208Downing F G 23 64Draper J A 13 14 15 16 68 156Dundenberg I 11Dunn J D G 1 149 183Dupont J 97 116Durham J I 163

Eldridge M D 117Elgvin T 49 56 57 115 202Eshel H 44

Fiebig P 26 27 28 34 37 39Fitzmyer J A 1 2 3 8 19 26 28 30

31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 82 91 95 97 98 117 118 119 130 131 133 138 139 140 146 149 163 177 179 208

Fleddermann H T 2 6 10 11 59 62 69 83 84 85 86 87 90 91 93 95 97 98 101 103 104 105 109 129 130 134 140 144 148 150 152 156 157 163 166 170 176 177 179 184 185 189 199 200 203 205 211

Flusser D 14 15Fos ter P 1 3 6 12 26Freedman H 32Frenschkowski M 145Frey J 56Freyne S 159 199

Funk F X 14 147

Garciacutea Martiacutenez F 49 57 160 162 202 208

Garrow A 13Gathercole S 17 19 20 138 139 181Gerber C 203Gibson J B 116Gieschen C A 147Ginsburger M 30Glover R 13 16Goering G S 72 125Goff M J 55 56 57 79 84 115 178

202Goodacre M 1 17 19Greenfield J C 27Greeven H 12Gregg B H 90 97 186 198 204Grenfell B P 14 17Guelich R A 193Guenther H O 26Gundry R H 150 181 197

Haenchen E 12 139 157 158 201Hahn F 185Han K S 124 125 200Hannah D D 42 43 45 46Hare D R A 38 39 40 184 185Harrington D J 33 55 57 202 Hartin P J 12 61 119 166Hasitschka M 118Heil C 5 38 60 99 119 181Higgins A J B 184Hill A E 163Hindley J C 43Hoffmann P 5 38 55 67 70 75 77

80 96 99 112 145 167 170 184 185

Holtzmann H J 4Hooker M D 45Horsley R 68 156 198 199 200van der Hors t P W 73Hossfeld F L 124Howard G 146Howes L 26 39 43 61 65 77 81 133

140 141 142 166 167 170 185 188 190 212

Hubbard B J 38Hultgren S 160 162Hunt A S 14 17

263Index of Modern Authors

van Iersel B M F 102

Jacobson A D 5 26 39 49 54 60 61 64 75 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 85 87 90 94 96 97 98 106 129 132 140 144 152 156 157 167 170 171 184 185 187 201 207 210

Jefford C N 13 14 15Jeremias J 179 198 204Jervis L A 55Jewett R 149Johnson L A 178 208Johnson L T 12Johnson-DeBaufre M 66 103 163Jonas H 51de Jonge H J 24 185Jongeling B 35Joseph S J 1 21 23 24 45 46 47 48

51 52 68 103 125 132 134 136 142 144 153 156 159 160 161 162 164 178 180 181 182 184 185 187 190 191 200 201 202 206 208 214 215

Jus t A A 102

Kahle P 26 30 31 36Kampen J L 162 209Kaufman S A 31 32 36 40Keener C S 183Kirk A 2 4 5 6 10 15 24 55 59 60

61 62 66 67 68 69 71 72 73 75 76 77 78 79 83 84 85 86 87 88 90 94 96 98 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 111 114 129 152 155 156 166 177 179 184 189 190 197 203 207 208 214 215

Kloppenborg J S 1 2 3 4 5 11 12 13 14 15 17 19 21 22 23 24 25 26 38 39 50 51 53 54 55 57 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 86 87 88 89 90 95 97 98 99 103 104 107 108 111 112 121 122 123 124 125 126 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 139 140 141 142 143 144 147 148 150 151 155 156 157 158 160 162 163 164 165 166 167 170 171 172 175 176 180 181 182 183 184 187 189

190 191 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 208 210 211 212 213

Knibb M A 46 202Koes ter H 15 38 48 60 61 63 66

148Koumlhler W D 16Kraus H-J 124Kutscher E Y 30 35 36

Lang B 201Laurence R 41Leives tad R 43Levine A-J 208Lichtenberger H 124Lindars B 29 34 37 39 43 184 185

188Lohfink N 118Lukaszewski A 25 27Luz U 3 10 60 74 75 78 81 87 90

91 93 95 96 97 99 102 106 111 131 134 140 142 145 148 150 151 166 169 180 181 184 185 197 198 199 201 204 207

Luumldemann G 183Luumlhrmann D 61 64 78 111 140 157

158 165 180 184

Mack B L 23 38 43 61 133 135 170Magness J 160Malherbe A 192 211Manson T W 5 28 101Maori Y 32Marcus J 8 11 41 47 102 183 188

193 199 211Marshall I H 3Martiacutenez R 166 167Martyn J L 183Maumlrz C-P 90 94McDermott J M 185McNamara M J 31Meadors E P 62 66 67 72 74 76 77

166 168 201Meadors G T 137Menken M J J 116 117Meyer A 27Meyer P D 157Middleton P 182Milik J P 36 42 43 187Milikowsky C 181Miller R J 63 201

Index of Modern Authors264

Mitchell D C 124Moller H B 29Moreland M 23Moss C 182Mournet T C 1Muraoka T 35 38Muumlnch C 203

Neirynck F 2 3 4 11 22 26 90 98 99 116 130 140 149

Nickelsburg G 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 52 53 76 106 112 113 122 126 141 168 172 202 210 213

Niebuhr K W 159Niederwimmer K 13 14 15 16 148

151 152Nielsen K 114 115Nolland J 179Novakovic L 160 162

Odeberg H 36Oegema G S 116Owen P 25 29 35

Patterson S J 17 18 21 61 63Perrin N 186Pervo R I 183Pietersma A 146Piovanelli P 44 45Piper R A 61 82 112 176 190Ploeg J P M 35Pokornyacute P 11 17 19 117 139Polag A 62 73 89 90 94Porter S E 180 181Porton G G 38Pries t J 126Propp W H C 163Puech Eacute 133 160 162

Ra Y 39 132 145 155 170 184 185Reicke B 141Riesner R 183Robbins M C 51 103 113 115 117

121 125Robbins V K 104Robinson J M 2 5 24 26 34 38 39

41 43 55 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 77 96 103 119 129 131 132 134 135 140 142 143 144 145

156 160 165 166 167 180 181 184 185 186 187 188 190 200 201 202

Rodd C S 6 7 9Rollens S E 2 3 23 24 26 61 132

182 191Roth D T 2 6 7 10 11 54 90 145

165 191 192 203 204 205 206Rothschild C K 90 159 164Royse J R 146Roumlsel M 146

Sacchi P 43 44 45 47Sandt H 5 14 15Sato M 3 59 62 74 75 76 77 79 80

82 83 87 90 94 98 111 134 170 176 184

Schalit A 44Schenk W 62 73 89 90 103 170 176Schiavo L 104 112 113Schiffman L H 57 160Schnackenburg R 12 157 158Schniedewind W M 160Schroumlter J 180Schulz S 74 132 165 167 176 179

201 210Schuumlrmann H 8 130 167 170Seeley D 132 141 142Segal M 43 114 121Sellew P 193Sevenich-Bax E 103 105Shelton J 163Shepherd D 29 35Shinall M C 51Shirock R J 102Sjoumlberg E 28 29 35 39 45Skeat T C 180Skehan P W 73Smith D A 96 201 202 203So K-C 157Sokoloff M 35Somov A 181Spranger P P 204S taples J A 145 146 154S teck O H 61 64 132 201S tone M E 45S treeter B H 4 12 130S trugnell J 55S tuckenbruck L T 27 30 47 51 65

114 121Syreeni K 4 15 153

265Index of Modern Authors

Tabor J D 160Tannehil R C 178 208Taylor N H 120 123 183Theissen G 123Theophilos M P 126Tigchelaar E J C 56Tiwald M 3 23 160Toumldt H E 47 184 185 186 187Tuckett C M 1 3 6 9 11 13 14 15

17 23 26 49 50 53 54 61 62 63 66 68 72 76 77 84 86 90 94 95 98 112 114 119 121 125 130 134 140 150 154 156 157 158 160 166 170 184 193 199 205 206 207 208 210

Uhlig S 45Uro R 26 62 185

Vaage L E 23 24 26 39 61 133 165 167 170 171 190 191 210

VanderKam J C 43 46 57 168Vassiliadis P 89 94de Vaux R 56Vermes G 26 28 29 31 32 33 34 35

36 37 38 39 40 43 140 160 184

Wacholder B Z 209

von Wahlde U C 12 158Wahlen C 51Walck L W 46 52Watson F 1Weaks J A 6 7Weinfeld M 118 146 207 208Weiser A 124Weiss B 130Wellhausen J 26Welch J W 102Wernberg-Mѳller P 36Wes termann C 135 136Williams P J 35Wilson W T 149Wins ton D 46 72Wise M O 160Witetschek S 86 167Wolter M 90van der Woude A S 35Wright III B J 72 202

Xeravits G G 202

York A D 32

Zeller D 63 69 111 165 212Zenger E 124

Index of Subjects

Abel-Main (Tell Abl) 45Abraham 32 157Agrippa I 123 183Ahab 118 121angel of Yahweh 163angelicheavenly rebellion 121 125Antigonus 43aphaeresis 27 32 34 36 38apocalypse 48ndash as incorrectly applied to Mk 133ndash37

211ndash as incorrectly applied to Q 1723ndash37

210 211apocalypticndash Chris tianity 53ndash discourse 211ndash framework 57 121ndash inaccurately used as a noun 49ndash literature 47 53 54 135ndash language in Ben Sira 72ndash tradition 56 57 186ndash wisdom ins tructions other than Q 56

57 77 202ndash worldview (outside of Q see its at-

tes tation in Q referenced separately below) 24 49 50 51 55 57 87 121

apocalypticism 25 87 58 62ndash and apocalypse 48 49ndash and eschatology 48ndash as a literary category 48 79ndash as a dis tortion of Godrsquos intended

order 23ndash as compatible with wisdom in late

second temple literature 57 62 66 70 72 154 202

ndash as having a place outside the genre of an apocalypse 49

ndash as synonymous with apocalyptic worldview 49

ndash in Pauline thought 192ndash in sectarian environments 53

ndash in recent Q scholarship 48ndash methodological definitions of 50 54

186Aramaic 25 26 46 70 140 187 204

213ndash OfficialImperialBiblical 26 27 35

40ndash Middle 26 27 30 32 33 34 35 36

37 38 40 41 52 167 170 187 188ndash Late 26 27 28 32 33 34 35 36 37

38 41 140 187ndash Galilean 29 36 38ndash Qumran 31 32 35 38Athaliah 125Augus tus 45

Babylonian Exile 118Banias 45βασιλείαndash as a hypothetical metaphor reflecting

the social interes ts of Qrsquos author(s) 48

ndash as a political entity 120ndash of God 23 48 73 95 108 123 132

177 178 182 183 184 192 194 206 207

ndash of Satan 51 114ndash realized 142beatitude(s) 82 91 93 105 131 132

133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 153

Bethsaida 45 56 93

Caesarea Philippi 46(Cairo) Geniza fragments 28 29 30 32

36 37Capernaum 45 56 93chiasm 83 85 101 102 103 109 118

120chias tic 85 101 103 106 107 108 120

152 197

Index of Subjects268

Chorazin 56 93chreia(s) 63 71 104 105 120 211chreiic 65 86 104 105 111 156chris tology (see the Q discussion refer-

enced separately below)ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 17ndash in Luke 19ndash in Mark 131circumcision 159 209Claudius 183cosmic mountain 114 119Cynic(s) 23

Dan 45 47Darius I 163Deuteronomis t 118Deuteronomis tic His tory 146deuteronomis ticndash agenda 156ndash context(s) 143 153ndash framework 53 54ndash motifs 118 127ndash orientation 64ndash outlook 61 82 114ndash redaction 80ndash rhetoric 136ndash s tratums trata 78ndash theme 78ndash tradition 79ndash unders tanding 64devil 51 66 114 117 119 120 121 123

124

Elijah 96 116 118 126 162 163 164ElijahElisha cycle 162 163Enoch 44 45 47 51 76 112 113 157

172 202ndash as a scribe 46ndash Book of Watchers 45 113 125ndash sapiential content in Watchers 76ndash Book of Parables 24 41 47 157 167

171 213ndash sapiential content in Parables 76ndash Epis tle of Enoch 43ndash his torical incarnation of 202ndash Seminar 47Enochicndash author 122ndash corpus 52 73ndash formulation 52

ndash framework 121ndash literaturetext 43 46 56ndash movement 47 53 157 210ndash mythology 113 114 122 164ndash Son of Man 172ndash tradents 46ndash tradition 43 46 47 79 113 122 157

215ndash Watchers myth 45 53 121eschatological prophetndash in 4Q521 160 162ndash in Q 164 165 166eschatology (see the Q discussion refer-

enced separately below) 47 48 50ndash in 1 Enoch 42 47 76 122 141 142

168 169ndash in 4Q521 159 160 162ndash in 4QIns truction 56ndash in Ben Sira 72ndash in Malachi 163 164ndash in Psalms of Solomon 159ndash in Trito-Isaiah 136Exodusndash legendmyth 117ndash imagerymotifs 116 163

form (literary)ndash and meaning 82ndash and worldview 76ndash apocalypse 49ndash criticism 61 62 63 67 68 69 70

74 156 170 214ndash miracle s tory 156ndash wisdom 84ndash (wisdom) ins truction 70 71

Gaius (Caligula) 44 46 123Galilee 23 36 44 45 47 56 73 131

171 194 215ndash village scribes 48ndash villagestowns 24 93 199Gentile(s) 9 87 96 120 126 155 157

158 159 164 167 168 169 173 198 199 209 215

Great Omission 8 9

HasidicHasidim 79 162Hebrew 25 35 39 40 41 42 204Hebrew Biblescriptures 24 118 127

136 160

269Index of Subjects

Hermogenes 171mt Hermon 45 46 47Herod the Great and the Herodian era

43 44 45 46 126Herodians 45(holy) Spirit 72 94 178 189Hulah Valley 45

Isaiah (see the Index of Ancient Sources for specific passages)

ndash Deutero 46 135 136 168 169ndash firs t-century reader of 135ndash Trito 51 54 135 136 137 143 154

163 200Israelndash in Ben Sira 125ndash in Daniel 168ndash in Deuteronomy 118ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 139ndash in the Hebrew Bible 198 199ndash in Jubilees 121ndash in Malachi 163ndash in Q 53 64 78 80 87 96 104 118

127 155 156 158 198 199ndash pre-exilic 50ndash traditional wisdom of 58ndash wilderness myth 117

James (son of Zebedee) 183Jerusalem 44 72 96 106 108 113 119

125 159 166 199 200ndash culttemple 136 137 163 214ndash pries thood 45 47 127Jesusndash as an apocalyptic figure in Q 38ndash as a literary character in Q 21ndash floating traditions ascribed to 48ndash his torical 21 29 37 43 47 73 116

141 142 164 165 171 172 186 198ndash his torical greeting of in Jerusalem

106ndash movement 23ndash tradition 161Jewish Chris tianityndash as a movement in a contes ted envi-

ronment 43 183ndash as a proliferation of groups and

communities 183ndash on the use of the term 23

ndash possible connection to the Enochic movement 47

Jewish War 200John (the Baptis t) 68 78 80 83 85 90

91 92 97 103 104 105 116 159 163 164 165 166 167 169 172

ndash followers of 159 165 166ndash his torical 159 165Journeysndash cosmicterres trial 76 112 113 114

119 122 127ndash heavenly 45 112 113Judea 36 44 200 215

Kallirrhoeuml 45Kleinliteratur 3 4 59 60 73 215

Lordrsquos Prayer 93 94 177Lot 97 99

Maccabean era 126Mas tema 121Matthew and Luke as conservative

traditionalis ts 4Matthewrsquos and Lukersquos redactorial

freedom 4Matthewrsquos use of Q 4messiah 106 116 162 164 210messiahship 123messianic 116 210Migdal 46mimesis 114 141minor agreements 15 130Minor Prophets 146Moses 117

Nag Hammadi 17Nimrod 32

oralndash possible cross-influence on the Gos-

pel of Thomas from the canonical gospels 11 193

ndash harmonization of Matthew and Luke 16

ndash life of the primitive community 60ndash performance 15 16 161ndash source utilization 15ndash tradition 17 98 151ndash transmission 188

Index of Subjects270

ndash usage and application of Q 4ndash usage of Matthew 15ndash variants of Q 4Oxyrhynchus 17

Paneion 46Parousia 116 186 193Parthian invasion of 40 BCE 44 46Paulndash his torical 149 183ndash possible awareness of the Q tradition

by 192persecutionndash as an apocalyptic motif 54ndash because of someone 142ndash in authentic Pauline corpus 149 183ndash in Q 52 54 78 94 107 118 122

126 132 133 134 140 141 142 143 144 175 180 181 182 184 190 194 200 206

ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 138ndash in the Parables of Enoch 141ndash in Trito-Isaiah 137 200ndash plausibility of 182 183Pharisees 65 68 94 166 169 205 206

214pleroma 39prophecyndash pre-exilic and Persian era (classical)

50ndash mixture of with wisdom 77Prophetisierung 75

Qndash apocalypticism apocalyptic motifs

features imagination framework and worldview 23 25 46 53 57 58 63 69 70 71 73 76 79 84 87 88 111 114 121 127 141 175 190 194 197 202 210 211 213 214

ndash apocalyptic document 48 51ndash apocalyptic wisdom ins truction 23

55 70 73 74 77 79 214ndash (apocalyptic) communitymovement

55 107 122 194 195 206 209ndash Aramaic roots 26ndash chris tology 70 81 83 87 93 104

115 116 123 130 131 142 144 145 147 153 154 156 157 159 164 166 167 194 214

ndash demonology 51 53ndash eschatological (apocalyptic) dis-

course 64 83 97 98 170 210 211 212

ndash eschatology 48 51 54 56 69 73 75 87 94 95 101 104 105 108 133 141 142 143 144 147 159 164 165 166 167 169 172 180 192 193 194 198 199 202 203 210

ndash final (literary) form 59 62 69 78 178

ndash hypothetical mid- (lower) level or sub-elite scribal origin 24 59

ndash hypothetical recensions 3 4 59 60 90 98

ndash hypothetical segregation of wisdom and apocalyptic s trata 60 66 67 70 213 214

ndash mission speech 23 56 86 87 92 104 105 107 173 182 194

ndash Pales tinian character 24ndash possible authenticity of its content

22 81ndash prophetic content 61 63 67 70 74

75 76 77 79 80 82 83 142 143 176

ndash recons truction (CEQ) 5 6 10 90 (see also recons truction [in this s tudy] below as such frequently follows the CEQ)

ndash recons truction (feasibility) 2 3 4 10 11

ndash recons truction (in this s tudy) 60 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 111 116 119 120 123 130 131 134 144 147 148 149 151 152 165 169 170 172 175 176 177 178 179 181 184 191 193 199 204 207 213 215

ndash recons truction (methodology) 5 89 90

ndash recons truction (skepticism) 2 10 59 (see also recons tructed Mark below)

ndash sapiential content 12 62 63 67 77 79 80 82 130 154 175 191 202 214

ndash sermon 63 82 91 92 103 105 127 129 130 131 134 135 138 140 144 145 147 152 153 154 155 156

ndash sophis ticated scribal traditions 24ndash sub-literary view of 3 59 60 74

271Index of Subjects

ndash tradents 4 59 67 125 135 147 181 182 197 199 202 203 207 209 214

ndash tradition 13 17 87 161 163 164 186 187 192 202

Quintillian 171Qumran (see the Index of Ancient

Sources for specific documents)ndash apocalyptic worldview 50 135ndash Aramaic corpus 33ndash beatitude collection 133ndash communitymovementYahad 44 53

56 121 135 136 137 157 160 161 206 207 208 209

ndash demonology 124ndash discovery 29ndash fellowship with angels 115ndash fragments of 1 Enoch 44ndash library 43ndash manualsrules 82ndash sapiential literature 25 55 56 57

58 62 69ndash social setting 43

recons tructed Mark 2 6 7 8 9 10RomeRomans 44 91 121 126 159

199 207ndash occupation of Judea 44

sage(s) 55 56 79 84Samaria 44Satan 50 51 52 53 114 115 117 118

120 121 159 192scribe(s) 102 205ndash ancient reading practices of 102ndash as a Q opponent group 68 169 205ndash as advanced or elite readers of Q

102 103ndash Enochic 46 215ndash in Matthewrsquos community (other than

Matthew) 4ndash in the Q community 48 135 195

215ndash in the text of Q 169 172ndash memory competence of 4 102ndash responsible for 2 Enoch 112ndash responsible for Did 13bndash5b 15scriptorium 46Sefire 27 37Sepphoris 38 46Sermon on the Mount 15 16 87 94

Sermon on the Plain 15 16(Deutero-Isaianic) Servant 136 168 169Sidon 199Simeon II 125Son of Man 47 115ndash Aramaic background of the phrase

25 26 28 37 153ndash as a messianic title in the Parables of

Enoch 28 46ndash circumlocutional non-titular use of

the phrase in Late Aramaic 34ndash classifications of the phrasersquos Q

ins tances 26ndash designation of as Son of Humanity in

some recent research 39ndash his torical incarnation of as under-

s tood by some ancient authors 165 172

ndash hypothetical non-titular (circumlocu-tional or generic) use of the definite phrase in Middle Aramaic by the his torical Jesus and in Q 28 29 34 37 38 39 42 43 52 71 140 142 167 170 186 187

ndash in Daniel 41 42 186 213ndash in Luke 142 186ndash in Mark 41ndash in Matthew 99 142 186ndash in Q 25 26 34 38 39 42 43 46 47

52 53 64 67 69 70 71 96 98 104 106 115 116 123 141 142 147 164 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 176 185 186 187 188 189 191 194 201 203 210 212 213

ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 170ndash in the Parables of Enoch 25 28 41

42 43 44 45 46 47 122 141 142 146 147 153 155 164 165 168 169 172 173 202 213

ndash non-titular use of the indefinite phrase in Middle Aramaic 41

ndash titular (including but not limited to chris tological) use of the definite phrase in Q 34 38 52 53 64 70 104 123 142 143 147 167 168 172 173 185 186 187 189 191 194 201 203 210 212 213

Sondergut 89 90ndash Matthean 91ndash Lukan 94 95 97 98 177

Index of Subjects272

Sophiandash myth (Enochic tradition) 172 202ndash myth (synoptic tradition) 96 200

201ndash words of 96 201synopticndash gospels 11 150 151ndash material 16 151ndash parallels 18 19ndash problem 1ndash Sayings Source 3 216ndash s tudies 4ndash tradition 17 21 26 98 101 131 151

158 205 215Syria 215

Talmud 30 36 37 38Targum 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

38 40 41ndash recons truction of the Pales tinian Tar-

gum 32Taricheae 46Tell Dan 45templendash apparatusins titution 50 96 107

113 119 125 126 127 137 157 197 200 205

ndash eschatological 76

ndash purityholiness of 65 123 137ndash mitigatingprotective role 51 124ndash of Augus tus at Paneion 45ndash second temple era 25 41 44 48 56

62 70 71 72 79 82 84 121 124 136 137 154 163 186 201 209 213 216

ndash liturgy 124ndash mounthill 113ndash pollution of as perceived by some

ancient authors 113 125 136Theon of Alexandria 171Tiberias 38Torah 58 64 72 79 112 207 208 209transfiguration 47tree of knowledge 113Tyre 199

Vermes-Fitzmyer debate 28 38 39

Watchers 45 53 121Wicked Pries t 125

Yahweh 117 118

Zechariah (son of Jehoiada) 200mt Zion 113

  • Cover13
  • Titel13
  • Preface
  • Table of Contents13
  • List of Abbreviations
  • Chapter One Prolegomena
    • 1 Introduction Recent Methodological Questions in Q Studies
    • 2 The Study of Q as a Reconstructed Text
      • Index of Ancient Sources
      • Index of Modern Authors
      • Index of Subjects
Page 23: Apocalypticism in the Synoptic Sayings Source€¦ · Apocalypticism in the Synoptic Sayings Source A Reassessment of Q’s Stratigraphy Mohr Siebeck. Olegs Andrejevs, born 1982;

Index of Ancient Sources

Hebrew Bible (LXX)

Genesis414 28 3361ndash4 5062 4 (LXX) 115723 (LXX) 981316 331417 36174ndash6 1991710ndash14 1591817ndash18 1991826 (LXX) 981917 (LXX) 982218 199264 199

Exodus161ndash36 117171ndash7 1181715 (LXX) 1242114 (LXX) 1242225ndash26 1502320ndash21 23 1632415ndash16 (LXX) 472520 (LXX) 124

Numbers111ndash9 1172319 40

Deuteronomy324 (LXX) 146612ndash15 118613 (LXX) 116616 (LXX) 116 11882ndash3 11783 (LXX) 116811ndash20 118812ndash15 (LXX) 117

926 (LXX) 146159 (LXX) 205241ndash4 79 208 2092410ndash17 1502918ndash20 207319 25ndash26 209328ndash9 (LXX) 1213211 201

Joshua2313 (LXX) 207

Ruth212 201

1 Samuel27 (LXX) 1371821 (LXX) 207

1 Kings627 (LXX) 12486 (LXX) 1241717ndash24 162191ndash18 116 118 119194 (LXX) 117195 (LXX) 118198 (LXX) 117 1181910 14 (LXX) 1182219ndash23 (LXX) 121

2 Kings216 (LXX) 112 116418ndash37 16251ndash14 163

2 Chronicles58 (LXX) 1242314 125

Index of Ancient Sources246

Ezra91ndash2 1371018ndash44 137

Job16 11521 1151621 40256 40358 40387 115

Psalms2 16869 (LXX) 19785 40102 9 137178 2013510 137367 201605 (LXX) 124614 2016923 (LXX) 207722ndash12 1378018 40813 (LXX) 137901ndash2 4 (LXX) 124906 (LXX) 1249011ndash12 (LXX) 123914 2011063 (LXX) 1981091 (LXX) 4110916 22 13611826 1061457ndash8 (LXX) 1611463 401476 137

Proverbs1ndash9 55236 (LXX) 205264ndash5 189

Isaiah1ndash39 13511 168253ndash4 (LXX) 137315 201355 (LXX) 16140ndash55 135

426 168427 18 (LXX) 161435 198491ndash8 1685112 4055ndash66 135562 40563ndash8 136585ndash7 13860ndash62 135611 (LXX) 160 161611ndash2 (LXX) 48 134611ndash3 (LXX) 132 135 136 137665 (LXX) 1376618ndash20 164 198

Jeremiah317ndash18 164 1984918 33 405040 405143 40

Ezekiel8ndash11 112 11382 11440ndash48 112 113402 113403 114

Daniel713 27 40 41 168 213817 40

Amos13 (LXX) 20413ndash28 7528 15035 (LXX) 18086 (LXX) 137

Haggai220ndash22 163

Zechariah315 13787 198

Malachi16ndash29 163210ndash16 163

247Index of Ancient Sources

31 163 164 322ndash23 (LXX) 163

Old Tes tament Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha

1 Enoch1ndash5 761ndash36 4621ndash54 1226ndash11 526ndash16 4766 4573ndash6 1221021 164 198123ndash4 46124 113 125137 45139 45148ndash164 76151 46152ndash4 125171 11417ndash19 112 11320ndash36 112 113215 114242ndash257 113261ndash275 113323ndash6 11337ndash71 41 45 186 213381ndash6 122384ndash5 45391ndash3 45396 108413ndash8 76418 44421ndash2 (3) 126 171 201422 170451ndash6 76455 4546 52461ndash8 141462ndash4 42464ndash6 45468 46471ndash4 14148ndash49 52481 202481ndash10 141482 42

483 202483ndash7 168488ndash9 (10) 45 122492 4 168493 202505 76513 (5a) 168 172 20251ndash52 5252ndash56 112526 9 168531ndash5 45 122536 46 168542 45543ndash4 76545ndash6 45547 210554 45 108561ndash4 45565ndash8 43 44 45571 198591ndash6023 766010 4261ndash63 46 52621ndash9 45622ndash3 122624ndash6312 122625ndash14 42631ndash12 45 122632ndash4 106637 1236311 426312 76651ndash663 52671ndash681 52678ndash13 43 44 45 1226926ndash29 42 52701 42715ndash17 447113(14)ndash17 42 1418215ndash20 7683ndash84 52891ndash9 528973ndash74 1139038 164

Index of Ancient Sources248

1006 1681049ndash13 47

2 Enoch31ndash221 113101ndash6 112

3 Baruch3ndash17 113163 204

3 Enoch11ndash12 113

Ascension of Isaiah610ndash15 113

Baruch437 19855 198

Bel and the Dragon36 112 114 116

Jubilees11ndash8 209120 12122 114727 52102 52105 52106 121108ndash11 52 114 121114 121115 521114ndash1214 321220 1211525ndash34 1591531ndash32 114 1211928 121492 52

Letter of Aris teas155 145

Psalms of Solomon219 159823 30 1591112 1981731 164 1981810ndash12 76

Sirach21ndash17 72 86212 87143ndash7 2051410ndash11 202241ndash12 125247ndash11 1262410ndash11 1592525ndash26 2072611 2053113 2053522ndash3622 723824ndash3911 17243 76501ndash24 125

The Sentences of the Syriac Menander340ndash46 189

Tes tament of Abraham81ndash12 113

Tes tament of Levi26ndash57 113

Tes tament of Moses51ndash62 126

Tobit145ndash7 164 198

Vita Adae et Evae61ndash103 116121ndash161 115

Wisdom of Solomon410ndash15 46418ndash513 46

249Index of Ancient Sources

New Tes tament

Q32ndash958 (59ndash60) 101 103 104 108

126 155 173 17537 5237ndash9 16ndash17 5 54 64 68 70 90

104 11637ndash735 78 80 81 83 85

101 102 103317 54 9141ndash13 5 51 52 53 64 65

66 78 91 104 111 112 113 114 115 118 119 126 152 153 155 156

41ndash4 116 11745ndash8 114 119 121 122

123 15949ndash12 (13) 47 51 65 96 123

157 200416 91 129 130 131

153620ndash49 16 63 82 91 104

105 129 130 131 153

620b 12 91 132620bndash21 48 132 133 134

135 136 137620bndash23 5 131 132 143621a 12 20 91 132622 12 17 24 25 26

38 71 140 141 153 167 170 194 205

622ndash23 17 20 52 53 54 96 132 133 134 136 139 140 141 142 206

623c 64 82 129 132 139 140 142 143

627ndash35 (36) 13 16 71 129 147 151 152 153 154

629 24 91 150630 24 150631 91 152637ndash38 12 92640 92 144646 92 104 144 145

146 153 154 203

647ndash49 12 92 14471ndash10 9 64 92 104 126

155 156 158 169 197 199

76 145 20379 87 96 104 156

157 158 167 173 194 198 199

718ndash19 159 167718ndash23 159718ndash28 64 166718ndash960 92722 16 54 134 135

161 163 164 172727 96 163731ndash35 64 70 92 165 166

169 170 171733 51 53734 24 26 52 165 167

169 170 172735 166 170957ndash58 (59ndash60) 92 105 111 155

169 170 171957ndash62 63959ndash60 172 173958 24 25 26 27 38

52 71 164 165 169 170 171 172

959 145102ndash16 5 56 63 70 86

158 170 175 182 215

102ndash24 92102ndash1240 101 105 107 108

175 205104 48 92109 73 931012 93 1751012ndash15 54 64 82 861013ndash15 47 56 70 80 81

82 86 87 96 107 126 175 199 212

1016 72 931021 56 81 87 93 96

173 2091021ndash22 54 56 78 79 81

82 145 1941021ndash24 64 107

Index of Ancient Sources250

1022 81 93 114 116 145 146 203 209

1023ndash24 17 93 106112ndash4 9ndash13 5 63 78 93 117

176 177 179 180112b 48 178 184114 24 178119ndash13 12 93 176 177

178 179 180 1811114 51 1761114ndash20 52 531114ndash32 931114ndash52 64 107 1791118 51 53 93 114 121

1591124ndash26 51 53 9311(16) 29ndash32 9 54 70 96 2121130 24 26 52 1861133ndash52 93 2051134 93 2051139ndash52 70 107 126 1691142c 64 66 1251149 521149ndash51 47 53 54 66 96

118 119 157 2001151 52 200 205122ndash12 5 70 94 107 155

180 181 182 183 184 194

123 72 94124ndash5 54 70 73 181 182

190124ndash7 94 121 122 176

179 180 181 194 214

125 181 204128 24 26 38 54 185

187 188 189128ndash9 52 69 94 167 184

186 187 188 189 214

128ndash10 54 64 69 71 82 175 176 183 184 187 189 190 194 212

129 184 185 1881210 24 26 94 185 187

188 1891211ndash12 54 70 72 73 94

181 182 214

1222ndash31 (33ndash34) 63 73 176 177 178 179 180 190 192

1222ndash40 941224 23 178 1801227 231231 48 94 1841233 12 48 1911233ndash34 69 94 191 1921235ndash38 94 108 190 2031235ndash46 1081235ndash59 94 1081235ndash2230 101 105 108 109

197 2031239 17 18 95 1911239ndash40 18 20 54 70 71

94 105 175 190 191 192 193 203 212

1239ndash59 64 1911240 24 52 69 95 167

186 191 1931242ndash46 52 53 54 69 70

95 191 192 197 203 204 205 206 212

1245 96 2051246 2041251 20 951251ndash59 1081252ndash53 201256 171258ndash59 24 951318ndash19 20ndash21 5 20 48 63 95

108 2071318ndash24 951324 63 951325ndash30 54 63 82 871325ndash1423 54 95 96 126 158

1991327 52 53 96 118 1981328ndash29 96 198 1991334 52 125 2061334ndash35 47 53 54 63 66

81 82 83 96 105 106 107 108 109 118 119 125 157 194 198 200 201 202

1335 51 54 96 106 202

251Index of Ancient Sources

1411 54 961416ndash23 (24) 63 82 971423 541426 72 97 2151426ndash27 1733 20 63 72 971426ndash176 971427 54 97 140 141

182 2141434ndash35 63 97154ndash5a 7 20 63 97 108 2091613 12 63 94 971616 64 97 207 2091616ndash18 2061617 17 63 64 66 79

97 125 206 207 208 209

1616(17)ndash172 197 206 2081618 24 63 79 97 206

207 208 209171ndash2 97 207 208171ndash6 63173ndash4 18 20 98176 18 20 78 98 108

2101720ndash21 17 981723 98 2101723ndash37 54 64 69 70 71

98 167 170 197 210 211 212

1723ndash2230 108 2111724 26 30 24 52 98 991733 54 97 182 2141734ndash35 98 991912ndash26 64 69 99 108 197

203 204 205 206 212

1912ndash2230 991922 2052228ndash30 5 54 64 99 108

212

Matthew37 52310 9542 11745 12448 119 120413 130 1315ndash7 94 10251 119

54 13458 138511 (12) 52 205512 142515 7539 149 150540 15 150541 15 89 91 149 150542 150 151544 148 149544ndash45 91 149545 20861ndash18 94612 177619ndash21 94620 191623 205624 94625ndash34 94626 178627 177630 178 17975 1877 17779 177711 178 179712 152723 52724 26 9185ndash13 199810 155811ndash12 198 199819 169820 27 142 171821 172822 173829 12191ndash8 7920ndash22 97922 7937 92107 731026 71029 1801032 184 1891032ndash33 91 1841034 951038 731039 141115 134 163

Index of Ancient Sources252

1119 1691122ndash45 931125 2081217 731232 1841239 52 2051243 1241311 13 71342 951416 71521ndash28 97162bndash3 951613ndash28 1401617ndash19 471625 141171 1191717 7186 208186ndash22 97188ndash9 951825 971928 991929 992030 130219 1062131 972133ndash41 (42ndash46) 7 19221ndash14 18236ndash7 206237 1662334 522334ndash36 962335 522337 52 1972337ndash39 81 105 201243ndash41 210 211244ndash14 72423 982443 1912443ndash44 1932445 2062448 (49) 52 205251ndash13 972514ndash30 992526 28 2052530 992531 992541 95 121266ndash13 972640ndash41 7

2669 71 1302669ndash75 1892732 912755 97285 130289ndash10 972816ndash18 1192818 120

Mark114 21 131123ndash26 121124 130129ndash31 18821ndash12 731 14937ndash12 188313 114327 93328 188328ndash29 18443ndash8 193411ndash12 7413 177430ndash32 20 193438 177421ndash22 7435ndash41 9525ndash34 97534 761ndash6a 188615 163635ndash44 9637 7645ndash52 9645ndash826 971ndash23 9724ndash30 9 9781ndash10 9811ndash13 9822ndash26 9827 140827ndash98 47828 163831ndash33 121834ndash35 20835 141838 184 19092 11492ndash8 47

253Index of Ancient Sources

919 7943ndash47 951028 73 1791029 201035ndash40 1831039 1881046ndash52 91047 130119 1061117 7 1771122ndash23 25ab 18 201124 1801129ndash30 7121ndash9 (10ndash12) 7 19129 191211 191226 177133ndash37 210 211135ndash13 71315ndash16 991321 98143ndash9 971437ndash38 71447 95 1491462 411466ndash72 1891467 130151ndash5 951521 911541 97166 130

Luke15ndash25 10237 5242 11745 12246b 7 12046cd 120 121416 130416ndash30 188425ndash27 9438ndash39 188517ndash26 766 149617ndash19 188621 134622 205623 142625 134

627 149627ndash28 148628 149629 15 150630 150 151634 151635 91 208642 18646 146647ndash49 9179 155722 163734 169735 166 208810 7816ndash17 7824 177831 121848 7912ndash17 9913 7924 141926 190941 7957 169958 171959 172960 173102 92109 731017ndash20 1211021 208114 177115ndash8 97 177119 1771111 1771112 1171113 178 1791120 511121ndash22 931124 124 2051124ndash26 931129 52 2051143 166 2061149 521150 521151 52124 73 179126 180128 184

Index of Ancient Sources254

128ndash9 911211 731213ndash21 971223a 1771224 177 1781228 1791233 1911235ndash38 89 941239 1911239ndash40 1931242 2061245 52 2051249 89 951254ndash56 95131ndash35 1021327 52 1971328ndash29 1981334 52 1971415ndash24 181427 73158ndash10 97172 2081711ndash19 981720 981721 981722 981728ndash29 89 98 991731 991732 991733 971835ndash43 91912ndash27 991922 24 2051927 991938 96 1061941ndash44 961946 177209ndash16 (17ndash19) 7 192018 192037 177218ndash19 7223 1212228ndash30 992246 72249ndash51 952250 1492254ndash62 188234 14 952413ndash33 102

John446 158446ndash54 157448 158631ndash58 117844 121123 1061225ndash26 201231 1211430 1211611 1211828ndash1916 102

Acts23 9521ndash4 18951ndash11 189109ndash16 9121ndash2 183123ndash19 183

Romans1214 149

1 Corinthians412 14963 121 192132 18 20

2 Corinthians41ndash6 19244 121

Galatians113ndash14 18343 8ndash9 121 192

Ephesians21ndash2 121 192612 121 192

1 Thessalonians214ndash16 183218 121 19251ndash11 19252 20 19255ndash6 192

2 Thessalonians21ndash12 210 211

255Index of Ancient Sources

2 Timothy211ndash13 190

Hebrews1137 204

James 315ndash17 12444ndash7 121

1 Peter314 132 139 143319ndash20 47414 132 139 141 14358 121

2 Peter24ndash5 47 121

Jude16ndash7 121

Revelation110ndash20 113113 18635 19041ndash11 113123ndash4 121171ndash3 114173ndash18 112 113219ndash27 112 1132110 113

New Tes tament Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha

Gospel of Thomas1ndash71 1731ndash3 2161ndash4 1710 19 95111 1713 21161ndash2 20 95163 2017 1720ndash21 71 193201ndash4 20 192215ndash8 18 19 20 192243 36ndash39 17261ndash2 18262ndash331 1731 21361ndash3 19 143 180473 2148 18 19 20

54 137 13855 2058 17 13864 18 1965 1968 20 132 138 139

14068ndash69 19 139 143691 17 138692 19 20 137 13877 2179 2186 169 170103 17106ndash107 19 201131ndash2 9

Pseudo-Clementine Homilies12313 180

Dead Sea Scrolls

CD214ndash41 125412ndash14 121 124 125419ndash52 208

51ndash5 2091316ndash17 207122ndash3 121161ndash2 125

Index of Ancient Sources256

1QapGen 29 30 31 33 35 36 37 40

1QH430 40

1QM11 1211310ndash12 121175ndash6 51

1QpHab 56 125

1QS25 121211ndash15 207 208321ndash25 11749 18258 125119ndash10 1821120 40

1Q27 (1Q4QMys teries)1 i 1ndash8 56 202

4Q299 (1Q4QMys teries)3andashb ii 2ndash8 563andashb ii 9ndash16 56

4Q416 (4QIns truction)1 10ndash13 56 2021 12 1822 i 21ndashiv 13 562 ii 6 17 178

4Q417 (4QIns truction)1 i 6ndash9 561 i 10(11)ndash12 56 2021 i 12ndash13 561 i 14 561 i 16 115 1821 i 17 1821 i 24 56 2022 i 17ndash24 562 i 19 21ndash22 178

4Q418 (4QIns truction)69 ii 6ndash9 56 202

69 ii 12ndash13 5681 1ndash2 18281 2ndash5 5681 4 11581 5 11581 20 56 20288 56103 56107 56123 5ndash8 56

4Q423 (4QIns truction)5 3 565 5ndash6 56

4Q503 115

4Q521 16 54 135 137 159 160 161 162

4Q525 57 133

4QDeut j 1214 121

4QIsa 135

4QMMTC 4ndash9 125

11Q11 124

11Q13 135 137

11QPsa 191ndash18 121

11QT545 2075715ndash19 208669ndash11 207

Targums4QtgJob 314QtgLev 3111QtgJob 31 33 35 40

257Index of Ancient Sources

Josephus

Ant14133ndash146 4415103 451982 123

Bell188 46

1131ndash11 441161ndash5 461213 461335 452101ndash5 1232116 183

Babylonian Texts

Gilgamesh 112

Greek and Latin Authors

Dio CassiusHis t59271 120

HomerOd10503ndash15 1121112ndash22 112

PlatoPhaed111cndash112e 112

Senecade Ben2121ndash2 120

Seneca the ElderControv9210 183

TacitusAnn632 120

His t59 183

Apos tolic and Church Fathers

1 Clement132 153292 121394ndash5 121

2 Clement32 190134 148

Apos tolic Cons titutions721 152

722 148 150 151722ndash6 147725 149 150726 148 153

AthanasiusFes t Let 3911 14

Canons of the Holy Apos tles4ndash5 152

Index of Ancient Sources258

Chrysos tomHom Mt342 180

Clement of AlexandriaS trom4641 139 143

Didache11ndash63 1412c 15213b 148 14913bndash5b 11 12 13 15 16

71 147 151 15413bndash21 5 11 14 15 15013c 15113cndash4a 1413d 15 14814 1414a 1614b 15 14914c 91 15014d 15 149 150 15115a 15015b 148 15381ndash2 1482 16103bndash122a 14113 16113ndash137 14153ndash4 16161ndash8 210 211 212

EusebiusHis t Eccl3254

IrenaeusAdv Haer1101 1214162 121

Jus tin Martyr1 Apol159 148

2 Apol25 121

OrigenC Cels870 180

PolycarpPhilippians22ndash3 153

Shepherd of HermasMandate 24ndash6 153

Similitude535ndash8 138

Rabbinic Literature

j Ber3b 5b 5c 31 37 38

j Ket35a 31 37

j Šab3a 38d 31 37

j Taʿan65b 4069ab 125

R Gen72 313813 31 37796 31

R Num193 31 38

TargumsCairo BGen 414 31 33 34 37 41

259Index of Ancient Sources

Cairo FExod 1913 37Deut 346 37

Neof I Gen 414 31 33 41Gen 95ndash6 37Gen 4922 36

Papyri Manuscripts and Inscriptions

Br Mus Or 9271 14P Oxy 1 17P Oxy 654 17

P Oxy 655 17 143 180P Oxy 1782 14 15 148 151Sf III 16ndash17 40

Index of Modern Authors

Achtemeier P 139 141Adams S L 56 72 202Alexander P S 31 32Allison D C 1 2 3 5 12 22 24 66

75 77 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 90 91 94 96 98 99 103 105 107 112 117 119 120 123 125 129 130 131 133 134 135 136 138 139 140 144 147 148 149 150 152 153 155 158 160 163 169 170 172 175 176 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 193 197 198 200 205

Anderson A A 124Anderson F I 113Andrejevs O 25 164 172 190Arcari L 44Argall R A 47 72 202Arnal W E 23 24 48 59 61 63 65

66 67 68 78 86 104 123 125 132 134 136 150 191 194 208 214

Attridge H W 17Audet J-P 14Avigad N 29 30

Bailey K 102Bauckham R 12Baum A D 1Bazzana G B 1 3 24 59 178 198Beasley-Murray G R 158Berger K 104Bergmeier R 159 160 162Betz D H 3 24 51 103 146 179 183de Begraveze T 27Bird M F 159 198 199Black C C 11Black M 26 28 30 31 32 35 36 37

40 168Blenkinsopp J 135 136 137Boccaccini G 32 43 44 50Boring M E 38 183 184 185 188

192 211

Borsch F H 185Bovon F 5 19 93 95 96 98 99 106

140 177 179 184 185 198Bowman J W 28 33Boyarin D 23Breuer Y 34Brin G 208Broadhead E K 3 89Brodie T L 163Brooke G J 43 160Brown R E 11 12 102 130 157 158Broyles C C 123Bultmann R 3 60 98 111 132 156

158 184 185 186 187 188 201Burkett D 27 213Bussmann W 26

Campbell J Y 28 46Caragounis C C 27 29 39Carroll J T 3Carruth S 119Casey P M 29 34 35 37 39 41Cas tor G D 4 5Catchpole D R 21 77 90 96 99 129

131 145 147 156 157 159 164 175 188 198 208

Chang A 199Charlesworth J H 31 42 43 44 45

46 47 72 160 171 185Chazon E G 115 202Cheung L L 12Childs B S 163Chilton B D 26 36 39 117 130Clark D J 109Collins A Y 39 41 47 50 51 52 103

114 188 193 211Collins J J 23 40 43 48 49 50 51

52 53 57 76 77 121 126 160 161 162 163 168 202

Colpe C 25 26 28 29 31 32 36 37 39 40 45 140

Index of Modern Authors262

Conzelmann H 96 97Cotter W J 61 104 132 156 163 165

166 170 191Cromhout M 61 145 191Crossan J D 39 89 94 98 134

Dalman G 27 29 30Damm A 171Davidson M J 114Davies W D 1 2 3 91 99 119 120

131 138 139 140 149 150 169 172 179 180 184 185 193 197 200

DeConick A D 11 17 20 21 138 139 192

Derrenbacker R A 1 24Di Lella A A 73Dibelius M 12Diacuteez Macho A 30Dimant D 160DiTommaso L 57Doering L 208Downing F G 23 64Draper J A 13 14 15 16 68 156Dundenberg I 11Dunn J D G 1 149 183Dupont J 97 116Durham J I 163

Eldridge M D 117Elgvin T 49 56 57 115 202Eshel H 44

Fiebig P 26 27 28 34 37 39Fitzmyer J A 1 2 3 8 19 26 28 30

31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 82 91 95 97 98 117 118 119 130 131 133 138 139 140 146 149 163 177 179 208

Fleddermann H T 2 6 10 11 59 62 69 83 84 85 86 87 90 91 93 95 97 98 101 103 104 105 109 129 130 134 140 144 148 150 152 156 157 163 166 170 176 177 179 184 185 189 199 200 203 205 211

Flusser D 14 15Fos ter P 1 3 6 12 26Freedman H 32Frenschkowski M 145Frey J 56Freyne S 159 199

Funk F X 14 147

Garciacutea Martiacutenez F 49 57 160 162 202 208

Garrow A 13Gathercole S 17 19 20 138 139 181Gerber C 203Gibson J B 116Gieschen C A 147Ginsburger M 30Glover R 13 16Goering G S 72 125Goff M J 55 56 57 79 84 115 178

202Goodacre M 1 17 19Greenfield J C 27Greeven H 12Gregg B H 90 97 186 198 204Grenfell B P 14 17Guelich R A 193Guenther H O 26Gundry R H 150 181 197

Haenchen E 12 139 157 158 201Hahn F 185Han K S 124 125 200Hannah D D 42 43 45 46Hare D R A 38 39 40 184 185Harrington D J 33 55 57 202 Hartin P J 12 61 119 166Hasitschka M 118Heil C 5 38 60 99 119 181Higgins A J B 184Hill A E 163Hindley J C 43Hoffmann P 5 38 55 67 70 75 77

80 96 99 112 145 167 170 184 185

Holtzmann H J 4Hooker M D 45Horsley R 68 156 198 199 200van der Hors t P W 73Hossfeld F L 124Howard G 146Howes L 26 39 43 61 65 77 81 133

140 141 142 166 167 170 185 188 190 212

Hubbard B J 38Hultgren S 160 162Hunt A S 14 17

263Index of Modern Authors

van Iersel B M F 102

Jacobson A D 5 26 39 49 54 60 61 64 75 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 85 87 90 94 96 97 98 106 129 132 140 144 152 156 157 167 170 171 184 185 187 201 207 210

Jefford C N 13 14 15Jeremias J 179 198 204Jervis L A 55Jewett R 149Johnson L A 178 208Johnson L T 12Johnson-DeBaufre M 66 103 163Jonas H 51de Jonge H J 24 185Jongeling B 35Joseph S J 1 21 23 24 45 46 47 48

51 52 68 103 125 132 134 136 142 144 153 156 159 160 161 162 164 178 180 181 182 184 185 187 190 191 200 201 202 206 208 214 215

Jus t A A 102

Kahle P 26 30 31 36Kampen J L 162 209Kaufman S A 31 32 36 40Keener C S 183Kirk A 2 4 5 6 10 15 24 55 59 60

61 62 66 67 68 69 71 72 73 75 76 77 78 79 83 84 85 86 87 88 90 94 96 98 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 111 114 129 152 155 156 166 177 179 184 189 190 197 203 207 208 214 215

Kloppenborg J S 1 2 3 4 5 11 12 13 14 15 17 19 21 22 23 24 25 26 38 39 50 51 53 54 55 57 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 86 87 88 89 90 95 97 98 99 103 104 107 108 111 112 121 122 123 124 125 126 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 139 140 141 142 143 144 147 148 150 151 155 156 157 158 160 162 163 164 165 166 167 170 171 172 175 176 180 181 182 183 184 187 189

190 191 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 208 210 211 212 213

Knibb M A 46 202Koes ter H 15 38 48 60 61 63 66

148Koumlhler W D 16Kraus H-J 124Kutscher E Y 30 35 36

Lang B 201Laurence R 41Leives tad R 43Levine A-J 208Lichtenberger H 124Lindars B 29 34 37 39 43 184 185

188Lohfink N 118Lukaszewski A 25 27Luz U 3 10 60 74 75 78 81 87 90

91 93 95 96 97 99 102 106 111 131 134 140 142 145 148 150 151 166 169 180 181 184 185 197 198 199 201 204 207

Luumldemann G 183Luumlhrmann D 61 64 78 111 140 157

158 165 180 184

Mack B L 23 38 43 61 133 135 170Magness J 160Malherbe A 192 211Manson T W 5 28 101Maori Y 32Marcus J 8 11 41 47 102 183 188

193 199 211Marshall I H 3Martiacutenez R 166 167Martyn J L 183Maumlrz C-P 90 94McDermott J M 185McNamara M J 31Meadors E P 62 66 67 72 74 76 77

166 168 201Meadors G T 137Menken M J J 116 117Meyer A 27Meyer P D 157Middleton P 182Milik J P 36 42 43 187Milikowsky C 181Miller R J 63 201

Index of Modern Authors264

Mitchell D C 124Moller H B 29Moreland M 23Moss C 182Mournet T C 1Muraoka T 35 38Muumlnch C 203

Neirynck F 2 3 4 11 22 26 90 98 99 116 130 140 149

Nickelsburg G 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 52 53 76 106 112 113 122 126 141 168 172 202 210 213

Niebuhr K W 159Niederwimmer K 13 14 15 16 148

151 152Nielsen K 114 115Nolland J 179Novakovic L 160 162

Odeberg H 36Oegema G S 116Owen P 25 29 35

Patterson S J 17 18 21 61 63Perrin N 186Pervo R I 183Pietersma A 146Piovanelli P 44 45Piper R A 61 82 112 176 190Ploeg J P M 35Pokornyacute P 11 17 19 117 139Polag A 62 73 89 90 94Porter S E 180 181Porton G G 38Pries t J 126Propp W H C 163Puech Eacute 133 160 162

Ra Y 39 132 145 155 170 184 185Reicke B 141Riesner R 183Robbins M C 51 103 113 115 117

121 125Robbins V K 104Robinson J M 2 5 24 26 34 38 39

41 43 55 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 77 96 103 119 129 131 132 134 135 140 142 143 144 145

156 160 165 166 167 180 181 184 185 186 187 188 190 200 201 202

Rodd C S 6 7 9Rollens S E 2 3 23 24 26 61 132

182 191Roth D T 2 6 7 10 11 54 90 145

165 191 192 203 204 205 206Rothschild C K 90 159 164Royse J R 146Roumlsel M 146

Sacchi P 43 44 45 47Sandt H 5 14 15Sato M 3 59 62 74 75 76 77 79 80

82 83 87 90 94 98 111 134 170 176 184

Schalit A 44Schenk W 62 73 89 90 103 170 176Schiavo L 104 112 113Schiffman L H 57 160Schnackenburg R 12 157 158Schniedewind W M 160Schroumlter J 180Schulz S 74 132 165 167 176 179

201 210Schuumlrmann H 8 130 167 170Seeley D 132 141 142Segal M 43 114 121Sellew P 193Sevenich-Bax E 103 105Shelton J 163Shepherd D 29 35Shinall M C 51Shirock R J 102Sjoumlberg E 28 29 35 39 45Skeat T C 180Skehan P W 73Smith D A 96 201 202 203So K-C 157Sokoloff M 35Somov A 181Spranger P P 204S taples J A 145 146 154S teck O H 61 64 132 201S tone M E 45S treeter B H 4 12 130S trugnell J 55S tuckenbruck L T 27 30 47 51 65

114 121Syreeni K 4 15 153

265Index of Modern Authors

Tabor J D 160Tannehil R C 178 208Taylor N H 120 123 183Theissen G 123Theophilos M P 126Tigchelaar E J C 56Tiwald M 3 23 160Toumldt H E 47 184 185 186 187Tuckett C M 1 3 6 9 11 13 14 15

17 23 26 49 50 53 54 61 62 63 66 68 72 76 77 84 86 90 94 95 98 112 114 119 121 125 130 134 140 150 154 156 157 158 160 166 170 184 193 199 205 206 207 208 210

Uhlig S 45Uro R 26 62 185

Vaage L E 23 24 26 39 61 133 165 167 170 171 190 191 210

VanderKam J C 43 46 57 168Vassiliadis P 89 94de Vaux R 56Vermes G 26 28 29 31 32 33 34 35

36 37 38 39 40 43 140 160 184

Wacholder B Z 209

von Wahlde U C 12 158Wahlen C 51Walck L W 46 52Watson F 1Weaks J A 6 7Weinfeld M 118 146 207 208Weiser A 124Weiss B 130Wellhausen J 26Welch J W 102Wernberg-Mѳller P 36Wes termann C 135 136Williams P J 35Wilson W T 149Wins ton D 46 72Wise M O 160Witetschek S 86 167Wolter M 90van der Woude A S 35Wright III B J 72 202

Xeravits G G 202

York A D 32

Zeller D 63 69 111 165 212Zenger E 124

Index of Subjects

Abel-Main (Tell Abl) 45Abraham 32 157Agrippa I 123 183Ahab 118 121angel of Yahweh 163angelicheavenly rebellion 121 125Antigonus 43aphaeresis 27 32 34 36 38apocalypse 48ndash as incorrectly applied to Mk 133ndash37

211ndash as incorrectly applied to Q 1723ndash37

210 211apocalypticndash Chris tianity 53ndash discourse 211ndash framework 57 121ndash inaccurately used as a noun 49ndash literature 47 53 54 135ndash language in Ben Sira 72ndash tradition 56 57 186ndash wisdom ins tructions other than Q 56

57 77 202ndash worldview (outside of Q see its at-

tes tation in Q referenced separately below) 24 49 50 51 55 57 87 121

apocalypticism 25 87 58 62ndash and apocalypse 48 49ndash and eschatology 48ndash as a literary category 48 79ndash as a dis tortion of Godrsquos intended

order 23ndash as compatible with wisdom in late

second temple literature 57 62 66 70 72 154 202

ndash as having a place outside the genre of an apocalypse 49

ndash as synonymous with apocalyptic worldview 49

ndash in Pauline thought 192ndash in sectarian environments 53

ndash in recent Q scholarship 48ndash methodological definitions of 50 54

186Aramaic 25 26 46 70 140 187 204

213ndash OfficialImperialBiblical 26 27 35

40ndash Middle 26 27 30 32 33 34 35 36

37 38 40 41 52 167 170 187 188ndash Late 26 27 28 32 33 34 35 36 37

38 41 140 187ndash Galilean 29 36 38ndash Qumran 31 32 35 38Athaliah 125Augus tus 45

Babylonian Exile 118Banias 45βασιλείαndash as a hypothetical metaphor reflecting

the social interes ts of Qrsquos author(s) 48

ndash as a political entity 120ndash of God 23 48 73 95 108 123 132

177 178 182 183 184 192 194 206 207

ndash of Satan 51 114ndash realized 142beatitude(s) 82 91 93 105 131 132

133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 153

Bethsaida 45 56 93

Caesarea Philippi 46(Cairo) Geniza fragments 28 29 30 32

36 37Capernaum 45 56 93chiasm 83 85 101 102 103 109 118

120chias tic 85 101 103 106 107 108 120

152 197

Index of Subjects268

Chorazin 56 93chreia(s) 63 71 104 105 120 211chreiic 65 86 104 105 111 156chris tology (see the Q discussion refer-

enced separately below)ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 17ndash in Luke 19ndash in Mark 131circumcision 159 209Claudius 183cosmic mountain 114 119Cynic(s) 23

Dan 45 47Darius I 163Deuteronomis t 118Deuteronomis tic His tory 146deuteronomis ticndash agenda 156ndash context(s) 143 153ndash framework 53 54ndash motifs 118 127ndash orientation 64ndash outlook 61 82 114ndash redaction 80ndash rhetoric 136ndash s tratums trata 78ndash theme 78ndash tradition 79ndash unders tanding 64devil 51 66 114 117 119 120 121 123

124

Elijah 96 116 118 126 162 163 164ElijahElisha cycle 162 163Enoch 44 45 47 51 76 112 113 157

172 202ndash as a scribe 46ndash Book of Watchers 45 113 125ndash sapiential content in Watchers 76ndash Book of Parables 24 41 47 157 167

171 213ndash sapiential content in Parables 76ndash Epis tle of Enoch 43ndash his torical incarnation of 202ndash Seminar 47Enochicndash author 122ndash corpus 52 73ndash formulation 52

ndash framework 121ndash literaturetext 43 46 56ndash movement 47 53 157 210ndash mythology 113 114 122 164ndash Son of Man 172ndash tradents 46ndash tradition 43 46 47 79 113 122 157

215ndash Watchers myth 45 53 121eschatological prophetndash in 4Q521 160 162ndash in Q 164 165 166eschatology (see the Q discussion refer-

enced separately below) 47 48 50ndash in 1 Enoch 42 47 76 122 141 142

168 169ndash in 4Q521 159 160 162ndash in 4QIns truction 56ndash in Ben Sira 72ndash in Malachi 163 164ndash in Psalms of Solomon 159ndash in Trito-Isaiah 136Exodusndash legendmyth 117ndash imagerymotifs 116 163

form (literary)ndash and meaning 82ndash and worldview 76ndash apocalypse 49ndash criticism 61 62 63 67 68 69 70

74 156 170 214ndash miracle s tory 156ndash wisdom 84ndash (wisdom) ins truction 70 71

Gaius (Caligula) 44 46 123Galilee 23 36 44 45 47 56 73 131

171 194 215ndash village scribes 48ndash villagestowns 24 93 199Gentile(s) 9 87 96 120 126 155 157

158 159 164 167 168 169 173 198 199 209 215

Great Omission 8 9

HasidicHasidim 79 162Hebrew 25 35 39 40 41 42 204Hebrew Biblescriptures 24 118 127

136 160

269Index of Subjects

Hermogenes 171mt Hermon 45 46 47Herod the Great and the Herodian era

43 44 45 46 126Herodians 45(holy) Spirit 72 94 178 189Hulah Valley 45

Isaiah (see the Index of Ancient Sources for specific passages)

ndash Deutero 46 135 136 168 169ndash firs t-century reader of 135ndash Trito 51 54 135 136 137 143 154

163 200Israelndash in Ben Sira 125ndash in Daniel 168ndash in Deuteronomy 118ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 139ndash in the Hebrew Bible 198 199ndash in Jubilees 121ndash in Malachi 163ndash in Q 53 64 78 80 87 96 104 118

127 155 156 158 198 199ndash pre-exilic 50ndash traditional wisdom of 58ndash wilderness myth 117

James (son of Zebedee) 183Jerusalem 44 72 96 106 108 113 119

125 159 166 199 200ndash culttemple 136 137 163 214ndash pries thood 45 47 127Jesusndash as an apocalyptic figure in Q 38ndash as a literary character in Q 21ndash floating traditions ascribed to 48ndash his torical 21 29 37 43 47 73 116

141 142 164 165 171 172 186 198ndash his torical greeting of in Jerusalem

106ndash movement 23ndash tradition 161Jewish Chris tianityndash as a movement in a contes ted envi-

ronment 43 183ndash as a proliferation of groups and

communities 183ndash on the use of the term 23

ndash possible connection to the Enochic movement 47

Jewish War 200John (the Baptis t) 68 78 80 83 85 90

91 92 97 103 104 105 116 159 163 164 165 166 167 169 172

ndash followers of 159 165 166ndash his torical 159 165Journeysndash cosmicterres trial 76 112 113 114

119 122 127ndash heavenly 45 112 113Judea 36 44 200 215

Kallirrhoeuml 45Kleinliteratur 3 4 59 60 73 215

Lordrsquos Prayer 93 94 177Lot 97 99

Maccabean era 126Mas tema 121Matthew and Luke as conservative

traditionalis ts 4Matthewrsquos and Lukersquos redactorial

freedom 4Matthewrsquos use of Q 4messiah 106 116 162 164 210messiahship 123messianic 116 210Migdal 46mimesis 114 141minor agreements 15 130Minor Prophets 146Moses 117

Nag Hammadi 17Nimrod 32

oralndash possible cross-influence on the Gos-

pel of Thomas from the canonical gospels 11 193

ndash harmonization of Matthew and Luke 16

ndash life of the primitive community 60ndash performance 15 16 161ndash source utilization 15ndash tradition 17 98 151ndash transmission 188

Index of Subjects270

ndash usage and application of Q 4ndash usage of Matthew 15ndash variants of Q 4Oxyrhynchus 17

Paneion 46Parousia 116 186 193Parthian invasion of 40 BCE 44 46Paulndash his torical 149 183ndash possible awareness of the Q tradition

by 192persecutionndash as an apocalyptic motif 54ndash because of someone 142ndash in authentic Pauline corpus 149 183ndash in Q 52 54 78 94 107 118 122

126 132 133 134 140 141 142 143 144 175 180 181 182 184 190 194 200 206

ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 138ndash in the Parables of Enoch 141ndash in Trito-Isaiah 137 200ndash plausibility of 182 183Pharisees 65 68 94 166 169 205 206

214pleroma 39prophecyndash pre-exilic and Persian era (classical)

50ndash mixture of with wisdom 77Prophetisierung 75

Qndash apocalypticism apocalyptic motifs

features imagination framework and worldview 23 25 46 53 57 58 63 69 70 71 73 76 79 84 87 88 111 114 121 127 141 175 190 194 197 202 210 211 213 214

ndash apocalyptic document 48 51ndash apocalyptic wisdom ins truction 23

55 70 73 74 77 79 214ndash (apocalyptic) communitymovement

55 107 122 194 195 206 209ndash Aramaic roots 26ndash chris tology 70 81 83 87 93 104

115 116 123 130 131 142 144 145 147 153 154 156 157 159 164 166 167 194 214

ndash demonology 51 53ndash eschatological (apocalyptic) dis-

course 64 83 97 98 170 210 211 212

ndash eschatology 48 51 54 56 69 73 75 87 94 95 101 104 105 108 133 141 142 143 144 147 159 164 165 166 167 169 172 180 192 193 194 198 199 202 203 210

ndash final (literary) form 59 62 69 78 178

ndash hypothetical mid- (lower) level or sub-elite scribal origin 24 59

ndash hypothetical recensions 3 4 59 60 90 98

ndash hypothetical segregation of wisdom and apocalyptic s trata 60 66 67 70 213 214

ndash mission speech 23 56 86 87 92 104 105 107 173 182 194

ndash Pales tinian character 24ndash possible authenticity of its content

22 81ndash prophetic content 61 63 67 70 74

75 76 77 79 80 82 83 142 143 176

ndash recons truction (CEQ) 5 6 10 90 (see also recons truction [in this s tudy] below as such frequently follows the CEQ)

ndash recons truction (feasibility) 2 3 4 10 11

ndash recons truction (in this s tudy) 60 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 111 116 119 120 123 130 131 134 144 147 148 149 151 152 165 169 170 172 175 176 177 178 179 181 184 191 193 199 204 207 213 215

ndash recons truction (methodology) 5 89 90

ndash recons truction (skepticism) 2 10 59 (see also recons tructed Mark below)

ndash sapiential content 12 62 63 67 77 79 80 82 130 154 175 191 202 214

ndash sermon 63 82 91 92 103 105 127 129 130 131 134 135 138 140 144 145 147 152 153 154 155 156

ndash sophis ticated scribal traditions 24ndash sub-literary view of 3 59 60 74

271Index of Subjects

ndash tradents 4 59 67 125 135 147 181 182 197 199 202 203 207 209 214

ndash tradition 13 17 87 161 163 164 186 187 192 202

Quintillian 171Qumran (see the Index of Ancient

Sources for specific documents)ndash apocalyptic worldview 50 135ndash Aramaic corpus 33ndash beatitude collection 133ndash communitymovementYahad 44 53

56 121 135 136 137 157 160 161 206 207 208 209

ndash demonology 124ndash discovery 29ndash fellowship with angels 115ndash fragments of 1 Enoch 44ndash library 43ndash manualsrules 82ndash sapiential literature 25 55 56 57

58 62 69ndash social setting 43

recons tructed Mark 2 6 7 8 9 10RomeRomans 44 91 121 126 159

199 207ndash occupation of Judea 44

sage(s) 55 56 79 84Samaria 44Satan 50 51 52 53 114 115 117 118

120 121 159 192scribe(s) 102 205ndash ancient reading practices of 102ndash as a Q opponent group 68 169 205ndash as advanced or elite readers of Q

102 103ndash Enochic 46 215ndash in Matthewrsquos community (other than

Matthew) 4ndash in the Q community 48 135 195

215ndash in the text of Q 169 172ndash memory competence of 4 102ndash responsible for 2 Enoch 112ndash responsible for Did 13bndash5b 15scriptorium 46Sefire 27 37Sepphoris 38 46Sermon on the Mount 15 16 87 94

Sermon on the Plain 15 16(Deutero-Isaianic) Servant 136 168 169Sidon 199Simeon II 125Son of Man 47 115ndash Aramaic background of the phrase

25 26 28 37 153ndash as a messianic title in the Parables of

Enoch 28 46ndash circumlocutional non-titular use of

the phrase in Late Aramaic 34ndash classifications of the phrasersquos Q

ins tances 26ndash designation of as Son of Humanity in

some recent research 39ndash his torical incarnation of as under-

s tood by some ancient authors 165 172

ndash hypothetical non-titular (circumlocu-tional or generic) use of the definite phrase in Middle Aramaic by the his torical Jesus and in Q 28 29 34 37 38 39 42 43 52 71 140 142 167 170 186 187

ndash in Daniel 41 42 186 213ndash in Luke 142 186ndash in Mark 41ndash in Matthew 99 142 186ndash in Q 25 26 34 38 39 42 43 46 47

52 53 64 67 69 70 71 96 98 104 106 115 116 123 141 142 147 164 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 176 185 186 187 188 189 191 194 201 203 210 212 213

ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 170ndash in the Parables of Enoch 25 28 41

42 43 44 45 46 47 122 141 142 146 147 153 155 164 165 168 169 172 173 202 213

ndash non-titular use of the indefinite phrase in Middle Aramaic 41

ndash titular (including but not limited to chris tological) use of the definite phrase in Q 34 38 52 53 64 70 104 123 142 143 147 167 168 172 173 185 186 187 189 191 194 201 203 210 212 213

Sondergut 89 90ndash Matthean 91ndash Lukan 94 95 97 98 177

Index of Subjects272

Sophiandash myth (Enochic tradition) 172 202ndash myth (synoptic tradition) 96 200

201ndash words of 96 201synopticndash gospels 11 150 151ndash material 16 151ndash parallels 18 19ndash problem 1ndash Sayings Source 3 216ndash s tudies 4ndash tradition 17 21 26 98 101 131 151

158 205 215Syria 215

Talmud 30 36 37 38Targum 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

38 40 41ndash recons truction of the Pales tinian Tar-

gum 32Taricheae 46Tell Dan 45templendash apparatusins titution 50 96 107

113 119 125 126 127 137 157 197 200 205

ndash eschatological 76

ndash purityholiness of 65 123 137ndash mitigatingprotective role 51 124ndash of Augus tus at Paneion 45ndash second temple era 25 41 44 48 56

62 70 71 72 79 82 84 121 124 136 137 154 163 186 201 209 213 216

ndash liturgy 124ndash mounthill 113ndash pollution of as perceived by some

ancient authors 113 125 136Theon of Alexandria 171Tiberias 38Torah 58 64 72 79 112 207 208 209transfiguration 47tree of knowledge 113Tyre 199

Vermes-Fitzmyer debate 28 38 39

Watchers 45 53 121Wicked Pries t 125

Yahweh 117 118

Zechariah (son of Jehoiada) 200mt Zion 113

  • Cover13
  • Titel13
  • Preface
  • Table of Contents13
  • List of Abbreviations
  • Chapter One Prolegomena
    • 1 Introduction Recent Methodological Questions in Q Studies
    • 2 The Study of Q as a Reconstructed Text
      • Index of Ancient Sources
      • Index of Modern Authors
      • Index of Subjects
Page 24: Apocalypticism in the Synoptic Sayings Source€¦ · Apocalypticism in the Synoptic Sayings Source A Reassessment of Q’s Stratigraphy Mohr Siebeck. Olegs Andrejevs, born 1982;

Index of Ancient Sources246

Ezra91ndash2 1371018ndash44 137

Job16 11521 1151621 40256 40358 40387 115

Psalms2 16869 (LXX) 19785 40102 9 137178 2013510 137367 201605 (LXX) 124614 2016923 (LXX) 207722ndash12 1378018 40813 (LXX) 137901ndash2 4 (LXX) 124906 (LXX) 1249011ndash12 (LXX) 123914 2011063 (LXX) 1981091 (LXX) 4110916 22 13611826 1061457ndash8 (LXX) 1611463 401476 137

Proverbs1ndash9 55236 (LXX) 205264ndash5 189

Isaiah1ndash39 13511 168253ndash4 (LXX) 137315 201355 (LXX) 16140ndash55 135

426 168427 18 (LXX) 161435 198491ndash8 1685112 4055ndash66 135562 40563ndash8 136585ndash7 13860ndash62 135611 (LXX) 160 161611ndash2 (LXX) 48 134611ndash3 (LXX) 132 135 136 137665 (LXX) 1376618ndash20 164 198

Jeremiah317ndash18 164 1984918 33 405040 405143 40

Ezekiel8ndash11 112 11382 11440ndash48 112 113402 113403 114

Daniel713 27 40 41 168 213817 40

Amos13 (LXX) 20413ndash28 7528 15035 (LXX) 18086 (LXX) 137

Haggai220ndash22 163

Zechariah315 13787 198

Malachi16ndash29 163210ndash16 163

247Index of Ancient Sources

31 163 164 322ndash23 (LXX) 163

Old Tes tament Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha

1 Enoch1ndash5 761ndash36 4621ndash54 1226ndash11 526ndash16 4766 4573ndash6 1221021 164 198123ndash4 46124 113 125137 45139 45148ndash164 76151 46152ndash4 125171 11417ndash19 112 11320ndash36 112 113215 114242ndash257 113261ndash275 113323ndash6 11337ndash71 41 45 186 213381ndash6 122384ndash5 45391ndash3 45396 108413ndash8 76418 44421ndash2 (3) 126 171 201422 170451ndash6 76455 4546 52461ndash8 141462ndash4 42464ndash6 45468 46471ndash4 14148ndash49 52481 202481ndash10 141482 42

483 202483ndash7 168488ndash9 (10) 45 122492 4 168493 202505 76513 (5a) 168 172 20251ndash52 5252ndash56 112526 9 168531ndash5 45 122536 46 168542 45543ndash4 76545ndash6 45547 210554 45 108561ndash4 45565ndash8 43 44 45571 198591ndash6023 766010 4261ndash63 46 52621ndash9 45622ndash3 122624ndash6312 122625ndash14 42631ndash12 45 122632ndash4 106637 1236311 426312 76651ndash663 52671ndash681 52678ndash13 43 44 45 1226926ndash29 42 52701 42715ndash17 447113(14)ndash17 42 1418215ndash20 7683ndash84 52891ndash9 528973ndash74 1139038 164

Index of Ancient Sources248

1006 1681049ndash13 47

2 Enoch31ndash221 113101ndash6 112

3 Baruch3ndash17 113163 204

3 Enoch11ndash12 113

Ascension of Isaiah610ndash15 113

Baruch437 19855 198

Bel and the Dragon36 112 114 116

Jubilees11ndash8 209120 12122 114727 52102 52105 52106 121108ndash11 52 114 121114 121115 521114ndash1214 321220 1211525ndash34 1591531ndash32 114 1211928 121492 52

Letter of Aris teas155 145

Psalms of Solomon219 159823 30 1591112 1981731 164 1981810ndash12 76

Sirach21ndash17 72 86212 87143ndash7 2051410ndash11 202241ndash12 125247ndash11 1262410ndash11 1592525ndash26 2072611 2053113 2053522ndash3622 723824ndash3911 17243 76501ndash24 125

The Sentences of the Syriac Menander340ndash46 189

Tes tament of Abraham81ndash12 113

Tes tament of Levi26ndash57 113

Tes tament of Moses51ndash62 126

Tobit145ndash7 164 198

Vita Adae et Evae61ndash103 116121ndash161 115

Wisdom of Solomon410ndash15 46418ndash513 46

249Index of Ancient Sources

New Tes tament

Q32ndash958 (59ndash60) 101 103 104 108

126 155 173 17537 5237ndash9 16ndash17 5 54 64 68 70 90

104 11637ndash735 78 80 81 83 85

101 102 103317 54 9141ndash13 5 51 52 53 64 65

66 78 91 104 111 112 113 114 115 118 119 126 152 153 155 156

41ndash4 116 11745ndash8 114 119 121 122

123 15949ndash12 (13) 47 51 65 96 123

157 200416 91 129 130 131

153620ndash49 16 63 82 91 104

105 129 130 131 153

620b 12 91 132620bndash21 48 132 133 134

135 136 137620bndash23 5 131 132 143621a 12 20 91 132622 12 17 24 25 26

38 71 140 141 153 167 170 194 205

622ndash23 17 20 52 53 54 96 132 133 134 136 139 140 141 142 206

623c 64 82 129 132 139 140 142 143

627ndash35 (36) 13 16 71 129 147 151 152 153 154

629 24 91 150630 24 150631 91 152637ndash38 12 92640 92 144646 92 104 144 145

146 153 154 203

647ndash49 12 92 14471ndash10 9 64 92 104 126

155 156 158 169 197 199

76 145 20379 87 96 104 156

157 158 167 173 194 198 199

718ndash19 159 167718ndash23 159718ndash28 64 166718ndash960 92722 16 54 134 135

161 163 164 172727 96 163731ndash35 64 70 92 165 166

169 170 171733 51 53734 24 26 52 165 167

169 170 172735 166 170957ndash58 (59ndash60) 92 105 111 155

169 170 171957ndash62 63959ndash60 172 173958 24 25 26 27 38

52 71 164 165 169 170 171 172

959 145102ndash16 5 56 63 70 86

158 170 175 182 215

102ndash24 92102ndash1240 101 105 107 108

175 205104 48 92109 73 931012 93 1751012ndash15 54 64 82 861013ndash15 47 56 70 80 81

82 86 87 96 107 126 175 199 212

1016 72 931021 56 81 87 93 96

173 2091021ndash22 54 56 78 79 81

82 145 1941021ndash24 64 107

Index of Ancient Sources250

1022 81 93 114 116 145 146 203 209

1023ndash24 17 93 106112ndash4 9ndash13 5 63 78 93 117

176 177 179 180112b 48 178 184114 24 178119ndash13 12 93 176 177

178 179 180 1811114 51 1761114ndash20 52 531114ndash32 931114ndash52 64 107 1791118 51 53 93 114 121

1591124ndash26 51 53 9311(16) 29ndash32 9 54 70 96 2121130 24 26 52 1861133ndash52 93 2051134 93 2051139ndash52 70 107 126 1691142c 64 66 1251149 521149ndash51 47 53 54 66 96

118 119 157 2001151 52 200 205122ndash12 5 70 94 107 155

180 181 182 183 184 194

123 72 94124ndash5 54 70 73 181 182

190124ndash7 94 121 122 176

179 180 181 194 214

125 181 204128 24 26 38 54 185

187 188 189128ndash9 52 69 94 167 184

186 187 188 189 214

128ndash10 54 64 69 71 82 175 176 183 184 187 189 190 194 212

129 184 185 1881210 24 26 94 185 187

188 1891211ndash12 54 70 72 73 94

181 182 214

1222ndash31 (33ndash34) 63 73 176 177 178 179 180 190 192

1222ndash40 941224 23 178 1801227 231231 48 94 1841233 12 48 1911233ndash34 69 94 191 1921235ndash38 94 108 190 2031235ndash46 1081235ndash59 94 1081235ndash2230 101 105 108 109

197 2031239 17 18 95 1911239ndash40 18 20 54 70 71

94 105 175 190 191 192 193 203 212

1239ndash59 64 1911240 24 52 69 95 167

186 191 1931242ndash46 52 53 54 69 70

95 191 192 197 203 204 205 206 212

1245 96 2051246 2041251 20 951251ndash59 1081252ndash53 201256 171258ndash59 24 951318ndash19 20ndash21 5 20 48 63 95

108 2071318ndash24 951324 63 951325ndash30 54 63 82 871325ndash1423 54 95 96 126 158

1991327 52 53 96 118 1981328ndash29 96 198 1991334 52 125 2061334ndash35 47 53 54 63 66

81 82 83 96 105 106 107 108 109 118 119 125 157 194 198 200 201 202

1335 51 54 96 106 202

251Index of Ancient Sources

1411 54 961416ndash23 (24) 63 82 971423 541426 72 97 2151426ndash27 1733 20 63 72 971426ndash176 971427 54 97 140 141

182 2141434ndash35 63 97154ndash5a 7 20 63 97 108 2091613 12 63 94 971616 64 97 207 2091616ndash18 2061617 17 63 64 66 79

97 125 206 207 208 209

1616(17)ndash172 197 206 2081618 24 63 79 97 206

207 208 209171ndash2 97 207 208171ndash6 63173ndash4 18 20 98176 18 20 78 98 108

2101720ndash21 17 981723 98 2101723ndash37 54 64 69 70 71

98 167 170 197 210 211 212

1723ndash2230 108 2111724 26 30 24 52 98 991733 54 97 182 2141734ndash35 98 991912ndash26 64 69 99 108 197

203 204 205 206 212

1912ndash2230 991922 2052228ndash30 5 54 64 99 108

212

Matthew37 52310 9542 11745 12448 119 120413 130 1315ndash7 94 10251 119

54 13458 138511 (12) 52 205512 142515 7539 149 150540 15 150541 15 89 91 149 150542 150 151544 148 149544ndash45 91 149545 20861ndash18 94612 177619ndash21 94620 191623 205624 94625ndash34 94626 178627 177630 178 17975 1877 17779 177711 178 179712 152723 52724 26 9185ndash13 199810 155811ndash12 198 199819 169820 27 142 171821 172822 173829 12191ndash8 7920ndash22 97922 7937 92107 731026 71029 1801032 184 1891032ndash33 91 1841034 951038 731039 141115 134 163

Index of Ancient Sources252

1119 1691122ndash45 931125 2081217 731232 1841239 52 2051243 1241311 13 71342 951416 71521ndash28 97162bndash3 951613ndash28 1401617ndash19 471625 141171 1191717 7186 208186ndash22 97188ndash9 951825 971928 991929 992030 130219 1062131 972133ndash41 (42ndash46) 7 19221ndash14 18236ndash7 206237 1662334 522334ndash36 962335 522337 52 1972337ndash39 81 105 201243ndash41 210 211244ndash14 72423 982443 1912443ndash44 1932445 2062448 (49) 52 205251ndash13 972514ndash30 992526 28 2052530 992531 992541 95 121266ndash13 972640ndash41 7

2669 71 1302669ndash75 1892732 912755 97285 130289ndash10 972816ndash18 1192818 120

Mark114 21 131123ndash26 121124 130129ndash31 18821ndash12 731 14937ndash12 188313 114327 93328 188328ndash29 18443ndash8 193411ndash12 7413 177430ndash32 20 193438 177421ndash22 7435ndash41 9525ndash34 97534 761ndash6a 188615 163635ndash44 9637 7645ndash52 9645ndash826 971ndash23 9724ndash30 9 9781ndash10 9811ndash13 9822ndash26 9827 140827ndash98 47828 163831ndash33 121834ndash35 20835 141838 184 19092 11492ndash8 47

253Index of Ancient Sources

919 7943ndash47 951028 73 1791029 201035ndash40 1831039 1881046ndash52 91047 130119 1061117 7 1771122ndash23 25ab 18 201124 1801129ndash30 7121ndash9 (10ndash12) 7 19129 191211 191226 177133ndash37 210 211135ndash13 71315ndash16 991321 98143ndash9 971437ndash38 71447 95 1491462 411466ndash72 1891467 130151ndash5 951521 911541 97166 130

Luke15ndash25 10237 5242 11745 12246b 7 12046cd 120 121416 130416ndash30 188425ndash27 9438ndash39 188517ndash26 766 149617ndash19 188621 134622 205623 142625 134

627 149627ndash28 148628 149629 15 150630 150 151634 151635 91 208642 18646 146647ndash49 9179 155722 163734 169735 166 208810 7816ndash17 7824 177831 121848 7912ndash17 9913 7924 141926 190941 7957 169958 171959 172960 173102 92109 731017ndash20 1211021 208114 177115ndash8 97 177119 1771111 1771112 1171113 178 1791120 511121ndash22 931124 124 2051124ndash26 931129 52 2051143 166 2061149 521150 521151 52124 73 179126 180128 184

Index of Ancient Sources254

128ndash9 911211 731213ndash21 971223a 1771224 177 1781228 1791233 1911235ndash38 89 941239 1911239ndash40 1931242 2061245 52 2051249 89 951254ndash56 95131ndash35 1021327 52 1971328ndash29 1981334 52 1971415ndash24 181427 73158ndash10 97172 2081711ndash19 981720 981721 981722 981728ndash29 89 98 991731 991732 991733 971835ndash43 91912ndash27 991922 24 2051927 991938 96 1061941ndash44 961946 177209ndash16 (17ndash19) 7 192018 192037 177218ndash19 7223 1212228ndash30 992246 72249ndash51 952250 1492254ndash62 188234 14 952413ndash33 102

John446 158446ndash54 157448 158631ndash58 117844 121123 1061225ndash26 201231 1211430 1211611 1211828ndash1916 102

Acts23 9521ndash4 18951ndash11 189109ndash16 9121ndash2 183123ndash19 183

Romans1214 149

1 Corinthians412 14963 121 192132 18 20

2 Corinthians41ndash6 19244 121

Galatians113ndash14 18343 8ndash9 121 192

Ephesians21ndash2 121 192612 121 192

1 Thessalonians214ndash16 183218 121 19251ndash11 19252 20 19255ndash6 192

2 Thessalonians21ndash12 210 211

255Index of Ancient Sources

2 Timothy211ndash13 190

Hebrews1137 204

James 315ndash17 12444ndash7 121

1 Peter314 132 139 143319ndash20 47414 132 139 141 14358 121

2 Peter24ndash5 47 121

Jude16ndash7 121

Revelation110ndash20 113113 18635 19041ndash11 113123ndash4 121171ndash3 114173ndash18 112 113219ndash27 112 1132110 113

New Tes tament Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha

Gospel of Thomas1ndash71 1731ndash3 2161ndash4 1710 19 95111 1713 21161ndash2 20 95163 2017 1720ndash21 71 193201ndash4 20 192215ndash8 18 19 20 192243 36ndash39 17261ndash2 18262ndash331 1731 21361ndash3 19 143 180473 2148 18 19 20

54 137 13855 2058 17 13864 18 1965 1968 20 132 138 139

14068ndash69 19 139 143691 17 138692 19 20 137 13877 2179 2186 169 170103 17106ndash107 19 201131ndash2 9

Pseudo-Clementine Homilies12313 180

Dead Sea Scrolls

CD214ndash41 125412ndash14 121 124 125419ndash52 208

51ndash5 2091316ndash17 207122ndash3 121161ndash2 125

Index of Ancient Sources256

1QapGen 29 30 31 33 35 36 37 40

1QH430 40

1QM11 1211310ndash12 121175ndash6 51

1QpHab 56 125

1QS25 121211ndash15 207 208321ndash25 11749 18258 125119ndash10 1821120 40

1Q27 (1Q4QMys teries)1 i 1ndash8 56 202

4Q299 (1Q4QMys teries)3andashb ii 2ndash8 563andashb ii 9ndash16 56

4Q416 (4QIns truction)1 10ndash13 56 2021 12 1822 i 21ndashiv 13 562 ii 6 17 178

4Q417 (4QIns truction)1 i 6ndash9 561 i 10(11)ndash12 56 2021 i 12ndash13 561 i 14 561 i 16 115 1821 i 17 1821 i 24 56 2022 i 17ndash24 562 i 19 21ndash22 178

4Q418 (4QIns truction)69 ii 6ndash9 56 202

69 ii 12ndash13 5681 1ndash2 18281 2ndash5 5681 4 11581 5 11581 20 56 20288 56103 56107 56123 5ndash8 56

4Q423 (4QIns truction)5 3 565 5ndash6 56

4Q503 115

4Q521 16 54 135 137 159 160 161 162

4Q525 57 133

4QDeut j 1214 121

4QIsa 135

4QMMTC 4ndash9 125

11Q11 124

11Q13 135 137

11QPsa 191ndash18 121

11QT545 2075715ndash19 208669ndash11 207

Targums4QtgJob 314QtgLev 3111QtgJob 31 33 35 40

257Index of Ancient Sources

Josephus

Ant14133ndash146 4415103 451982 123

Bell188 46

1131ndash11 441161ndash5 461213 461335 452101ndash5 1232116 183

Babylonian Texts

Gilgamesh 112

Greek and Latin Authors

Dio CassiusHis t59271 120

HomerOd10503ndash15 1121112ndash22 112

PlatoPhaed111cndash112e 112

Senecade Ben2121ndash2 120

Seneca the ElderControv9210 183

TacitusAnn632 120

His t59 183

Apos tolic and Church Fathers

1 Clement132 153292 121394ndash5 121

2 Clement32 190134 148

Apos tolic Cons titutions721 152

722 148 150 151722ndash6 147725 149 150726 148 153

AthanasiusFes t Let 3911 14

Canons of the Holy Apos tles4ndash5 152

Index of Ancient Sources258

Chrysos tomHom Mt342 180

Clement of AlexandriaS trom4641 139 143

Didache11ndash63 1412c 15213b 148 14913bndash5b 11 12 13 15 16

71 147 151 15413bndash21 5 11 14 15 15013c 15113cndash4a 1413d 15 14814 1414a 1614b 15 14914c 91 15014d 15 149 150 15115a 15015b 148 15381ndash2 1482 16103bndash122a 14113 16113ndash137 14153ndash4 16161ndash8 210 211 212

EusebiusHis t Eccl3254

IrenaeusAdv Haer1101 1214162 121

Jus tin Martyr1 Apol159 148

2 Apol25 121

OrigenC Cels870 180

PolycarpPhilippians22ndash3 153

Shepherd of HermasMandate 24ndash6 153

Similitude535ndash8 138

Rabbinic Literature

j Ber3b 5b 5c 31 37 38

j Ket35a 31 37

j Šab3a 38d 31 37

j Taʿan65b 4069ab 125

R Gen72 313813 31 37796 31

R Num193 31 38

TargumsCairo BGen 414 31 33 34 37 41

259Index of Ancient Sources

Cairo FExod 1913 37Deut 346 37

Neof I Gen 414 31 33 41Gen 95ndash6 37Gen 4922 36

Papyri Manuscripts and Inscriptions

Br Mus Or 9271 14P Oxy 1 17P Oxy 654 17

P Oxy 655 17 143 180P Oxy 1782 14 15 148 151Sf III 16ndash17 40

Index of Modern Authors

Achtemeier P 139 141Adams S L 56 72 202Alexander P S 31 32Allison D C 1 2 3 5 12 22 24 66

75 77 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 90 91 94 96 98 99 103 105 107 112 117 119 120 123 125 129 130 131 133 134 135 136 138 139 140 144 147 148 149 150 152 153 155 158 160 163 169 170 172 175 176 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 193 197 198 200 205

Anderson A A 124Anderson F I 113Andrejevs O 25 164 172 190Arcari L 44Argall R A 47 72 202Arnal W E 23 24 48 59 61 63 65

66 67 68 78 86 104 123 125 132 134 136 150 191 194 208 214

Attridge H W 17Audet J-P 14Avigad N 29 30

Bailey K 102Bauckham R 12Baum A D 1Bazzana G B 1 3 24 59 178 198Beasley-Murray G R 158Berger K 104Bergmeier R 159 160 162Betz D H 3 24 51 103 146 179 183de Begraveze T 27Bird M F 159 198 199Black C C 11Black M 26 28 30 31 32 35 36 37

40 168Blenkinsopp J 135 136 137Boccaccini G 32 43 44 50Boring M E 38 183 184 185 188

192 211

Borsch F H 185Bovon F 5 19 93 95 96 98 99 106

140 177 179 184 185 198Bowman J W 28 33Boyarin D 23Breuer Y 34Brin G 208Broadhead E K 3 89Brodie T L 163Brooke G J 43 160Brown R E 11 12 102 130 157 158Broyles C C 123Bultmann R 3 60 98 111 132 156

158 184 185 186 187 188 201Burkett D 27 213Bussmann W 26

Campbell J Y 28 46Caragounis C C 27 29 39Carroll J T 3Carruth S 119Casey P M 29 34 35 37 39 41Cas tor G D 4 5Catchpole D R 21 77 90 96 99 129

131 145 147 156 157 159 164 175 188 198 208

Chang A 199Charlesworth J H 31 42 43 44 45

46 47 72 160 171 185Chazon E G 115 202Cheung L L 12Childs B S 163Chilton B D 26 36 39 117 130Clark D J 109Collins A Y 39 41 47 50 51 52 103

114 188 193 211Collins J J 23 40 43 48 49 50 51

52 53 57 76 77 121 126 160 161 162 163 168 202

Colpe C 25 26 28 29 31 32 36 37 39 40 45 140

Index of Modern Authors262

Conzelmann H 96 97Cotter W J 61 104 132 156 163 165

166 170 191Cromhout M 61 145 191Crossan J D 39 89 94 98 134

Dalman G 27 29 30Damm A 171Davidson M J 114Davies W D 1 2 3 91 99 119 120

131 138 139 140 149 150 169 172 179 180 184 185 193 197 200

DeConick A D 11 17 20 21 138 139 192

Derrenbacker R A 1 24Di Lella A A 73Dibelius M 12Diacuteez Macho A 30Dimant D 160DiTommaso L 57Doering L 208Downing F G 23 64Draper J A 13 14 15 16 68 156Dundenberg I 11Dunn J D G 1 149 183Dupont J 97 116Durham J I 163

Eldridge M D 117Elgvin T 49 56 57 115 202Eshel H 44

Fiebig P 26 27 28 34 37 39Fitzmyer J A 1 2 3 8 19 26 28 30

31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 82 91 95 97 98 117 118 119 130 131 133 138 139 140 146 149 163 177 179 208

Fleddermann H T 2 6 10 11 59 62 69 83 84 85 86 87 90 91 93 95 97 98 101 103 104 105 109 129 130 134 140 144 148 150 152 156 157 163 166 170 176 177 179 184 185 189 199 200 203 205 211

Flusser D 14 15Fos ter P 1 3 6 12 26Freedman H 32Frenschkowski M 145Frey J 56Freyne S 159 199

Funk F X 14 147

Garciacutea Martiacutenez F 49 57 160 162 202 208

Garrow A 13Gathercole S 17 19 20 138 139 181Gerber C 203Gibson J B 116Gieschen C A 147Ginsburger M 30Glover R 13 16Goering G S 72 125Goff M J 55 56 57 79 84 115 178

202Goodacre M 1 17 19Greenfield J C 27Greeven H 12Gregg B H 90 97 186 198 204Grenfell B P 14 17Guelich R A 193Guenther H O 26Gundry R H 150 181 197

Haenchen E 12 139 157 158 201Hahn F 185Han K S 124 125 200Hannah D D 42 43 45 46Hare D R A 38 39 40 184 185Harrington D J 33 55 57 202 Hartin P J 12 61 119 166Hasitschka M 118Heil C 5 38 60 99 119 181Higgins A J B 184Hill A E 163Hindley J C 43Hoffmann P 5 38 55 67 70 75 77

80 96 99 112 145 167 170 184 185

Holtzmann H J 4Hooker M D 45Horsley R 68 156 198 199 200van der Hors t P W 73Hossfeld F L 124Howard G 146Howes L 26 39 43 61 65 77 81 133

140 141 142 166 167 170 185 188 190 212

Hubbard B J 38Hultgren S 160 162Hunt A S 14 17

263Index of Modern Authors

van Iersel B M F 102

Jacobson A D 5 26 39 49 54 60 61 64 75 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 85 87 90 94 96 97 98 106 129 132 140 144 152 156 157 167 170 171 184 185 187 201 207 210

Jefford C N 13 14 15Jeremias J 179 198 204Jervis L A 55Jewett R 149Johnson L A 178 208Johnson L T 12Johnson-DeBaufre M 66 103 163Jonas H 51de Jonge H J 24 185Jongeling B 35Joseph S J 1 21 23 24 45 46 47 48

51 52 68 103 125 132 134 136 142 144 153 156 159 160 161 162 164 178 180 181 182 184 185 187 190 191 200 201 202 206 208 214 215

Jus t A A 102

Kahle P 26 30 31 36Kampen J L 162 209Kaufman S A 31 32 36 40Keener C S 183Kirk A 2 4 5 6 10 15 24 55 59 60

61 62 66 67 68 69 71 72 73 75 76 77 78 79 83 84 85 86 87 88 90 94 96 98 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 111 114 129 152 155 156 166 177 179 184 189 190 197 203 207 208 214 215

Kloppenborg J S 1 2 3 4 5 11 12 13 14 15 17 19 21 22 23 24 25 26 38 39 50 51 53 54 55 57 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 86 87 88 89 90 95 97 98 99 103 104 107 108 111 112 121 122 123 124 125 126 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 139 140 141 142 143 144 147 148 150 151 155 156 157 158 160 162 163 164 165 166 167 170 171 172 175 176 180 181 182 183 184 187 189

190 191 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 208 210 211 212 213

Knibb M A 46 202Koes ter H 15 38 48 60 61 63 66

148Koumlhler W D 16Kraus H-J 124Kutscher E Y 30 35 36

Lang B 201Laurence R 41Leives tad R 43Levine A-J 208Lichtenberger H 124Lindars B 29 34 37 39 43 184 185

188Lohfink N 118Lukaszewski A 25 27Luz U 3 10 60 74 75 78 81 87 90

91 93 95 96 97 99 102 106 111 131 134 140 142 145 148 150 151 166 169 180 181 184 185 197 198 199 201 204 207

Luumldemann G 183Luumlhrmann D 61 64 78 111 140 157

158 165 180 184

Mack B L 23 38 43 61 133 135 170Magness J 160Malherbe A 192 211Manson T W 5 28 101Maori Y 32Marcus J 8 11 41 47 102 183 188

193 199 211Marshall I H 3Martiacutenez R 166 167Martyn J L 183Maumlrz C-P 90 94McDermott J M 185McNamara M J 31Meadors E P 62 66 67 72 74 76 77

166 168 201Meadors G T 137Menken M J J 116 117Meyer A 27Meyer P D 157Middleton P 182Milik J P 36 42 43 187Milikowsky C 181Miller R J 63 201

Index of Modern Authors264

Mitchell D C 124Moller H B 29Moreland M 23Moss C 182Mournet T C 1Muraoka T 35 38Muumlnch C 203

Neirynck F 2 3 4 11 22 26 90 98 99 116 130 140 149

Nickelsburg G 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 52 53 76 106 112 113 122 126 141 168 172 202 210 213

Niebuhr K W 159Niederwimmer K 13 14 15 16 148

151 152Nielsen K 114 115Nolland J 179Novakovic L 160 162

Odeberg H 36Oegema G S 116Owen P 25 29 35

Patterson S J 17 18 21 61 63Perrin N 186Pervo R I 183Pietersma A 146Piovanelli P 44 45Piper R A 61 82 112 176 190Ploeg J P M 35Pokornyacute P 11 17 19 117 139Polag A 62 73 89 90 94Porter S E 180 181Porton G G 38Pries t J 126Propp W H C 163Puech Eacute 133 160 162

Ra Y 39 132 145 155 170 184 185Reicke B 141Riesner R 183Robbins M C 51 103 113 115 117

121 125Robbins V K 104Robinson J M 2 5 24 26 34 38 39

41 43 55 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 77 96 103 119 129 131 132 134 135 140 142 143 144 145

156 160 165 166 167 180 181 184 185 186 187 188 190 200 201 202

Rodd C S 6 7 9Rollens S E 2 3 23 24 26 61 132

182 191Roth D T 2 6 7 10 11 54 90 145

165 191 192 203 204 205 206Rothschild C K 90 159 164Royse J R 146Roumlsel M 146

Sacchi P 43 44 45 47Sandt H 5 14 15Sato M 3 59 62 74 75 76 77 79 80

82 83 87 90 94 98 111 134 170 176 184

Schalit A 44Schenk W 62 73 89 90 103 170 176Schiavo L 104 112 113Schiffman L H 57 160Schnackenburg R 12 157 158Schniedewind W M 160Schroumlter J 180Schulz S 74 132 165 167 176 179

201 210Schuumlrmann H 8 130 167 170Seeley D 132 141 142Segal M 43 114 121Sellew P 193Sevenich-Bax E 103 105Shelton J 163Shepherd D 29 35Shinall M C 51Shirock R J 102Sjoumlberg E 28 29 35 39 45Skeat T C 180Skehan P W 73Smith D A 96 201 202 203So K-C 157Sokoloff M 35Somov A 181Spranger P P 204S taples J A 145 146 154S teck O H 61 64 132 201S tone M E 45S treeter B H 4 12 130S trugnell J 55S tuckenbruck L T 27 30 47 51 65

114 121Syreeni K 4 15 153

265Index of Modern Authors

Tabor J D 160Tannehil R C 178 208Taylor N H 120 123 183Theissen G 123Theophilos M P 126Tigchelaar E J C 56Tiwald M 3 23 160Toumldt H E 47 184 185 186 187Tuckett C M 1 3 6 9 11 13 14 15

17 23 26 49 50 53 54 61 62 63 66 68 72 76 77 84 86 90 94 95 98 112 114 119 121 125 130 134 140 150 154 156 157 158 160 166 170 184 193 199 205 206 207 208 210

Uhlig S 45Uro R 26 62 185

Vaage L E 23 24 26 39 61 133 165 167 170 171 190 191 210

VanderKam J C 43 46 57 168Vassiliadis P 89 94de Vaux R 56Vermes G 26 28 29 31 32 33 34 35

36 37 38 39 40 43 140 160 184

Wacholder B Z 209

von Wahlde U C 12 158Wahlen C 51Walck L W 46 52Watson F 1Weaks J A 6 7Weinfeld M 118 146 207 208Weiser A 124Weiss B 130Wellhausen J 26Welch J W 102Wernberg-Mѳller P 36Wes termann C 135 136Williams P J 35Wilson W T 149Wins ton D 46 72Wise M O 160Witetschek S 86 167Wolter M 90van der Woude A S 35Wright III B J 72 202

Xeravits G G 202

York A D 32

Zeller D 63 69 111 165 212Zenger E 124

Index of Subjects

Abel-Main (Tell Abl) 45Abraham 32 157Agrippa I 123 183Ahab 118 121angel of Yahweh 163angelicheavenly rebellion 121 125Antigonus 43aphaeresis 27 32 34 36 38apocalypse 48ndash as incorrectly applied to Mk 133ndash37

211ndash as incorrectly applied to Q 1723ndash37

210 211apocalypticndash Chris tianity 53ndash discourse 211ndash framework 57 121ndash inaccurately used as a noun 49ndash literature 47 53 54 135ndash language in Ben Sira 72ndash tradition 56 57 186ndash wisdom ins tructions other than Q 56

57 77 202ndash worldview (outside of Q see its at-

tes tation in Q referenced separately below) 24 49 50 51 55 57 87 121

apocalypticism 25 87 58 62ndash and apocalypse 48 49ndash and eschatology 48ndash as a literary category 48 79ndash as a dis tortion of Godrsquos intended

order 23ndash as compatible with wisdom in late

second temple literature 57 62 66 70 72 154 202

ndash as having a place outside the genre of an apocalypse 49

ndash as synonymous with apocalyptic worldview 49

ndash in Pauline thought 192ndash in sectarian environments 53

ndash in recent Q scholarship 48ndash methodological definitions of 50 54

186Aramaic 25 26 46 70 140 187 204

213ndash OfficialImperialBiblical 26 27 35

40ndash Middle 26 27 30 32 33 34 35 36

37 38 40 41 52 167 170 187 188ndash Late 26 27 28 32 33 34 35 36 37

38 41 140 187ndash Galilean 29 36 38ndash Qumran 31 32 35 38Athaliah 125Augus tus 45

Babylonian Exile 118Banias 45βασιλείαndash as a hypothetical metaphor reflecting

the social interes ts of Qrsquos author(s) 48

ndash as a political entity 120ndash of God 23 48 73 95 108 123 132

177 178 182 183 184 192 194 206 207

ndash of Satan 51 114ndash realized 142beatitude(s) 82 91 93 105 131 132

133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 153

Bethsaida 45 56 93

Caesarea Philippi 46(Cairo) Geniza fragments 28 29 30 32

36 37Capernaum 45 56 93chiasm 83 85 101 102 103 109 118

120chias tic 85 101 103 106 107 108 120

152 197

Index of Subjects268

Chorazin 56 93chreia(s) 63 71 104 105 120 211chreiic 65 86 104 105 111 156chris tology (see the Q discussion refer-

enced separately below)ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 17ndash in Luke 19ndash in Mark 131circumcision 159 209Claudius 183cosmic mountain 114 119Cynic(s) 23

Dan 45 47Darius I 163Deuteronomis t 118Deuteronomis tic His tory 146deuteronomis ticndash agenda 156ndash context(s) 143 153ndash framework 53 54ndash motifs 118 127ndash orientation 64ndash outlook 61 82 114ndash redaction 80ndash rhetoric 136ndash s tratums trata 78ndash theme 78ndash tradition 79ndash unders tanding 64devil 51 66 114 117 119 120 121 123

124

Elijah 96 116 118 126 162 163 164ElijahElisha cycle 162 163Enoch 44 45 47 51 76 112 113 157

172 202ndash as a scribe 46ndash Book of Watchers 45 113 125ndash sapiential content in Watchers 76ndash Book of Parables 24 41 47 157 167

171 213ndash sapiential content in Parables 76ndash Epis tle of Enoch 43ndash his torical incarnation of 202ndash Seminar 47Enochicndash author 122ndash corpus 52 73ndash formulation 52

ndash framework 121ndash literaturetext 43 46 56ndash movement 47 53 157 210ndash mythology 113 114 122 164ndash Son of Man 172ndash tradents 46ndash tradition 43 46 47 79 113 122 157

215ndash Watchers myth 45 53 121eschatological prophetndash in 4Q521 160 162ndash in Q 164 165 166eschatology (see the Q discussion refer-

enced separately below) 47 48 50ndash in 1 Enoch 42 47 76 122 141 142

168 169ndash in 4Q521 159 160 162ndash in 4QIns truction 56ndash in Ben Sira 72ndash in Malachi 163 164ndash in Psalms of Solomon 159ndash in Trito-Isaiah 136Exodusndash legendmyth 117ndash imagerymotifs 116 163

form (literary)ndash and meaning 82ndash and worldview 76ndash apocalypse 49ndash criticism 61 62 63 67 68 69 70

74 156 170 214ndash miracle s tory 156ndash wisdom 84ndash (wisdom) ins truction 70 71

Gaius (Caligula) 44 46 123Galilee 23 36 44 45 47 56 73 131

171 194 215ndash village scribes 48ndash villagestowns 24 93 199Gentile(s) 9 87 96 120 126 155 157

158 159 164 167 168 169 173 198 199 209 215

Great Omission 8 9

HasidicHasidim 79 162Hebrew 25 35 39 40 41 42 204Hebrew Biblescriptures 24 118 127

136 160

269Index of Subjects

Hermogenes 171mt Hermon 45 46 47Herod the Great and the Herodian era

43 44 45 46 126Herodians 45(holy) Spirit 72 94 178 189Hulah Valley 45

Isaiah (see the Index of Ancient Sources for specific passages)

ndash Deutero 46 135 136 168 169ndash firs t-century reader of 135ndash Trito 51 54 135 136 137 143 154

163 200Israelndash in Ben Sira 125ndash in Daniel 168ndash in Deuteronomy 118ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 139ndash in the Hebrew Bible 198 199ndash in Jubilees 121ndash in Malachi 163ndash in Q 53 64 78 80 87 96 104 118

127 155 156 158 198 199ndash pre-exilic 50ndash traditional wisdom of 58ndash wilderness myth 117

James (son of Zebedee) 183Jerusalem 44 72 96 106 108 113 119

125 159 166 199 200ndash culttemple 136 137 163 214ndash pries thood 45 47 127Jesusndash as an apocalyptic figure in Q 38ndash as a literary character in Q 21ndash floating traditions ascribed to 48ndash his torical 21 29 37 43 47 73 116

141 142 164 165 171 172 186 198ndash his torical greeting of in Jerusalem

106ndash movement 23ndash tradition 161Jewish Chris tianityndash as a movement in a contes ted envi-

ronment 43 183ndash as a proliferation of groups and

communities 183ndash on the use of the term 23

ndash possible connection to the Enochic movement 47

Jewish War 200John (the Baptis t) 68 78 80 83 85 90

91 92 97 103 104 105 116 159 163 164 165 166 167 169 172

ndash followers of 159 165 166ndash his torical 159 165Journeysndash cosmicterres trial 76 112 113 114

119 122 127ndash heavenly 45 112 113Judea 36 44 200 215

Kallirrhoeuml 45Kleinliteratur 3 4 59 60 73 215

Lordrsquos Prayer 93 94 177Lot 97 99

Maccabean era 126Mas tema 121Matthew and Luke as conservative

traditionalis ts 4Matthewrsquos and Lukersquos redactorial

freedom 4Matthewrsquos use of Q 4messiah 106 116 162 164 210messiahship 123messianic 116 210Migdal 46mimesis 114 141minor agreements 15 130Minor Prophets 146Moses 117

Nag Hammadi 17Nimrod 32

oralndash possible cross-influence on the Gos-

pel of Thomas from the canonical gospels 11 193

ndash harmonization of Matthew and Luke 16

ndash life of the primitive community 60ndash performance 15 16 161ndash source utilization 15ndash tradition 17 98 151ndash transmission 188

Index of Subjects270

ndash usage and application of Q 4ndash usage of Matthew 15ndash variants of Q 4Oxyrhynchus 17

Paneion 46Parousia 116 186 193Parthian invasion of 40 BCE 44 46Paulndash his torical 149 183ndash possible awareness of the Q tradition

by 192persecutionndash as an apocalyptic motif 54ndash because of someone 142ndash in authentic Pauline corpus 149 183ndash in Q 52 54 78 94 107 118 122

126 132 133 134 140 141 142 143 144 175 180 181 182 184 190 194 200 206

ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 138ndash in the Parables of Enoch 141ndash in Trito-Isaiah 137 200ndash plausibility of 182 183Pharisees 65 68 94 166 169 205 206

214pleroma 39prophecyndash pre-exilic and Persian era (classical)

50ndash mixture of with wisdom 77Prophetisierung 75

Qndash apocalypticism apocalyptic motifs

features imagination framework and worldview 23 25 46 53 57 58 63 69 70 71 73 76 79 84 87 88 111 114 121 127 141 175 190 194 197 202 210 211 213 214

ndash apocalyptic document 48 51ndash apocalyptic wisdom ins truction 23

55 70 73 74 77 79 214ndash (apocalyptic) communitymovement

55 107 122 194 195 206 209ndash Aramaic roots 26ndash chris tology 70 81 83 87 93 104

115 116 123 130 131 142 144 145 147 153 154 156 157 159 164 166 167 194 214

ndash demonology 51 53ndash eschatological (apocalyptic) dis-

course 64 83 97 98 170 210 211 212

ndash eschatology 48 51 54 56 69 73 75 87 94 95 101 104 105 108 133 141 142 143 144 147 159 164 165 166 167 169 172 180 192 193 194 198 199 202 203 210

ndash final (literary) form 59 62 69 78 178

ndash hypothetical mid- (lower) level or sub-elite scribal origin 24 59

ndash hypothetical recensions 3 4 59 60 90 98

ndash hypothetical segregation of wisdom and apocalyptic s trata 60 66 67 70 213 214

ndash mission speech 23 56 86 87 92 104 105 107 173 182 194

ndash Pales tinian character 24ndash possible authenticity of its content

22 81ndash prophetic content 61 63 67 70 74

75 76 77 79 80 82 83 142 143 176

ndash recons truction (CEQ) 5 6 10 90 (see also recons truction [in this s tudy] below as such frequently follows the CEQ)

ndash recons truction (feasibility) 2 3 4 10 11

ndash recons truction (in this s tudy) 60 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 111 116 119 120 123 130 131 134 144 147 148 149 151 152 165 169 170 172 175 176 177 178 179 181 184 191 193 199 204 207 213 215

ndash recons truction (methodology) 5 89 90

ndash recons truction (skepticism) 2 10 59 (see also recons tructed Mark below)

ndash sapiential content 12 62 63 67 77 79 80 82 130 154 175 191 202 214

ndash sermon 63 82 91 92 103 105 127 129 130 131 134 135 138 140 144 145 147 152 153 154 155 156

ndash sophis ticated scribal traditions 24ndash sub-literary view of 3 59 60 74

271Index of Subjects

ndash tradents 4 59 67 125 135 147 181 182 197 199 202 203 207 209 214

ndash tradition 13 17 87 161 163 164 186 187 192 202

Quintillian 171Qumran (see the Index of Ancient

Sources for specific documents)ndash apocalyptic worldview 50 135ndash Aramaic corpus 33ndash beatitude collection 133ndash communitymovementYahad 44 53

56 121 135 136 137 157 160 161 206 207 208 209

ndash demonology 124ndash discovery 29ndash fellowship with angels 115ndash fragments of 1 Enoch 44ndash library 43ndash manualsrules 82ndash sapiential literature 25 55 56 57

58 62 69ndash social setting 43

recons tructed Mark 2 6 7 8 9 10RomeRomans 44 91 121 126 159

199 207ndash occupation of Judea 44

sage(s) 55 56 79 84Samaria 44Satan 50 51 52 53 114 115 117 118

120 121 159 192scribe(s) 102 205ndash ancient reading practices of 102ndash as a Q opponent group 68 169 205ndash as advanced or elite readers of Q

102 103ndash Enochic 46 215ndash in Matthewrsquos community (other than

Matthew) 4ndash in the Q community 48 135 195

215ndash in the text of Q 169 172ndash memory competence of 4 102ndash responsible for 2 Enoch 112ndash responsible for Did 13bndash5b 15scriptorium 46Sefire 27 37Sepphoris 38 46Sermon on the Mount 15 16 87 94

Sermon on the Plain 15 16(Deutero-Isaianic) Servant 136 168 169Sidon 199Simeon II 125Son of Man 47 115ndash Aramaic background of the phrase

25 26 28 37 153ndash as a messianic title in the Parables of

Enoch 28 46ndash circumlocutional non-titular use of

the phrase in Late Aramaic 34ndash classifications of the phrasersquos Q

ins tances 26ndash designation of as Son of Humanity in

some recent research 39ndash his torical incarnation of as under-

s tood by some ancient authors 165 172

ndash hypothetical non-titular (circumlocu-tional or generic) use of the definite phrase in Middle Aramaic by the his torical Jesus and in Q 28 29 34 37 38 39 42 43 52 71 140 142 167 170 186 187

ndash in Daniel 41 42 186 213ndash in Luke 142 186ndash in Mark 41ndash in Matthew 99 142 186ndash in Q 25 26 34 38 39 42 43 46 47

52 53 64 67 69 70 71 96 98 104 106 115 116 123 141 142 147 164 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 176 185 186 187 188 189 191 194 201 203 210 212 213

ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 170ndash in the Parables of Enoch 25 28 41

42 43 44 45 46 47 122 141 142 146 147 153 155 164 165 168 169 172 173 202 213

ndash non-titular use of the indefinite phrase in Middle Aramaic 41

ndash titular (including but not limited to chris tological) use of the definite phrase in Q 34 38 52 53 64 70 104 123 142 143 147 167 168 172 173 185 186 187 189 191 194 201 203 210 212 213

Sondergut 89 90ndash Matthean 91ndash Lukan 94 95 97 98 177

Index of Subjects272

Sophiandash myth (Enochic tradition) 172 202ndash myth (synoptic tradition) 96 200

201ndash words of 96 201synopticndash gospels 11 150 151ndash material 16 151ndash parallels 18 19ndash problem 1ndash Sayings Source 3 216ndash s tudies 4ndash tradition 17 21 26 98 101 131 151

158 205 215Syria 215

Talmud 30 36 37 38Targum 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

38 40 41ndash recons truction of the Pales tinian Tar-

gum 32Taricheae 46Tell Dan 45templendash apparatusins titution 50 96 107

113 119 125 126 127 137 157 197 200 205

ndash eschatological 76

ndash purityholiness of 65 123 137ndash mitigatingprotective role 51 124ndash of Augus tus at Paneion 45ndash second temple era 25 41 44 48 56

62 70 71 72 79 82 84 121 124 136 137 154 163 186 201 209 213 216

ndash liturgy 124ndash mounthill 113ndash pollution of as perceived by some

ancient authors 113 125 136Theon of Alexandria 171Tiberias 38Torah 58 64 72 79 112 207 208 209transfiguration 47tree of knowledge 113Tyre 199

Vermes-Fitzmyer debate 28 38 39

Watchers 45 53 121Wicked Pries t 125

Yahweh 117 118

Zechariah (son of Jehoiada) 200mt Zion 113

  • Cover13
  • Titel13
  • Preface
  • Table of Contents13
  • List of Abbreviations
  • Chapter One Prolegomena
    • 1 Introduction Recent Methodological Questions in Q Studies
    • 2 The Study of Q as a Reconstructed Text
      • Index of Ancient Sources
      • Index of Modern Authors
      • Index of Subjects
Page 25: Apocalypticism in the Synoptic Sayings Source€¦ · Apocalypticism in the Synoptic Sayings Source A Reassessment of Q’s Stratigraphy Mohr Siebeck. Olegs Andrejevs, born 1982;

247Index of Ancient Sources

31 163 164 322ndash23 (LXX) 163

Old Tes tament Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha

1 Enoch1ndash5 761ndash36 4621ndash54 1226ndash11 526ndash16 4766 4573ndash6 1221021 164 198123ndash4 46124 113 125137 45139 45148ndash164 76151 46152ndash4 125171 11417ndash19 112 11320ndash36 112 113215 114242ndash257 113261ndash275 113323ndash6 11337ndash71 41 45 186 213381ndash6 122384ndash5 45391ndash3 45396 108413ndash8 76418 44421ndash2 (3) 126 171 201422 170451ndash6 76455 4546 52461ndash8 141462ndash4 42464ndash6 45468 46471ndash4 14148ndash49 52481 202481ndash10 141482 42

483 202483ndash7 168488ndash9 (10) 45 122492 4 168493 202505 76513 (5a) 168 172 20251ndash52 5252ndash56 112526 9 168531ndash5 45 122536 46 168542 45543ndash4 76545ndash6 45547 210554 45 108561ndash4 45565ndash8 43 44 45571 198591ndash6023 766010 4261ndash63 46 52621ndash9 45622ndash3 122624ndash6312 122625ndash14 42631ndash12 45 122632ndash4 106637 1236311 426312 76651ndash663 52671ndash681 52678ndash13 43 44 45 1226926ndash29 42 52701 42715ndash17 447113(14)ndash17 42 1418215ndash20 7683ndash84 52891ndash9 528973ndash74 1139038 164

Index of Ancient Sources248

1006 1681049ndash13 47

2 Enoch31ndash221 113101ndash6 112

3 Baruch3ndash17 113163 204

3 Enoch11ndash12 113

Ascension of Isaiah610ndash15 113

Baruch437 19855 198

Bel and the Dragon36 112 114 116

Jubilees11ndash8 209120 12122 114727 52102 52105 52106 121108ndash11 52 114 121114 121115 521114ndash1214 321220 1211525ndash34 1591531ndash32 114 1211928 121492 52

Letter of Aris teas155 145

Psalms of Solomon219 159823 30 1591112 1981731 164 1981810ndash12 76

Sirach21ndash17 72 86212 87143ndash7 2051410ndash11 202241ndash12 125247ndash11 1262410ndash11 1592525ndash26 2072611 2053113 2053522ndash3622 723824ndash3911 17243 76501ndash24 125

The Sentences of the Syriac Menander340ndash46 189

Tes tament of Abraham81ndash12 113

Tes tament of Levi26ndash57 113

Tes tament of Moses51ndash62 126

Tobit145ndash7 164 198

Vita Adae et Evae61ndash103 116121ndash161 115

Wisdom of Solomon410ndash15 46418ndash513 46

249Index of Ancient Sources

New Tes tament

Q32ndash958 (59ndash60) 101 103 104 108

126 155 173 17537 5237ndash9 16ndash17 5 54 64 68 70 90

104 11637ndash735 78 80 81 83 85

101 102 103317 54 9141ndash13 5 51 52 53 64 65

66 78 91 104 111 112 113 114 115 118 119 126 152 153 155 156

41ndash4 116 11745ndash8 114 119 121 122

123 15949ndash12 (13) 47 51 65 96 123

157 200416 91 129 130 131

153620ndash49 16 63 82 91 104

105 129 130 131 153

620b 12 91 132620bndash21 48 132 133 134

135 136 137620bndash23 5 131 132 143621a 12 20 91 132622 12 17 24 25 26

38 71 140 141 153 167 170 194 205

622ndash23 17 20 52 53 54 96 132 133 134 136 139 140 141 142 206

623c 64 82 129 132 139 140 142 143

627ndash35 (36) 13 16 71 129 147 151 152 153 154

629 24 91 150630 24 150631 91 152637ndash38 12 92640 92 144646 92 104 144 145

146 153 154 203

647ndash49 12 92 14471ndash10 9 64 92 104 126

155 156 158 169 197 199

76 145 20379 87 96 104 156

157 158 167 173 194 198 199

718ndash19 159 167718ndash23 159718ndash28 64 166718ndash960 92722 16 54 134 135

161 163 164 172727 96 163731ndash35 64 70 92 165 166

169 170 171733 51 53734 24 26 52 165 167

169 170 172735 166 170957ndash58 (59ndash60) 92 105 111 155

169 170 171957ndash62 63959ndash60 172 173958 24 25 26 27 38

52 71 164 165 169 170 171 172

959 145102ndash16 5 56 63 70 86

158 170 175 182 215

102ndash24 92102ndash1240 101 105 107 108

175 205104 48 92109 73 931012 93 1751012ndash15 54 64 82 861013ndash15 47 56 70 80 81

82 86 87 96 107 126 175 199 212

1016 72 931021 56 81 87 93 96

173 2091021ndash22 54 56 78 79 81

82 145 1941021ndash24 64 107

Index of Ancient Sources250

1022 81 93 114 116 145 146 203 209

1023ndash24 17 93 106112ndash4 9ndash13 5 63 78 93 117

176 177 179 180112b 48 178 184114 24 178119ndash13 12 93 176 177

178 179 180 1811114 51 1761114ndash20 52 531114ndash32 931114ndash52 64 107 1791118 51 53 93 114 121

1591124ndash26 51 53 9311(16) 29ndash32 9 54 70 96 2121130 24 26 52 1861133ndash52 93 2051134 93 2051139ndash52 70 107 126 1691142c 64 66 1251149 521149ndash51 47 53 54 66 96

118 119 157 2001151 52 200 205122ndash12 5 70 94 107 155

180 181 182 183 184 194

123 72 94124ndash5 54 70 73 181 182

190124ndash7 94 121 122 176

179 180 181 194 214

125 181 204128 24 26 38 54 185

187 188 189128ndash9 52 69 94 167 184

186 187 188 189 214

128ndash10 54 64 69 71 82 175 176 183 184 187 189 190 194 212

129 184 185 1881210 24 26 94 185 187

188 1891211ndash12 54 70 72 73 94

181 182 214

1222ndash31 (33ndash34) 63 73 176 177 178 179 180 190 192

1222ndash40 941224 23 178 1801227 231231 48 94 1841233 12 48 1911233ndash34 69 94 191 1921235ndash38 94 108 190 2031235ndash46 1081235ndash59 94 1081235ndash2230 101 105 108 109

197 2031239 17 18 95 1911239ndash40 18 20 54 70 71

94 105 175 190 191 192 193 203 212

1239ndash59 64 1911240 24 52 69 95 167

186 191 1931242ndash46 52 53 54 69 70

95 191 192 197 203 204 205 206 212

1245 96 2051246 2041251 20 951251ndash59 1081252ndash53 201256 171258ndash59 24 951318ndash19 20ndash21 5 20 48 63 95

108 2071318ndash24 951324 63 951325ndash30 54 63 82 871325ndash1423 54 95 96 126 158

1991327 52 53 96 118 1981328ndash29 96 198 1991334 52 125 2061334ndash35 47 53 54 63 66

81 82 83 96 105 106 107 108 109 118 119 125 157 194 198 200 201 202

1335 51 54 96 106 202

251Index of Ancient Sources

1411 54 961416ndash23 (24) 63 82 971423 541426 72 97 2151426ndash27 1733 20 63 72 971426ndash176 971427 54 97 140 141

182 2141434ndash35 63 97154ndash5a 7 20 63 97 108 2091613 12 63 94 971616 64 97 207 2091616ndash18 2061617 17 63 64 66 79

97 125 206 207 208 209

1616(17)ndash172 197 206 2081618 24 63 79 97 206

207 208 209171ndash2 97 207 208171ndash6 63173ndash4 18 20 98176 18 20 78 98 108

2101720ndash21 17 981723 98 2101723ndash37 54 64 69 70 71

98 167 170 197 210 211 212

1723ndash2230 108 2111724 26 30 24 52 98 991733 54 97 182 2141734ndash35 98 991912ndash26 64 69 99 108 197

203 204 205 206 212

1912ndash2230 991922 2052228ndash30 5 54 64 99 108

212

Matthew37 52310 9542 11745 12448 119 120413 130 1315ndash7 94 10251 119

54 13458 138511 (12) 52 205512 142515 7539 149 150540 15 150541 15 89 91 149 150542 150 151544 148 149544ndash45 91 149545 20861ndash18 94612 177619ndash21 94620 191623 205624 94625ndash34 94626 178627 177630 178 17975 1877 17779 177711 178 179712 152723 52724 26 9185ndash13 199810 155811ndash12 198 199819 169820 27 142 171821 172822 173829 12191ndash8 7920ndash22 97922 7937 92107 731026 71029 1801032 184 1891032ndash33 91 1841034 951038 731039 141115 134 163

Index of Ancient Sources252

1119 1691122ndash45 931125 2081217 731232 1841239 52 2051243 1241311 13 71342 951416 71521ndash28 97162bndash3 951613ndash28 1401617ndash19 471625 141171 1191717 7186 208186ndash22 97188ndash9 951825 971928 991929 992030 130219 1062131 972133ndash41 (42ndash46) 7 19221ndash14 18236ndash7 206237 1662334 522334ndash36 962335 522337 52 1972337ndash39 81 105 201243ndash41 210 211244ndash14 72423 982443 1912443ndash44 1932445 2062448 (49) 52 205251ndash13 972514ndash30 992526 28 2052530 992531 992541 95 121266ndash13 972640ndash41 7

2669 71 1302669ndash75 1892732 912755 97285 130289ndash10 972816ndash18 1192818 120

Mark114 21 131123ndash26 121124 130129ndash31 18821ndash12 731 14937ndash12 188313 114327 93328 188328ndash29 18443ndash8 193411ndash12 7413 177430ndash32 20 193438 177421ndash22 7435ndash41 9525ndash34 97534 761ndash6a 188615 163635ndash44 9637 7645ndash52 9645ndash826 971ndash23 9724ndash30 9 9781ndash10 9811ndash13 9822ndash26 9827 140827ndash98 47828 163831ndash33 121834ndash35 20835 141838 184 19092 11492ndash8 47

253Index of Ancient Sources

919 7943ndash47 951028 73 1791029 201035ndash40 1831039 1881046ndash52 91047 130119 1061117 7 1771122ndash23 25ab 18 201124 1801129ndash30 7121ndash9 (10ndash12) 7 19129 191211 191226 177133ndash37 210 211135ndash13 71315ndash16 991321 98143ndash9 971437ndash38 71447 95 1491462 411466ndash72 1891467 130151ndash5 951521 911541 97166 130

Luke15ndash25 10237 5242 11745 12246b 7 12046cd 120 121416 130416ndash30 188425ndash27 9438ndash39 188517ndash26 766 149617ndash19 188621 134622 205623 142625 134

627 149627ndash28 148628 149629 15 150630 150 151634 151635 91 208642 18646 146647ndash49 9179 155722 163734 169735 166 208810 7816ndash17 7824 177831 121848 7912ndash17 9913 7924 141926 190941 7957 169958 171959 172960 173102 92109 731017ndash20 1211021 208114 177115ndash8 97 177119 1771111 1771112 1171113 178 1791120 511121ndash22 931124 124 2051124ndash26 931129 52 2051143 166 2061149 521150 521151 52124 73 179126 180128 184

Index of Ancient Sources254

128ndash9 911211 731213ndash21 971223a 1771224 177 1781228 1791233 1911235ndash38 89 941239 1911239ndash40 1931242 2061245 52 2051249 89 951254ndash56 95131ndash35 1021327 52 1971328ndash29 1981334 52 1971415ndash24 181427 73158ndash10 97172 2081711ndash19 981720 981721 981722 981728ndash29 89 98 991731 991732 991733 971835ndash43 91912ndash27 991922 24 2051927 991938 96 1061941ndash44 961946 177209ndash16 (17ndash19) 7 192018 192037 177218ndash19 7223 1212228ndash30 992246 72249ndash51 952250 1492254ndash62 188234 14 952413ndash33 102

John446 158446ndash54 157448 158631ndash58 117844 121123 1061225ndash26 201231 1211430 1211611 1211828ndash1916 102

Acts23 9521ndash4 18951ndash11 189109ndash16 9121ndash2 183123ndash19 183

Romans1214 149

1 Corinthians412 14963 121 192132 18 20

2 Corinthians41ndash6 19244 121

Galatians113ndash14 18343 8ndash9 121 192

Ephesians21ndash2 121 192612 121 192

1 Thessalonians214ndash16 183218 121 19251ndash11 19252 20 19255ndash6 192

2 Thessalonians21ndash12 210 211

255Index of Ancient Sources

2 Timothy211ndash13 190

Hebrews1137 204

James 315ndash17 12444ndash7 121

1 Peter314 132 139 143319ndash20 47414 132 139 141 14358 121

2 Peter24ndash5 47 121

Jude16ndash7 121

Revelation110ndash20 113113 18635 19041ndash11 113123ndash4 121171ndash3 114173ndash18 112 113219ndash27 112 1132110 113

New Tes tament Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha

Gospel of Thomas1ndash71 1731ndash3 2161ndash4 1710 19 95111 1713 21161ndash2 20 95163 2017 1720ndash21 71 193201ndash4 20 192215ndash8 18 19 20 192243 36ndash39 17261ndash2 18262ndash331 1731 21361ndash3 19 143 180473 2148 18 19 20

54 137 13855 2058 17 13864 18 1965 1968 20 132 138 139

14068ndash69 19 139 143691 17 138692 19 20 137 13877 2179 2186 169 170103 17106ndash107 19 201131ndash2 9

Pseudo-Clementine Homilies12313 180

Dead Sea Scrolls

CD214ndash41 125412ndash14 121 124 125419ndash52 208

51ndash5 2091316ndash17 207122ndash3 121161ndash2 125

Index of Ancient Sources256

1QapGen 29 30 31 33 35 36 37 40

1QH430 40

1QM11 1211310ndash12 121175ndash6 51

1QpHab 56 125

1QS25 121211ndash15 207 208321ndash25 11749 18258 125119ndash10 1821120 40

1Q27 (1Q4QMys teries)1 i 1ndash8 56 202

4Q299 (1Q4QMys teries)3andashb ii 2ndash8 563andashb ii 9ndash16 56

4Q416 (4QIns truction)1 10ndash13 56 2021 12 1822 i 21ndashiv 13 562 ii 6 17 178

4Q417 (4QIns truction)1 i 6ndash9 561 i 10(11)ndash12 56 2021 i 12ndash13 561 i 14 561 i 16 115 1821 i 17 1821 i 24 56 2022 i 17ndash24 562 i 19 21ndash22 178

4Q418 (4QIns truction)69 ii 6ndash9 56 202

69 ii 12ndash13 5681 1ndash2 18281 2ndash5 5681 4 11581 5 11581 20 56 20288 56103 56107 56123 5ndash8 56

4Q423 (4QIns truction)5 3 565 5ndash6 56

4Q503 115

4Q521 16 54 135 137 159 160 161 162

4Q525 57 133

4QDeut j 1214 121

4QIsa 135

4QMMTC 4ndash9 125

11Q11 124

11Q13 135 137

11QPsa 191ndash18 121

11QT545 2075715ndash19 208669ndash11 207

Targums4QtgJob 314QtgLev 3111QtgJob 31 33 35 40

257Index of Ancient Sources

Josephus

Ant14133ndash146 4415103 451982 123

Bell188 46

1131ndash11 441161ndash5 461213 461335 452101ndash5 1232116 183

Babylonian Texts

Gilgamesh 112

Greek and Latin Authors

Dio CassiusHis t59271 120

HomerOd10503ndash15 1121112ndash22 112

PlatoPhaed111cndash112e 112

Senecade Ben2121ndash2 120

Seneca the ElderControv9210 183

TacitusAnn632 120

His t59 183

Apos tolic and Church Fathers

1 Clement132 153292 121394ndash5 121

2 Clement32 190134 148

Apos tolic Cons titutions721 152

722 148 150 151722ndash6 147725 149 150726 148 153

AthanasiusFes t Let 3911 14

Canons of the Holy Apos tles4ndash5 152

Index of Ancient Sources258

Chrysos tomHom Mt342 180

Clement of AlexandriaS trom4641 139 143

Didache11ndash63 1412c 15213b 148 14913bndash5b 11 12 13 15 16

71 147 151 15413bndash21 5 11 14 15 15013c 15113cndash4a 1413d 15 14814 1414a 1614b 15 14914c 91 15014d 15 149 150 15115a 15015b 148 15381ndash2 1482 16103bndash122a 14113 16113ndash137 14153ndash4 16161ndash8 210 211 212

EusebiusHis t Eccl3254

IrenaeusAdv Haer1101 1214162 121

Jus tin Martyr1 Apol159 148

2 Apol25 121

OrigenC Cels870 180

PolycarpPhilippians22ndash3 153

Shepherd of HermasMandate 24ndash6 153

Similitude535ndash8 138

Rabbinic Literature

j Ber3b 5b 5c 31 37 38

j Ket35a 31 37

j Šab3a 38d 31 37

j Taʿan65b 4069ab 125

R Gen72 313813 31 37796 31

R Num193 31 38

TargumsCairo BGen 414 31 33 34 37 41

259Index of Ancient Sources

Cairo FExod 1913 37Deut 346 37

Neof I Gen 414 31 33 41Gen 95ndash6 37Gen 4922 36

Papyri Manuscripts and Inscriptions

Br Mus Or 9271 14P Oxy 1 17P Oxy 654 17

P Oxy 655 17 143 180P Oxy 1782 14 15 148 151Sf III 16ndash17 40

Index of Modern Authors

Achtemeier P 139 141Adams S L 56 72 202Alexander P S 31 32Allison D C 1 2 3 5 12 22 24 66

75 77 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 90 91 94 96 98 99 103 105 107 112 117 119 120 123 125 129 130 131 133 134 135 136 138 139 140 144 147 148 149 150 152 153 155 158 160 163 169 170 172 175 176 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 193 197 198 200 205

Anderson A A 124Anderson F I 113Andrejevs O 25 164 172 190Arcari L 44Argall R A 47 72 202Arnal W E 23 24 48 59 61 63 65

66 67 68 78 86 104 123 125 132 134 136 150 191 194 208 214

Attridge H W 17Audet J-P 14Avigad N 29 30

Bailey K 102Bauckham R 12Baum A D 1Bazzana G B 1 3 24 59 178 198Beasley-Murray G R 158Berger K 104Bergmeier R 159 160 162Betz D H 3 24 51 103 146 179 183de Begraveze T 27Bird M F 159 198 199Black C C 11Black M 26 28 30 31 32 35 36 37

40 168Blenkinsopp J 135 136 137Boccaccini G 32 43 44 50Boring M E 38 183 184 185 188

192 211

Borsch F H 185Bovon F 5 19 93 95 96 98 99 106

140 177 179 184 185 198Bowman J W 28 33Boyarin D 23Breuer Y 34Brin G 208Broadhead E K 3 89Brodie T L 163Brooke G J 43 160Brown R E 11 12 102 130 157 158Broyles C C 123Bultmann R 3 60 98 111 132 156

158 184 185 186 187 188 201Burkett D 27 213Bussmann W 26

Campbell J Y 28 46Caragounis C C 27 29 39Carroll J T 3Carruth S 119Casey P M 29 34 35 37 39 41Cas tor G D 4 5Catchpole D R 21 77 90 96 99 129

131 145 147 156 157 159 164 175 188 198 208

Chang A 199Charlesworth J H 31 42 43 44 45

46 47 72 160 171 185Chazon E G 115 202Cheung L L 12Childs B S 163Chilton B D 26 36 39 117 130Clark D J 109Collins A Y 39 41 47 50 51 52 103

114 188 193 211Collins J J 23 40 43 48 49 50 51

52 53 57 76 77 121 126 160 161 162 163 168 202

Colpe C 25 26 28 29 31 32 36 37 39 40 45 140

Index of Modern Authors262

Conzelmann H 96 97Cotter W J 61 104 132 156 163 165

166 170 191Cromhout M 61 145 191Crossan J D 39 89 94 98 134

Dalman G 27 29 30Damm A 171Davidson M J 114Davies W D 1 2 3 91 99 119 120

131 138 139 140 149 150 169 172 179 180 184 185 193 197 200

DeConick A D 11 17 20 21 138 139 192

Derrenbacker R A 1 24Di Lella A A 73Dibelius M 12Diacuteez Macho A 30Dimant D 160DiTommaso L 57Doering L 208Downing F G 23 64Draper J A 13 14 15 16 68 156Dundenberg I 11Dunn J D G 1 149 183Dupont J 97 116Durham J I 163

Eldridge M D 117Elgvin T 49 56 57 115 202Eshel H 44

Fiebig P 26 27 28 34 37 39Fitzmyer J A 1 2 3 8 19 26 28 30

31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 82 91 95 97 98 117 118 119 130 131 133 138 139 140 146 149 163 177 179 208

Fleddermann H T 2 6 10 11 59 62 69 83 84 85 86 87 90 91 93 95 97 98 101 103 104 105 109 129 130 134 140 144 148 150 152 156 157 163 166 170 176 177 179 184 185 189 199 200 203 205 211

Flusser D 14 15Fos ter P 1 3 6 12 26Freedman H 32Frenschkowski M 145Frey J 56Freyne S 159 199

Funk F X 14 147

Garciacutea Martiacutenez F 49 57 160 162 202 208

Garrow A 13Gathercole S 17 19 20 138 139 181Gerber C 203Gibson J B 116Gieschen C A 147Ginsburger M 30Glover R 13 16Goering G S 72 125Goff M J 55 56 57 79 84 115 178

202Goodacre M 1 17 19Greenfield J C 27Greeven H 12Gregg B H 90 97 186 198 204Grenfell B P 14 17Guelich R A 193Guenther H O 26Gundry R H 150 181 197

Haenchen E 12 139 157 158 201Hahn F 185Han K S 124 125 200Hannah D D 42 43 45 46Hare D R A 38 39 40 184 185Harrington D J 33 55 57 202 Hartin P J 12 61 119 166Hasitschka M 118Heil C 5 38 60 99 119 181Higgins A J B 184Hill A E 163Hindley J C 43Hoffmann P 5 38 55 67 70 75 77

80 96 99 112 145 167 170 184 185

Holtzmann H J 4Hooker M D 45Horsley R 68 156 198 199 200van der Hors t P W 73Hossfeld F L 124Howard G 146Howes L 26 39 43 61 65 77 81 133

140 141 142 166 167 170 185 188 190 212

Hubbard B J 38Hultgren S 160 162Hunt A S 14 17

263Index of Modern Authors

van Iersel B M F 102

Jacobson A D 5 26 39 49 54 60 61 64 75 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 85 87 90 94 96 97 98 106 129 132 140 144 152 156 157 167 170 171 184 185 187 201 207 210

Jefford C N 13 14 15Jeremias J 179 198 204Jervis L A 55Jewett R 149Johnson L A 178 208Johnson L T 12Johnson-DeBaufre M 66 103 163Jonas H 51de Jonge H J 24 185Jongeling B 35Joseph S J 1 21 23 24 45 46 47 48

51 52 68 103 125 132 134 136 142 144 153 156 159 160 161 162 164 178 180 181 182 184 185 187 190 191 200 201 202 206 208 214 215

Jus t A A 102

Kahle P 26 30 31 36Kampen J L 162 209Kaufman S A 31 32 36 40Keener C S 183Kirk A 2 4 5 6 10 15 24 55 59 60

61 62 66 67 68 69 71 72 73 75 76 77 78 79 83 84 85 86 87 88 90 94 96 98 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 111 114 129 152 155 156 166 177 179 184 189 190 197 203 207 208 214 215

Kloppenborg J S 1 2 3 4 5 11 12 13 14 15 17 19 21 22 23 24 25 26 38 39 50 51 53 54 55 57 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 86 87 88 89 90 95 97 98 99 103 104 107 108 111 112 121 122 123 124 125 126 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 139 140 141 142 143 144 147 148 150 151 155 156 157 158 160 162 163 164 165 166 167 170 171 172 175 176 180 181 182 183 184 187 189

190 191 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 208 210 211 212 213

Knibb M A 46 202Koes ter H 15 38 48 60 61 63 66

148Koumlhler W D 16Kraus H-J 124Kutscher E Y 30 35 36

Lang B 201Laurence R 41Leives tad R 43Levine A-J 208Lichtenberger H 124Lindars B 29 34 37 39 43 184 185

188Lohfink N 118Lukaszewski A 25 27Luz U 3 10 60 74 75 78 81 87 90

91 93 95 96 97 99 102 106 111 131 134 140 142 145 148 150 151 166 169 180 181 184 185 197 198 199 201 204 207

Luumldemann G 183Luumlhrmann D 61 64 78 111 140 157

158 165 180 184

Mack B L 23 38 43 61 133 135 170Magness J 160Malherbe A 192 211Manson T W 5 28 101Maori Y 32Marcus J 8 11 41 47 102 183 188

193 199 211Marshall I H 3Martiacutenez R 166 167Martyn J L 183Maumlrz C-P 90 94McDermott J M 185McNamara M J 31Meadors E P 62 66 67 72 74 76 77

166 168 201Meadors G T 137Menken M J J 116 117Meyer A 27Meyer P D 157Middleton P 182Milik J P 36 42 43 187Milikowsky C 181Miller R J 63 201

Index of Modern Authors264

Mitchell D C 124Moller H B 29Moreland M 23Moss C 182Mournet T C 1Muraoka T 35 38Muumlnch C 203

Neirynck F 2 3 4 11 22 26 90 98 99 116 130 140 149

Nickelsburg G 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 52 53 76 106 112 113 122 126 141 168 172 202 210 213

Niebuhr K W 159Niederwimmer K 13 14 15 16 148

151 152Nielsen K 114 115Nolland J 179Novakovic L 160 162

Odeberg H 36Oegema G S 116Owen P 25 29 35

Patterson S J 17 18 21 61 63Perrin N 186Pervo R I 183Pietersma A 146Piovanelli P 44 45Piper R A 61 82 112 176 190Ploeg J P M 35Pokornyacute P 11 17 19 117 139Polag A 62 73 89 90 94Porter S E 180 181Porton G G 38Pries t J 126Propp W H C 163Puech Eacute 133 160 162

Ra Y 39 132 145 155 170 184 185Reicke B 141Riesner R 183Robbins M C 51 103 113 115 117

121 125Robbins V K 104Robinson J M 2 5 24 26 34 38 39

41 43 55 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 77 96 103 119 129 131 132 134 135 140 142 143 144 145

156 160 165 166 167 180 181 184 185 186 187 188 190 200 201 202

Rodd C S 6 7 9Rollens S E 2 3 23 24 26 61 132

182 191Roth D T 2 6 7 10 11 54 90 145

165 191 192 203 204 205 206Rothschild C K 90 159 164Royse J R 146Roumlsel M 146

Sacchi P 43 44 45 47Sandt H 5 14 15Sato M 3 59 62 74 75 76 77 79 80

82 83 87 90 94 98 111 134 170 176 184

Schalit A 44Schenk W 62 73 89 90 103 170 176Schiavo L 104 112 113Schiffman L H 57 160Schnackenburg R 12 157 158Schniedewind W M 160Schroumlter J 180Schulz S 74 132 165 167 176 179

201 210Schuumlrmann H 8 130 167 170Seeley D 132 141 142Segal M 43 114 121Sellew P 193Sevenich-Bax E 103 105Shelton J 163Shepherd D 29 35Shinall M C 51Shirock R J 102Sjoumlberg E 28 29 35 39 45Skeat T C 180Skehan P W 73Smith D A 96 201 202 203So K-C 157Sokoloff M 35Somov A 181Spranger P P 204S taples J A 145 146 154S teck O H 61 64 132 201S tone M E 45S treeter B H 4 12 130S trugnell J 55S tuckenbruck L T 27 30 47 51 65

114 121Syreeni K 4 15 153

265Index of Modern Authors

Tabor J D 160Tannehil R C 178 208Taylor N H 120 123 183Theissen G 123Theophilos M P 126Tigchelaar E J C 56Tiwald M 3 23 160Toumldt H E 47 184 185 186 187Tuckett C M 1 3 6 9 11 13 14 15

17 23 26 49 50 53 54 61 62 63 66 68 72 76 77 84 86 90 94 95 98 112 114 119 121 125 130 134 140 150 154 156 157 158 160 166 170 184 193 199 205 206 207 208 210

Uhlig S 45Uro R 26 62 185

Vaage L E 23 24 26 39 61 133 165 167 170 171 190 191 210

VanderKam J C 43 46 57 168Vassiliadis P 89 94de Vaux R 56Vermes G 26 28 29 31 32 33 34 35

36 37 38 39 40 43 140 160 184

Wacholder B Z 209

von Wahlde U C 12 158Wahlen C 51Walck L W 46 52Watson F 1Weaks J A 6 7Weinfeld M 118 146 207 208Weiser A 124Weiss B 130Wellhausen J 26Welch J W 102Wernberg-Mѳller P 36Wes termann C 135 136Williams P J 35Wilson W T 149Wins ton D 46 72Wise M O 160Witetschek S 86 167Wolter M 90van der Woude A S 35Wright III B J 72 202

Xeravits G G 202

York A D 32

Zeller D 63 69 111 165 212Zenger E 124

Index of Subjects

Abel-Main (Tell Abl) 45Abraham 32 157Agrippa I 123 183Ahab 118 121angel of Yahweh 163angelicheavenly rebellion 121 125Antigonus 43aphaeresis 27 32 34 36 38apocalypse 48ndash as incorrectly applied to Mk 133ndash37

211ndash as incorrectly applied to Q 1723ndash37

210 211apocalypticndash Chris tianity 53ndash discourse 211ndash framework 57 121ndash inaccurately used as a noun 49ndash literature 47 53 54 135ndash language in Ben Sira 72ndash tradition 56 57 186ndash wisdom ins tructions other than Q 56

57 77 202ndash worldview (outside of Q see its at-

tes tation in Q referenced separately below) 24 49 50 51 55 57 87 121

apocalypticism 25 87 58 62ndash and apocalypse 48 49ndash and eschatology 48ndash as a literary category 48 79ndash as a dis tortion of Godrsquos intended

order 23ndash as compatible with wisdom in late

second temple literature 57 62 66 70 72 154 202

ndash as having a place outside the genre of an apocalypse 49

ndash as synonymous with apocalyptic worldview 49

ndash in Pauline thought 192ndash in sectarian environments 53

ndash in recent Q scholarship 48ndash methodological definitions of 50 54

186Aramaic 25 26 46 70 140 187 204

213ndash OfficialImperialBiblical 26 27 35

40ndash Middle 26 27 30 32 33 34 35 36

37 38 40 41 52 167 170 187 188ndash Late 26 27 28 32 33 34 35 36 37

38 41 140 187ndash Galilean 29 36 38ndash Qumran 31 32 35 38Athaliah 125Augus tus 45

Babylonian Exile 118Banias 45βασιλείαndash as a hypothetical metaphor reflecting

the social interes ts of Qrsquos author(s) 48

ndash as a political entity 120ndash of God 23 48 73 95 108 123 132

177 178 182 183 184 192 194 206 207

ndash of Satan 51 114ndash realized 142beatitude(s) 82 91 93 105 131 132

133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 153

Bethsaida 45 56 93

Caesarea Philippi 46(Cairo) Geniza fragments 28 29 30 32

36 37Capernaum 45 56 93chiasm 83 85 101 102 103 109 118

120chias tic 85 101 103 106 107 108 120

152 197

Index of Subjects268

Chorazin 56 93chreia(s) 63 71 104 105 120 211chreiic 65 86 104 105 111 156chris tology (see the Q discussion refer-

enced separately below)ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 17ndash in Luke 19ndash in Mark 131circumcision 159 209Claudius 183cosmic mountain 114 119Cynic(s) 23

Dan 45 47Darius I 163Deuteronomis t 118Deuteronomis tic His tory 146deuteronomis ticndash agenda 156ndash context(s) 143 153ndash framework 53 54ndash motifs 118 127ndash orientation 64ndash outlook 61 82 114ndash redaction 80ndash rhetoric 136ndash s tratums trata 78ndash theme 78ndash tradition 79ndash unders tanding 64devil 51 66 114 117 119 120 121 123

124

Elijah 96 116 118 126 162 163 164ElijahElisha cycle 162 163Enoch 44 45 47 51 76 112 113 157

172 202ndash as a scribe 46ndash Book of Watchers 45 113 125ndash sapiential content in Watchers 76ndash Book of Parables 24 41 47 157 167

171 213ndash sapiential content in Parables 76ndash Epis tle of Enoch 43ndash his torical incarnation of 202ndash Seminar 47Enochicndash author 122ndash corpus 52 73ndash formulation 52

ndash framework 121ndash literaturetext 43 46 56ndash movement 47 53 157 210ndash mythology 113 114 122 164ndash Son of Man 172ndash tradents 46ndash tradition 43 46 47 79 113 122 157

215ndash Watchers myth 45 53 121eschatological prophetndash in 4Q521 160 162ndash in Q 164 165 166eschatology (see the Q discussion refer-

enced separately below) 47 48 50ndash in 1 Enoch 42 47 76 122 141 142

168 169ndash in 4Q521 159 160 162ndash in 4QIns truction 56ndash in Ben Sira 72ndash in Malachi 163 164ndash in Psalms of Solomon 159ndash in Trito-Isaiah 136Exodusndash legendmyth 117ndash imagerymotifs 116 163

form (literary)ndash and meaning 82ndash and worldview 76ndash apocalypse 49ndash criticism 61 62 63 67 68 69 70

74 156 170 214ndash miracle s tory 156ndash wisdom 84ndash (wisdom) ins truction 70 71

Gaius (Caligula) 44 46 123Galilee 23 36 44 45 47 56 73 131

171 194 215ndash village scribes 48ndash villagestowns 24 93 199Gentile(s) 9 87 96 120 126 155 157

158 159 164 167 168 169 173 198 199 209 215

Great Omission 8 9

HasidicHasidim 79 162Hebrew 25 35 39 40 41 42 204Hebrew Biblescriptures 24 118 127

136 160

269Index of Subjects

Hermogenes 171mt Hermon 45 46 47Herod the Great and the Herodian era

43 44 45 46 126Herodians 45(holy) Spirit 72 94 178 189Hulah Valley 45

Isaiah (see the Index of Ancient Sources for specific passages)

ndash Deutero 46 135 136 168 169ndash firs t-century reader of 135ndash Trito 51 54 135 136 137 143 154

163 200Israelndash in Ben Sira 125ndash in Daniel 168ndash in Deuteronomy 118ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 139ndash in the Hebrew Bible 198 199ndash in Jubilees 121ndash in Malachi 163ndash in Q 53 64 78 80 87 96 104 118

127 155 156 158 198 199ndash pre-exilic 50ndash traditional wisdom of 58ndash wilderness myth 117

James (son of Zebedee) 183Jerusalem 44 72 96 106 108 113 119

125 159 166 199 200ndash culttemple 136 137 163 214ndash pries thood 45 47 127Jesusndash as an apocalyptic figure in Q 38ndash as a literary character in Q 21ndash floating traditions ascribed to 48ndash his torical 21 29 37 43 47 73 116

141 142 164 165 171 172 186 198ndash his torical greeting of in Jerusalem

106ndash movement 23ndash tradition 161Jewish Chris tianityndash as a movement in a contes ted envi-

ronment 43 183ndash as a proliferation of groups and

communities 183ndash on the use of the term 23

ndash possible connection to the Enochic movement 47

Jewish War 200John (the Baptis t) 68 78 80 83 85 90

91 92 97 103 104 105 116 159 163 164 165 166 167 169 172

ndash followers of 159 165 166ndash his torical 159 165Journeysndash cosmicterres trial 76 112 113 114

119 122 127ndash heavenly 45 112 113Judea 36 44 200 215

Kallirrhoeuml 45Kleinliteratur 3 4 59 60 73 215

Lordrsquos Prayer 93 94 177Lot 97 99

Maccabean era 126Mas tema 121Matthew and Luke as conservative

traditionalis ts 4Matthewrsquos and Lukersquos redactorial

freedom 4Matthewrsquos use of Q 4messiah 106 116 162 164 210messiahship 123messianic 116 210Migdal 46mimesis 114 141minor agreements 15 130Minor Prophets 146Moses 117

Nag Hammadi 17Nimrod 32

oralndash possible cross-influence on the Gos-

pel of Thomas from the canonical gospels 11 193

ndash harmonization of Matthew and Luke 16

ndash life of the primitive community 60ndash performance 15 16 161ndash source utilization 15ndash tradition 17 98 151ndash transmission 188

Index of Subjects270

ndash usage and application of Q 4ndash usage of Matthew 15ndash variants of Q 4Oxyrhynchus 17

Paneion 46Parousia 116 186 193Parthian invasion of 40 BCE 44 46Paulndash his torical 149 183ndash possible awareness of the Q tradition

by 192persecutionndash as an apocalyptic motif 54ndash because of someone 142ndash in authentic Pauline corpus 149 183ndash in Q 52 54 78 94 107 118 122

126 132 133 134 140 141 142 143 144 175 180 181 182 184 190 194 200 206

ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 138ndash in the Parables of Enoch 141ndash in Trito-Isaiah 137 200ndash plausibility of 182 183Pharisees 65 68 94 166 169 205 206

214pleroma 39prophecyndash pre-exilic and Persian era (classical)

50ndash mixture of with wisdom 77Prophetisierung 75

Qndash apocalypticism apocalyptic motifs

features imagination framework and worldview 23 25 46 53 57 58 63 69 70 71 73 76 79 84 87 88 111 114 121 127 141 175 190 194 197 202 210 211 213 214

ndash apocalyptic document 48 51ndash apocalyptic wisdom ins truction 23

55 70 73 74 77 79 214ndash (apocalyptic) communitymovement

55 107 122 194 195 206 209ndash Aramaic roots 26ndash chris tology 70 81 83 87 93 104

115 116 123 130 131 142 144 145 147 153 154 156 157 159 164 166 167 194 214

ndash demonology 51 53ndash eschatological (apocalyptic) dis-

course 64 83 97 98 170 210 211 212

ndash eschatology 48 51 54 56 69 73 75 87 94 95 101 104 105 108 133 141 142 143 144 147 159 164 165 166 167 169 172 180 192 193 194 198 199 202 203 210

ndash final (literary) form 59 62 69 78 178

ndash hypothetical mid- (lower) level or sub-elite scribal origin 24 59

ndash hypothetical recensions 3 4 59 60 90 98

ndash hypothetical segregation of wisdom and apocalyptic s trata 60 66 67 70 213 214

ndash mission speech 23 56 86 87 92 104 105 107 173 182 194

ndash Pales tinian character 24ndash possible authenticity of its content

22 81ndash prophetic content 61 63 67 70 74

75 76 77 79 80 82 83 142 143 176

ndash recons truction (CEQ) 5 6 10 90 (see also recons truction [in this s tudy] below as such frequently follows the CEQ)

ndash recons truction (feasibility) 2 3 4 10 11

ndash recons truction (in this s tudy) 60 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 111 116 119 120 123 130 131 134 144 147 148 149 151 152 165 169 170 172 175 176 177 178 179 181 184 191 193 199 204 207 213 215

ndash recons truction (methodology) 5 89 90

ndash recons truction (skepticism) 2 10 59 (see also recons tructed Mark below)

ndash sapiential content 12 62 63 67 77 79 80 82 130 154 175 191 202 214

ndash sermon 63 82 91 92 103 105 127 129 130 131 134 135 138 140 144 145 147 152 153 154 155 156

ndash sophis ticated scribal traditions 24ndash sub-literary view of 3 59 60 74

271Index of Subjects

ndash tradents 4 59 67 125 135 147 181 182 197 199 202 203 207 209 214

ndash tradition 13 17 87 161 163 164 186 187 192 202

Quintillian 171Qumran (see the Index of Ancient

Sources for specific documents)ndash apocalyptic worldview 50 135ndash Aramaic corpus 33ndash beatitude collection 133ndash communitymovementYahad 44 53

56 121 135 136 137 157 160 161 206 207 208 209

ndash demonology 124ndash discovery 29ndash fellowship with angels 115ndash fragments of 1 Enoch 44ndash library 43ndash manualsrules 82ndash sapiential literature 25 55 56 57

58 62 69ndash social setting 43

recons tructed Mark 2 6 7 8 9 10RomeRomans 44 91 121 126 159

199 207ndash occupation of Judea 44

sage(s) 55 56 79 84Samaria 44Satan 50 51 52 53 114 115 117 118

120 121 159 192scribe(s) 102 205ndash ancient reading practices of 102ndash as a Q opponent group 68 169 205ndash as advanced or elite readers of Q

102 103ndash Enochic 46 215ndash in Matthewrsquos community (other than

Matthew) 4ndash in the Q community 48 135 195

215ndash in the text of Q 169 172ndash memory competence of 4 102ndash responsible for 2 Enoch 112ndash responsible for Did 13bndash5b 15scriptorium 46Sefire 27 37Sepphoris 38 46Sermon on the Mount 15 16 87 94

Sermon on the Plain 15 16(Deutero-Isaianic) Servant 136 168 169Sidon 199Simeon II 125Son of Man 47 115ndash Aramaic background of the phrase

25 26 28 37 153ndash as a messianic title in the Parables of

Enoch 28 46ndash circumlocutional non-titular use of

the phrase in Late Aramaic 34ndash classifications of the phrasersquos Q

ins tances 26ndash designation of as Son of Humanity in

some recent research 39ndash his torical incarnation of as under-

s tood by some ancient authors 165 172

ndash hypothetical non-titular (circumlocu-tional or generic) use of the definite phrase in Middle Aramaic by the his torical Jesus and in Q 28 29 34 37 38 39 42 43 52 71 140 142 167 170 186 187

ndash in Daniel 41 42 186 213ndash in Luke 142 186ndash in Mark 41ndash in Matthew 99 142 186ndash in Q 25 26 34 38 39 42 43 46 47

52 53 64 67 69 70 71 96 98 104 106 115 116 123 141 142 147 164 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 176 185 186 187 188 189 191 194 201 203 210 212 213

ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 170ndash in the Parables of Enoch 25 28 41

42 43 44 45 46 47 122 141 142 146 147 153 155 164 165 168 169 172 173 202 213

ndash non-titular use of the indefinite phrase in Middle Aramaic 41

ndash titular (including but not limited to chris tological) use of the definite phrase in Q 34 38 52 53 64 70 104 123 142 143 147 167 168 172 173 185 186 187 189 191 194 201 203 210 212 213

Sondergut 89 90ndash Matthean 91ndash Lukan 94 95 97 98 177

Index of Subjects272

Sophiandash myth (Enochic tradition) 172 202ndash myth (synoptic tradition) 96 200

201ndash words of 96 201synopticndash gospels 11 150 151ndash material 16 151ndash parallels 18 19ndash problem 1ndash Sayings Source 3 216ndash s tudies 4ndash tradition 17 21 26 98 101 131 151

158 205 215Syria 215

Talmud 30 36 37 38Targum 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

38 40 41ndash recons truction of the Pales tinian Tar-

gum 32Taricheae 46Tell Dan 45templendash apparatusins titution 50 96 107

113 119 125 126 127 137 157 197 200 205

ndash eschatological 76

ndash purityholiness of 65 123 137ndash mitigatingprotective role 51 124ndash of Augus tus at Paneion 45ndash second temple era 25 41 44 48 56

62 70 71 72 79 82 84 121 124 136 137 154 163 186 201 209 213 216

ndash liturgy 124ndash mounthill 113ndash pollution of as perceived by some

ancient authors 113 125 136Theon of Alexandria 171Tiberias 38Torah 58 64 72 79 112 207 208 209transfiguration 47tree of knowledge 113Tyre 199

Vermes-Fitzmyer debate 28 38 39

Watchers 45 53 121Wicked Pries t 125

Yahweh 117 118

Zechariah (son of Jehoiada) 200mt Zion 113

  • Cover13
  • Titel13
  • Preface
  • Table of Contents13
  • List of Abbreviations
  • Chapter One Prolegomena
    • 1 Introduction Recent Methodological Questions in Q Studies
    • 2 The Study of Q as a Reconstructed Text
      • Index of Ancient Sources
      • Index of Modern Authors
      • Index of Subjects
Page 26: Apocalypticism in the Synoptic Sayings Source€¦ · Apocalypticism in the Synoptic Sayings Source A Reassessment of Q’s Stratigraphy Mohr Siebeck. Olegs Andrejevs, born 1982;

Index of Ancient Sources248

1006 1681049ndash13 47

2 Enoch31ndash221 113101ndash6 112

3 Baruch3ndash17 113163 204

3 Enoch11ndash12 113

Ascension of Isaiah610ndash15 113

Baruch437 19855 198

Bel and the Dragon36 112 114 116

Jubilees11ndash8 209120 12122 114727 52102 52105 52106 121108ndash11 52 114 121114 121115 521114ndash1214 321220 1211525ndash34 1591531ndash32 114 1211928 121492 52

Letter of Aris teas155 145

Psalms of Solomon219 159823 30 1591112 1981731 164 1981810ndash12 76

Sirach21ndash17 72 86212 87143ndash7 2051410ndash11 202241ndash12 125247ndash11 1262410ndash11 1592525ndash26 2072611 2053113 2053522ndash3622 723824ndash3911 17243 76501ndash24 125

The Sentences of the Syriac Menander340ndash46 189

Tes tament of Abraham81ndash12 113

Tes tament of Levi26ndash57 113

Tes tament of Moses51ndash62 126

Tobit145ndash7 164 198

Vita Adae et Evae61ndash103 116121ndash161 115

Wisdom of Solomon410ndash15 46418ndash513 46

249Index of Ancient Sources

New Tes tament

Q32ndash958 (59ndash60) 101 103 104 108

126 155 173 17537 5237ndash9 16ndash17 5 54 64 68 70 90

104 11637ndash735 78 80 81 83 85

101 102 103317 54 9141ndash13 5 51 52 53 64 65

66 78 91 104 111 112 113 114 115 118 119 126 152 153 155 156

41ndash4 116 11745ndash8 114 119 121 122

123 15949ndash12 (13) 47 51 65 96 123

157 200416 91 129 130 131

153620ndash49 16 63 82 91 104

105 129 130 131 153

620b 12 91 132620bndash21 48 132 133 134

135 136 137620bndash23 5 131 132 143621a 12 20 91 132622 12 17 24 25 26

38 71 140 141 153 167 170 194 205

622ndash23 17 20 52 53 54 96 132 133 134 136 139 140 141 142 206

623c 64 82 129 132 139 140 142 143

627ndash35 (36) 13 16 71 129 147 151 152 153 154

629 24 91 150630 24 150631 91 152637ndash38 12 92640 92 144646 92 104 144 145

146 153 154 203

647ndash49 12 92 14471ndash10 9 64 92 104 126

155 156 158 169 197 199

76 145 20379 87 96 104 156

157 158 167 173 194 198 199

718ndash19 159 167718ndash23 159718ndash28 64 166718ndash960 92722 16 54 134 135

161 163 164 172727 96 163731ndash35 64 70 92 165 166

169 170 171733 51 53734 24 26 52 165 167

169 170 172735 166 170957ndash58 (59ndash60) 92 105 111 155

169 170 171957ndash62 63959ndash60 172 173958 24 25 26 27 38

52 71 164 165 169 170 171 172

959 145102ndash16 5 56 63 70 86

158 170 175 182 215

102ndash24 92102ndash1240 101 105 107 108

175 205104 48 92109 73 931012 93 1751012ndash15 54 64 82 861013ndash15 47 56 70 80 81

82 86 87 96 107 126 175 199 212

1016 72 931021 56 81 87 93 96

173 2091021ndash22 54 56 78 79 81

82 145 1941021ndash24 64 107

Index of Ancient Sources250

1022 81 93 114 116 145 146 203 209

1023ndash24 17 93 106112ndash4 9ndash13 5 63 78 93 117

176 177 179 180112b 48 178 184114 24 178119ndash13 12 93 176 177

178 179 180 1811114 51 1761114ndash20 52 531114ndash32 931114ndash52 64 107 1791118 51 53 93 114 121

1591124ndash26 51 53 9311(16) 29ndash32 9 54 70 96 2121130 24 26 52 1861133ndash52 93 2051134 93 2051139ndash52 70 107 126 1691142c 64 66 1251149 521149ndash51 47 53 54 66 96

118 119 157 2001151 52 200 205122ndash12 5 70 94 107 155

180 181 182 183 184 194

123 72 94124ndash5 54 70 73 181 182

190124ndash7 94 121 122 176

179 180 181 194 214

125 181 204128 24 26 38 54 185

187 188 189128ndash9 52 69 94 167 184

186 187 188 189 214

128ndash10 54 64 69 71 82 175 176 183 184 187 189 190 194 212

129 184 185 1881210 24 26 94 185 187

188 1891211ndash12 54 70 72 73 94

181 182 214

1222ndash31 (33ndash34) 63 73 176 177 178 179 180 190 192

1222ndash40 941224 23 178 1801227 231231 48 94 1841233 12 48 1911233ndash34 69 94 191 1921235ndash38 94 108 190 2031235ndash46 1081235ndash59 94 1081235ndash2230 101 105 108 109

197 2031239 17 18 95 1911239ndash40 18 20 54 70 71

94 105 175 190 191 192 193 203 212

1239ndash59 64 1911240 24 52 69 95 167

186 191 1931242ndash46 52 53 54 69 70

95 191 192 197 203 204 205 206 212

1245 96 2051246 2041251 20 951251ndash59 1081252ndash53 201256 171258ndash59 24 951318ndash19 20ndash21 5 20 48 63 95

108 2071318ndash24 951324 63 951325ndash30 54 63 82 871325ndash1423 54 95 96 126 158

1991327 52 53 96 118 1981328ndash29 96 198 1991334 52 125 2061334ndash35 47 53 54 63 66

81 82 83 96 105 106 107 108 109 118 119 125 157 194 198 200 201 202

1335 51 54 96 106 202

251Index of Ancient Sources

1411 54 961416ndash23 (24) 63 82 971423 541426 72 97 2151426ndash27 1733 20 63 72 971426ndash176 971427 54 97 140 141

182 2141434ndash35 63 97154ndash5a 7 20 63 97 108 2091613 12 63 94 971616 64 97 207 2091616ndash18 2061617 17 63 64 66 79

97 125 206 207 208 209

1616(17)ndash172 197 206 2081618 24 63 79 97 206

207 208 209171ndash2 97 207 208171ndash6 63173ndash4 18 20 98176 18 20 78 98 108

2101720ndash21 17 981723 98 2101723ndash37 54 64 69 70 71

98 167 170 197 210 211 212

1723ndash2230 108 2111724 26 30 24 52 98 991733 54 97 182 2141734ndash35 98 991912ndash26 64 69 99 108 197

203 204 205 206 212

1912ndash2230 991922 2052228ndash30 5 54 64 99 108

212

Matthew37 52310 9542 11745 12448 119 120413 130 1315ndash7 94 10251 119

54 13458 138511 (12) 52 205512 142515 7539 149 150540 15 150541 15 89 91 149 150542 150 151544 148 149544ndash45 91 149545 20861ndash18 94612 177619ndash21 94620 191623 205624 94625ndash34 94626 178627 177630 178 17975 1877 17779 177711 178 179712 152723 52724 26 9185ndash13 199810 155811ndash12 198 199819 169820 27 142 171821 172822 173829 12191ndash8 7920ndash22 97922 7937 92107 731026 71029 1801032 184 1891032ndash33 91 1841034 951038 731039 141115 134 163

Index of Ancient Sources252

1119 1691122ndash45 931125 2081217 731232 1841239 52 2051243 1241311 13 71342 951416 71521ndash28 97162bndash3 951613ndash28 1401617ndash19 471625 141171 1191717 7186 208186ndash22 97188ndash9 951825 971928 991929 992030 130219 1062131 972133ndash41 (42ndash46) 7 19221ndash14 18236ndash7 206237 1662334 522334ndash36 962335 522337 52 1972337ndash39 81 105 201243ndash41 210 211244ndash14 72423 982443 1912443ndash44 1932445 2062448 (49) 52 205251ndash13 972514ndash30 992526 28 2052530 992531 992541 95 121266ndash13 972640ndash41 7

2669 71 1302669ndash75 1892732 912755 97285 130289ndash10 972816ndash18 1192818 120

Mark114 21 131123ndash26 121124 130129ndash31 18821ndash12 731 14937ndash12 188313 114327 93328 188328ndash29 18443ndash8 193411ndash12 7413 177430ndash32 20 193438 177421ndash22 7435ndash41 9525ndash34 97534 761ndash6a 188615 163635ndash44 9637 7645ndash52 9645ndash826 971ndash23 9724ndash30 9 9781ndash10 9811ndash13 9822ndash26 9827 140827ndash98 47828 163831ndash33 121834ndash35 20835 141838 184 19092 11492ndash8 47

253Index of Ancient Sources

919 7943ndash47 951028 73 1791029 201035ndash40 1831039 1881046ndash52 91047 130119 1061117 7 1771122ndash23 25ab 18 201124 1801129ndash30 7121ndash9 (10ndash12) 7 19129 191211 191226 177133ndash37 210 211135ndash13 71315ndash16 991321 98143ndash9 971437ndash38 71447 95 1491462 411466ndash72 1891467 130151ndash5 951521 911541 97166 130

Luke15ndash25 10237 5242 11745 12246b 7 12046cd 120 121416 130416ndash30 188425ndash27 9438ndash39 188517ndash26 766 149617ndash19 188621 134622 205623 142625 134

627 149627ndash28 148628 149629 15 150630 150 151634 151635 91 208642 18646 146647ndash49 9179 155722 163734 169735 166 208810 7816ndash17 7824 177831 121848 7912ndash17 9913 7924 141926 190941 7957 169958 171959 172960 173102 92109 731017ndash20 1211021 208114 177115ndash8 97 177119 1771111 1771112 1171113 178 1791120 511121ndash22 931124 124 2051124ndash26 931129 52 2051143 166 2061149 521150 521151 52124 73 179126 180128 184

Index of Ancient Sources254

128ndash9 911211 731213ndash21 971223a 1771224 177 1781228 1791233 1911235ndash38 89 941239 1911239ndash40 1931242 2061245 52 2051249 89 951254ndash56 95131ndash35 1021327 52 1971328ndash29 1981334 52 1971415ndash24 181427 73158ndash10 97172 2081711ndash19 981720 981721 981722 981728ndash29 89 98 991731 991732 991733 971835ndash43 91912ndash27 991922 24 2051927 991938 96 1061941ndash44 961946 177209ndash16 (17ndash19) 7 192018 192037 177218ndash19 7223 1212228ndash30 992246 72249ndash51 952250 1492254ndash62 188234 14 952413ndash33 102

John446 158446ndash54 157448 158631ndash58 117844 121123 1061225ndash26 201231 1211430 1211611 1211828ndash1916 102

Acts23 9521ndash4 18951ndash11 189109ndash16 9121ndash2 183123ndash19 183

Romans1214 149

1 Corinthians412 14963 121 192132 18 20

2 Corinthians41ndash6 19244 121

Galatians113ndash14 18343 8ndash9 121 192

Ephesians21ndash2 121 192612 121 192

1 Thessalonians214ndash16 183218 121 19251ndash11 19252 20 19255ndash6 192

2 Thessalonians21ndash12 210 211

255Index of Ancient Sources

2 Timothy211ndash13 190

Hebrews1137 204

James 315ndash17 12444ndash7 121

1 Peter314 132 139 143319ndash20 47414 132 139 141 14358 121

2 Peter24ndash5 47 121

Jude16ndash7 121

Revelation110ndash20 113113 18635 19041ndash11 113123ndash4 121171ndash3 114173ndash18 112 113219ndash27 112 1132110 113

New Tes tament Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha

Gospel of Thomas1ndash71 1731ndash3 2161ndash4 1710 19 95111 1713 21161ndash2 20 95163 2017 1720ndash21 71 193201ndash4 20 192215ndash8 18 19 20 192243 36ndash39 17261ndash2 18262ndash331 1731 21361ndash3 19 143 180473 2148 18 19 20

54 137 13855 2058 17 13864 18 1965 1968 20 132 138 139

14068ndash69 19 139 143691 17 138692 19 20 137 13877 2179 2186 169 170103 17106ndash107 19 201131ndash2 9

Pseudo-Clementine Homilies12313 180

Dead Sea Scrolls

CD214ndash41 125412ndash14 121 124 125419ndash52 208

51ndash5 2091316ndash17 207122ndash3 121161ndash2 125

Index of Ancient Sources256

1QapGen 29 30 31 33 35 36 37 40

1QH430 40

1QM11 1211310ndash12 121175ndash6 51

1QpHab 56 125

1QS25 121211ndash15 207 208321ndash25 11749 18258 125119ndash10 1821120 40

1Q27 (1Q4QMys teries)1 i 1ndash8 56 202

4Q299 (1Q4QMys teries)3andashb ii 2ndash8 563andashb ii 9ndash16 56

4Q416 (4QIns truction)1 10ndash13 56 2021 12 1822 i 21ndashiv 13 562 ii 6 17 178

4Q417 (4QIns truction)1 i 6ndash9 561 i 10(11)ndash12 56 2021 i 12ndash13 561 i 14 561 i 16 115 1821 i 17 1821 i 24 56 2022 i 17ndash24 562 i 19 21ndash22 178

4Q418 (4QIns truction)69 ii 6ndash9 56 202

69 ii 12ndash13 5681 1ndash2 18281 2ndash5 5681 4 11581 5 11581 20 56 20288 56103 56107 56123 5ndash8 56

4Q423 (4QIns truction)5 3 565 5ndash6 56

4Q503 115

4Q521 16 54 135 137 159 160 161 162

4Q525 57 133

4QDeut j 1214 121

4QIsa 135

4QMMTC 4ndash9 125

11Q11 124

11Q13 135 137

11QPsa 191ndash18 121

11QT545 2075715ndash19 208669ndash11 207

Targums4QtgJob 314QtgLev 3111QtgJob 31 33 35 40

257Index of Ancient Sources

Josephus

Ant14133ndash146 4415103 451982 123

Bell188 46

1131ndash11 441161ndash5 461213 461335 452101ndash5 1232116 183

Babylonian Texts

Gilgamesh 112

Greek and Latin Authors

Dio CassiusHis t59271 120

HomerOd10503ndash15 1121112ndash22 112

PlatoPhaed111cndash112e 112

Senecade Ben2121ndash2 120

Seneca the ElderControv9210 183

TacitusAnn632 120

His t59 183

Apos tolic and Church Fathers

1 Clement132 153292 121394ndash5 121

2 Clement32 190134 148

Apos tolic Cons titutions721 152

722 148 150 151722ndash6 147725 149 150726 148 153

AthanasiusFes t Let 3911 14

Canons of the Holy Apos tles4ndash5 152

Index of Ancient Sources258

Chrysos tomHom Mt342 180

Clement of AlexandriaS trom4641 139 143

Didache11ndash63 1412c 15213b 148 14913bndash5b 11 12 13 15 16

71 147 151 15413bndash21 5 11 14 15 15013c 15113cndash4a 1413d 15 14814 1414a 1614b 15 14914c 91 15014d 15 149 150 15115a 15015b 148 15381ndash2 1482 16103bndash122a 14113 16113ndash137 14153ndash4 16161ndash8 210 211 212

EusebiusHis t Eccl3254

IrenaeusAdv Haer1101 1214162 121

Jus tin Martyr1 Apol159 148

2 Apol25 121

OrigenC Cels870 180

PolycarpPhilippians22ndash3 153

Shepherd of HermasMandate 24ndash6 153

Similitude535ndash8 138

Rabbinic Literature

j Ber3b 5b 5c 31 37 38

j Ket35a 31 37

j Šab3a 38d 31 37

j Taʿan65b 4069ab 125

R Gen72 313813 31 37796 31

R Num193 31 38

TargumsCairo BGen 414 31 33 34 37 41

259Index of Ancient Sources

Cairo FExod 1913 37Deut 346 37

Neof I Gen 414 31 33 41Gen 95ndash6 37Gen 4922 36

Papyri Manuscripts and Inscriptions

Br Mus Or 9271 14P Oxy 1 17P Oxy 654 17

P Oxy 655 17 143 180P Oxy 1782 14 15 148 151Sf III 16ndash17 40

Index of Modern Authors

Achtemeier P 139 141Adams S L 56 72 202Alexander P S 31 32Allison D C 1 2 3 5 12 22 24 66

75 77 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 90 91 94 96 98 99 103 105 107 112 117 119 120 123 125 129 130 131 133 134 135 136 138 139 140 144 147 148 149 150 152 153 155 158 160 163 169 170 172 175 176 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 193 197 198 200 205

Anderson A A 124Anderson F I 113Andrejevs O 25 164 172 190Arcari L 44Argall R A 47 72 202Arnal W E 23 24 48 59 61 63 65

66 67 68 78 86 104 123 125 132 134 136 150 191 194 208 214

Attridge H W 17Audet J-P 14Avigad N 29 30

Bailey K 102Bauckham R 12Baum A D 1Bazzana G B 1 3 24 59 178 198Beasley-Murray G R 158Berger K 104Bergmeier R 159 160 162Betz D H 3 24 51 103 146 179 183de Begraveze T 27Bird M F 159 198 199Black C C 11Black M 26 28 30 31 32 35 36 37

40 168Blenkinsopp J 135 136 137Boccaccini G 32 43 44 50Boring M E 38 183 184 185 188

192 211

Borsch F H 185Bovon F 5 19 93 95 96 98 99 106

140 177 179 184 185 198Bowman J W 28 33Boyarin D 23Breuer Y 34Brin G 208Broadhead E K 3 89Brodie T L 163Brooke G J 43 160Brown R E 11 12 102 130 157 158Broyles C C 123Bultmann R 3 60 98 111 132 156

158 184 185 186 187 188 201Burkett D 27 213Bussmann W 26

Campbell J Y 28 46Caragounis C C 27 29 39Carroll J T 3Carruth S 119Casey P M 29 34 35 37 39 41Cas tor G D 4 5Catchpole D R 21 77 90 96 99 129

131 145 147 156 157 159 164 175 188 198 208

Chang A 199Charlesworth J H 31 42 43 44 45

46 47 72 160 171 185Chazon E G 115 202Cheung L L 12Childs B S 163Chilton B D 26 36 39 117 130Clark D J 109Collins A Y 39 41 47 50 51 52 103

114 188 193 211Collins J J 23 40 43 48 49 50 51

52 53 57 76 77 121 126 160 161 162 163 168 202

Colpe C 25 26 28 29 31 32 36 37 39 40 45 140

Index of Modern Authors262

Conzelmann H 96 97Cotter W J 61 104 132 156 163 165

166 170 191Cromhout M 61 145 191Crossan J D 39 89 94 98 134

Dalman G 27 29 30Damm A 171Davidson M J 114Davies W D 1 2 3 91 99 119 120

131 138 139 140 149 150 169 172 179 180 184 185 193 197 200

DeConick A D 11 17 20 21 138 139 192

Derrenbacker R A 1 24Di Lella A A 73Dibelius M 12Diacuteez Macho A 30Dimant D 160DiTommaso L 57Doering L 208Downing F G 23 64Draper J A 13 14 15 16 68 156Dundenberg I 11Dunn J D G 1 149 183Dupont J 97 116Durham J I 163

Eldridge M D 117Elgvin T 49 56 57 115 202Eshel H 44

Fiebig P 26 27 28 34 37 39Fitzmyer J A 1 2 3 8 19 26 28 30

31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 82 91 95 97 98 117 118 119 130 131 133 138 139 140 146 149 163 177 179 208

Fleddermann H T 2 6 10 11 59 62 69 83 84 85 86 87 90 91 93 95 97 98 101 103 104 105 109 129 130 134 140 144 148 150 152 156 157 163 166 170 176 177 179 184 185 189 199 200 203 205 211

Flusser D 14 15Fos ter P 1 3 6 12 26Freedman H 32Frenschkowski M 145Frey J 56Freyne S 159 199

Funk F X 14 147

Garciacutea Martiacutenez F 49 57 160 162 202 208

Garrow A 13Gathercole S 17 19 20 138 139 181Gerber C 203Gibson J B 116Gieschen C A 147Ginsburger M 30Glover R 13 16Goering G S 72 125Goff M J 55 56 57 79 84 115 178

202Goodacre M 1 17 19Greenfield J C 27Greeven H 12Gregg B H 90 97 186 198 204Grenfell B P 14 17Guelich R A 193Guenther H O 26Gundry R H 150 181 197

Haenchen E 12 139 157 158 201Hahn F 185Han K S 124 125 200Hannah D D 42 43 45 46Hare D R A 38 39 40 184 185Harrington D J 33 55 57 202 Hartin P J 12 61 119 166Hasitschka M 118Heil C 5 38 60 99 119 181Higgins A J B 184Hill A E 163Hindley J C 43Hoffmann P 5 38 55 67 70 75 77

80 96 99 112 145 167 170 184 185

Holtzmann H J 4Hooker M D 45Horsley R 68 156 198 199 200van der Hors t P W 73Hossfeld F L 124Howard G 146Howes L 26 39 43 61 65 77 81 133

140 141 142 166 167 170 185 188 190 212

Hubbard B J 38Hultgren S 160 162Hunt A S 14 17

263Index of Modern Authors

van Iersel B M F 102

Jacobson A D 5 26 39 49 54 60 61 64 75 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 85 87 90 94 96 97 98 106 129 132 140 144 152 156 157 167 170 171 184 185 187 201 207 210

Jefford C N 13 14 15Jeremias J 179 198 204Jervis L A 55Jewett R 149Johnson L A 178 208Johnson L T 12Johnson-DeBaufre M 66 103 163Jonas H 51de Jonge H J 24 185Jongeling B 35Joseph S J 1 21 23 24 45 46 47 48

51 52 68 103 125 132 134 136 142 144 153 156 159 160 161 162 164 178 180 181 182 184 185 187 190 191 200 201 202 206 208 214 215

Jus t A A 102

Kahle P 26 30 31 36Kampen J L 162 209Kaufman S A 31 32 36 40Keener C S 183Kirk A 2 4 5 6 10 15 24 55 59 60

61 62 66 67 68 69 71 72 73 75 76 77 78 79 83 84 85 86 87 88 90 94 96 98 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 111 114 129 152 155 156 166 177 179 184 189 190 197 203 207 208 214 215

Kloppenborg J S 1 2 3 4 5 11 12 13 14 15 17 19 21 22 23 24 25 26 38 39 50 51 53 54 55 57 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 86 87 88 89 90 95 97 98 99 103 104 107 108 111 112 121 122 123 124 125 126 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 139 140 141 142 143 144 147 148 150 151 155 156 157 158 160 162 163 164 165 166 167 170 171 172 175 176 180 181 182 183 184 187 189

190 191 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 208 210 211 212 213

Knibb M A 46 202Koes ter H 15 38 48 60 61 63 66

148Koumlhler W D 16Kraus H-J 124Kutscher E Y 30 35 36

Lang B 201Laurence R 41Leives tad R 43Levine A-J 208Lichtenberger H 124Lindars B 29 34 37 39 43 184 185

188Lohfink N 118Lukaszewski A 25 27Luz U 3 10 60 74 75 78 81 87 90

91 93 95 96 97 99 102 106 111 131 134 140 142 145 148 150 151 166 169 180 181 184 185 197 198 199 201 204 207

Luumldemann G 183Luumlhrmann D 61 64 78 111 140 157

158 165 180 184

Mack B L 23 38 43 61 133 135 170Magness J 160Malherbe A 192 211Manson T W 5 28 101Maori Y 32Marcus J 8 11 41 47 102 183 188

193 199 211Marshall I H 3Martiacutenez R 166 167Martyn J L 183Maumlrz C-P 90 94McDermott J M 185McNamara M J 31Meadors E P 62 66 67 72 74 76 77

166 168 201Meadors G T 137Menken M J J 116 117Meyer A 27Meyer P D 157Middleton P 182Milik J P 36 42 43 187Milikowsky C 181Miller R J 63 201

Index of Modern Authors264

Mitchell D C 124Moller H B 29Moreland M 23Moss C 182Mournet T C 1Muraoka T 35 38Muumlnch C 203

Neirynck F 2 3 4 11 22 26 90 98 99 116 130 140 149

Nickelsburg G 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 52 53 76 106 112 113 122 126 141 168 172 202 210 213

Niebuhr K W 159Niederwimmer K 13 14 15 16 148

151 152Nielsen K 114 115Nolland J 179Novakovic L 160 162

Odeberg H 36Oegema G S 116Owen P 25 29 35

Patterson S J 17 18 21 61 63Perrin N 186Pervo R I 183Pietersma A 146Piovanelli P 44 45Piper R A 61 82 112 176 190Ploeg J P M 35Pokornyacute P 11 17 19 117 139Polag A 62 73 89 90 94Porter S E 180 181Porton G G 38Pries t J 126Propp W H C 163Puech Eacute 133 160 162

Ra Y 39 132 145 155 170 184 185Reicke B 141Riesner R 183Robbins M C 51 103 113 115 117

121 125Robbins V K 104Robinson J M 2 5 24 26 34 38 39

41 43 55 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 77 96 103 119 129 131 132 134 135 140 142 143 144 145

156 160 165 166 167 180 181 184 185 186 187 188 190 200 201 202

Rodd C S 6 7 9Rollens S E 2 3 23 24 26 61 132

182 191Roth D T 2 6 7 10 11 54 90 145

165 191 192 203 204 205 206Rothschild C K 90 159 164Royse J R 146Roumlsel M 146

Sacchi P 43 44 45 47Sandt H 5 14 15Sato M 3 59 62 74 75 76 77 79 80

82 83 87 90 94 98 111 134 170 176 184

Schalit A 44Schenk W 62 73 89 90 103 170 176Schiavo L 104 112 113Schiffman L H 57 160Schnackenburg R 12 157 158Schniedewind W M 160Schroumlter J 180Schulz S 74 132 165 167 176 179

201 210Schuumlrmann H 8 130 167 170Seeley D 132 141 142Segal M 43 114 121Sellew P 193Sevenich-Bax E 103 105Shelton J 163Shepherd D 29 35Shinall M C 51Shirock R J 102Sjoumlberg E 28 29 35 39 45Skeat T C 180Skehan P W 73Smith D A 96 201 202 203So K-C 157Sokoloff M 35Somov A 181Spranger P P 204S taples J A 145 146 154S teck O H 61 64 132 201S tone M E 45S treeter B H 4 12 130S trugnell J 55S tuckenbruck L T 27 30 47 51 65

114 121Syreeni K 4 15 153

265Index of Modern Authors

Tabor J D 160Tannehil R C 178 208Taylor N H 120 123 183Theissen G 123Theophilos M P 126Tigchelaar E J C 56Tiwald M 3 23 160Toumldt H E 47 184 185 186 187Tuckett C M 1 3 6 9 11 13 14 15

17 23 26 49 50 53 54 61 62 63 66 68 72 76 77 84 86 90 94 95 98 112 114 119 121 125 130 134 140 150 154 156 157 158 160 166 170 184 193 199 205 206 207 208 210

Uhlig S 45Uro R 26 62 185

Vaage L E 23 24 26 39 61 133 165 167 170 171 190 191 210

VanderKam J C 43 46 57 168Vassiliadis P 89 94de Vaux R 56Vermes G 26 28 29 31 32 33 34 35

36 37 38 39 40 43 140 160 184

Wacholder B Z 209

von Wahlde U C 12 158Wahlen C 51Walck L W 46 52Watson F 1Weaks J A 6 7Weinfeld M 118 146 207 208Weiser A 124Weiss B 130Wellhausen J 26Welch J W 102Wernberg-Mѳller P 36Wes termann C 135 136Williams P J 35Wilson W T 149Wins ton D 46 72Wise M O 160Witetschek S 86 167Wolter M 90van der Woude A S 35Wright III B J 72 202

Xeravits G G 202

York A D 32

Zeller D 63 69 111 165 212Zenger E 124

Index of Subjects

Abel-Main (Tell Abl) 45Abraham 32 157Agrippa I 123 183Ahab 118 121angel of Yahweh 163angelicheavenly rebellion 121 125Antigonus 43aphaeresis 27 32 34 36 38apocalypse 48ndash as incorrectly applied to Mk 133ndash37

211ndash as incorrectly applied to Q 1723ndash37

210 211apocalypticndash Chris tianity 53ndash discourse 211ndash framework 57 121ndash inaccurately used as a noun 49ndash literature 47 53 54 135ndash language in Ben Sira 72ndash tradition 56 57 186ndash wisdom ins tructions other than Q 56

57 77 202ndash worldview (outside of Q see its at-

tes tation in Q referenced separately below) 24 49 50 51 55 57 87 121

apocalypticism 25 87 58 62ndash and apocalypse 48 49ndash and eschatology 48ndash as a literary category 48 79ndash as a dis tortion of Godrsquos intended

order 23ndash as compatible with wisdom in late

second temple literature 57 62 66 70 72 154 202

ndash as having a place outside the genre of an apocalypse 49

ndash as synonymous with apocalyptic worldview 49

ndash in Pauline thought 192ndash in sectarian environments 53

ndash in recent Q scholarship 48ndash methodological definitions of 50 54

186Aramaic 25 26 46 70 140 187 204

213ndash OfficialImperialBiblical 26 27 35

40ndash Middle 26 27 30 32 33 34 35 36

37 38 40 41 52 167 170 187 188ndash Late 26 27 28 32 33 34 35 36 37

38 41 140 187ndash Galilean 29 36 38ndash Qumran 31 32 35 38Athaliah 125Augus tus 45

Babylonian Exile 118Banias 45βασιλείαndash as a hypothetical metaphor reflecting

the social interes ts of Qrsquos author(s) 48

ndash as a political entity 120ndash of God 23 48 73 95 108 123 132

177 178 182 183 184 192 194 206 207

ndash of Satan 51 114ndash realized 142beatitude(s) 82 91 93 105 131 132

133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 153

Bethsaida 45 56 93

Caesarea Philippi 46(Cairo) Geniza fragments 28 29 30 32

36 37Capernaum 45 56 93chiasm 83 85 101 102 103 109 118

120chias tic 85 101 103 106 107 108 120

152 197

Index of Subjects268

Chorazin 56 93chreia(s) 63 71 104 105 120 211chreiic 65 86 104 105 111 156chris tology (see the Q discussion refer-

enced separately below)ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 17ndash in Luke 19ndash in Mark 131circumcision 159 209Claudius 183cosmic mountain 114 119Cynic(s) 23

Dan 45 47Darius I 163Deuteronomis t 118Deuteronomis tic His tory 146deuteronomis ticndash agenda 156ndash context(s) 143 153ndash framework 53 54ndash motifs 118 127ndash orientation 64ndash outlook 61 82 114ndash redaction 80ndash rhetoric 136ndash s tratums trata 78ndash theme 78ndash tradition 79ndash unders tanding 64devil 51 66 114 117 119 120 121 123

124

Elijah 96 116 118 126 162 163 164ElijahElisha cycle 162 163Enoch 44 45 47 51 76 112 113 157

172 202ndash as a scribe 46ndash Book of Watchers 45 113 125ndash sapiential content in Watchers 76ndash Book of Parables 24 41 47 157 167

171 213ndash sapiential content in Parables 76ndash Epis tle of Enoch 43ndash his torical incarnation of 202ndash Seminar 47Enochicndash author 122ndash corpus 52 73ndash formulation 52

ndash framework 121ndash literaturetext 43 46 56ndash movement 47 53 157 210ndash mythology 113 114 122 164ndash Son of Man 172ndash tradents 46ndash tradition 43 46 47 79 113 122 157

215ndash Watchers myth 45 53 121eschatological prophetndash in 4Q521 160 162ndash in Q 164 165 166eschatology (see the Q discussion refer-

enced separately below) 47 48 50ndash in 1 Enoch 42 47 76 122 141 142

168 169ndash in 4Q521 159 160 162ndash in 4QIns truction 56ndash in Ben Sira 72ndash in Malachi 163 164ndash in Psalms of Solomon 159ndash in Trito-Isaiah 136Exodusndash legendmyth 117ndash imagerymotifs 116 163

form (literary)ndash and meaning 82ndash and worldview 76ndash apocalypse 49ndash criticism 61 62 63 67 68 69 70

74 156 170 214ndash miracle s tory 156ndash wisdom 84ndash (wisdom) ins truction 70 71

Gaius (Caligula) 44 46 123Galilee 23 36 44 45 47 56 73 131

171 194 215ndash village scribes 48ndash villagestowns 24 93 199Gentile(s) 9 87 96 120 126 155 157

158 159 164 167 168 169 173 198 199 209 215

Great Omission 8 9

HasidicHasidim 79 162Hebrew 25 35 39 40 41 42 204Hebrew Biblescriptures 24 118 127

136 160

269Index of Subjects

Hermogenes 171mt Hermon 45 46 47Herod the Great and the Herodian era

43 44 45 46 126Herodians 45(holy) Spirit 72 94 178 189Hulah Valley 45

Isaiah (see the Index of Ancient Sources for specific passages)

ndash Deutero 46 135 136 168 169ndash firs t-century reader of 135ndash Trito 51 54 135 136 137 143 154

163 200Israelndash in Ben Sira 125ndash in Daniel 168ndash in Deuteronomy 118ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 139ndash in the Hebrew Bible 198 199ndash in Jubilees 121ndash in Malachi 163ndash in Q 53 64 78 80 87 96 104 118

127 155 156 158 198 199ndash pre-exilic 50ndash traditional wisdom of 58ndash wilderness myth 117

James (son of Zebedee) 183Jerusalem 44 72 96 106 108 113 119

125 159 166 199 200ndash culttemple 136 137 163 214ndash pries thood 45 47 127Jesusndash as an apocalyptic figure in Q 38ndash as a literary character in Q 21ndash floating traditions ascribed to 48ndash his torical 21 29 37 43 47 73 116

141 142 164 165 171 172 186 198ndash his torical greeting of in Jerusalem

106ndash movement 23ndash tradition 161Jewish Chris tianityndash as a movement in a contes ted envi-

ronment 43 183ndash as a proliferation of groups and

communities 183ndash on the use of the term 23

ndash possible connection to the Enochic movement 47

Jewish War 200John (the Baptis t) 68 78 80 83 85 90

91 92 97 103 104 105 116 159 163 164 165 166 167 169 172

ndash followers of 159 165 166ndash his torical 159 165Journeysndash cosmicterres trial 76 112 113 114

119 122 127ndash heavenly 45 112 113Judea 36 44 200 215

Kallirrhoeuml 45Kleinliteratur 3 4 59 60 73 215

Lordrsquos Prayer 93 94 177Lot 97 99

Maccabean era 126Mas tema 121Matthew and Luke as conservative

traditionalis ts 4Matthewrsquos and Lukersquos redactorial

freedom 4Matthewrsquos use of Q 4messiah 106 116 162 164 210messiahship 123messianic 116 210Migdal 46mimesis 114 141minor agreements 15 130Minor Prophets 146Moses 117

Nag Hammadi 17Nimrod 32

oralndash possible cross-influence on the Gos-

pel of Thomas from the canonical gospels 11 193

ndash harmonization of Matthew and Luke 16

ndash life of the primitive community 60ndash performance 15 16 161ndash source utilization 15ndash tradition 17 98 151ndash transmission 188

Index of Subjects270

ndash usage and application of Q 4ndash usage of Matthew 15ndash variants of Q 4Oxyrhynchus 17

Paneion 46Parousia 116 186 193Parthian invasion of 40 BCE 44 46Paulndash his torical 149 183ndash possible awareness of the Q tradition

by 192persecutionndash as an apocalyptic motif 54ndash because of someone 142ndash in authentic Pauline corpus 149 183ndash in Q 52 54 78 94 107 118 122

126 132 133 134 140 141 142 143 144 175 180 181 182 184 190 194 200 206

ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 138ndash in the Parables of Enoch 141ndash in Trito-Isaiah 137 200ndash plausibility of 182 183Pharisees 65 68 94 166 169 205 206

214pleroma 39prophecyndash pre-exilic and Persian era (classical)

50ndash mixture of with wisdom 77Prophetisierung 75

Qndash apocalypticism apocalyptic motifs

features imagination framework and worldview 23 25 46 53 57 58 63 69 70 71 73 76 79 84 87 88 111 114 121 127 141 175 190 194 197 202 210 211 213 214

ndash apocalyptic document 48 51ndash apocalyptic wisdom ins truction 23

55 70 73 74 77 79 214ndash (apocalyptic) communitymovement

55 107 122 194 195 206 209ndash Aramaic roots 26ndash chris tology 70 81 83 87 93 104

115 116 123 130 131 142 144 145 147 153 154 156 157 159 164 166 167 194 214

ndash demonology 51 53ndash eschatological (apocalyptic) dis-

course 64 83 97 98 170 210 211 212

ndash eschatology 48 51 54 56 69 73 75 87 94 95 101 104 105 108 133 141 142 143 144 147 159 164 165 166 167 169 172 180 192 193 194 198 199 202 203 210

ndash final (literary) form 59 62 69 78 178

ndash hypothetical mid- (lower) level or sub-elite scribal origin 24 59

ndash hypothetical recensions 3 4 59 60 90 98

ndash hypothetical segregation of wisdom and apocalyptic s trata 60 66 67 70 213 214

ndash mission speech 23 56 86 87 92 104 105 107 173 182 194

ndash Pales tinian character 24ndash possible authenticity of its content

22 81ndash prophetic content 61 63 67 70 74

75 76 77 79 80 82 83 142 143 176

ndash recons truction (CEQ) 5 6 10 90 (see also recons truction [in this s tudy] below as such frequently follows the CEQ)

ndash recons truction (feasibility) 2 3 4 10 11

ndash recons truction (in this s tudy) 60 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 111 116 119 120 123 130 131 134 144 147 148 149 151 152 165 169 170 172 175 176 177 178 179 181 184 191 193 199 204 207 213 215

ndash recons truction (methodology) 5 89 90

ndash recons truction (skepticism) 2 10 59 (see also recons tructed Mark below)

ndash sapiential content 12 62 63 67 77 79 80 82 130 154 175 191 202 214

ndash sermon 63 82 91 92 103 105 127 129 130 131 134 135 138 140 144 145 147 152 153 154 155 156

ndash sophis ticated scribal traditions 24ndash sub-literary view of 3 59 60 74

271Index of Subjects

ndash tradents 4 59 67 125 135 147 181 182 197 199 202 203 207 209 214

ndash tradition 13 17 87 161 163 164 186 187 192 202

Quintillian 171Qumran (see the Index of Ancient

Sources for specific documents)ndash apocalyptic worldview 50 135ndash Aramaic corpus 33ndash beatitude collection 133ndash communitymovementYahad 44 53

56 121 135 136 137 157 160 161 206 207 208 209

ndash demonology 124ndash discovery 29ndash fellowship with angels 115ndash fragments of 1 Enoch 44ndash library 43ndash manualsrules 82ndash sapiential literature 25 55 56 57

58 62 69ndash social setting 43

recons tructed Mark 2 6 7 8 9 10RomeRomans 44 91 121 126 159

199 207ndash occupation of Judea 44

sage(s) 55 56 79 84Samaria 44Satan 50 51 52 53 114 115 117 118

120 121 159 192scribe(s) 102 205ndash ancient reading practices of 102ndash as a Q opponent group 68 169 205ndash as advanced or elite readers of Q

102 103ndash Enochic 46 215ndash in Matthewrsquos community (other than

Matthew) 4ndash in the Q community 48 135 195

215ndash in the text of Q 169 172ndash memory competence of 4 102ndash responsible for 2 Enoch 112ndash responsible for Did 13bndash5b 15scriptorium 46Sefire 27 37Sepphoris 38 46Sermon on the Mount 15 16 87 94

Sermon on the Plain 15 16(Deutero-Isaianic) Servant 136 168 169Sidon 199Simeon II 125Son of Man 47 115ndash Aramaic background of the phrase

25 26 28 37 153ndash as a messianic title in the Parables of

Enoch 28 46ndash circumlocutional non-titular use of

the phrase in Late Aramaic 34ndash classifications of the phrasersquos Q

ins tances 26ndash designation of as Son of Humanity in

some recent research 39ndash his torical incarnation of as under-

s tood by some ancient authors 165 172

ndash hypothetical non-titular (circumlocu-tional or generic) use of the definite phrase in Middle Aramaic by the his torical Jesus and in Q 28 29 34 37 38 39 42 43 52 71 140 142 167 170 186 187

ndash in Daniel 41 42 186 213ndash in Luke 142 186ndash in Mark 41ndash in Matthew 99 142 186ndash in Q 25 26 34 38 39 42 43 46 47

52 53 64 67 69 70 71 96 98 104 106 115 116 123 141 142 147 164 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 176 185 186 187 188 189 191 194 201 203 210 212 213

ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 170ndash in the Parables of Enoch 25 28 41

42 43 44 45 46 47 122 141 142 146 147 153 155 164 165 168 169 172 173 202 213

ndash non-titular use of the indefinite phrase in Middle Aramaic 41

ndash titular (including but not limited to chris tological) use of the definite phrase in Q 34 38 52 53 64 70 104 123 142 143 147 167 168 172 173 185 186 187 189 191 194 201 203 210 212 213

Sondergut 89 90ndash Matthean 91ndash Lukan 94 95 97 98 177

Index of Subjects272

Sophiandash myth (Enochic tradition) 172 202ndash myth (synoptic tradition) 96 200

201ndash words of 96 201synopticndash gospels 11 150 151ndash material 16 151ndash parallels 18 19ndash problem 1ndash Sayings Source 3 216ndash s tudies 4ndash tradition 17 21 26 98 101 131 151

158 205 215Syria 215

Talmud 30 36 37 38Targum 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

38 40 41ndash recons truction of the Pales tinian Tar-

gum 32Taricheae 46Tell Dan 45templendash apparatusins titution 50 96 107

113 119 125 126 127 137 157 197 200 205

ndash eschatological 76

ndash purityholiness of 65 123 137ndash mitigatingprotective role 51 124ndash of Augus tus at Paneion 45ndash second temple era 25 41 44 48 56

62 70 71 72 79 82 84 121 124 136 137 154 163 186 201 209 213 216

ndash liturgy 124ndash mounthill 113ndash pollution of as perceived by some

ancient authors 113 125 136Theon of Alexandria 171Tiberias 38Torah 58 64 72 79 112 207 208 209transfiguration 47tree of knowledge 113Tyre 199

Vermes-Fitzmyer debate 28 38 39

Watchers 45 53 121Wicked Pries t 125

Yahweh 117 118

Zechariah (son of Jehoiada) 200mt Zion 113

  • Cover13
  • Titel13
  • Preface
  • Table of Contents13
  • List of Abbreviations
  • Chapter One Prolegomena
    • 1 Introduction Recent Methodological Questions in Q Studies
    • 2 The Study of Q as a Reconstructed Text
      • Index of Ancient Sources
      • Index of Modern Authors
      • Index of Subjects
Page 27: Apocalypticism in the Synoptic Sayings Source€¦ · Apocalypticism in the Synoptic Sayings Source A Reassessment of Q’s Stratigraphy Mohr Siebeck. Olegs Andrejevs, born 1982;

249Index of Ancient Sources

New Tes tament

Q32ndash958 (59ndash60) 101 103 104 108

126 155 173 17537 5237ndash9 16ndash17 5 54 64 68 70 90

104 11637ndash735 78 80 81 83 85

101 102 103317 54 9141ndash13 5 51 52 53 64 65

66 78 91 104 111 112 113 114 115 118 119 126 152 153 155 156

41ndash4 116 11745ndash8 114 119 121 122

123 15949ndash12 (13) 47 51 65 96 123

157 200416 91 129 130 131

153620ndash49 16 63 82 91 104

105 129 130 131 153

620b 12 91 132620bndash21 48 132 133 134

135 136 137620bndash23 5 131 132 143621a 12 20 91 132622 12 17 24 25 26

38 71 140 141 153 167 170 194 205

622ndash23 17 20 52 53 54 96 132 133 134 136 139 140 141 142 206

623c 64 82 129 132 139 140 142 143

627ndash35 (36) 13 16 71 129 147 151 152 153 154

629 24 91 150630 24 150631 91 152637ndash38 12 92640 92 144646 92 104 144 145

146 153 154 203

647ndash49 12 92 14471ndash10 9 64 92 104 126

155 156 158 169 197 199

76 145 20379 87 96 104 156

157 158 167 173 194 198 199

718ndash19 159 167718ndash23 159718ndash28 64 166718ndash960 92722 16 54 134 135

161 163 164 172727 96 163731ndash35 64 70 92 165 166

169 170 171733 51 53734 24 26 52 165 167

169 170 172735 166 170957ndash58 (59ndash60) 92 105 111 155

169 170 171957ndash62 63959ndash60 172 173958 24 25 26 27 38

52 71 164 165 169 170 171 172

959 145102ndash16 5 56 63 70 86

158 170 175 182 215

102ndash24 92102ndash1240 101 105 107 108

175 205104 48 92109 73 931012 93 1751012ndash15 54 64 82 861013ndash15 47 56 70 80 81

82 86 87 96 107 126 175 199 212

1016 72 931021 56 81 87 93 96

173 2091021ndash22 54 56 78 79 81

82 145 1941021ndash24 64 107

Index of Ancient Sources250

1022 81 93 114 116 145 146 203 209

1023ndash24 17 93 106112ndash4 9ndash13 5 63 78 93 117

176 177 179 180112b 48 178 184114 24 178119ndash13 12 93 176 177

178 179 180 1811114 51 1761114ndash20 52 531114ndash32 931114ndash52 64 107 1791118 51 53 93 114 121

1591124ndash26 51 53 9311(16) 29ndash32 9 54 70 96 2121130 24 26 52 1861133ndash52 93 2051134 93 2051139ndash52 70 107 126 1691142c 64 66 1251149 521149ndash51 47 53 54 66 96

118 119 157 2001151 52 200 205122ndash12 5 70 94 107 155

180 181 182 183 184 194

123 72 94124ndash5 54 70 73 181 182

190124ndash7 94 121 122 176

179 180 181 194 214

125 181 204128 24 26 38 54 185

187 188 189128ndash9 52 69 94 167 184

186 187 188 189 214

128ndash10 54 64 69 71 82 175 176 183 184 187 189 190 194 212

129 184 185 1881210 24 26 94 185 187

188 1891211ndash12 54 70 72 73 94

181 182 214

1222ndash31 (33ndash34) 63 73 176 177 178 179 180 190 192

1222ndash40 941224 23 178 1801227 231231 48 94 1841233 12 48 1911233ndash34 69 94 191 1921235ndash38 94 108 190 2031235ndash46 1081235ndash59 94 1081235ndash2230 101 105 108 109

197 2031239 17 18 95 1911239ndash40 18 20 54 70 71

94 105 175 190 191 192 193 203 212

1239ndash59 64 1911240 24 52 69 95 167

186 191 1931242ndash46 52 53 54 69 70

95 191 192 197 203 204 205 206 212

1245 96 2051246 2041251 20 951251ndash59 1081252ndash53 201256 171258ndash59 24 951318ndash19 20ndash21 5 20 48 63 95

108 2071318ndash24 951324 63 951325ndash30 54 63 82 871325ndash1423 54 95 96 126 158

1991327 52 53 96 118 1981328ndash29 96 198 1991334 52 125 2061334ndash35 47 53 54 63 66

81 82 83 96 105 106 107 108 109 118 119 125 157 194 198 200 201 202

1335 51 54 96 106 202

251Index of Ancient Sources

1411 54 961416ndash23 (24) 63 82 971423 541426 72 97 2151426ndash27 1733 20 63 72 971426ndash176 971427 54 97 140 141

182 2141434ndash35 63 97154ndash5a 7 20 63 97 108 2091613 12 63 94 971616 64 97 207 2091616ndash18 2061617 17 63 64 66 79

97 125 206 207 208 209

1616(17)ndash172 197 206 2081618 24 63 79 97 206

207 208 209171ndash2 97 207 208171ndash6 63173ndash4 18 20 98176 18 20 78 98 108

2101720ndash21 17 981723 98 2101723ndash37 54 64 69 70 71

98 167 170 197 210 211 212

1723ndash2230 108 2111724 26 30 24 52 98 991733 54 97 182 2141734ndash35 98 991912ndash26 64 69 99 108 197

203 204 205 206 212

1912ndash2230 991922 2052228ndash30 5 54 64 99 108

212

Matthew37 52310 9542 11745 12448 119 120413 130 1315ndash7 94 10251 119

54 13458 138511 (12) 52 205512 142515 7539 149 150540 15 150541 15 89 91 149 150542 150 151544 148 149544ndash45 91 149545 20861ndash18 94612 177619ndash21 94620 191623 205624 94625ndash34 94626 178627 177630 178 17975 1877 17779 177711 178 179712 152723 52724 26 9185ndash13 199810 155811ndash12 198 199819 169820 27 142 171821 172822 173829 12191ndash8 7920ndash22 97922 7937 92107 731026 71029 1801032 184 1891032ndash33 91 1841034 951038 731039 141115 134 163

Index of Ancient Sources252

1119 1691122ndash45 931125 2081217 731232 1841239 52 2051243 1241311 13 71342 951416 71521ndash28 97162bndash3 951613ndash28 1401617ndash19 471625 141171 1191717 7186 208186ndash22 97188ndash9 951825 971928 991929 992030 130219 1062131 972133ndash41 (42ndash46) 7 19221ndash14 18236ndash7 206237 1662334 522334ndash36 962335 522337 52 1972337ndash39 81 105 201243ndash41 210 211244ndash14 72423 982443 1912443ndash44 1932445 2062448 (49) 52 205251ndash13 972514ndash30 992526 28 2052530 992531 992541 95 121266ndash13 972640ndash41 7

2669 71 1302669ndash75 1892732 912755 97285 130289ndash10 972816ndash18 1192818 120

Mark114 21 131123ndash26 121124 130129ndash31 18821ndash12 731 14937ndash12 188313 114327 93328 188328ndash29 18443ndash8 193411ndash12 7413 177430ndash32 20 193438 177421ndash22 7435ndash41 9525ndash34 97534 761ndash6a 188615 163635ndash44 9637 7645ndash52 9645ndash826 971ndash23 9724ndash30 9 9781ndash10 9811ndash13 9822ndash26 9827 140827ndash98 47828 163831ndash33 121834ndash35 20835 141838 184 19092 11492ndash8 47

253Index of Ancient Sources

919 7943ndash47 951028 73 1791029 201035ndash40 1831039 1881046ndash52 91047 130119 1061117 7 1771122ndash23 25ab 18 201124 1801129ndash30 7121ndash9 (10ndash12) 7 19129 191211 191226 177133ndash37 210 211135ndash13 71315ndash16 991321 98143ndash9 971437ndash38 71447 95 1491462 411466ndash72 1891467 130151ndash5 951521 911541 97166 130

Luke15ndash25 10237 5242 11745 12246b 7 12046cd 120 121416 130416ndash30 188425ndash27 9438ndash39 188517ndash26 766 149617ndash19 188621 134622 205623 142625 134

627 149627ndash28 148628 149629 15 150630 150 151634 151635 91 208642 18646 146647ndash49 9179 155722 163734 169735 166 208810 7816ndash17 7824 177831 121848 7912ndash17 9913 7924 141926 190941 7957 169958 171959 172960 173102 92109 731017ndash20 1211021 208114 177115ndash8 97 177119 1771111 1771112 1171113 178 1791120 511121ndash22 931124 124 2051124ndash26 931129 52 2051143 166 2061149 521150 521151 52124 73 179126 180128 184

Index of Ancient Sources254

128ndash9 911211 731213ndash21 971223a 1771224 177 1781228 1791233 1911235ndash38 89 941239 1911239ndash40 1931242 2061245 52 2051249 89 951254ndash56 95131ndash35 1021327 52 1971328ndash29 1981334 52 1971415ndash24 181427 73158ndash10 97172 2081711ndash19 981720 981721 981722 981728ndash29 89 98 991731 991732 991733 971835ndash43 91912ndash27 991922 24 2051927 991938 96 1061941ndash44 961946 177209ndash16 (17ndash19) 7 192018 192037 177218ndash19 7223 1212228ndash30 992246 72249ndash51 952250 1492254ndash62 188234 14 952413ndash33 102

John446 158446ndash54 157448 158631ndash58 117844 121123 1061225ndash26 201231 1211430 1211611 1211828ndash1916 102

Acts23 9521ndash4 18951ndash11 189109ndash16 9121ndash2 183123ndash19 183

Romans1214 149

1 Corinthians412 14963 121 192132 18 20

2 Corinthians41ndash6 19244 121

Galatians113ndash14 18343 8ndash9 121 192

Ephesians21ndash2 121 192612 121 192

1 Thessalonians214ndash16 183218 121 19251ndash11 19252 20 19255ndash6 192

2 Thessalonians21ndash12 210 211

255Index of Ancient Sources

2 Timothy211ndash13 190

Hebrews1137 204

James 315ndash17 12444ndash7 121

1 Peter314 132 139 143319ndash20 47414 132 139 141 14358 121

2 Peter24ndash5 47 121

Jude16ndash7 121

Revelation110ndash20 113113 18635 19041ndash11 113123ndash4 121171ndash3 114173ndash18 112 113219ndash27 112 1132110 113

New Tes tament Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha

Gospel of Thomas1ndash71 1731ndash3 2161ndash4 1710 19 95111 1713 21161ndash2 20 95163 2017 1720ndash21 71 193201ndash4 20 192215ndash8 18 19 20 192243 36ndash39 17261ndash2 18262ndash331 1731 21361ndash3 19 143 180473 2148 18 19 20

54 137 13855 2058 17 13864 18 1965 1968 20 132 138 139

14068ndash69 19 139 143691 17 138692 19 20 137 13877 2179 2186 169 170103 17106ndash107 19 201131ndash2 9

Pseudo-Clementine Homilies12313 180

Dead Sea Scrolls

CD214ndash41 125412ndash14 121 124 125419ndash52 208

51ndash5 2091316ndash17 207122ndash3 121161ndash2 125

Index of Ancient Sources256

1QapGen 29 30 31 33 35 36 37 40

1QH430 40

1QM11 1211310ndash12 121175ndash6 51

1QpHab 56 125

1QS25 121211ndash15 207 208321ndash25 11749 18258 125119ndash10 1821120 40

1Q27 (1Q4QMys teries)1 i 1ndash8 56 202

4Q299 (1Q4QMys teries)3andashb ii 2ndash8 563andashb ii 9ndash16 56

4Q416 (4QIns truction)1 10ndash13 56 2021 12 1822 i 21ndashiv 13 562 ii 6 17 178

4Q417 (4QIns truction)1 i 6ndash9 561 i 10(11)ndash12 56 2021 i 12ndash13 561 i 14 561 i 16 115 1821 i 17 1821 i 24 56 2022 i 17ndash24 562 i 19 21ndash22 178

4Q418 (4QIns truction)69 ii 6ndash9 56 202

69 ii 12ndash13 5681 1ndash2 18281 2ndash5 5681 4 11581 5 11581 20 56 20288 56103 56107 56123 5ndash8 56

4Q423 (4QIns truction)5 3 565 5ndash6 56

4Q503 115

4Q521 16 54 135 137 159 160 161 162

4Q525 57 133

4QDeut j 1214 121

4QIsa 135

4QMMTC 4ndash9 125

11Q11 124

11Q13 135 137

11QPsa 191ndash18 121

11QT545 2075715ndash19 208669ndash11 207

Targums4QtgJob 314QtgLev 3111QtgJob 31 33 35 40

257Index of Ancient Sources

Josephus

Ant14133ndash146 4415103 451982 123

Bell188 46

1131ndash11 441161ndash5 461213 461335 452101ndash5 1232116 183

Babylonian Texts

Gilgamesh 112

Greek and Latin Authors

Dio CassiusHis t59271 120

HomerOd10503ndash15 1121112ndash22 112

PlatoPhaed111cndash112e 112

Senecade Ben2121ndash2 120

Seneca the ElderControv9210 183

TacitusAnn632 120

His t59 183

Apos tolic and Church Fathers

1 Clement132 153292 121394ndash5 121

2 Clement32 190134 148

Apos tolic Cons titutions721 152

722 148 150 151722ndash6 147725 149 150726 148 153

AthanasiusFes t Let 3911 14

Canons of the Holy Apos tles4ndash5 152

Index of Ancient Sources258

Chrysos tomHom Mt342 180

Clement of AlexandriaS trom4641 139 143

Didache11ndash63 1412c 15213b 148 14913bndash5b 11 12 13 15 16

71 147 151 15413bndash21 5 11 14 15 15013c 15113cndash4a 1413d 15 14814 1414a 1614b 15 14914c 91 15014d 15 149 150 15115a 15015b 148 15381ndash2 1482 16103bndash122a 14113 16113ndash137 14153ndash4 16161ndash8 210 211 212

EusebiusHis t Eccl3254

IrenaeusAdv Haer1101 1214162 121

Jus tin Martyr1 Apol159 148

2 Apol25 121

OrigenC Cels870 180

PolycarpPhilippians22ndash3 153

Shepherd of HermasMandate 24ndash6 153

Similitude535ndash8 138

Rabbinic Literature

j Ber3b 5b 5c 31 37 38

j Ket35a 31 37

j Šab3a 38d 31 37

j Taʿan65b 4069ab 125

R Gen72 313813 31 37796 31

R Num193 31 38

TargumsCairo BGen 414 31 33 34 37 41

259Index of Ancient Sources

Cairo FExod 1913 37Deut 346 37

Neof I Gen 414 31 33 41Gen 95ndash6 37Gen 4922 36

Papyri Manuscripts and Inscriptions

Br Mus Or 9271 14P Oxy 1 17P Oxy 654 17

P Oxy 655 17 143 180P Oxy 1782 14 15 148 151Sf III 16ndash17 40

Index of Modern Authors

Achtemeier P 139 141Adams S L 56 72 202Alexander P S 31 32Allison D C 1 2 3 5 12 22 24 66

75 77 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 90 91 94 96 98 99 103 105 107 112 117 119 120 123 125 129 130 131 133 134 135 136 138 139 140 144 147 148 149 150 152 153 155 158 160 163 169 170 172 175 176 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 193 197 198 200 205

Anderson A A 124Anderson F I 113Andrejevs O 25 164 172 190Arcari L 44Argall R A 47 72 202Arnal W E 23 24 48 59 61 63 65

66 67 68 78 86 104 123 125 132 134 136 150 191 194 208 214

Attridge H W 17Audet J-P 14Avigad N 29 30

Bailey K 102Bauckham R 12Baum A D 1Bazzana G B 1 3 24 59 178 198Beasley-Murray G R 158Berger K 104Bergmeier R 159 160 162Betz D H 3 24 51 103 146 179 183de Begraveze T 27Bird M F 159 198 199Black C C 11Black M 26 28 30 31 32 35 36 37

40 168Blenkinsopp J 135 136 137Boccaccini G 32 43 44 50Boring M E 38 183 184 185 188

192 211

Borsch F H 185Bovon F 5 19 93 95 96 98 99 106

140 177 179 184 185 198Bowman J W 28 33Boyarin D 23Breuer Y 34Brin G 208Broadhead E K 3 89Brodie T L 163Brooke G J 43 160Brown R E 11 12 102 130 157 158Broyles C C 123Bultmann R 3 60 98 111 132 156

158 184 185 186 187 188 201Burkett D 27 213Bussmann W 26

Campbell J Y 28 46Caragounis C C 27 29 39Carroll J T 3Carruth S 119Casey P M 29 34 35 37 39 41Cas tor G D 4 5Catchpole D R 21 77 90 96 99 129

131 145 147 156 157 159 164 175 188 198 208

Chang A 199Charlesworth J H 31 42 43 44 45

46 47 72 160 171 185Chazon E G 115 202Cheung L L 12Childs B S 163Chilton B D 26 36 39 117 130Clark D J 109Collins A Y 39 41 47 50 51 52 103

114 188 193 211Collins J J 23 40 43 48 49 50 51

52 53 57 76 77 121 126 160 161 162 163 168 202

Colpe C 25 26 28 29 31 32 36 37 39 40 45 140

Index of Modern Authors262

Conzelmann H 96 97Cotter W J 61 104 132 156 163 165

166 170 191Cromhout M 61 145 191Crossan J D 39 89 94 98 134

Dalman G 27 29 30Damm A 171Davidson M J 114Davies W D 1 2 3 91 99 119 120

131 138 139 140 149 150 169 172 179 180 184 185 193 197 200

DeConick A D 11 17 20 21 138 139 192

Derrenbacker R A 1 24Di Lella A A 73Dibelius M 12Diacuteez Macho A 30Dimant D 160DiTommaso L 57Doering L 208Downing F G 23 64Draper J A 13 14 15 16 68 156Dundenberg I 11Dunn J D G 1 149 183Dupont J 97 116Durham J I 163

Eldridge M D 117Elgvin T 49 56 57 115 202Eshel H 44

Fiebig P 26 27 28 34 37 39Fitzmyer J A 1 2 3 8 19 26 28 30

31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 82 91 95 97 98 117 118 119 130 131 133 138 139 140 146 149 163 177 179 208

Fleddermann H T 2 6 10 11 59 62 69 83 84 85 86 87 90 91 93 95 97 98 101 103 104 105 109 129 130 134 140 144 148 150 152 156 157 163 166 170 176 177 179 184 185 189 199 200 203 205 211

Flusser D 14 15Fos ter P 1 3 6 12 26Freedman H 32Frenschkowski M 145Frey J 56Freyne S 159 199

Funk F X 14 147

Garciacutea Martiacutenez F 49 57 160 162 202 208

Garrow A 13Gathercole S 17 19 20 138 139 181Gerber C 203Gibson J B 116Gieschen C A 147Ginsburger M 30Glover R 13 16Goering G S 72 125Goff M J 55 56 57 79 84 115 178

202Goodacre M 1 17 19Greenfield J C 27Greeven H 12Gregg B H 90 97 186 198 204Grenfell B P 14 17Guelich R A 193Guenther H O 26Gundry R H 150 181 197

Haenchen E 12 139 157 158 201Hahn F 185Han K S 124 125 200Hannah D D 42 43 45 46Hare D R A 38 39 40 184 185Harrington D J 33 55 57 202 Hartin P J 12 61 119 166Hasitschka M 118Heil C 5 38 60 99 119 181Higgins A J B 184Hill A E 163Hindley J C 43Hoffmann P 5 38 55 67 70 75 77

80 96 99 112 145 167 170 184 185

Holtzmann H J 4Hooker M D 45Horsley R 68 156 198 199 200van der Hors t P W 73Hossfeld F L 124Howard G 146Howes L 26 39 43 61 65 77 81 133

140 141 142 166 167 170 185 188 190 212

Hubbard B J 38Hultgren S 160 162Hunt A S 14 17

263Index of Modern Authors

van Iersel B M F 102

Jacobson A D 5 26 39 49 54 60 61 64 75 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 85 87 90 94 96 97 98 106 129 132 140 144 152 156 157 167 170 171 184 185 187 201 207 210

Jefford C N 13 14 15Jeremias J 179 198 204Jervis L A 55Jewett R 149Johnson L A 178 208Johnson L T 12Johnson-DeBaufre M 66 103 163Jonas H 51de Jonge H J 24 185Jongeling B 35Joseph S J 1 21 23 24 45 46 47 48

51 52 68 103 125 132 134 136 142 144 153 156 159 160 161 162 164 178 180 181 182 184 185 187 190 191 200 201 202 206 208 214 215

Jus t A A 102

Kahle P 26 30 31 36Kampen J L 162 209Kaufman S A 31 32 36 40Keener C S 183Kirk A 2 4 5 6 10 15 24 55 59 60

61 62 66 67 68 69 71 72 73 75 76 77 78 79 83 84 85 86 87 88 90 94 96 98 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 111 114 129 152 155 156 166 177 179 184 189 190 197 203 207 208 214 215

Kloppenborg J S 1 2 3 4 5 11 12 13 14 15 17 19 21 22 23 24 25 26 38 39 50 51 53 54 55 57 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 86 87 88 89 90 95 97 98 99 103 104 107 108 111 112 121 122 123 124 125 126 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 139 140 141 142 143 144 147 148 150 151 155 156 157 158 160 162 163 164 165 166 167 170 171 172 175 176 180 181 182 183 184 187 189

190 191 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 208 210 211 212 213

Knibb M A 46 202Koes ter H 15 38 48 60 61 63 66

148Koumlhler W D 16Kraus H-J 124Kutscher E Y 30 35 36

Lang B 201Laurence R 41Leives tad R 43Levine A-J 208Lichtenberger H 124Lindars B 29 34 37 39 43 184 185

188Lohfink N 118Lukaszewski A 25 27Luz U 3 10 60 74 75 78 81 87 90

91 93 95 96 97 99 102 106 111 131 134 140 142 145 148 150 151 166 169 180 181 184 185 197 198 199 201 204 207

Luumldemann G 183Luumlhrmann D 61 64 78 111 140 157

158 165 180 184

Mack B L 23 38 43 61 133 135 170Magness J 160Malherbe A 192 211Manson T W 5 28 101Maori Y 32Marcus J 8 11 41 47 102 183 188

193 199 211Marshall I H 3Martiacutenez R 166 167Martyn J L 183Maumlrz C-P 90 94McDermott J M 185McNamara M J 31Meadors E P 62 66 67 72 74 76 77

166 168 201Meadors G T 137Menken M J J 116 117Meyer A 27Meyer P D 157Middleton P 182Milik J P 36 42 43 187Milikowsky C 181Miller R J 63 201

Index of Modern Authors264

Mitchell D C 124Moller H B 29Moreland M 23Moss C 182Mournet T C 1Muraoka T 35 38Muumlnch C 203

Neirynck F 2 3 4 11 22 26 90 98 99 116 130 140 149

Nickelsburg G 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 52 53 76 106 112 113 122 126 141 168 172 202 210 213

Niebuhr K W 159Niederwimmer K 13 14 15 16 148

151 152Nielsen K 114 115Nolland J 179Novakovic L 160 162

Odeberg H 36Oegema G S 116Owen P 25 29 35

Patterson S J 17 18 21 61 63Perrin N 186Pervo R I 183Pietersma A 146Piovanelli P 44 45Piper R A 61 82 112 176 190Ploeg J P M 35Pokornyacute P 11 17 19 117 139Polag A 62 73 89 90 94Porter S E 180 181Porton G G 38Pries t J 126Propp W H C 163Puech Eacute 133 160 162

Ra Y 39 132 145 155 170 184 185Reicke B 141Riesner R 183Robbins M C 51 103 113 115 117

121 125Robbins V K 104Robinson J M 2 5 24 26 34 38 39

41 43 55 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 77 96 103 119 129 131 132 134 135 140 142 143 144 145

156 160 165 166 167 180 181 184 185 186 187 188 190 200 201 202

Rodd C S 6 7 9Rollens S E 2 3 23 24 26 61 132

182 191Roth D T 2 6 7 10 11 54 90 145

165 191 192 203 204 205 206Rothschild C K 90 159 164Royse J R 146Roumlsel M 146

Sacchi P 43 44 45 47Sandt H 5 14 15Sato M 3 59 62 74 75 76 77 79 80

82 83 87 90 94 98 111 134 170 176 184

Schalit A 44Schenk W 62 73 89 90 103 170 176Schiavo L 104 112 113Schiffman L H 57 160Schnackenburg R 12 157 158Schniedewind W M 160Schroumlter J 180Schulz S 74 132 165 167 176 179

201 210Schuumlrmann H 8 130 167 170Seeley D 132 141 142Segal M 43 114 121Sellew P 193Sevenich-Bax E 103 105Shelton J 163Shepherd D 29 35Shinall M C 51Shirock R J 102Sjoumlberg E 28 29 35 39 45Skeat T C 180Skehan P W 73Smith D A 96 201 202 203So K-C 157Sokoloff M 35Somov A 181Spranger P P 204S taples J A 145 146 154S teck O H 61 64 132 201S tone M E 45S treeter B H 4 12 130S trugnell J 55S tuckenbruck L T 27 30 47 51 65

114 121Syreeni K 4 15 153

265Index of Modern Authors

Tabor J D 160Tannehil R C 178 208Taylor N H 120 123 183Theissen G 123Theophilos M P 126Tigchelaar E J C 56Tiwald M 3 23 160Toumldt H E 47 184 185 186 187Tuckett C M 1 3 6 9 11 13 14 15

17 23 26 49 50 53 54 61 62 63 66 68 72 76 77 84 86 90 94 95 98 112 114 119 121 125 130 134 140 150 154 156 157 158 160 166 170 184 193 199 205 206 207 208 210

Uhlig S 45Uro R 26 62 185

Vaage L E 23 24 26 39 61 133 165 167 170 171 190 191 210

VanderKam J C 43 46 57 168Vassiliadis P 89 94de Vaux R 56Vermes G 26 28 29 31 32 33 34 35

36 37 38 39 40 43 140 160 184

Wacholder B Z 209

von Wahlde U C 12 158Wahlen C 51Walck L W 46 52Watson F 1Weaks J A 6 7Weinfeld M 118 146 207 208Weiser A 124Weiss B 130Wellhausen J 26Welch J W 102Wernberg-Mѳller P 36Wes termann C 135 136Williams P J 35Wilson W T 149Wins ton D 46 72Wise M O 160Witetschek S 86 167Wolter M 90van der Woude A S 35Wright III B J 72 202

Xeravits G G 202

York A D 32

Zeller D 63 69 111 165 212Zenger E 124

Index of Subjects

Abel-Main (Tell Abl) 45Abraham 32 157Agrippa I 123 183Ahab 118 121angel of Yahweh 163angelicheavenly rebellion 121 125Antigonus 43aphaeresis 27 32 34 36 38apocalypse 48ndash as incorrectly applied to Mk 133ndash37

211ndash as incorrectly applied to Q 1723ndash37

210 211apocalypticndash Chris tianity 53ndash discourse 211ndash framework 57 121ndash inaccurately used as a noun 49ndash literature 47 53 54 135ndash language in Ben Sira 72ndash tradition 56 57 186ndash wisdom ins tructions other than Q 56

57 77 202ndash worldview (outside of Q see its at-

tes tation in Q referenced separately below) 24 49 50 51 55 57 87 121

apocalypticism 25 87 58 62ndash and apocalypse 48 49ndash and eschatology 48ndash as a literary category 48 79ndash as a dis tortion of Godrsquos intended

order 23ndash as compatible with wisdom in late

second temple literature 57 62 66 70 72 154 202

ndash as having a place outside the genre of an apocalypse 49

ndash as synonymous with apocalyptic worldview 49

ndash in Pauline thought 192ndash in sectarian environments 53

ndash in recent Q scholarship 48ndash methodological definitions of 50 54

186Aramaic 25 26 46 70 140 187 204

213ndash OfficialImperialBiblical 26 27 35

40ndash Middle 26 27 30 32 33 34 35 36

37 38 40 41 52 167 170 187 188ndash Late 26 27 28 32 33 34 35 36 37

38 41 140 187ndash Galilean 29 36 38ndash Qumran 31 32 35 38Athaliah 125Augus tus 45

Babylonian Exile 118Banias 45βασιλείαndash as a hypothetical metaphor reflecting

the social interes ts of Qrsquos author(s) 48

ndash as a political entity 120ndash of God 23 48 73 95 108 123 132

177 178 182 183 184 192 194 206 207

ndash of Satan 51 114ndash realized 142beatitude(s) 82 91 93 105 131 132

133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 153

Bethsaida 45 56 93

Caesarea Philippi 46(Cairo) Geniza fragments 28 29 30 32

36 37Capernaum 45 56 93chiasm 83 85 101 102 103 109 118

120chias tic 85 101 103 106 107 108 120

152 197

Index of Subjects268

Chorazin 56 93chreia(s) 63 71 104 105 120 211chreiic 65 86 104 105 111 156chris tology (see the Q discussion refer-

enced separately below)ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 17ndash in Luke 19ndash in Mark 131circumcision 159 209Claudius 183cosmic mountain 114 119Cynic(s) 23

Dan 45 47Darius I 163Deuteronomis t 118Deuteronomis tic His tory 146deuteronomis ticndash agenda 156ndash context(s) 143 153ndash framework 53 54ndash motifs 118 127ndash orientation 64ndash outlook 61 82 114ndash redaction 80ndash rhetoric 136ndash s tratums trata 78ndash theme 78ndash tradition 79ndash unders tanding 64devil 51 66 114 117 119 120 121 123

124

Elijah 96 116 118 126 162 163 164ElijahElisha cycle 162 163Enoch 44 45 47 51 76 112 113 157

172 202ndash as a scribe 46ndash Book of Watchers 45 113 125ndash sapiential content in Watchers 76ndash Book of Parables 24 41 47 157 167

171 213ndash sapiential content in Parables 76ndash Epis tle of Enoch 43ndash his torical incarnation of 202ndash Seminar 47Enochicndash author 122ndash corpus 52 73ndash formulation 52

ndash framework 121ndash literaturetext 43 46 56ndash movement 47 53 157 210ndash mythology 113 114 122 164ndash Son of Man 172ndash tradents 46ndash tradition 43 46 47 79 113 122 157

215ndash Watchers myth 45 53 121eschatological prophetndash in 4Q521 160 162ndash in Q 164 165 166eschatology (see the Q discussion refer-

enced separately below) 47 48 50ndash in 1 Enoch 42 47 76 122 141 142

168 169ndash in 4Q521 159 160 162ndash in 4QIns truction 56ndash in Ben Sira 72ndash in Malachi 163 164ndash in Psalms of Solomon 159ndash in Trito-Isaiah 136Exodusndash legendmyth 117ndash imagerymotifs 116 163

form (literary)ndash and meaning 82ndash and worldview 76ndash apocalypse 49ndash criticism 61 62 63 67 68 69 70

74 156 170 214ndash miracle s tory 156ndash wisdom 84ndash (wisdom) ins truction 70 71

Gaius (Caligula) 44 46 123Galilee 23 36 44 45 47 56 73 131

171 194 215ndash village scribes 48ndash villagestowns 24 93 199Gentile(s) 9 87 96 120 126 155 157

158 159 164 167 168 169 173 198 199 209 215

Great Omission 8 9

HasidicHasidim 79 162Hebrew 25 35 39 40 41 42 204Hebrew Biblescriptures 24 118 127

136 160

269Index of Subjects

Hermogenes 171mt Hermon 45 46 47Herod the Great and the Herodian era

43 44 45 46 126Herodians 45(holy) Spirit 72 94 178 189Hulah Valley 45

Isaiah (see the Index of Ancient Sources for specific passages)

ndash Deutero 46 135 136 168 169ndash firs t-century reader of 135ndash Trito 51 54 135 136 137 143 154

163 200Israelndash in Ben Sira 125ndash in Daniel 168ndash in Deuteronomy 118ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 139ndash in the Hebrew Bible 198 199ndash in Jubilees 121ndash in Malachi 163ndash in Q 53 64 78 80 87 96 104 118

127 155 156 158 198 199ndash pre-exilic 50ndash traditional wisdom of 58ndash wilderness myth 117

James (son of Zebedee) 183Jerusalem 44 72 96 106 108 113 119

125 159 166 199 200ndash culttemple 136 137 163 214ndash pries thood 45 47 127Jesusndash as an apocalyptic figure in Q 38ndash as a literary character in Q 21ndash floating traditions ascribed to 48ndash his torical 21 29 37 43 47 73 116

141 142 164 165 171 172 186 198ndash his torical greeting of in Jerusalem

106ndash movement 23ndash tradition 161Jewish Chris tianityndash as a movement in a contes ted envi-

ronment 43 183ndash as a proliferation of groups and

communities 183ndash on the use of the term 23

ndash possible connection to the Enochic movement 47

Jewish War 200John (the Baptis t) 68 78 80 83 85 90

91 92 97 103 104 105 116 159 163 164 165 166 167 169 172

ndash followers of 159 165 166ndash his torical 159 165Journeysndash cosmicterres trial 76 112 113 114

119 122 127ndash heavenly 45 112 113Judea 36 44 200 215

Kallirrhoeuml 45Kleinliteratur 3 4 59 60 73 215

Lordrsquos Prayer 93 94 177Lot 97 99

Maccabean era 126Mas tema 121Matthew and Luke as conservative

traditionalis ts 4Matthewrsquos and Lukersquos redactorial

freedom 4Matthewrsquos use of Q 4messiah 106 116 162 164 210messiahship 123messianic 116 210Migdal 46mimesis 114 141minor agreements 15 130Minor Prophets 146Moses 117

Nag Hammadi 17Nimrod 32

oralndash possible cross-influence on the Gos-

pel of Thomas from the canonical gospels 11 193

ndash harmonization of Matthew and Luke 16

ndash life of the primitive community 60ndash performance 15 16 161ndash source utilization 15ndash tradition 17 98 151ndash transmission 188

Index of Subjects270

ndash usage and application of Q 4ndash usage of Matthew 15ndash variants of Q 4Oxyrhynchus 17

Paneion 46Parousia 116 186 193Parthian invasion of 40 BCE 44 46Paulndash his torical 149 183ndash possible awareness of the Q tradition

by 192persecutionndash as an apocalyptic motif 54ndash because of someone 142ndash in authentic Pauline corpus 149 183ndash in Q 52 54 78 94 107 118 122

126 132 133 134 140 141 142 143 144 175 180 181 182 184 190 194 200 206

ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 138ndash in the Parables of Enoch 141ndash in Trito-Isaiah 137 200ndash plausibility of 182 183Pharisees 65 68 94 166 169 205 206

214pleroma 39prophecyndash pre-exilic and Persian era (classical)

50ndash mixture of with wisdom 77Prophetisierung 75

Qndash apocalypticism apocalyptic motifs

features imagination framework and worldview 23 25 46 53 57 58 63 69 70 71 73 76 79 84 87 88 111 114 121 127 141 175 190 194 197 202 210 211 213 214

ndash apocalyptic document 48 51ndash apocalyptic wisdom ins truction 23

55 70 73 74 77 79 214ndash (apocalyptic) communitymovement

55 107 122 194 195 206 209ndash Aramaic roots 26ndash chris tology 70 81 83 87 93 104

115 116 123 130 131 142 144 145 147 153 154 156 157 159 164 166 167 194 214

ndash demonology 51 53ndash eschatological (apocalyptic) dis-

course 64 83 97 98 170 210 211 212

ndash eschatology 48 51 54 56 69 73 75 87 94 95 101 104 105 108 133 141 142 143 144 147 159 164 165 166 167 169 172 180 192 193 194 198 199 202 203 210

ndash final (literary) form 59 62 69 78 178

ndash hypothetical mid- (lower) level or sub-elite scribal origin 24 59

ndash hypothetical recensions 3 4 59 60 90 98

ndash hypothetical segregation of wisdom and apocalyptic s trata 60 66 67 70 213 214

ndash mission speech 23 56 86 87 92 104 105 107 173 182 194

ndash Pales tinian character 24ndash possible authenticity of its content

22 81ndash prophetic content 61 63 67 70 74

75 76 77 79 80 82 83 142 143 176

ndash recons truction (CEQ) 5 6 10 90 (see also recons truction [in this s tudy] below as such frequently follows the CEQ)

ndash recons truction (feasibility) 2 3 4 10 11

ndash recons truction (in this s tudy) 60 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 111 116 119 120 123 130 131 134 144 147 148 149 151 152 165 169 170 172 175 176 177 178 179 181 184 191 193 199 204 207 213 215

ndash recons truction (methodology) 5 89 90

ndash recons truction (skepticism) 2 10 59 (see also recons tructed Mark below)

ndash sapiential content 12 62 63 67 77 79 80 82 130 154 175 191 202 214

ndash sermon 63 82 91 92 103 105 127 129 130 131 134 135 138 140 144 145 147 152 153 154 155 156

ndash sophis ticated scribal traditions 24ndash sub-literary view of 3 59 60 74

271Index of Subjects

ndash tradents 4 59 67 125 135 147 181 182 197 199 202 203 207 209 214

ndash tradition 13 17 87 161 163 164 186 187 192 202

Quintillian 171Qumran (see the Index of Ancient

Sources for specific documents)ndash apocalyptic worldview 50 135ndash Aramaic corpus 33ndash beatitude collection 133ndash communitymovementYahad 44 53

56 121 135 136 137 157 160 161 206 207 208 209

ndash demonology 124ndash discovery 29ndash fellowship with angels 115ndash fragments of 1 Enoch 44ndash library 43ndash manualsrules 82ndash sapiential literature 25 55 56 57

58 62 69ndash social setting 43

recons tructed Mark 2 6 7 8 9 10RomeRomans 44 91 121 126 159

199 207ndash occupation of Judea 44

sage(s) 55 56 79 84Samaria 44Satan 50 51 52 53 114 115 117 118

120 121 159 192scribe(s) 102 205ndash ancient reading practices of 102ndash as a Q opponent group 68 169 205ndash as advanced or elite readers of Q

102 103ndash Enochic 46 215ndash in Matthewrsquos community (other than

Matthew) 4ndash in the Q community 48 135 195

215ndash in the text of Q 169 172ndash memory competence of 4 102ndash responsible for 2 Enoch 112ndash responsible for Did 13bndash5b 15scriptorium 46Sefire 27 37Sepphoris 38 46Sermon on the Mount 15 16 87 94

Sermon on the Plain 15 16(Deutero-Isaianic) Servant 136 168 169Sidon 199Simeon II 125Son of Man 47 115ndash Aramaic background of the phrase

25 26 28 37 153ndash as a messianic title in the Parables of

Enoch 28 46ndash circumlocutional non-titular use of

the phrase in Late Aramaic 34ndash classifications of the phrasersquos Q

ins tances 26ndash designation of as Son of Humanity in

some recent research 39ndash his torical incarnation of as under-

s tood by some ancient authors 165 172

ndash hypothetical non-titular (circumlocu-tional or generic) use of the definite phrase in Middle Aramaic by the his torical Jesus and in Q 28 29 34 37 38 39 42 43 52 71 140 142 167 170 186 187

ndash in Daniel 41 42 186 213ndash in Luke 142 186ndash in Mark 41ndash in Matthew 99 142 186ndash in Q 25 26 34 38 39 42 43 46 47

52 53 64 67 69 70 71 96 98 104 106 115 116 123 141 142 147 164 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 176 185 186 187 188 189 191 194 201 203 210 212 213

ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 170ndash in the Parables of Enoch 25 28 41

42 43 44 45 46 47 122 141 142 146 147 153 155 164 165 168 169 172 173 202 213

ndash non-titular use of the indefinite phrase in Middle Aramaic 41

ndash titular (including but not limited to chris tological) use of the definite phrase in Q 34 38 52 53 64 70 104 123 142 143 147 167 168 172 173 185 186 187 189 191 194 201 203 210 212 213

Sondergut 89 90ndash Matthean 91ndash Lukan 94 95 97 98 177

Index of Subjects272

Sophiandash myth (Enochic tradition) 172 202ndash myth (synoptic tradition) 96 200

201ndash words of 96 201synopticndash gospels 11 150 151ndash material 16 151ndash parallels 18 19ndash problem 1ndash Sayings Source 3 216ndash s tudies 4ndash tradition 17 21 26 98 101 131 151

158 205 215Syria 215

Talmud 30 36 37 38Targum 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

38 40 41ndash recons truction of the Pales tinian Tar-

gum 32Taricheae 46Tell Dan 45templendash apparatusins titution 50 96 107

113 119 125 126 127 137 157 197 200 205

ndash eschatological 76

ndash purityholiness of 65 123 137ndash mitigatingprotective role 51 124ndash of Augus tus at Paneion 45ndash second temple era 25 41 44 48 56

62 70 71 72 79 82 84 121 124 136 137 154 163 186 201 209 213 216

ndash liturgy 124ndash mounthill 113ndash pollution of as perceived by some

ancient authors 113 125 136Theon of Alexandria 171Tiberias 38Torah 58 64 72 79 112 207 208 209transfiguration 47tree of knowledge 113Tyre 199

Vermes-Fitzmyer debate 28 38 39

Watchers 45 53 121Wicked Pries t 125

Yahweh 117 118

Zechariah (son of Jehoiada) 200mt Zion 113

  • Cover13
  • Titel13
  • Preface
  • Table of Contents13
  • List of Abbreviations
  • Chapter One Prolegomena
    • 1 Introduction Recent Methodological Questions in Q Studies
    • 2 The Study of Q as a Reconstructed Text
      • Index of Ancient Sources
      • Index of Modern Authors
      • Index of Subjects
Page 28: Apocalypticism in the Synoptic Sayings Source€¦ · Apocalypticism in the Synoptic Sayings Source A Reassessment of Q’s Stratigraphy Mohr Siebeck. Olegs Andrejevs, born 1982;

Index of Ancient Sources250

1022 81 93 114 116 145 146 203 209

1023ndash24 17 93 106112ndash4 9ndash13 5 63 78 93 117

176 177 179 180112b 48 178 184114 24 178119ndash13 12 93 176 177

178 179 180 1811114 51 1761114ndash20 52 531114ndash32 931114ndash52 64 107 1791118 51 53 93 114 121

1591124ndash26 51 53 9311(16) 29ndash32 9 54 70 96 2121130 24 26 52 1861133ndash52 93 2051134 93 2051139ndash52 70 107 126 1691142c 64 66 1251149 521149ndash51 47 53 54 66 96

118 119 157 2001151 52 200 205122ndash12 5 70 94 107 155

180 181 182 183 184 194

123 72 94124ndash5 54 70 73 181 182

190124ndash7 94 121 122 176

179 180 181 194 214

125 181 204128 24 26 38 54 185

187 188 189128ndash9 52 69 94 167 184

186 187 188 189 214

128ndash10 54 64 69 71 82 175 176 183 184 187 189 190 194 212

129 184 185 1881210 24 26 94 185 187

188 1891211ndash12 54 70 72 73 94

181 182 214

1222ndash31 (33ndash34) 63 73 176 177 178 179 180 190 192

1222ndash40 941224 23 178 1801227 231231 48 94 1841233 12 48 1911233ndash34 69 94 191 1921235ndash38 94 108 190 2031235ndash46 1081235ndash59 94 1081235ndash2230 101 105 108 109

197 2031239 17 18 95 1911239ndash40 18 20 54 70 71

94 105 175 190 191 192 193 203 212

1239ndash59 64 1911240 24 52 69 95 167

186 191 1931242ndash46 52 53 54 69 70

95 191 192 197 203 204 205 206 212

1245 96 2051246 2041251 20 951251ndash59 1081252ndash53 201256 171258ndash59 24 951318ndash19 20ndash21 5 20 48 63 95

108 2071318ndash24 951324 63 951325ndash30 54 63 82 871325ndash1423 54 95 96 126 158

1991327 52 53 96 118 1981328ndash29 96 198 1991334 52 125 2061334ndash35 47 53 54 63 66

81 82 83 96 105 106 107 108 109 118 119 125 157 194 198 200 201 202

1335 51 54 96 106 202

251Index of Ancient Sources

1411 54 961416ndash23 (24) 63 82 971423 541426 72 97 2151426ndash27 1733 20 63 72 971426ndash176 971427 54 97 140 141

182 2141434ndash35 63 97154ndash5a 7 20 63 97 108 2091613 12 63 94 971616 64 97 207 2091616ndash18 2061617 17 63 64 66 79

97 125 206 207 208 209

1616(17)ndash172 197 206 2081618 24 63 79 97 206

207 208 209171ndash2 97 207 208171ndash6 63173ndash4 18 20 98176 18 20 78 98 108

2101720ndash21 17 981723 98 2101723ndash37 54 64 69 70 71

98 167 170 197 210 211 212

1723ndash2230 108 2111724 26 30 24 52 98 991733 54 97 182 2141734ndash35 98 991912ndash26 64 69 99 108 197

203 204 205 206 212

1912ndash2230 991922 2052228ndash30 5 54 64 99 108

212

Matthew37 52310 9542 11745 12448 119 120413 130 1315ndash7 94 10251 119

54 13458 138511 (12) 52 205512 142515 7539 149 150540 15 150541 15 89 91 149 150542 150 151544 148 149544ndash45 91 149545 20861ndash18 94612 177619ndash21 94620 191623 205624 94625ndash34 94626 178627 177630 178 17975 1877 17779 177711 178 179712 152723 52724 26 9185ndash13 199810 155811ndash12 198 199819 169820 27 142 171821 172822 173829 12191ndash8 7920ndash22 97922 7937 92107 731026 71029 1801032 184 1891032ndash33 91 1841034 951038 731039 141115 134 163

Index of Ancient Sources252

1119 1691122ndash45 931125 2081217 731232 1841239 52 2051243 1241311 13 71342 951416 71521ndash28 97162bndash3 951613ndash28 1401617ndash19 471625 141171 1191717 7186 208186ndash22 97188ndash9 951825 971928 991929 992030 130219 1062131 972133ndash41 (42ndash46) 7 19221ndash14 18236ndash7 206237 1662334 522334ndash36 962335 522337 52 1972337ndash39 81 105 201243ndash41 210 211244ndash14 72423 982443 1912443ndash44 1932445 2062448 (49) 52 205251ndash13 972514ndash30 992526 28 2052530 992531 992541 95 121266ndash13 972640ndash41 7

2669 71 1302669ndash75 1892732 912755 97285 130289ndash10 972816ndash18 1192818 120

Mark114 21 131123ndash26 121124 130129ndash31 18821ndash12 731 14937ndash12 188313 114327 93328 188328ndash29 18443ndash8 193411ndash12 7413 177430ndash32 20 193438 177421ndash22 7435ndash41 9525ndash34 97534 761ndash6a 188615 163635ndash44 9637 7645ndash52 9645ndash826 971ndash23 9724ndash30 9 9781ndash10 9811ndash13 9822ndash26 9827 140827ndash98 47828 163831ndash33 121834ndash35 20835 141838 184 19092 11492ndash8 47

253Index of Ancient Sources

919 7943ndash47 951028 73 1791029 201035ndash40 1831039 1881046ndash52 91047 130119 1061117 7 1771122ndash23 25ab 18 201124 1801129ndash30 7121ndash9 (10ndash12) 7 19129 191211 191226 177133ndash37 210 211135ndash13 71315ndash16 991321 98143ndash9 971437ndash38 71447 95 1491462 411466ndash72 1891467 130151ndash5 951521 911541 97166 130

Luke15ndash25 10237 5242 11745 12246b 7 12046cd 120 121416 130416ndash30 188425ndash27 9438ndash39 188517ndash26 766 149617ndash19 188621 134622 205623 142625 134

627 149627ndash28 148628 149629 15 150630 150 151634 151635 91 208642 18646 146647ndash49 9179 155722 163734 169735 166 208810 7816ndash17 7824 177831 121848 7912ndash17 9913 7924 141926 190941 7957 169958 171959 172960 173102 92109 731017ndash20 1211021 208114 177115ndash8 97 177119 1771111 1771112 1171113 178 1791120 511121ndash22 931124 124 2051124ndash26 931129 52 2051143 166 2061149 521150 521151 52124 73 179126 180128 184

Index of Ancient Sources254

128ndash9 911211 731213ndash21 971223a 1771224 177 1781228 1791233 1911235ndash38 89 941239 1911239ndash40 1931242 2061245 52 2051249 89 951254ndash56 95131ndash35 1021327 52 1971328ndash29 1981334 52 1971415ndash24 181427 73158ndash10 97172 2081711ndash19 981720 981721 981722 981728ndash29 89 98 991731 991732 991733 971835ndash43 91912ndash27 991922 24 2051927 991938 96 1061941ndash44 961946 177209ndash16 (17ndash19) 7 192018 192037 177218ndash19 7223 1212228ndash30 992246 72249ndash51 952250 1492254ndash62 188234 14 952413ndash33 102

John446 158446ndash54 157448 158631ndash58 117844 121123 1061225ndash26 201231 1211430 1211611 1211828ndash1916 102

Acts23 9521ndash4 18951ndash11 189109ndash16 9121ndash2 183123ndash19 183

Romans1214 149

1 Corinthians412 14963 121 192132 18 20

2 Corinthians41ndash6 19244 121

Galatians113ndash14 18343 8ndash9 121 192

Ephesians21ndash2 121 192612 121 192

1 Thessalonians214ndash16 183218 121 19251ndash11 19252 20 19255ndash6 192

2 Thessalonians21ndash12 210 211

255Index of Ancient Sources

2 Timothy211ndash13 190

Hebrews1137 204

James 315ndash17 12444ndash7 121

1 Peter314 132 139 143319ndash20 47414 132 139 141 14358 121

2 Peter24ndash5 47 121

Jude16ndash7 121

Revelation110ndash20 113113 18635 19041ndash11 113123ndash4 121171ndash3 114173ndash18 112 113219ndash27 112 1132110 113

New Tes tament Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha

Gospel of Thomas1ndash71 1731ndash3 2161ndash4 1710 19 95111 1713 21161ndash2 20 95163 2017 1720ndash21 71 193201ndash4 20 192215ndash8 18 19 20 192243 36ndash39 17261ndash2 18262ndash331 1731 21361ndash3 19 143 180473 2148 18 19 20

54 137 13855 2058 17 13864 18 1965 1968 20 132 138 139

14068ndash69 19 139 143691 17 138692 19 20 137 13877 2179 2186 169 170103 17106ndash107 19 201131ndash2 9

Pseudo-Clementine Homilies12313 180

Dead Sea Scrolls

CD214ndash41 125412ndash14 121 124 125419ndash52 208

51ndash5 2091316ndash17 207122ndash3 121161ndash2 125

Index of Ancient Sources256

1QapGen 29 30 31 33 35 36 37 40

1QH430 40

1QM11 1211310ndash12 121175ndash6 51

1QpHab 56 125

1QS25 121211ndash15 207 208321ndash25 11749 18258 125119ndash10 1821120 40

1Q27 (1Q4QMys teries)1 i 1ndash8 56 202

4Q299 (1Q4QMys teries)3andashb ii 2ndash8 563andashb ii 9ndash16 56

4Q416 (4QIns truction)1 10ndash13 56 2021 12 1822 i 21ndashiv 13 562 ii 6 17 178

4Q417 (4QIns truction)1 i 6ndash9 561 i 10(11)ndash12 56 2021 i 12ndash13 561 i 14 561 i 16 115 1821 i 17 1821 i 24 56 2022 i 17ndash24 562 i 19 21ndash22 178

4Q418 (4QIns truction)69 ii 6ndash9 56 202

69 ii 12ndash13 5681 1ndash2 18281 2ndash5 5681 4 11581 5 11581 20 56 20288 56103 56107 56123 5ndash8 56

4Q423 (4QIns truction)5 3 565 5ndash6 56

4Q503 115

4Q521 16 54 135 137 159 160 161 162

4Q525 57 133

4QDeut j 1214 121

4QIsa 135

4QMMTC 4ndash9 125

11Q11 124

11Q13 135 137

11QPsa 191ndash18 121

11QT545 2075715ndash19 208669ndash11 207

Targums4QtgJob 314QtgLev 3111QtgJob 31 33 35 40

257Index of Ancient Sources

Josephus

Ant14133ndash146 4415103 451982 123

Bell188 46

1131ndash11 441161ndash5 461213 461335 452101ndash5 1232116 183

Babylonian Texts

Gilgamesh 112

Greek and Latin Authors

Dio CassiusHis t59271 120

HomerOd10503ndash15 1121112ndash22 112

PlatoPhaed111cndash112e 112

Senecade Ben2121ndash2 120

Seneca the ElderControv9210 183

TacitusAnn632 120

His t59 183

Apos tolic and Church Fathers

1 Clement132 153292 121394ndash5 121

2 Clement32 190134 148

Apos tolic Cons titutions721 152

722 148 150 151722ndash6 147725 149 150726 148 153

AthanasiusFes t Let 3911 14

Canons of the Holy Apos tles4ndash5 152

Index of Ancient Sources258

Chrysos tomHom Mt342 180

Clement of AlexandriaS trom4641 139 143

Didache11ndash63 1412c 15213b 148 14913bndash5b 11 12 13 15 16

71 147 151 15413bndash21 5 11 14 15 15013c 15113cndash4a 1413d 15 14814 1414a 1614b 15 14914c 91 15014d 15 149 150 15115a 15015b 148 15381ndash2 1482 16103bndash122a 14113 16113ndash137 14153ndash4 16161ndash8 210 211 212

EusebiusHis t Eccl3254

IrenaeusAdv Haer1101 1214162 121

Jus tin Martyr1 Apol159 148

2 Apol25 121

OrigenC Cels870 180

PolycarpPhilippians22ndash3 153

Shepherd of HermasMandate 24ndash6 153

Similitude535ndash8 138

Rabbinic Literature

j Ber3b 5b 5c 31 37 38

j Ket35a 31 37

j Šab3a 38d 31 37

j Taʿan65b 4069ab 125

R Gen72 313813 31 37796 31

R Num193 31 38

TargumsCairo BGen 414 31 33 34 37 41

259Index of Ancient Sources

Cairo FExod 1913 37Deut 346 37

Neof I Gen 414 31 33 41Gen 95ndash6 37Gen 4922 36

Papyri Manuscripts and Inscriptions

Br Mus Or 9271 14P Oxy 1 17P Oxy 654 17

P Oxy 655 17 143 180P Oxy 1782 14 15 148 151Sf III 16ndash17 40

Index of Modern Authors

Achtemeier P 139 141Adams S L 56 72 202Alexander P S 31 32Allison D C 1 2 3 5 12 22 24 66

75 77 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 90 91 94 96 98 99 103 105 107 112 117 119 120 123 125 129 130 131 133 134 135 136 138 139 140 144 147 148 149 150 152 153 155 158 160 163 169 170 172 175 176 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 193 197 198 200 205

Anderson A A 124Anderson F I 113Andrejevs O 25 164 172 190Arcari L 44Argall R A 47 72 202Arnal W E 23 24 48 59 61 63 65

66 67 68 78 86 104 123 125 132 134 136 150 191 194 208 214

Attridge H W 17Audet J-P 14Avigad N 29 30

Bailey K 102Bauckham R 12Baum A D 1Bazzana G B 1 3 24 59 178 198Beasley-Murray G R 158Berger K 104Bergmeier R 159 160 162Betz D H 3 24 51 103 146 179 183de Begraveze T 27Bird M F 159 198 199Black C C 11Black M 26 28 30 31 32 35 36 37

40 168Blenkinsopp J 135 136 137Boccaccini G 32 43 44 50Boring M E 38 183 184 185 188

192 211

Borsch F H 185Bovon F 5 19 93 95 96 98 99 106

140 177 179 184 185 198Bowman J W 28 33Boyarin D 23Breuer Y 34Brin G 208Broadhead E K 3 89Brodie T L 163Brooke G J 43 160Brown R E 11 12 102 130 157 158Broyles C C 123Bultmann R 3 60 98 111 132 156

158 184 185 186 187 188 201Burkett D 27 213Bussmann W 26

Campbell J Y 28 46Caragounis C C 27 29 39Carroll J T 3Carruth S 119Casey P M 29 34 35 37 39 41Cas tor G D 4 5Catchpole D R 21 77 90 96 99 129

131 145 147 156 157 159 164 175 188 198 208

Chang A 199Charlesworth J H 31 42 43 44 45

46 47 72 160 171 185Chazon E G 115 202Cheung L L 12Childs B S 163Chilton B D 26 36 39 117 130Clark D J 109Collins A Y 39 41 47 50 51 52 103

114 188 193 211Collins J J 23 40 43 48 49 50 51

52 53 57 76 77 121 126 160 161 162 163 168 202

Colpe C 25 26 28 29 31 32 36 37 39 40 45 140

Index of Modern Authors262

Conzelmann H 96 97Cotter W J 61 104 132 156 163 165

166 170 191Cromhout M 61 145 191Crossan J D 39 89 94 98 134

Dalman G 27 29 30Damm A 171Davidson M J 114Davies W D 1 2 3 91 99 119 120

131 138 139 140 149 150 169 172 179 180 184 185 193 197 200

DeConick A D 11 17 20 21 138 139 192

Derrenbacker R A 1 24Di Lella A A 73Dibelius M 12Diacuteez Macho A 30Dimant D 160DiTommaso L 57Doering L 208Downing F G 23 64Draper J A 13 14 15 16 68 156Dundenberg I 11Dunn J D G 1 149 183Dupont J 97 116Durham J I 163

Eldridge M D 117Elgvin T 49 56 57 115 202Eshel H 44

Fiebig P 26 27 28 34 37 39Fitzmyer J A 1 2 3 8 19 26 28 30

31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 82 91 95 97 98 117 118 119 130 131 133 138 139 140 146 149 163 177 179 208

Fleddermann H T 2 6 10 11 59 62 69 83 84 85 86 87 90 91 93 95 97 98 101 103 104 105 109 129 130 134 140 144 148 150 152 156 157 163 166 170 176 177 179 184 185 189 199 200 203 205 211

Flusser D 14 15Fos ter P 1 3 6 12 26Freedman H 32Frenschkowski M 145Frey J 56Freyne S 159 199

Funk F X 14 147

Garciacutea Martiacutenez F 49 57 160 162 202 208

Garrow A 13Gathercole S 17 19 20 138 139 181Gerber C 203Gibson J B 116Gieschen C A 147Ginsburger M 30Glover R 13 16Goering G S 72 125Goff M J 55 56 57 79 84 115 178

202Goodacre M 1 17 19Greenfield J C 27Greeven H 12Gregg B H 90 97 186 198 204Grenfell B P 14 17Guelich R A 193Guenther H O 26Gundry R H 150 181 197

Haenchen E 12 139 157 158 201Hahn F 185Han K S 124 125 200Hannah D D 42 43 45 46Hare D R A 38 39 40 184 185Harrington D J 33 55 57 202 Hartin P J 12 61 119 166Hasitschka M 118Heil C 5 38 60 99 119 181Higgins A J B 184Hill A E 163Hindley J C 43Hoffmann P 5 38 55 67 70 75 77

80 96 99 112 145 167 170 184 185

Holtzmann H J 4Hooker M D 45Horsley R 68 156 198 199 200van der Hors t P W 73Hossfeld F L 124Howard G 146Howes L 26 39 43 61 65 77 81 133

140 141 142 166 167 170 185 188 190 212

Hubbard B J 38Hultgren S 160 162Hunt A S 14 17

263Index of Modern Authors

van Iersel B M F 102

Jacobson A D 5 26 39 49 54 60 61 64 75 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 85 87 90 94 96 97 98 106 129 132 140 144 152 156 157 167 170 171 184 185 187 201 207 210

Jefford C N 13 14 15Jeremias J 179 198 204Jervis L A 55Jewett R 149Johnson L A 178 208Johnson L T 12Johnson-DeBaufre M 66 103 163Jonas H 51de Jonge H J 24 185Jongeling B 35Joseph S J 1 21 23 24 45 46 47 48

51 52 68 103 125 132 134 136 142 144 153 156 159 160 161 162 164 178 180 181 182 184 185 187 190 191 200 201 202 206 208 214 215

Jus t A A 102

Kahle P 26 30 31 36Kampen J L 162 209Kaufman S A 31 32 36 40Keener C S 183Kirk A 2 4 5 6 10 15 24 55 59 60

61 62 66 67 68 69 71 72 73 75 76 77 78 79 83 84 85 86 87 88 90 94 96 98 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 111 114 129 152 155 156 166 177 179 184 189 190 197 203 207 208 214 215

Kloppenborg J S 1 2 3 4 5 11 12 13 14 15 17 19 21 22 23 24 25 26 38 39 50 51 53 54 55 57 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 86 87 88 89 90 95 97 98 99 103 104 107 108 111 112 121 122 123 124 125 126 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 139 140 141 142 143 144 147 148 150 151 155 156 157 158 160 162 163 164 165 166 167 170 171 172 175 176 180 181 182 183 184 187 189

190 191 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 208 210 211 212 213

Knibb M A 46 202Koes ter H 15 38 48 60 61 63 66

148Koumlhler W D 16Kraus H-J 124Kutscher E Y 30 35 36

Lang B 201Laurence R 41Leives tad R 43Levine A-J 208Lichtenberger H 124Lindars B 29 34 37 39 43 184 185

188Lohfink N 118Lukaszewski A 25 27Luz U 3 10 60 74 75 78 81 87 90

91 93 95 96 97 99 102 106 111 131 134 140 142 145 148 150 151 166 169 180 181 184 185 197 198 199 201 204 207

Luumldemann G 183Luumlhrmann D 61 64 78 111 140 157

158 165 180 184

Mack B L 23 38 43 61 133 135 170Magness J 160Malherbe A 192 211Manson T W 5 28 101Maori Y 32Marcus J 8 11 41 47 102 183 188

193 199 211Marshall I H 3Martiacutenez R 166 167Martyn J L 183Maumlrz C-P 90 94McDermott J M 185McNamara M J 31Meadors E P 62 66 67 72 74 76 77

166 168 201Meadors G T 137Menken M J J 116 117Meyer A 27Meyer P D 157Middleton P 182Milik J P 36 42 43 187Milikowsky C 181Miller R J 63 201

Index of Modern Authors264

Mitchell D C 124Moller H B 29Moreland M 23Moss C 182Mournet T C 1Muraoka T 35 38Muumlnch C 203

Neirynck F 2 3 4 11 22 26 90 98 99 116 130 140 149

Nickelsburg G 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 52 53 76 106 112 113 122 126 141 168 172 202 210 213

Niebuhr K W 159Niederwimmer K 13 14 15 16 148

151 152Nielsen K 114 115Nolland J 179Novakovic L 160 162

Odeberg H 36Oegema G S 116Owen P 25 29 35

Patterson S J 17 18 21 61 63Perrin N 186Pervo R I 183Pietersma A 146Piovanelli P 44 45Piper R A 61 82 112 176 190Ploeg J P M 35Pokornyacute P 11 17 19 117 139Polag A 62 73 89 90 94Porter S E 180 181Porton G G 38Pries t J 126Propp W H C 163Puech Eacute 133 160 162

Ra Y 39 132 145 155 170 184 185Reicke B 141Riesner R 183Robbins M C 51 103 113 115 117

121 125Robbins V K 104Robinson J M 2 5 24 26 34 38 39

41 43 55 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 77 96 103 119 129 131 132 134 135 140 142 143 144 145

156 160 165 166 167 180 181 184 185 186 187 188 190 200 201 202

Rodd C S 6 7 9Rollens S E 2 3 23 24 26 61 132

182 191Roth D T 2 6 7 10 11 54 90 145

165 191 192 203 204 205 206Rothschild C K 90 159 164Royse J R 146Roumlsel M 146

Sacchi P 43 44 45 47Sandt H 5 14 15Sato M 3 59 62 74 75 76 77 79 80

82 83 87 90 94 98 111 134 170 176 184

Schalit A 44Schenk W 62 73 89 90 103 170 176Schiavo L 104 112 113Schiffman L H 57 160Schnackenburg R 12 157 158Schniedewind W M 160Schroumlter J 180Schulz S 74 132 165 167 176 179

201 210Schuumlrmann H 8 130 167 170Seeley D 132 141 142Segal M 43 114 121Sellew P 193Sevenich-Bax E 103 105Shelton J 163Shepherd D 29 35Shinall M C 51Shirock R J 102Sjoumlberg E 28 29 35 39 45Skeat T C 180Skehan P W 73Smith D A 96 201 202 203So K-C 157Sokoloff M 35Somov A 181Spranger P P 204S taples J A 145 146 154S teck O H 61 64 132 201S tone M E 45S treeter B H 4 12 130S trugnell J 55S tuckenbruck L T 27 30 47 51 65

114 121Syreeni K 4 15 153

265Index of Modern Authors

Tabor J D 160Tannehil R C 178 208Taylor N H 120 123 183Theissen G 123Theophilos M P 126Tigchelaar E J C 56Tiwald M 3 23 160Toumldt H E 47 184 185 186 187Tuckett C M 1 3 6 9 11 13 14 15

17 23 26 49 50 53 54 61 62 63 66 68 72 76 77 84 86 90 94 95 98 112 114 119 121 125 130 134 140 150 154 156 157 158 160 166 170 184 193 199 205 206 207 208 210

Uhlig S 45Uro R 26 62 185

Vaage L E 23 24 26 39 61 133 165 167 170 171 190 191 210

VanderKam J C 43 46 57 168Vassiliadis P 89 94de Vaux R 56Vermes G 26 28 29 31 32 33 34 35

36 37 38 39 40 43 140 160 184

Wacholder B Z 209

von Wahlde U C 12 158Wahlen C 51Walck L W 46 52Watson F 1Weaks J A 6 7Weinfeld M 118 146 207 208Weiser A 124Weiss B 130Wellhausen J 26Welch J W 102Wernberg-Mѳller P 36Wes termann C 135 136Williams P J 35Wilson W T 149Wins ton D 46 72Wise M O 160Witetschek S 86 167Wolter M 90van der Woude A S 35Wright III B J 72 202

Xeravits G G 202

York A D 32

Zeller D 63 69 111 165 212Zenger E 124

Index of Subjects

Abel-Main (Tell Abl) 45Abraham 32 157Agrippa I 123 183Ahab 118 121angel of Yahweh 163angelicheavenly rebellion 121 125Antigonus 43aphaeresis 27 32 34 36 38apocalypse 48ndash as incorrectly applied to Mk 133ndash37

211ndash as incorrectly applied to Q 1723ndash37

210 211apocalypticndash Chris tianity 53ndash discourse 211ndash framework 57 121ndash inaccurately used as a noun 49ndash literature 47 53 54 135ndash language in Ben Sira 72ndash tradition 56 57 186ndash wisdom ins tructions other than Q 56

57 77 202ndash worldview (outside of Q see its at-

tes tation in Q referenced separately below) 24 49 50 51 55 57 87 121

apocalypticism 25 87 58 62ndash and apocalypse 48 49ndash and eschatology 48ndash as a literary category 48 79ndash as a dis tortion of Godrsquos intended

order 23ndash as compatible with wisdom in late

second temple literature 57 62 66 70 72 154 202

ndash as having a place outside the genre of an apocalypse 49

ndash as synonymous with apocalyptic worldview 49

ndash in Pauline thought 192ndash in sectarian environments 53

ndash in recent Q scholarship 48ndash methodological definitions of 50 54

186Aramaic 25 26 46 70 140 187 204

213ndash OfficialImperialBiblical 26 27 35

40ndash Middle 26 27 30 32 33 34 35 36

37 38 40 41 52 167 170 187 188ndash Late 26 27 28 32 33 34 35 36 37

38 41 140 187ndash Galilean 29 36 38ndash Qumran 31 32 35 38Athaliah 125Augus tus 45

Babylonian Exile 118Banias 45βασιλείαndash as a hypothetical metaphor reflecting

the social interes ts of Qrsquos author(s) 48

ndash as a political entity 120ndash of God 23 48 73 95 108 123 132

177 178 182 183 184 192 194 206 207

ndash of Satan 51 114ndash realized 142beatitude(s) 82 91 93 105 131 132

133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 153

Bethsaida 45 56 93

Caesarea Philippi 46(Cairo) Geniza fragments 28 29 30 32

36 37Capernaum 45 56 93chiasm 83 85 101 102 103 109 118

120chias tic 85 101 103 106 107 108 120

152 197

Index of Subjects268

Chorazin 56 93chreia(s) 63 71 104 105 120 211chreiic 65 86 104 105 111 156chris tology (see the Q discussion refer-

enced separately below)ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 17ndash in Luke 19ndash in Mark 131circumcision 159 209Claudius 183cosmic mountain 114 119Cynic(s) 23

Dan 45 47Darius I 163Deuteronomis t 118Deuteronomis tic His tory 146deuteronomis ticndash agenda 156ndash context(s) 143 153ndash framework 53 54ndash motifs 118 127ndash orientation 64ndash outlook 61 82 114ndash redaction 80ndash rhetoric 136ndash s tratums trata 78ndash theme 78ndash tradition 79ndash unders tanding 64devil 51 66 114 117 119 120 121 123

124

Elijah 96 116 118 126 162 163 164ElijahElisha cycle 162 163Enoch 44 45 47 51 76 112 113 157

172 202ndash as a scribe 46ndash Book of Watchers 45 113 125ndash sapiential content in Watchers 76ndash Book of Parables 24 41 47 157 167

171 213ndash sapiential content in Parables 76ndash Epis tle of Enoch 43ndash his torical incarnation of 202ndash Seminar 47Enochicndash author 122ndash corpus 52 73ndash formulation 52

ndash framework 121ndash literaturetext 43 46 56ndash movement 47 53 157 210ndash mythology 113 114 122 164ndash Son of Man 172ndash tradents 46ndash tradition 43 46 47 79 113 122 157

215ndash Watchers myth 45 53 121eschatological prophetndash in 4Q521 160 162ndash in Q 164 165 166eschatology (see the Q discussion refer-

enced separately below) 47 48 50ndash in 1 Enoch 42 47 76 122 141 142

168 169ndash in 4Q521 159 160 162ndash in 4QIns truction 56ndash in Ben Sira 72ndash in Malachi 163 164ndash in Psalms of Solomon 159ndash in Trito-Isaiah 136Exodusndash legendmyth 117ndash imagerymotifs 116 163

form (literary)ndash and meaning 82ndash and worldview 76ndash apocalypse 49ndash criticism 61 62 63 67 68 69 70

74 156 170 214ndash miracle s tory 156ndash wisdom 84ndash (wisdom) ins truction 70 71

Gaius (Caligula) 44 46 123Galilee 23 36 44 45 47 56 73 131

171 194 215ndash village scribes 48ndash villagestowns 24 93 199Gentile(s) 9 87 96 120 126 155 157

158 159 164 167 168 169 173 198 199 209 215

Great Omission 8 9

HasidicHasidim 79 162Hebrew 25 35 39 40 41 42 204Hebrew Biblescriptures 24 118 127

136 160

269Index of Subjects

Hermogenes 171mt Hermon 45 46 47Herod the Great and the Herodian era

43 44 45 46 126Herodians 45(holy) Spirit 72 94 178 189Hulah Valley 45

Isaiah (see the Index of Ancient Sources for specific passages)

ndash Deutero 46 135 136 168 169ndash firs t-century reader of 135ndash Trito 51 54 135 136 137 143 154

163 200Israelndash in Ben Sira 125ndash in Daniel 168ndash in Deuteronomy 118ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 139ndash in the Hebrew Bible 198 199ndash in Jubilees 121ndash in Malachi 163ndash in Q 53 64 78 80 87 96 104 118

127 155 156 158 198 199ndash pre-exilic 50ndash traditional wisdom of 58ndash wilderness myth 117

James (son of Zebedee) 183Jerusalem 44 72 96 106 108 113 119

125 159 166 199 200ndash culttemple 136 137 163 214ndash pries thood 45 47 127Jesusndash as an apocalyptic figure in Q 38ndash as a literary character in Q 21ndash floating traditions ascribed to 48ndash his torical 21 29 37 43 47 73 116

141 142 164 165 171 172 186 198ndash his torical greeting of in Jerusalem

106ndash movement 23ndash tradition 161Jewish Chris tianityndash as a movement in a contes ted envi-

ronment 43 183ndash as a proliferation of groups and

communities 183ndash on the use of the term 23

ndash possible connection to the Enochic movement 47

Jewish War 200John (the Baptis t) 68 78 80 83 85 90

91 92 97 103 104 105 116 159 163 164 165 166 167 169 172

ndash followers of 159 165 166ndash his torical 159 165Journeysndash cosmicterres trial 76 112 113 114

119 122 127ndash heavenly 45 112 113Judea 36 44 200 215

Kallirrhoeuml 45Kleinliteratur 3 4 59 60 73 215

Lordrsquos Prayer 93 94 177Lot 97 99

Maccabean era 126Mas tema 121Matthew and Luke as conservative

traditionalis ts 4Matthewrsquos and Lukersquos redactorial

freedom 4Matthewrsquos use of Q 4messiah 106 116 162 164 210messiahship 123messianic 116 210Migdal 46mimesis 114 141minor agreements 15 130Minor Prophets 146Moses 117

Nag Hammadi 17Nimrod 32

oralndash possible cross-influence on the Gos-

pel of Thomas from the canonical gospels 11 193

ndash harmonization of Matthew and Luke 16

ndash life of the primitive community 60ndash performance 15 16 161ndash source utilization 15ndash tradition 17 98 151ndash transmission 188

Index of Subjects270

ndash usage and application of Q 4ndash usage of Matthew 15ndash variants of Q 4Oxyrhynchus 17

Paneion 46Parousia 116 186 193Parthian invasion of 40 BCE 44 46Paulndash his torical 149 183ndash possible awareness of the Q tradition

by 192persecutionndash as an apocalyptic motif 54ndash because of someone 142ndash in authentic Pauline corpus 149 183ndash in Q 52 54 78 94 107 118 122

126 132 133 134 140 141 142 143 144 175 180 181 182 184 190 194 200 206

ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 138ndash in the Parables of Enoch 141ndash in Trito-Isaiah 137 200ndash plausibility of 182 183Pharisees 65 68 94 166 169 205 206

214pleroma 39prophecyndash pre-exilic and Persian era (classical)

50ndash mixture of with wisdom 77Prophetisierung 75

Qndash apocalypticism apocalyptic motifs

features imagination framework and worldview 23 25 46 53 57 58 63 69 70 71 73 76 79 84 87 88 111 114 121 127 141 175 190 194 197 202 210 211 213 214

ndash apocalyptic document 48 51ndash apocalyptic wisdom ins truction 23

55 70 73 74 77 79 214ndash (apocalyptic) communitymovement

55 107 122 194 195 206 209ndash Aramaic roots 26ndash chris tology 70 81 83 87 93 104

115 116 123 130 131 142 144 145 147 153 154 156 157 159 164 166 167 194 214

ndash demonology 51 53ndash eschatological (apocalyptic) dis-

course 64 83 97 98 170 210 211 212

ndash eschatology 48 51 54 56 69 73 75 87 94 95 101 104 105 108 133 141 142 143 144 147 159 164 165 166 167 169 172 180 192 193 194 198 199 202 203 210

ndash final (literary) form 59 62 69 78 178

ndash hypothetical mid- (lower) level or sub-elite scribal origin 24 59

ndash hypothetical recensions 3 4 59 60 90 98

ndash hypothetical segregation of wisdom and apocalyptic s trata 60 66 67 70 213 214

ndash mission speech 23 56 86 87 92 104 105 107 173 182 194

ndash Pales tinian character 24ndash possible authenticity of its content

22 81ndash prophetic content 61 63 67 70 74

75 76 77 79 80 82 83 142 143 176

ndash recons truction (CEQ) 5 6 10 90 (see also recons truction [in this s tudy] below as such frequently follows the CEQ)

ndash recons truction (feasibility) 2 3 4 10 11

ndash recons truction (in this s tudy) 60 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 111 116 119 120 123 130 131 134 144 147 148 149 151 152 165 169 170 172 175 176 177 178 179 181 184 191 193 199 204 207 213 215

ndash recons truction (methodology) 5 89 90

ndash recons truction (skepticism) 2 10 59 (see also recons tructed Mark below)

ndash sapiential content 12 62 63 67 77 79 80 82 130 154 175 191 202 214

ndash sermon 63 82 91 92 103 105 127 129 130 131 134 135 138 140 144 145 147 152 153 154 155 156

ndash sophis ticated scribal traditions 24ndash sub-literary view of 3 59 60 74

271Index of Subjects

ndash tradents 4 59 67 125 135 147 181 182 197 199 202 203 207 209 214

ndash tradition 13 17 87 161 163 164 186 187 192 202

Quintillian 171Qumran (see the Index of Ancient

Sources for specific documents)ndash apocalyptic worldview 50 135ndash Aramaic corpus 33ndash beatitude collection 133ndash communitymovementYahad 44 53

56 121 135 136 137 157 160 161 206 207 208 209

ndash demonology 124ndash discovery 29ndash fellowship with angels 115ndash fragments of 1 Enoch 44ndash library 43ndash manualsrules 82ndash sapiential literature 25 55 56 57

58 62 69ndash social setting 43

recons tructed Mark 2 6 7 8 9 10RomeRomans 44 91 121 126 159

199 207ndash occupation of Judea 44

sage(s) 55 56 79 84Samaria 44Satan 50 51 52 53 114 115 117 118

120 121 159 192scribe(s) 102 205ndash ancient reading practices of 102ndash as a Q opponent group 68 169 205ndash as advanced or elite readers of Q

102 103ndash Enochic 46 215ndash in Matthewrsquos community (other than

Matthew) 4ndash in the Q community 48 135 195

215ndash in the text of Q 169 172ndash memory competence of 4 102ndash responsible for 2 Enoch 112ndash responsible for Did 13bndash5b 15scriptorium 46Sefire 27 37Sepphoris 38 46Sermon on the Mount 15 16 87 94

Sermon on the Plain 15 16(Deutero-Isaianic) Servant 136 168 169Sidon 199Simeon II 125Son of Man 47 115ndash Aramaic background of the phrase

25 26 28 37 153ndash as a messianic title in the Parables of

Enoch 28 46ndash circumlocutional non-titular use of

the phrase in Late Aramaic 34ndash classifications of the phrasersquos Q

ins tances 26ndash designation of as Son of Humanity in

some recent research 39ndash his torical incarnation of as under-

s tood by some ancient authors 165 172

ndash hypothetical non-titular (circumlocu-tional or generic) use of the definite phrase in Middle Aramaic by the his torical Jesus and in Q 28 29 34 37 38 39 42 43 52 71 140 142 167 170 186 187

ndash in Daniel 41 42 186 213ndash in Luke 142 186ndash in Mark 41ndash in Matthew 99 142 186ndash in Q 25 26 34 38 39 42 43 46 47

52 53 64 67 69 70 71 96 98 104 106 115 116 123 141 142 147 164 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 176 185 186 187 188 189 191 194 201 203 210 212 213

ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 170ndash in the Parables of Enoch 25 28 41

42 43 44 45 46 47 122 141 142 146 147 153 155 164 165 168 169 172 173 202 213

ndash non-titular use of the indefinite phrase in Middle Aramaic 41

ndash titular (including but not limited to chris tological) use of the definite phrase in Q 34 38 52 53 64 70 104 123 142 143 147 167 168 172 173 185 186 187 189 191 194 201 203 210 212 213

Sondergut 89 90ndash Matthean 91ndash Lukan 94 95 97 98 177

Index of Subjects272

Sophiandash myth (Enochic tradition) 172 202ndash myth (synoptic tradition) 96 200

201ndash words of 96 201synopticndash gospels 11 150 151ndash material 16 151ndash parallels 18 19ndash problem 1ndash Sayings Source 3 216ndash s tudies 4ndash tradition 17 21 26 98 101 131 151

158 205 215Syria 215

Talmud 30 36 37 38Targum 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

38 40 41ndash recons truction of the Pales tinian Tar-

gum 32Taricheae 46Tell Dan 45templendash apparatusins titution 50 96 107

113 119 125 126 127 137 157 197 200 205

ndash eschatological 76

ndash purityholiness of 65 123 137ndash mitigatingprotective role 51 124ndash of Augus tus at Paneion 45ndash second temple era 25 41 44 48 56

62 70 71 72 79 82 84 121 124 136 137 154 163 186 201 209 213 216

ndash liturgy 124ndash mounthill 113ndash pollution of as perceived by some

ancient authors 113 125 136Theon of Alexandria 171Tiberias 38Torah 58 64 72 79 112 207 208 209transfiguration 47tree of knowledge 113Tyre 199

Vermes-Fitzmyer debate 28 38 39

Watchers 45 53 121Wicked Pries t 125

Yahweh 117 118

Zechariah (son of Jehoiada) 200mt Zion 113

  • Cover13
  • Titel13
  • Preface
  • Table of Contents13
  • List of Abbreviations
  • Chapter One Prolegomena
    • 1 Introduction Recent Methodological Questions in Q Studies
    • 2 The Study of Q as a Reconstructed Text
      • Index of Ancient Sources
      • Index of Modern Authors
      • Index of Subjects
Page 29: Apocalypticism in the Synoptic Sayings Source€¦ · Apocalypticism in the Synoptic Sayings Source A Reassessment of Q’s Stratigraphy Mohr Siebeck. Olegs Andrejevs, born 1982;

251Index of Ancient Sources

1411 54 961416ndash23 (24) 63 82 971423 541426 72 97 2151426ndash27 1733 20 63 72 971426ndash176 971427 54 97 140 141

182 2141434ndash35 63 97154ndash5a 7 20 63 97 108 2091613 12 63 94 971616 64 97 207 2091616ndash18 2061617 17 63 64 66 79

97 125 206 207 208 209

1616(17)ndash172 197 206 2081618 24 63 79 97 206

207 208 209171ndash2 97 207 208171ndash6 63173ndash4 18 20 98176 18 20 78 98 108

2101720ndash21 17 981723 98 2101723ndash37 54 64 69 70 71

98 167 170 197 210 211 212

1723ndash2230 108 2111724 26 30 24 52 98 991733 54 97 182 2141734ndash35 98 991912ndash26 64 69 99 108 197

203 204 205 206 212

1912ndash2230 991922 2052228ndash30 5 54 64 99 108

212

Matthew37 52310 9542 11745 12448 119 120413 130 1315ndash7 94 10251 119

54 13458 138511 (12) 52 205512 142515 7539 149 150540 15 150541 15 89 91 149 150542 150 151544 148 149544ndash45 91 149545 20861ndash18 94612 177619ndash21 94620 191623 205624 94625ndash34 94626 178627 177630 178 17975 1877 17779 177711 178 179712 152723 52724 26 9185ndash13 199810 155811ndash12 198 199819 169820 27 142 171821 172822 173829 12191ndash8 7920ndash22 97922 7937 92107 731026 71029 1801032 184 1891032ndash33 91 1841034 951038 731039 141115 134 163

Index of Ancient Sources252

1119 1691122ndash45 931125 2081217 731232 1841239 52 2051243 1241311 13 71342 951416 71521ndash28 97162bndash3 951613ndash28 1401617ndash19 471625 141171 1191717 7186 208186ndash22 97188ndash9 951825 971928 991929 992030 130219 1062131 972133ndash41 (42ndash46) 7 19221ndash14 18236ndash7 206237 1662334 522334ndash36 962335 522337 52 1972337ndash39 81 105 201243ndash41 210 211244ndash14 72423 982443 1912443ndash44 1932445 2062448 (49) 52 205251ndash13 972514ndash30 992526 28 2052530 992531 992541 95 121266ndash13 972640ndash41 7

2669 71 1302669ndash75 1892732 912755 97285 130289ndash10 972816ndash18 1192818 120

Mark114 21 131123ndash26 121124 130129ndash31 18821ndash12 731 14937ndash12 188313 114327 93328 188328ndash29 18443ndash8 193411ndash12 7413 177430ndash32 20 193438 177421ndash22 7435ndash41 9525ndash34 97534 761ndash6a 188615 163635ndash44 9637 7645ndash52 9645ndash826 971ndash23 9724ndash30 9 9781ndash10 9811ndash13 9822ndash26 9827 140827ndash98 47828 163831ndash33 121834ndash35 20835 141838 184 19092 11492ndash8 47

253Index of Ancient Sources

919 7943ndash47 951028 73 1791029 201035ndash40 1831039 1881046ndash52 91047 130119 1061117 7 1771122ndash23 25ab 18 201124 1801129ndash30 7121ndash9 (10ndash12) 7 19129 191211 191226 177133ndash37 210 211135ndash13 71315ndash16 991321 98143ndash9 971437ndash38 71447 95 1491462 411466ndash72 1891467 130151ndash5 951521 911541 97166 130

Luke15ndash25 10237 5242 11745 12246b 7 12046cd 120 121416 130416ndash30 188425ndash27 9438ndash39 188517ndash26 766 149617ndash19 188621 134622 205623 142625 134

627 149627ndash28 148628 149629 15 150630 150 151634 151635 91 208642 18646 146647ndash49 9179 155722 163734 169735 166 208810 7816ndash17 7824 177831 121848 7912ndash17 9913 7924 141926 190941 7957 169958 171959 172960 173102 92109 731017ndash20 1211021 208114 177115ndash8 97 177119 1771111 1771112 1171113 178 1791120 511121ndash22 931124 124 2051124ndash26 931129 52 2051143 166 2061149 521150 521151 52124 73 179126 180128 184

Index of Ancient Sources254

128ndash9 911211 731213ndash21 971223a 1771224 177 1781228 1791233 1911235ndash38 89 941239 1911239ndash40 1931242 2061245 52 2051249 89 951254ndash56 95131ndash35 1021327 52 1971328ndash29 1981334 52 1971415ndash24 181427 73158ndash10 97172 2081711ndash19 981720 981721 981722 981728ndash29 89 98 991731 991732 991733 971835ndash43 91912ndash27 991922 24 2051927 991938 96 1061941ndash44 961946 177209ndash16 (17ndash19) 7 192018 192037 177218ndash19 7223 1212228ndash30 992246 72249ndash51 952250 1492254ndash62 188234 14 952413ndash33 102

John446 158446ndash54 157448 158631ndash58 117844 121123 1061225ndash26 201231 1211430 1211611 1211828ndash1916 102

Acts23 9521ndash4 18951ndash11 189109ndash16 9121ndash2 183123ndash19 183

Romans1214 149

1 Corinthians412 14963 121 192132 18 20

2 Corinthians41ndash6 19244 121

Galatians113ndash14 18343 8ndash9 121 192

Ephesians21ndash2 121 192612 121 192

1 Thessalonians214ndash16 183218 121 19251ndash11 19252 20 19255ndash6 192

2 Thessalonians21ndash12 210 211

255Index of Ancient Sources

2 Timothy211ndash13 190

Hebrews1137 204

James 315ndash17 12444ndash7 121

1 Peter314 132 139 143319ndash20 47414 132 139 141 14358 121

2 Peter24ndash5 47 121

Jude16ndash7 121

Revelation110ndash20 113113 18635 19041ndash11 113123ndash4 121171ndash3 114173ndash18 112 113219ndash27 112 1132110 113

New Tes tament Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha

Gospel of Thomas1ndash71 1731ndash3 2161ndash4 1710 19 95111 1713 21161ndash2 20 95163 2017 1720ndash21 71 193201ndash4 20 192215ndash8 18 19 20 192243 36ndash39 17261ndash2 18262ndash331 1731 21361ndash3 19 143 180473 2148 18 19 20

54 137 13855 2058 17 13864 18 1965 1968 20 132 138 139

14068ndash69 19 139 143691 17 138692 19 20 137 13877 2179 2186 169 170103 17106ndash107 19 201131ndash2 9

Pseudo-Clementine Homilies12313 180

Dead Sea Scrolls

CD214ndash41 125412ndash14 121 124 125419ndash52 208

51ndash5 2091316ndash17 207122ndash3 121161ndash2 125

Index of Ancient Sources256

1QapGen 29 30 31 33 35 36 37 40

1QH430 40

1QM11 1211310ndash12 121175ndash6 51

1QpHab 56 125

1QS25 121211ndash15 207 208321ndash25 11749 18258 125119ndash10 1821120 40

1Q27 (1Q4QMys teries)1 i 1ndash8 56 202

4Q299 (1Q4QMys teries)3andashb ii 2ndash8 563andashb ii 9ndash16 56

4Q416 (4QIns truction)1 10ndash13 56 2021 12 1822 i 21ndashiv 13 562 ii 6 17 178

4Q417 (4QIns truction)1 i 6ndash9 561 i 10(11)ndash12 56 2021 i 12ndash13 561 i 14 561 i 16 115 1821 i 17 1821 i 24 56 2022 i 17ndash24 562 i 19 21ndash22 178

4Q418 (4QIns truction)69 ii 6ndash9 56 202

69 ii 12ndash13 5681 1ndash2 18281 2ndash5 5681 4 11581 5 11581 20 56 20288 56103 56107 56123 5ndash8 56

4Q423 (4QIns truction)5 3 565 5ndash6 56

4Q503 115

4Q521 16 54 135 137 159 160 161 162

4Q525 57 133

4QDeut j 1214 121

4QIsa 135

4QMMTC 4ndash9 125

11Q11 124

11Q13 135 137

11QPsa 191ndash18 121

11QT545 2075715ndash19 208669ndash11 207

Targums4QtgJob 314QtgLev 3111QtgJob 31 33 35 40

257Index of Ancient Sources

Josephus

Ant14133ndash146 4415103 451982 123

Bell188 46

1131ndash11 441161ndash5 461213 461335 452101ndash5 1232116 183

Babylonian Texts

Gilgamesh 112

Greek and Latin Authors

Dio CassiusHis t59271 120

HomerOd10503ndash15 1121112ndash22 112

PlatoPhaed111cndash112e 112

Senecade Ben2121ndash2 120

Seneca the ElderControv9210 183

TacitusAnn632 120

His t59 183

Apos tolic and Church Fathers

1 Clement132 153292 121394ndash5 121

2 Clement32 190134 148

Apos tolic Cons titutions721 152

722 148 150 151722ndash6 147725 149 150726 148 153

AthanasiusFes t Let 3911 14

Canons of the Holy Apos tles4ndash5 152

Index of Ancient Sources258

Chrysos tomHom Mt342 180

Clement of AlexandriaS trom4641 139 143

Didache11ndash63 1412c 15213b 148 14913bndash5b 11 12 13 15 16

71 147 151 15413bndash21 5 11 14 15 15013c 15113cndash4a 1413d 15 14814 1414a 1614b 15 14914c 91 15014d 15 149 150 15115a 15015b 148 15381ndash2 1482 16103bndash122a 14113 16113ndash137 14153ndash4 16161ndash8 210 211 212

EusebiusHis t Eccl3254

IrenaeusAdv Haer1101 1214162 121

Jus tin Martyr1 Apol159 148

2 Apol25 121

OrigenC Cels870 180

PolycarpPhilippians22ndash3 153

Shepherd of HermasMandate 24ndash6 153

Similitude535ndash8 138

Rabbinic Literature

j Ber3b 5b 5c 31 37 38

j Ket35a 31 37

j Šab3a 38d 31 37

j Taʿan65b 4069ab 125

R Gen72 313813 31 37796 31

R Num193 31 38

TargumsCairo BGen 414 31 33 34 37 41

259Index of Ancient Sources

Cairo FExod 1913 37Deut 346 37

Neof I Gen 414 31 33 41Gen 95ndash6 37Gen 4922 36

Papyri Manuscripts and Inscriptions

Br Mus Or 9271 14P Oxy 1 17P Oxy 654 17

P Oxy 655 17 143 180P Oxy 1782 14 15 148 151Sf III 16ndash17 40

Index of Modern Authors

Achtemeier P 139 141Adams S L 56 72 202Alexander P S 31 32Allison D C 1 2 3 5 12 22 24 66

75 77 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 90 91 94 96 98 99 103 105 107 112 117 119 120 123 125 129 130 131 133 134 135 136 138 139 140 144 147 148 149 150 152 153 155 158 160 163 169 170 172 175 176 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 193 197 198 200 205

Anderson A A 124Anderson F I 113Andrejevs O 25 164 172 190Arcari L 44Argall R A 47 72 202Arnal W E 23 24 48 59 61 63 65

66 67 68 78 86 104 123 125 132 134 136 150 191 194 208 214

Attridge H W 17Audet J-P 14Avigad N 29 30

Bailey K 102Bauckham R 12Baum A D 1Bazzana G B 1 3 24 59 178 198Beasley-Murray G R 158Berger K 104Bergmeier R 159 160 162Betz D H 3 24 51 103 146 179 183de Begraveze T 27Bird M F 159 198 199Black C C 11Black M 26 28 30 31 32 35 36 37

40 168Blenkinsopp J 135 136 137Boccaccini G 32 43 44 50Boring M E 38 183 184 185 188

192 211

Borsch F H 185Bovon F 5 19 93 95 96 98 99 106

140 177 179 184 185 198Bowman J W 28 33Boyarin D 23Breuer Y 34Brin G 208Broadhead E K 3 89Brodie T L 163Brooke G J 43 160Brown R E 11 12 102 130 157 158Broyles C C 123Bultmann R 3 60 98 111 132 156

158 184 185 186 187 188 201Burkett D 27 213Bussmann W 26

Campbell J Y 28 46Caragounis C C 27 29 39Carroll J T 3Carruth S 119Casey P M 29 34 35 37 39 41Cas tor G D 4 5Catchpole D R 21 77 90 96 99 129

131 145 147 156 157 159 164 175 188 198 208

Chang A 199Charlesworth J H 31 42 43 44 45

46 47 72 160 171 185Chazon E G 115 202Cheung L L 12Childs B S 163Chilton B D 26 36 39 117 130Clark D J 109Collins A Y 39 41 47 50 51 52 103

114 188 193 211Collins J J 23 40 43 48 49 50 51

52 53 57 76 77 121 126 160 161 162 163 168 202

Colpe C 25 26 28 29 31 32 36 37 39 40 45 140

Index of Modern Authors262

Conzelmann H 96 97Cotter W J 61 104 132 156 163 165

166 170 191Cromhout M 61 145 191Crossan J D 39 89 94 98 134

Dalman G 27 29 30Damm A 171Davidson M J 114Davies W D 1 2 3 91 99 119 120

131 138 139 140 149 150 169 172 179 180 184 185 193 197 200

DeConick A D 11 17 20 21 138 139 192

Derrenbacker R A 1 24Di Lella A A 73Dibelius M 12Diacuteez Macho A 30Dimant D 160DiTommaso L 57Doering L 208Downing F G 23 64Draper J A 13 14 15 16 68 156Dundenberg I 11Dunn J D G 1 149 183Dupont J 97 116Durham J I 163

Eldridge M D 117Elgvin T 49 56 57 115 202Eshel H 44

Fiebig P 26 27 28 34 37 39Fitzmyer J A 1 2 3 8 19 26 28 30

31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 82 91 95 97 98 117 118 119 130 131 133 138 139 140 146 149 163 177 179 208

Fleddermann H T 2 6 10 11 59 62 69 83 84 85 86 87 90 91 93 95 97 98 101 103 104 105 109 129 130 134 140 144 148 150 152 156 157 163 166 170 176 177 179 184 185 189 199 200 203 205 211

Flusser D 14 15Fos ter P 1 3 6 12 26Freedman H 32Frenschkowski M 145Frey J 56Freyne S 159 199

Funk F X 14 147

Garciacutea Martiacutenez F 49 57 160 162 202 208

Garrow A 13Gathercole S 17 19 20 138 139 181Gerber C 203Gibson J B 116Gieschen C A 147Ginsburger M 30Glover R 13 16Goering G S 72 125Goff M J 55 56 57 79 84 115 178

202Goodacre M 1 17 19Greenfield J C 27Greeven H 12Gregg B H 90 97 186 198 204Grenfell B P 14 17Guelich R A 193Guenther H O 26Gundry R H 150 181 197

Haenchen E 12 139 157 158 201Hahn F 185Han K S 124 125 200Hannah D D 42 43 45 46Hare D R A 38 39 40 184 185Harrington D J 33 55 57 202 Hartin P J 12 61 119 166Hasitschka M 118Heil C 5 38 60 99 119 181Higgins A J B 184Hill A E 163Hindley J C 43Hoffmann P 5 38 55 67 70 75 77

80 96 99 112 145 167 170 184 185

Holtzmann H J 4Hooker M D 45Horsley R 68 156 198 199 200van der Hors t P W 73Hossfeld F L 124Howard G 146Howes L 26 39 43 61 65 77 81 133

140 141 142 166 167 170 185 188 190 212

Hubbard B J 38Hultgren S 160 162Hunt A S 14 17

263Index of Modern Authors

van Iersel B M F 102

Jacobson A D 5 26 39 49 54 60 61 64 75 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 85 87 90 94 96 97 98 106 129 132 140 144 152 156 157 167 170 171 184 185 187 201 207 210

Jefford C N 13 14 15Jeremias J 179 198 204Jervis L A 55Jewett R 149Johnson L A 178 208Johnson L T 12Johnson-DeBaufre M 66 103 163Jonas H 51de Jonge H J 24 185Jongeling B 35Joseph S J 1 21 23 24 45 46 47 48

51 52 68 103 125 132 134 136 142 144 153 156 159 160 161 162 164 178 180 181 182 184 185 187 190 191 200 201 202 206 208 214 215

Jus t A A 102

Kahle P 26 30 31 36Kampen J L 162 209Kaufman S A 31 32 36 40Keener C S 183Kirk A 2 4 5 6 10 15 24 55 59 60

61 62 66 67 68 69 71 72 73 75 76 77 78 79 83 84 85 86 87 88 90 94 96 98 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 111 114 129 152 155 156 166 177 179 184 189 190 197 203 207 208 214 215

Kloppenborg J S 1 2 3 4 5 11 12 13 14 15 17 19 21 22 23 24 25 26 38 39 50 51 53 54 55 57 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 86 87 88 89 90 95 97 98 99 103 104 107 108 111 112 121 122 123 124 125 126 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 139 140 141 142 143 144 147 148 150 151 155 156 157 158 160 162 163 164 165 166 167 170 171 172 175 176 180 181 182 183 184 187 189

190 191 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 208 210 211 212 213

Knibb M A 46 202Koes ter H 15 38 48 60 61 63 66

148Koumlhler W D 16Kraus H-J 124Kutscher E Y 30 35 36

Lang B 201Laurence R 41Leives tad R 43Levine A-J 208Lichtenberger H 124Lindars B 29 34 37 39 43 184 185

188Lohfink N 118Lukaszewski A 25 27Luz U 3 10 60 74 75 78 81 87 90

91 93 95 96 97 99 102 106 111 131 134 140 142 145 148 150 151 166 169 180 181 184 185 197 198 199 201 204 207

Luumldemann G 183Luumlhrmann D 61 64 78 111 140 157

158 165 180 184

Mack B L 23 38 43 61 133 135 170Magness J 160Malherbe A 192 211Manson T W 5 28 101Maori Y 32Marcus J 8 11 41 47 102 183 188

193 199 211Marshall I H 3Martiacutenez R 166 167Martyn J L 183Maumlrz C-P 90 94McDermott J M 185McNamara M J 31Meadors E P 62 66 67 72 74 76 77

166 168 201Meadors G T 137Menken M J J 116 117Meyer A 27Meyer P D 157Middleton P 182Milik J P 36 42 43 187Milikowsky C 181Miller R J 63 201

Index of Modern Authors264

Mitchell D C 124Moller H B 29Moreland M 23Moss C 182Mournet T C 1Muraoka T 35 38Muumlnch C 203

Neirynck F 2 3 4 11 22 26 90 98 99 116 130 140 149

Nickelsburg G 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 52 53 76 106 112 113 122 126 141 168 172 202 210 213

Niebuhr K W 159Niederwimmer K 13 14 15 16 148

151 152Nielsen K 114 115Nolland J 179Novakovic L 160 162

Odeberg H 36Oegema G S 116Owen P 25 29 35

Patterson S J 17 18 21 61 63Perrin N 186Pervo R I 183Pietersma A 146Piovanelli P 44 45Piper R A 61 82 112 176 190Ploeg J P M 35Pokornyacute P 11 17 19 117 139Polag A 62 73 89 90 94Porter S E 180 181Porton G G 38Pries t J 126Propp W H C 163Puech Eacute 133 160 162

Ra Y 39 132 145 155 170 184 185Reicke B 141Riesner R 183Robbins M C 51 103 113 115 117

121 125Robbins V K 104Robinson J M 2 5 24 26 34 38 39

41 43 55 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 77 96 103 119 129 131 132 134 135 140 142 143 144 145

156 160 165 166 167 180 181 184 185 186 187 188 190 200 201 202

Rodd C S 6 7 9Rollens S E 2 3 23 24 26 61 132

182 191Roth D T 2 6 7 10 11 54 90 145

165 191 192 203 204 205 206Rothschild C K 90 159 164Royse J R 146Roumlsel M 146

Sacchi P 43 44 45 47Sandt H 5 14 15Sato M 3 59 62 74 75 76 77 79 80

82 83 87 90 94 98 111 134 170 176 184

Schalit A 44Schenk W 62 73 89 90 103 170 176Schiavo L 104 112 113Schiffman L H 57 160Schnackenburg R 12 157 158Schniedewind W M 160Schroumlter J 180Schulz S 74 132 165 167 176 179

201 210Schuumlrmann H 8 130 167 170Seeley D 132 141 142Segal M 43 114 121Sellew P 193Sevenich-Bax E 103 105Shelton J 163Shepherd D 29 35Shinall M C 51Shirock R J 102Sjoumlberg E 28 29 35 39 45Skeat T C 180Skehan P W 73Smith D A 96 201 202 203So K-C 157Sokoloff M 35Somov A 181Spranger P P 204S taples J A 145 146 154S teck O H 61 64 132 201S tone M E 45S treeter B H 4 12 130S trugnell J 55S tuckenbruck L T 27 30 47 51 65

114 121Syreeni K 4 15 153

265Index of Modern Authors

Tabor J D 160Tannehil R C 178 208Taylor N H 120 123 183Theissen G 123Theophilos M P 126Tigchelaar E J C 56Tiwald M 3 23 160Toumldt H E 47 184 185 186 187Tuckett C M 1 3 6 9 11 13 14 15

17 23 26 49 50 53 54 61 62 63 66 68 72 76 77 84 86 90 94 95 98 112 114 119 121 125 130 134 140 150 154 156 157 158 160 166 170 184 193 199 205 206 207 208 210

Uhlig S 45Uro R 26 62 185

Vaage L E 23 24 26 39 61 133 165 167 170 171 190 191 210

VanderKam J C 43 46 57 168Vassiliadis P 89 94de Vaux R 56Vermes G 26 28 29 31 32 33 34 35

36 37 38 39 40 43 140 160 184

Wacholder B Z 209

von Wahlde U C 12 158Wahlen C 51Walck L W 46 52Watson F 1Weaks J A 6 7Weinfeld M 118 146 207 208Weiser A 124Weiss B 130Wellhausen J 26Welch J W 102Wernberg-Mѳller P 36Wes termann C 135 136Williams P J 35Wilson W T 149Wins ton D 46 72Wise M O 160Witetschek S 86 167Wolter M 90van der Woude A S 35Wright III B J 72 202

Xeravits G G 202

York A D 32

Zeller D 63 69 111 165 212Zenger E 124

Index of Subjects

Abel-Main (Tell Abl) 45Abraham 32 157Agrippa I 123 183Ahab 118 121angel of Yahweh 163angelicheavenly rebellion 121 125Antigonus 43aphaeresis 27 32 34 36 38apocalypse 48ndash as incorrectly applied to Mk 133ndash37

211ndash as incorrectly applied to Q 1723ndash37

210 211apocalypticndash Chris tianity 53ndash discourse 211ndash framework 57 121ndash inaccurately used as a noun 49ndash literature 47 53 54 135ndash language in Ben Sira 72ndash tradition 56 57 186ndash wisdom ins tructions other than Q 56

57 77 202ndash worldview (outside of Q see its at-

tes tation in Q referenced separately below) 24 49 50 51 55 57 87 121

apocalypticism 25 87 58 62ndash and apocalypse 48 49ndash and eschatology 48ndash as a literary category 48 79ndash as a dis tortion of Godrsquos intended

order 23ndash as compatible with wisdom in late

second temple literature 57 62 66 70 72 154 202

ndash as having a place outside the genre of an apocalypse 49

ndash as synonymous with apocalyptic worldview 49

ndash in Pauline thought 192ndash in sectarian environments 53

ndash in recent Q scholarship 48ndash methodological definitions of 50 54

186Aramaic 25 26 46 70 140 187 204

213ndash OfficialImperialBiblical 26 27 35

40ndash Middle 26 27 30 32 33 34 35 36

37 38 40 41 52 167 170 187 188ndash Late 26 27 28 32 33 34 35 36 37

38 41 140 187ndash Galilean 29 36 38ndash Qumran 31 32 35 38Athaliah 125Augus tus 45

Babylonian Exile 118Banias 45βασιλείαndash as a hypothetical metaphor reflecting

the social interes ts of Qrsquos author(s) 48

ndash as a political entity 120ndash of God 23 48 73 95 108 123 132

177 178 182 183 184 192 194 206 207

ndash of Satan 51 114ndash realized 142beatitude(s) 82 91 93 105 131 132

133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 153

Bethsaida 45 56 93

Caesarea Philippi 46(Cairo) Geniza fragments 28 29 30 32

36 37Capernaum 45 56 93chiasm 83 85 101 102 103 109 118

120chias tic 85 101 103 106 107 108 120

152 197

Index of Subjects268

Chorazin 56 93chreia(s) 63 71 104 105 120 211chreiic 65 86 104 105 111 156chris tology (see the Q discussion refer-

enced separately below)ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 17ndash in Luke 19ndash in Mark 131circumcision 159 209Claudius 183cosmic mountain 114 119Cynic(s) 23

Dan 45 47Darius I 163Deuteronomis t 118Deuteronomis tic His tory 146deuteronomis ticndash agenda 156ndash context(s) 143 153ndash framework 53 54ndash motifs 118 127ndash orientation 64ndash outlook 61 82 114ndash redaction 80ndash rhetoric 136ndash s tratums trata 78ndash theme 78ndash tradition 79ndash unders tanding 64devil 51 66 114 117 119 120 121 123

124

Elijah 96 116 118 126 162 163 164ElijahElisha cycle 162 163Enoch 44 45 47 51 76 112 113 157

172 202ndash as a scribe 46ndash Book of Watchers 45 113 125ndash sapiential content in Watchers 76ndash Book of Parables 24 41 47 157 167

171 213ndash sapiential content in Parables 76ndash Epis tle of Enoch 43ndash his torical incarnation of 202ndash Seminar 47Enochicndash author 122ndash corpus 52 73ndash formulation 52

ndash framework 121ndash literaturetext 43 46 56ndash movement 47 53 157 210ndash mythology 113 114 122 164ndash Son of Man 172ndash tradents 46ndash tradition 43 46 47 79 113 122 157

215ndash Watchers myth 45 53 121eschatological prophetndash in 4Q521 160 162ndash in Q 164 165 166eschatology (see the Q discussion refer-

enced separately below) 47 48 50ndash in 1 Enoch 42 47 76 122 141 142

168 169ndash in 4Q521 159 160 162ndash in 4QIns truction 56ndash in Ben Sira 72ndash in Malachi 163 164ndash in Psalms of Solomon 159ndash in Trito-Isaiah 136Exodusndash legendmyth 117ndash imagerymotifs 116 163

form (literary)ndash and meaning 82ndash and worldview 76ndash apocalypse 49ndash criticism 61 62 63 67 68 69 70

74 156 170 214ndash miracle s tory 156ndash wisdom 84ndash (wisdom) ins truction 70 71

Gaius (Caligula) 44 46 123Galilee 23 36 44 45 47 56 73 131

171 194 215ndash village scribes 48ndash villagestowns 24 93 199Gentile(s) 9 87 96 120 126 155 157

158 159 164 167 168 169 173 198 199 209 215

Great Omission 8 9

HasidicHasidim 79 162Hebrew 25 35 39 40 41 42 204Hebrew Biblescriptures 24 118 127

136 160

269Index of Subjects

Hermogenes 171mt Hermon 45 46 47Herod the Great and the Herodian era

43 44 45 46 126Herodians 45(holy) Spirit 72 94 178 189Hulah Valley 45

Isaiah (see the Index of Ancient Sources for specific passages)

ndash Deutero 46 135 136 168 169ndash firs t-century reader of 135ndash Trito 51 54 135 136 137 143 154

163 200Israelndash in Ben Sira 125ndash in Daniel 168ndash in Deuteronomy 118ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 139ndash in the Hebrew Bible 198 199ndash in Jubilees 121ndash in Malachi 163ndash in Q 53 64 78 80 87 96 104 118

127 155 156 158 198 199ndash pre-exilic 50ndash traditional wisdom of 58ndash wilderness myth 117

James (son of Zebedee) 183Jerusalem 44 72 96 106 108 113 119

125 159 166 199 200ndash culttemple 136 137 163 214ndash pries thood 45 47 127Jesusndash as an apocalyptic figure in Q 38ndash as a literary character in Q 21ndash floating traditions ascribed to 48ndash his torical 21 29 37 43 47 73 116

141 142 164 165 171 172 186 198ndash his torical greeting of in Jerusalem

106ndash movement 23ndash tradition 161Jewish Chris tianityndash as a movement in a contes ted envi-

ronment 43 183ndash as a proliferation of groups and

communities 183ndash on the use of the term 23

ndash possible connection to the Enochic movement 47

Jewish War 200John (the Baptis t) 68 78 80 83 85 90

91 92 97 103 104 105 116 159 163 164 165 166 167 169 172

ndash followers of 159 165 166ndash his torical 159 165Journeysndash cosmicterres trial 76 112 113 114

119 122 127ndash heavenly 45 112 113Judea 36 44 200 215

Kallirrhoeuml 45Kleinliteratur 3 4 59 60 73 215

Lordrsquos Prayer 93 94 177Lot 97 99

Maccabean era 126Mas tema 121Matthew and Luke as conservative

traditionalis ts 4Matthewrsquos and Lukersquos redactorial

freedom 4Matthewrsquos use of Q 4messiah 106 116 162 164 210messiahship 123messianic 116 210Migdal 46mimesis 114 141minor agreements 15 130Minor Prophets 146Moses 117

Nag Hammadi 17Nimrod 32

oralndash possible cross-influence on the Gos-

pel of Thomas from the canonical gospels 11 193

ndash harmonization of Matthew and Luke 16

ndash life of the primitive community 60ndash performance 15 16 161ndash source utilization 15ndash tradition 17 98 151ndash transmission 188

Index of Subjects270

ndash usage and application of Q 4ndash usage of Matthew 15ndash variants of Q 4Oxyrhynchus 17

Paneion 46Parousia 116 186 193Parthian invasion of 40 BCE 44 46Paulndash his torical 149 183ndash possible awareness of the Q tradition

by 192persecutionndash as an apocalyptic motif 54ndash because of someone 142ndash in authentic Pauline corpus 149 183ndash in Q 52 54 78 94 107 118 122

126 132 133 134 140 141 142 143 144 175 180 181 182 184 190 194 200 206

ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 138ndash in the Parables of Enoch 141ndash in Trito-Isaiah 137 200ndash plausibility of 182 183Pharisees 65 68 94 166 169 205 206

214pleroma 39prophecyndash pre-exilic and Persian era (classical)

50ndash mixture of with wisdom 77Prophetisierung 75

Qndash apocalypticism apocalyptic motifs

features imagination framework and worldview 23 25 46 53 57 58 63 69 70 71 73 76 79 84 87 88 111 114 121 127 141 175 190 194 197 202 210 211 213 214

ndash apocalyptic document 48 51ndash apocalyptic wisdom ins truction 23

55 70 73 74 77 79 214ndash (apocalyptic) communitymovement

55 107 122 194 195 206 209ndash Aramaic roots 26ndash chris tology 70 81 83 87 93 104

115 116 123 130 131 142 144 145 147 153 154 156 157 159 164 166 167 194 214

ndash demonology 51 53ndash eschatological (apocalyptic) dis-

course 64 83 97 98 170 210 211 212

ndash eschatology 48 51 54 56 69 73 75 87 94 95 101 104 105 108 133 141 142 143 144 147 159 164 165 166 167 169 172 180 192 193 194 198 199 202 203 210

ndash final (literary) form 59 62 69 78 178

ndash hypothetical mid- (lower) level or sub-elite scribal origin 24 59

ndash hypothetical recensions 3 4 59 60 90 98

ndash hypothetical segregation of wisdom and apocalyptic s trata 60 66 67 70 213 214

ndash mission speech 23 56 86 87 92 104 105 107 173 182 194

ndash Pales tinian character 24ndash possible authenticity of its content

22 81ndash prophetic content 61 63 67 70 74

75 76 77 79 80 82 83 142 143 176

ndash recons truction (CEQ) 5 6 10 90 (see also recons truction [in this s tudy] below as such frequently follows the CEQ)

ndash recons truction (feasibility) 2 3 4 10 11

ndash recons truction (in this s tudy) 60 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 111 116 119 120 123 130 131 134 144 147 148 149 151 152 165 169 170 172 175 176 177 178 179 181 184 191 193 199 204 207 213 215

ndash recons truction (methodology) 5 89 90

ndash recons truction (skepticism) 2 10 59 (see also recons tructed Mark below)

ndash sapiential content 12 62 63 67 77 79 80 82 130 154 175 191 202 214

ndash sermon 63 82 91 92 103 105 127 129 130 131 134 135 138 140 144 145 147 152 153 154 155 156

ndash sophis ticated scribal traditions 24ndash sub-literary view of 3 59 60 74

271Index of Subjects

ndash tradents 4 59 67 125 135 147 181 182 197 199 202 203 207 209 214

ndash tradition 13 17 87 161 163 164 186 187 192 202

Quintillian 171Qumran (see the Index of Ancient

Sources for specific documents)ndash apocalyptic worldview 50 135ndash Aramaic corpus 33ndash beatitude collection 133ndash communitymovementYahad 44 53

56 121 135 136 137 157 160 161 206 207 208 209

ndash demonology 124ndash discovery 29ndash fellowship with angels 115ndash fragments of 1 Enoch 44ndash library 43ndash manualsrules 82ndash sapiential literature 25 55 56 57

58 62 69ndash social setting 43

recons tructed Mark 2 6 7 8 9 10RomeRomans 44 91 121 126 159

199 207ndash occupation of Judea 44

sage(s) 55 56 79 84Samaria 44Satan 50 51 52 53 114 115 117 118

120 121 159 192scribe(s) 102 205ndash ancient reading practices of 102ndash as a Q opponent group 68 169 205ndash as advanced or elite readers of Q

102 103ndash Enochic 46 215ndash in Matthewrsquos community (other than

Matthew) 4ndash in the Q community 48 135 195

215ndash in the text of Q 169 172ndash memory competence of 4 102ndash responsible for 2 Enoch 112ndash responsible for Did 13bndash5b 15scriptorium 46Sefire 27 37Sepphoris 38 46Sermon on the Mount 15 16 87 94

Sermon on the Plain 15 16(Deutero-Isaianic) Servant 136 168 169Sidon 199Simeon II 125Son of Man 47 115ndash Aramaic background of the phrase

25 26 28 37 153ndash as a messianic title in the Parables of

Enoch 28 46ndash circumlocutional non-titular use of

the phrase in Late Aramaic 34ndash classifications of the phrasersquos Q

ins tances 26ndash designation of as Son of Humanity in

some recent research 39ndash his torical incarnation of as under-

s tood by some ancient authors 165 172

ndash hypothetical non-titular (circumlocu-tional or generic) use of the definite phrase in Middle Aramaic by the his torical Jesus and in Q 28 29 34 37 38 39 42 43 52 71 140 142 167 170 186 187

ndash in Daniel 41 42 186 213ndash in Luke 142 186ndash in Mark 41ndash in Matthew 99 142 186ndash in Q 25 26 34 38 39 42 43 46 47

52 53 64 67 69 70 71 96 98 104 106 115 116 123 141 142 147 164 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 176 185 186 187 188 189 191 194 201 203 210 212 213

ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 170ndash in the Parables of Enoch 25 28 41

42 43 44 45 46 47 122 141 142 146 147 153 155 164 165 168 169 172 173 202 213

ndash non-titular use of the indefinite phrase in Middle Aramaic 41

ndash titular (including but not limited to chris tological) use of the definite phrase in Q 34 38 52 53 64 70 104 123 142 143 147 167 168 172 173 185 186 187 189 191 194 201 203 210 212 213

Sondergut 89 90ndash Matthean 91ndash Lukan 94 95 97 98 177

Index of Subjects272

Sophiandash myth (Enochic tradition) 172 202ndash myth (synoptic tradition) 96 200

201ndash words of 96 201synopticndash gospels 11 150 151ndash material 16 151ndash parallels 18 19ndash problem 1ndash Sayings Source 3 216ndash s tudies 4ndash tradition 17 21 26 98 101 131 151

158 205 215Syria 215

Talmud 30 36 37 38Targum 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

38 40 41ndash recons truction of the Pales tinian Tar-

gum 32Taricheae 46Tell Dan 45templendash apparatusins titution 50 96 107

113 119 125 126 127 137 157 197 200 205

ndash eschatological 76

ndash purityholiness of 65 123 137ndash mitigatingprotective role 51 124ndash of Augus tus at Paneion 45ndash second temple era 25 41 44 48 56

62 70 71 72 79 82 84 121 124 136 137 154 163 186 201 209 213 216

ndash liturgy 124ndash mounthill 113ndash pollution of as perceived by some

ancient authors 113 125 136Theon of Alexandria 171Tiberias 38Torah 58 64 72 79 112 207 208 209transfiguration 47tree of knowledge 113Tyre 199

Vermes-Fitzmyer debate 28 38 39

Watchers 45 53 121Wicked Pries t 125

Yahweh 117 118

Zechariah (son of Jehoiada) 200mt Zion 113

  • Cover13
  • Titel13
  • Preface
  • Table of Contents13
  • List of Abbreviations
  • Chapter One Prolegomena
    • 1 Introduction Recent Methodological Questions in Q Studies
    • 2 The Study of Q as a Reconstructed Text
      • Index of Ancient Sources
      • Index of Modern Authors
      • Index of Subjects
Page 30: Apocalypticism in the Synoptic Sayings Source€¦ · Apocalypticism in the Synoptic Sayings Source A Reassessment of Q’s Stratigraphy Mohr Siebeck. Olegs Andrejevs, born 1982;

Index of Ancient Sources252

1119 1691122ndash45 931125 2081217 731232 1841239 52 2051243 1241311 13 71342 951416 71521ndash28 97162bndash3 951613ndash28 1401617ndash19 471625 141171 1191717 7186 208186ndash22 97188ndash9 951825 971928 991929 992030 130219 1062131 972133ndash41 (42ndash46) 7 19221ndash14 18236ndash7 206237 1662334 522334ndash36 962335 522337 52 1972337ndash39 81 105 201243ndash41 210 211244ndash14 72423 982443 1912443ndash44 1932445 2062448 (49) 52 205251ndash13 972514ndash30 992526 28 2052530 992531 992541 95 121266ndash13 972640ndash41 7

2669 71 1302669ndash75 1892732 912755 97285 130289ndash10 972816ndash18 1192818 120

Mark114 21 131123ndash26 121124 130129ndash31 18821ndash12 731 14937ndash12 188313 114327 93328 188328ndash29 18443ndash8 193411ndash12 7413 177430ndash32 20 193438 177421ndash22 7435ndash41 9525ndash34 97534 761ndash6a 188615 163635ndash44 9637 7645ndash52 9645ndash826 971ndash23 9724ndash30 9 9781ndash10 9811ndash13 9822ndash26 9827 140827ndash98 47828 163831ndash33 121834ndash35 20835 141838 184 19092 11492ndash8 47

253Index of Ancient Sources

919 7943ndash47 951028 73 1791029 201035ndash40 1831039 1881046ndash52 91047 130119 1061117 7 1771122ndash23 25ab 18 201124 1801129ndash30 7121ndash9 (10ndash12) 7 19129 191211 191226 177133ndash37 210 211135ndash13 71315ndash16 991321 98143ndash9 971437ndash38 71447 95 1491462 411466ndash72 1891467 130151ndash5 951521 911541 97166 130

Luke15ndash25 10237 5242 11745 12246b 7 12046cd 120 121416 130416ndash30 188425ndash27 9438ndash39 188517ndash26 766 149617ndash19 188621 134622 205623 142625 134

627 149627ndash28 148628 149629 15 150630 150 151634 151635 91 208642 18646 146647ndash49 9179 155722 163734 169735 166 208810 7816ndash17 7824 177831 121848 7912ndash17 9913 7924 141926 190941 7957 169958 171959 172960 173102 92109 731017ndash20 1211021 208114 177115ndash8 97 177119 1771111 1771112 1171113 178 1791120 511121ndash22 931124 124 2051124ndash26 931129 52 2051143 166 2061149 521150 521151 52124 73 179126 180128 184

Index of Ancient Sources254

128ndash9 911211 731213ndash21 971223a 1771224 177 1781228 1791233 1911235ndash38 89 941239 1911239ndash40 1931242 2061245 52 2051249 89 951254ndash56 95131ndash35 1021327 52 1971328ndash29 1981334 52 1971415ndash24 181427 73158ndash10 97172 2081711ndash19 981720 981721 981722 981728ndash29 89 98 991731 991732 991733 971835ndash43 91912ndash27 991922 24 2051927 991938 96 1061941ndash44 961946 177209ndash16 (17ndash19) 7 192018 192037 177218ndash19 7223 1212228ndash30 992246 72249ndash51 952250 1492254ndash62 188234 14 952413ndash33 102

John446 158446ndash54 157448 158631ndash58 117844 121123 1061225ndash26 201231 1211430 1211611 1211828ndash1916 102

Acts23 9521ndash4 18951ndash11 189109ndash16 9121ndash2 183123ndash19 183

Romans1214 149

1 Corinthians412 14963 121 192132 18 20

2 Corinthians41ndash6 19244 121

Galatians113ndash14 18343 8ndash9 121 192

Ephesians21ndash2 121 192612 121 192

1 Thessalonians214ndash16 183218 121 19251ndash11 19252 20 19255ndash6 192

2 Thessalonians21ndash12 210 211

255Index of Ancient Sources

2 Timothy211ndash13 190

Hebrews1137 204

James 315ndash17 12444ndash7 121

1 Peter314 132 139 143319ndash20 47414 132 139 141 14358 121

2 Peter24ndash5 47 121

Jude16ndash7 121

Revelation110ndash20 113113 18635 19041ndash11 113123ndash4 121171ndash3 114173ndash18 112 113219ndash27 112 1132110 113

New Tes tament Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha

Gospel of Thomas1ndash71 1731ndash3 2161ndash4 1710 19 95111 1713 21161ndash2 20 95163 2017 1720ndash21 71 193201ndash4 20 192215ndash8 18 19 20 192243 36ndash39 17261ndash2 18262ndash331 1731 21361ndash3 19 143 180473 2148 18 19 20

54 137 13855 2058 17 13864 18 1965 1968 20 132 138 139

14068ndash69 19 139 143691 17 138692 19 20 137 13877 2179 2186 169 170103 17106ndash107 19 201131ndash2 9

Pseudo-Clementine Homilies12313 180

Dead Sea Scrolls

CD214ndash41 125412ndash14 121 124 125419ndash52 208

51ndash5 2091316ndash17 207122ndash3 121161ndash2 125

Index of Ancient Sources256

1QapGen 29 30 31 33 35 36 37 40

1QH430 40

1QM11 1211310ndash12 121175ndash6 51

1QpHab 56 125

1QS25 121211ndash15 207 208321ndash25 11749 18258 125119ndash10 1821120 40

1Q27 (1Q4QMys teries)1 i 1ndash8 56 202

4Q299 (1Q4QMys teries)3andashb ii 2ndash8 563andashb ii 9ndash16 56

4Q416 (4QIns truction)1 10ndash13 56 2021 12 1822 i 21ndashiv 13 562 ii 6 17 178

4Q417 (4QIns truction)1 i 6ndash9 561 i 10(11)ndash12 56 2021 i 12ndash13 561 i 14 561 i 16 115 1821 i 17 1821 i 24 56 2022 i 17ndash24 562 i 19 21ndash22 178

4Q418 (4QIns truction)69 ii 6ndash9 56 202

69 ii 12ndash13 5681 1ndash2 18281 2ndash5 5681 4 11581 5 11581 20 56 20288 56103 56107 56123 5ndash8 56

4Q423 (4QIns truction)5 3 565 5ndash6 56

4Q503 115

4Q521 16 54 135 137 159 160 161 162

4Q525 57 133

4QDeut j 1214 121

4QIsa 135

4QMMTC 4ndash9 125

11Q11 124

11Q13 135 137

11QPsa 191ndash18 121

11QT545 2075715ndash19 208669ndash11 207

Targums4QtgJob 314QtgLev 3111QtgJob 31 33 35 40

257Index of Ancient Sources

Josephus

Ant14133ndash146 4415103 451982 123

Bell188 46

1131ndash11 441161ndash5 461213 461335 452101ndash5 1232116 183

Babylonian Texts

Gilgamesh 112

Greek and Latin Authors

Dio CassiusHis t59271 120

HomerOd10503ndash15 1121112ndash22 112

PlatoPhaed111cndash112e 112

Senecade Ben2121ndash2 120

Seneca the ElderControv9210 183

TacitusAnn632 120

His t59 183

Apos tolic and Church Fathers

1 Clement132 153292 121394ndash5 121

2 Clement32 190134 148

Apos tolic Cons titutions721 152

722 148 150 151722ndash6 147725 149 150726 148 153

AthanasiusFes t Let 3911 14

Canons of the Holy Apos tles4ndash5 152

Index of Ancient Sources258

Chrysos tomHom Mt342 180

Clement of AlexandriaS trom4641 139 143

Didache11ndash63 1412c 15213b 148 14913bndash5b 11 12 13 15 16

71 147 151 15413bndash21 5 11 14 15 15013c 15113cndash4a 1413d 15 14814 1414a 1614b 15 14914c 91 15014d 15 149 150 15115a 15015b 148 15381ndash2 1482 16103bndash122a 14113 16113ndash137 14153ndash4 16161ndash8 210 211 212

EusebiusHis t Eccl3254

IrenaeusAdv Haer1101 1214162 121

Jus tin Martyr1 Apol159 148

2 Apol25 121

OrigenC Cels870 180

PolycarpPhilippians22ndash3 153

Shepherd of HermasMandate 24ndash6 153

Similitude535ndash8 138

Rabbinic Literature

j Ber3b 5b 5c 31 37 38

j Ket35a 31 37

j Šab3a 38d 31 37

j Taʿan65b 4069ab 125

R Gen72 313813 31 37796 31

R Num193 31 38

TargumsCairo BGen 414 31 33 34 37 41

259Index of Ancient Sources

Cairo FExod 1913 37Deut 346 37

Neof I Gen 414 31 33 41Gen 95ndash6 37Gen 4922 36

Papyri Manuscripts and Inscriptions

Br Mus Or 9271 14P Oxy 1 17P Oxy 654 17

P Oxy 655 17 143 180P Oxy 1782 14 15 148 151Sf III 16ndash17 40

Index of Modern Authors

Achtemeier P 139 141Adams S L 56 72 202Alexander P S 31 32Allison D C 1 2 3 5 12 22 24 66

75 77 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 90 91 94 96 98 99 103 105 107 112 117 119 120 123 125 129 130 131 133 134 135 136 138 139 140 144 147 148 149 150 152 153 155 158 160 163 169 170 172 175 176 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 193 197 198 200 205

Anderson A A 124Anderson F I 113Andrejevs O 25 164 172 190Arcari L 44Argall R A 47 72 202Arnal W E 23 24 48 59 61 63 65

66 67 68 78 86 104 123 125 132 134 136 150 191 194 208 214

Attridge H W 17Audet J-P 14Avigad N 29 30

Bailey K 102Bauckham R 12Baum A D 1Bazzana G B 1 3 24 59 178 198Beasley-Murray G R 158Berger K 104Bergmeier R 159 160 162Betz D H 3 24 51 103 146 179 183de Begraveze T 27Bird M F 159 198 199Black C C 11Black M 26 28 30 31 32 35 36 37

40 168Blenkinsopp J 135 136 137Boccaccini G 32 43 44 50Boring M E 38 183 184 185 188

192 211

Borsch F H 185Bovon F 5 19 93 95 96 98 99 106

140 177 179 184 185 198Bowman J W 28 33Boyarin D 23Breuer Y 34Brin G 208Broadhead E K 3 89Brodie T L 163Brooke G J 43 160Brown R E 11 12 102 130 157 158Broyles C C 123Bultmann R 3 60 98 111 132 156

158 184 185 186 187 188 201Burkett D 27 213Bussmann W 26

Campbell J Y 28 46Caragounis C C 27 29 39Carroll J T 3Carruth S 119Casey P M 29 34 35 37 39 41Cas tor G D 4 5Catchpole D R 21 77 90 96 99 129

131 145 147 156 157 159 164 175 188 198 208

Chang A 199Charlesworth J H 31 42 43 44 45

46 47 72 160 171 185Chazon E G 115 202Cheung L L 12Childs B S 163Chilton B D 26 36 39 117 130Clark D J 109Collins A Y 39 41 47 50 51 52 103

114 188 193 211Collins J J 23 40 43 48 49 50 51

52 53 57 76 77 121 126 160 161 162 163 168 202

Colpe C 25 26 28 29 31 32 36 37 39 40 45 140

Index of Modern Authors262

Conzelmann H 96 97Cotter W J 61 104 132 156 163 165

166 170 191Cromhout M 61 145 191Crossan J D 39 89 94 98 134

Dalman G 27 29 30Damm A 171Davidson M J 114Davies W D 1 2 3 91 99 119 120

131 138 139 140 149 150 169 172 179 180 184 185 193 197 200

DeConick A D 11 17 20 21 138 139 192

Derrenbacker R A 1 24Di Lella A A 73Dibelius M 12Diacuteez Macho A 30Dimant D 160DiTommaso L 57Doering L 208Downing F G 23 64Draper J A 13 14 15 16 68 156Dundenberg I 11Dunn J D G 1 149 183Dupont J 97 116Durham J I 163

Eldridge M D 117Elgvin T 49 56 57 115 202Eshel H 44

Fiebig P 26 27 28 34 37 39Fitzmyer J A 1 2 3 8 19 26 28 30

31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 82 91 95 97 98 117 118 119 130 131 133 138 139 140 146 149 163 177 179 208

Fleddermann H T 2 6 10 11 59 62 69 83 84 85 86 87 90 91 93 95 97 98 101 103 104 105 109 129 130 134 140 144 148 150 152 156 157 163 166 170 176 177 179 184 185 189 199 200 203 205 211

Flusser D 14 15Fos ter P 1 3 6 12 26Freedman H 32Frenschkowski M 145Frey J 56Freyne S 159 199

Funk F X 14 147

Garciacutea Martiacutenez F 49 57 160 162 202 208

Garrow A 13Gathercole S 17 19 20 138 139 181Gerber C 203Gibson J B 116Gieschen C A 147Ginsburger M 30Glover R 13 16Goering G S 72 125Goff M J 55 56 57 79 84 115 178

202Goodacre M 1 17 19Greenfield J C 27Greeven H 12Gregg B H 90 97 186 198 204Grenfell B P 14 17Guelich R A 193Guenther H O 26Gundry R H 150 181 197

Haenchen E 12 139 157 158 201Hahn F 185Han K S 124 125 200Hannah D D 42 43 45 46Hare D R A 38 39 40 184 185Harrington D J 33 55 57 202 Hartin P J 12 61 119 166Hasitschka M 118Heil C 5 38 60 99 119 181Higgins A J B 184Hill A E 163Hindley J C 43Hoffmann P 5 38 55 67 70 75 77

80 96 99 112 145 167 170 184 185

Holtzmann H J 4Hooker M D 45Horsley R 68 156 198 199 200van der Hors t P W 73Hossfeld F L 124Howard G 146Howes L 26 39 43 61 65 77 81 133

140 141 142 166 167 170 185 188 190 212

Hubbard B J 38Hultgren S 160 162Hunt A S 14 17

263Index of Modern Authors

van Iersel B M F 102

Jacobson A D 5 26 39 49 54 60 61 64 75 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 85 87 90 94 96 97 98 106 129 132 140 144 152 156 157 167 170 171 184 185 187 201 207 210

Jefford C N 13 14 15Jeremias J 179 198 204Jervis L A 55Jewett R 149Johnson L A 178 208Johnson L T 12Johnson-DeBaufre M 66 103 163Jonas H 51de Jonge H J 24 185Jongeling B 35Joseph S J 1 21 23 24 45 46 47 48

51 52 68 103 125 132 134 136 142 144 153 156 159 160 161 162 164 178 180 181 182 184 185 187 190 191 200 201 202 206 208 214 215

Jus t A A 102

Kahle P 26 30 31 36Kampen J L 162 209Kaufman S A 31 32 36 40Keener C S 183Kirk A 2 4 5 6 10 15 24 55 59 60

61 62 66 67 68 69 71 72 73 75 76 77 78 79 83 84 85 86 87 88 90 94 96 98 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 111 114 129 152 155 156 166 177 179 184 189 190 197 203 207 208 214 215

Kloppenborg J S 1 2 3 4 5 11 12 13 14 15 17 19 21 22 23 24 25 26 38 39 50 51 53 54 55 57 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 86 87 88 89 90 95 97 98 99 103 104 107 108 111 112 121 122 123 124 125 126 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 139 140 141 142 143 144 147 148 150 151 155 156 157 158 160 162 163 164 165 166 167 170 171 172 175 176 180 181 182 183 184 187 189

190 191 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 208 210 211 212 213

Knibb M A 46 202Koes ter H 15 38 48 60 61 63 66

148Koumlhler W D 16Kraus H-J 124Kutscher E Y 30 35 36

Lang B 201Laurence R 41Leives tad R 43Levine A-J 208Lichtenberger H 124Lindars B 29 34 37 39 43 184 185

188Lohfink N 118Lukaszewski A 25 27Luz U 3 10 60 74 75 78 81 87 90

91 93 95 96 97 99 102 106 111 131 134 140 142 145 148 150 151 166 169 180 181 184 185 197 198 199 201 204 207

Luumldemann G 183Luumlhrmann D 61 64 78 111 140 157

158 165 180 184

Mack B L 23 38 43 61 133 135 170Magness J 160Malherbe A 192 211Manson T W 5 28 101Maori Y 32Marcus J 8 11 41 47 102 183 188

193 199 211Marshall I H 3Martiacutenez R 166 167Martyn J L 183Maumlrz C-P 90 94McDermott J M 185McNamara M J 31Meadors E P 62 66 67 72 74 76 77

166 168 201Meadors G T 137Menken M J J 116 117Meyer A 27Meyer P D 157Middleton P 182Milik J P 36 42 43 187Milikowsky C 181Miller R J 63 201

Index of Modern Authors264

Mitchell D C 124Moller H B 29Moreland M 23Moss C 182Mournet T C 1Muraoka T 35 38Muumlnch C 203

Neirynck F 2 3 4 11 22 26 90 98 99 116 130 140 149

Nickelsburg G 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 52 53 76 106 112 113 122 126 141 168 172 202 210 213

Niebuhr K W 159Niederwimmer K 13 14 15 16 148

151 152Nielsen K 114 115Nolland J 179Novakovic L 160 162

Odeberg H 36Oegema G S 116Owen P 25 29 35

Patterson S J 17 18 21 61 63Perrin N 186Pervo R I 183Pietersma A 146Piovanelli P 44 45Piper R A 61 82 112 176 190Ploeg J P M 35Pokornyacute P 11 17 19 117 139Polag A 62 73 89 90 94Porter S E 180 181Porton G G 38Pries t J 126Propp W H C 163Puech Eacute 133 160 162

Ra Y 39 132 145 155 170 184 185Reicke B 141Riesner R 183Robbins M C 51 103 113 115 117

121 125Robbins V K 104Robinson J M 2 5 24 26 34 38 39

41 43 55 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 77 96 103 119 129 131 132 134 135 140 142 143 144 145

156 160 165 166 167 180 181 184 185 186 187 188 190 200 201 202

Rodd C S 6 7 9Rollens S E 2 3 23 24 26 61 132

182 191Roth D T 2 6 7 10 11 54 90 145

165 191 192 203 204 205 206Rothschild C K 90 159 164Royse J R 146Roumlsel M 146

Sacchi P 43 44 45 47Sandt H 5 14 15Sato M 3 59 62 74 75 76 77 79 80

82 83 87 90 94 98 111 134 170 176 184

Schalit A 44Schenk W 62 73 89 90 103 170 176Schiavo L 104 112 113Schiffman L H 57 160Schnackenburg R 12 157 158Schniedewind W M 160Schroumlter J 180Schulz S 74 132 165 167 176 179

201 210Schuumlrmann H 8 130 167 170Seeley D 132 141 142Segal M 43 114 121Sellew P 193Sevenich-Bax E 103 105Shelton J 163Shepherd D 29 35Shinall M C 51Shirock R J 102Sjoumlberg E 28 29 35 39 45Skeat T C 180Skehan P W 73Smith D A 96 201 202 203So K-C 157Sokoloff M 35Somov A 181Spranger P P 204S taples J A 145 146 154S teck O H 61 64 132 201S tone M E 45S treeter B H 4 12 130S trugnell J 55S tuckenbruck L T 27 30 47 51 65

114 121Syreeni K 4 15 153

265Index of Modern Authors

Tabor J D 160Tannehil R C 178 208Taylor N H 120 123 183Theissen G 123Theophilos M P 126Tigchelaar E J C 56Tiwald M 3 23 160Toumldt H E 47 184 185 186 187Tuckett C M 1 3 6 9 11 13 14 15

17 23 26 49 50 53 54 61 62 63 66 68 72 76 77 84 86 90 94 95 98 112 114 119 121 125 130 134 140 150 154 156 157 158 160 166 170 184 193 199 205 206 207 208 210

Uhlig S 45Uro R 26 62 185

Vaage L E 23 24 26 39 61 133 165 167 170 171 190 191 210

VanderKam J C 43 46 57 168Vassiliadis P 89 94de Vaux R 56Vermes G 26 28 29 31 32 33 34 35

36 37 38 39 40 43 140 160 184

Wacholder B Z 209

von Wahlde U C 12 158Wahlen C 51Walck L W 46 52Watson F 1Weaks J A 6 7Weinfeld M 118 146 207 208Weiser A 124Weiss B 130Wellhausen J 26Welch J W 102Wernberg-Mѳller P 36Wes termann C 135 136Williams P J 35Wilson W T 149Wins ton D 46 72Wise M O 160Witetschek S 86 167Wolter M 90van der Woude A S 35Wright III B J 72 202

Xeravits G G 202

York A D 32

Zeller D 63 69 111 165 212Zenger E 124

Index of Subjects

Abel-Main (Tell Abl) 45Abraham 32 157Agrippa I 123 183Ahab 118 121angel of Yahweh 163angelicheavenly rebellion 121 125Antigonus 43aphaeresis 27 32 34 36 38apocalypse 48ndash as incorrectly applied to Mk 133ndash37

211ndash as incorrectly applied to Q 1723ndash37

210 211apocalypticndash Chris tianity 53ndash discourse 211ndash framework 57 121ndash inaccurately used as a noun 49ndash literature 47 53 54 135ndash language in Ben Sira 72ndash tradition 56 57 186ndash wisdom ins tructions other than Q 56

57 77 202ndash worldview (outside of Q see its at-

tes tation in Q referenced separately below) 24 49 50 51 55 57 87 121

apocalypticism 25 87 58 62ndash and apocalypse 48 49ndash and eschatology 48ndash as a literary category 48 79ndash as a dis tortion of Godrsquos intended

order 23ndash as compatible with wisdom in late

second temple literature 57 62 66 70 72 154 202

ndash as having a place outside the genre of an apocalypse 49

ndash as synonymous with apocalyptic worldview 49

ndash in Pauline thought 192ndash in sectarian environments 53

ndash in recent Q scholarship 48ndash methodological definitions of 50 54

186Aramaic 25 26 46 70 140 187 204

213ndash OfficialImperialBiblical 26 27 35

40ndash Middle 26 27 30 32 33 34 35 36

37 38 40 41 52 167 170 187 188ndash Late 26 27 28 32 33 34 35 36 37

38 41 140 187ndash Galilean 29 36 38ndash Qumran 31 32 35 38Athaliah 125Augus tus 45

Babylonian Exile 118Banias 45βασιλείαndash as a hypothetical metaphor reflecting

the social interes ts of Qrsquos author(s) 48

ndash as a political entity 120ndash of God 23 48 73 95 108 123 132

177 178 182 183 184 192 194 206 207

ndash of Satan 51 114ndash realized 142beatitude(s) 82 91 93 105 131 132

133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 153

Bethsaida 45 56 93

Caesarea Philippi 46(Cairo) Geniza fragments 28 29 30 32

36 37Capernaum 45 56 93chiasm 83 85 101 102 103 109 118

120chias tic 85 101 103 106 107 108 120

152 197

Index of Subjects268

Chorazin 56 93chreia(s) 63 71 104 105 120 211chreiic 65 86 104 105 111 156chris tology (see the Q discussion refer-

enced separately below)ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 17ndash in Luke 19ndash in Mark 131circumcision 159 209Claudius 183cosmic mountain 114 119Cynic(s) 23

Dan 45 47Darius I 163Deuteronomis t 118Deuteronomis tic His tory 146deuteronomis ticndash agenda 156ndash context(s) 143 153ndash framework 53 54ndash motifs 118 127ndash orientation 64ndash outlook 61 82 114ndash redaction 80ndash rhetoric 136ndash s tratums trata 78ndash theme 78ndash tradition 79ndash unders tanding 64devil 51 66 114 117 119 120 121 123

124

Elijah 96 116 118 126 162 163 164ElijahElisha cycle 162 163Enoch 44 45 47 51 76 112 113 157

172 202ndash as a scribe 46ndash Book of Watchers 45 113 125ndash sapiential content in Watchers 76ndash Book of Parables 24 41 47 157 167

171 213ndash sapiential content in Parables 76ndash Epis tle of Enoch 43ndash his torical incarnation of 202ndash Seminar 47Enochicndash author 122ndash corpus 52 73ndash formulation 52

ndash framework 121ndash literaturetext 43 46 56ndash movement 47 53 157 210ndash mythology 113 114 122 164ndash Son of Man 172ndash tradents 46ndash tradition 43 46 47 79 113 122 157

215ndash Watchers myth 45 53 121eschatological prophetndash in 4Q521 160 162ndash in Q 164 165 166eschatology (see the Q discussion refer-

enced separately below) 47 48 50ndash in 1 Enoch 42 47 76 122 141 142

168 169ndash in 4Q521 159 160 162ndash in 4QIns truction 56ndash in Ben Sira 72ndash in Malachi 163 164ndash in Psalms of Solomon 159ndash in Trito-Isaiah 136Exodusndash legendmyth 117ndash imagerymotifs 116 163

form (literary)ndash and meaning 82ndash and worldview 76ndash apocalypse 49ndash criticism 61 62 63 67 68 69 70

74 156 170 214ndash miracle s tory 156ndash wisdom 84ndash (wisdom) ins truction 70 71

Gaius (Caligula) 44 46 123Galilee 23 36 44 45 47 56 73 131

171 194 215ndash village scribes 48ndash villagestowns 24 93 199Gentile(s) 9 87 96 120 126 155 157

158 159 164 167 168 169 173 198 199 209 215

Great Omission 8 9

HasidicHasidim 79 162Hebrew 25 35 39 40 41 42 204Hebrew Biblescriptures 24 118 127

136 160

269Index of Subjects

Hermogenes 171mt Hermon 45 46 47Herod the Great and the Herodian era

43 44 45 46 126Herodians 45(holy) Spirit 72 94 178 189Hulah Valley 45

Isaiah (see the Index of Ancient Sources for specific passages)

ndash Deutero 46 135 136 168 169ndash firs t-century reader of 135ndash Trito 51 54 135 136 137 143 154

163 200Israelndash in Ben Sira 125ndash in Daniel 168ndash in Deuteronomy 118ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 139ndash in the Hebrew Bible 198 199ndash in Jubilees 121ndash in Malachi 163ndash in Q 53 64 78 80 87 96 104 118

127 155 156 158 198 199ndash pre-exilic 50ndash traditional wisdom of 58ndash wilderness myth 117

James (son of Zebedee) 183Jerusalem 44 72 96 106 108 113 119

125 159 166 199 200ndash culttemple 136 137 163 214ndash pries thood 45 47 127Jesusndash as an apocalyptic figure in Q 38ndash as a literary character in Q 21ndash floating traditions ascribed to 48ndash his torical 21 29 37 43 47 73 116

141 142 164 165 171 172 186 198ndash his torical greeting of in Jerusalem

106ndash movement 23ndash tradition 161Jewish Chris tianityndash as a movement in a contes ted envi-

ronment 43 183ndash as a proliferation of groups and

communities 183ndash on the use of the term 23

ndash possible connection to the Enochic movement 47

Jewish War 200John (the Baptis t) 68 78 80 83 85 90

91 92 97 103 104 105 116 159 163 164 165 166 167 169 172

ndash followers of 159 165 166ndash his torical 159 165Journeysndash cosmicterres trial 76 112 113 114

119 122 127ndash heavenly 45 112 113Judea 36 44 200 215

Kallirrhoeuml 45Kleinliteratur 3 4 59 60 73 215

Lordrsquos Prayer 93 94 177Lot 97 99

Maccabean era 126Mas tema 121Matthew and Luke as conservative

traditionalis ts 4Matthewrsquos and Lukersquos redactorial

freedom 4Matthewrsquos use of Q 4messiah 106 116 162 164 210messiahship 123messianic 116 210Migdal 46mimesis 114 141minor agreements 15 130Minor Prophets 146Moses 117

Nag Hammadi 17Nimrod 32

oralndash possible cross-influence on the Gos-

pel of Thomas from the canonical gospels 11 193

ndash harmonization of Matthew and Luke 16

ndash life of the primitive community 60ndash performance 15 16 161ndash source utilization 15ndash tradition 17 98 151ndash transmission 188

Index of Subjects270

ndash usage and application of Q 4ndash usage of Matthew 15ndash variants of Q 4Oxyrhynchus 17

Paneion 46Parousia 116 186 193Parthian invasion of 40 BCE 44 46Paulndash his torical 149 183ndash possible awareness of the Q tradition

by 192persecutionndash as an apocalyptic motif 54ndash because of someone 142ndash in authentic Pauline corpus 149 183ndash in Q 52 54 78 94 107 118 122

126 132 133 134 140 141 142 143 144 175 180 181 182 184 190 194 200 206

ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 138ndash in the Parables of Enoch 141ndash in Trito-Isaiah 137 200ndash plausibility of 182 183Pharisees 65 68 94 166 169 205 206

214pleroma 39prophecyndash pre-exilic and Persian era (classical)

50ndash mixture of with wisdom 77Prophetisierung 75

Qndash apocalypticism apocalyptic motifs

features imagination framework and worldview 23 25 46 53 57 58 63 69 70 71 73 76 79 84 87 88 111 114 121 127 141 175 190 194 197 202 210 211 213 214

ndash apocalyptic document 48 51ndash apocalyptic wisdom ins truction 23

55 70 73 74 77 79 214ndash (apocalyptic) communitymovement

55 107 122 194 195 206 209ndash Aramaic roots 26ndash chris tology 70 81 83 87 93 104

115 116 123 130 131 142 144 145 147 153 154 156 157 159 164 166 167 194 214

ndash demonology 51 53ndash eschatological (apocalyptic) dis-

course 64 83 97 98 170 210 211 212

ndash eschatology 48 51 54 56 69 73 75 87 94 95 101 104 105 108 133 141 142 143 144 147 159 164 165 166 167 169 172 180 192 193 194 198 199 202 203 210

ndash final (literary) form 59 62 69 78 178

ndash hypothetical mid- (lower) level or sub-elite scribal origin 24 59

ndash hypothetical recensions 3 4 59 60 90 98

ndash hypothetical segregation of wisdom and apocalyptic s trata 60 66 67 70 213 214

ndash mission speech 23 56 86 87 92 104 105 107 173 182 194

ndash Pales tinian character 24ndash possible authenticity of its content

22 81ndash prophetic content 61 63 67 70 74

75 76 77 79 80 82 83 142 143 176

ndash recons truction (CEQ) 5 6 10 90 (see also recons truction [in this s tudy] below as such frequently follows the CEQ)

ndash recons truction (feasibility) 2 3 4 10 11

ndash recons truction (in this s tudy) 60 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 111 116 119 120 123 130 131 134 144 147 148 149 151 152 165 169 170 172 175 176 177 178 179 181 184 191 193 199 204 207 213 215

ndash recons truction (methodology) 5 89 90

ndash recons truction (skepticism) 2 10 59 (see also recons tructed Mark below)

ndash sapiential content 12 62 63 67 77 79 80 82 130 154 175 191 202 214

ndash sermon 63 82 91 92 103 105 127 129 130 131 134 135 138 140 144 145 147 152 153 154 155 156

ndash sophis ticated scribal traditions 24ndash sub-literary view of 3 59 60 74

271Index of Subjects

ndash tradents 4 59 67 125 135 147 181 182 197 199 202 203 207 209 214

ndash tradition 13 17 87 161 163 164 186 187 192 202

Quintillian 171Qumran (see the Index of Ancient

Sources for specific documents)ndash apocalyptic worldview 50 135ndash Aramaic corpus 33ndash beatitude collection 133ndash communitymovementYahad 44 53

56 121 135 136 137 157 160 161 206 207 208 209

ndash demonology 124ndash discovery 29ndash fellowship with angels 115ndash fragments of 1 Enoch 44ndash library 43ndash manualsrules 82ndash sapiential literature 25 55 56 57

58 62 69ndash social setting 43

recons tructed Mark 2 6 7 8 9 10RomeRomans 44 91 121 126 159

199 207ndash occupation of Judea 44

sage(s) 55 56 79 84Samaria 44Satan 50 51 52 53 114 115 117 118

120 121 159 192scribe(s) 102 205ndash ancient reading practices of 102ndash as a Q opponent group 68 169 205ndash as advanced or elite readers of Q

102 103ndash Enochic 46 215ndash in Matthewrsquos community (other than

Matthew) 4ndash in the Q community 48 135 195

215ndash in the text of Q 169 172ndash memory competence of 4 102ndash responsible for 2 Enoch 112ndash responsible for Did 13bndash5b 15scriptorium 46Sefire 27 37Sepphoris 38 46Sermon on the Mount 15 16 87 94

Sermon on the Plain 15 16(Deutero-Isaianic) Servant 136 168 169Sidon 199Simeon II 125Son of Man 47 115ndash Aramaic background of the phrase

25 26 28 37 153ndash as a messianic title in the Parables of

Enoch 28 46ndash circumlocutional non-titular use of

the phrase in Late Aramaic 34ndash classifications of the phrasersquos Q

ins tances 26ndash designation of as Son of Humanity in

some recent research 39ndash his torical incarnation of as under-

s tood by some ancient authors 165 172

ndash hypothetical non-titular (circumlocu-tional or generic) use of the definite phrase in Middle Aramaic by the his torical Jesus and in Q 28 29 34 37 38 39 42 43 52 71 140 142 167 170 186 187

ndash in Daniel 41 42 186 213ndash in Luke 142 186ndash in Mark 41ndash in Matthew 99 142 186ndash in Q 25 26 34 38 39 42 43 46 47

52 53 64 67 69 70 71 96 98 104 106 115 116 123 141 142 147 164 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 176 185 186 187 188 189 191 194 201 203 210 212 213

ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 170ndash in the Parables of Enoch 25 28 41

42 43 44 45 46 47 122 141 142 146 147 153 155 164 165 168 169 172 173 202 213

ndash non-titular use of the indefinite phrase in Middle Aramaic 41

ndash titular (including but not limited to chris tological) use of the definite phrase in Q 34 38 52 53 64 70 104 123 142 143 147 167 168 172 173 185 186 187 189 191 194 201 203 210 212 213

Sondergut 89 90ndash Matthean 91ndash Lukan 94 95 97 98 177

Index of Subjects272

Sophiandash myth (Enochic tradition) 172 202ndash myth (synoptic tradition) 96 200

201ndash words of 96 201synopticndash gospels 11 150 151ndash material 16 151ndash parallels 18 19ndash problem 1ndash Sayings Source 3 216ndash s tudies 4ndash tradition 17 21 26 98 101 131 151

158 205 215Syria 215

Talmud 30 36 37 38Targum 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

38 40 41ndash recons truction of the Pales tinian Tar-

gum 32Taricheae 46Tell Dan 45templendash apparatusins titution 50 96 107

113 119 125 126 127 137 157 197 200 205

ndash eschatological 76

ndash purityholiness of 65 123 137ndash mitigatingprotective role 51 124ndash of Augus tus at Paneion 45ndash second temple era 25 41 44 48 56

62 70 71 72 79 82 84 121 124 136 137 154 163 186 201 209 213 216

ndash liturgy 124ndash mounthill 113ndash pollution of as perceived by some

ancient authors 113 125 136Theon of Alexandria 171Tiberias 38Torah 58 64 72 79 112 207 208 209transfiguration 47tree of knowledge 113Tyre 199

Vermes-Fitzmyer debate 28 38 39

Watchers 45 53 121Wicked Pries t 125

Yahweh 117 118

Zechariah (son of Jehoiada) 200mt Zion 113

  • Cover13
  • Titel13
  • Preface
  • Table of Contents13
  • List of Abbreviations
  • Chapter One Prolegomena
    • 1 Introduction Recent Methodological Questions in Q Studies
    • 2 The Study of Q as a Reconstructed Text
      • Index of Ancient Sources
      • Index of Modern Authors
      • Index of Subjects
Page 31: Apocalypticism in the Synoptic Sayings Source€¦ · Apocalypticism in the Synoptic Sayings Source A Reassessment of Q’s Stratigraphy Mohr Siebeck. Olegs Andrejevs, born 1982;

253Index of Ancient Sources

919 7943ndash47 951028 73 1791029 201035ndash40 1831039 1881046ndash52 91047 130119 1061117 7 1771122ndash23 25ab 18 201124 1801129ndash30 7121ndash9 (10ndash12) 7 19129 191211 191226 177133ndash37 210 211135ndash13 71315ndash16 991321 98143ndash9 971437ndash38 71447 95 1491462 411466ndash72 1891467 130151ndash5 951521 911541 97166 130

Luke15ndash25 10237 5242 11745 12246b 7 12046cd 120 121416 130416ndash30 188425ndash27 9438ndash39 188517ndash26 766 149617ndash19 188621 134622 205623 142625 134

627 149627ndash28 148628 149629 15 150630 150 151634 151635 91 208642 18646 146647ndash49 9179 155722 163734 169735 166 208810 7816ndash17 7824 177831 121848 7912ndash17 9913 7924 141926 190941 7957 169958 171959 172960 173102 92109 731017ndash20 1211021 208114 177115ndash8 97 177119 1771111 1771112 1171113 178 1791120 511121ndash22 931124 124 2051124ndash26 931129 52 2051143 166 2061149 521150 521151 52124 73 179126 180128 184

Index of Ancient Sources254

128ndash9 911211 731213ndash21 971223a 1771224 177 1781228 1791233 1911235ndash38 89 941239 1911239ndash40 1931242 2061245 52 2051249 89 951254ndash56 95131ndash35 1021327 52 1971328ndash29 1981334 52 1971415ndash24 181427 73158ndash10 97172 2081711ndash19 981720 981721 981722 981728ndash29 89 98 991731 991732 991733 971835ndash43 91912ndash27 991922 24 2051927 991938 96 1061941ndash44 961946 177209ndash16 (17ndash19) 7 192018 192037 177218ndash19 7223 1212228ndash30 992246 72249ndash51 952250 1492254ndash62 188234 14 952413ndash33 102

John446 158446ndash54 157448 158631ndash58 117844 121123 1061225ndash26 201231 1211430 1211611 1211828ndash1916 102

Acts23 9521ndash4 18951ndash11 189109ndash16 9121ndash2 183123ndash19 183

Romans1214 149

1 Corinthians412 14963 121 192132 18 20

2 Corinthians41ndash6 19244 121

Galatians113ndash14 18343 8ndash9 121 192

Ephesians21ndash2 121 192612 121 192

1 Thessalonians214ndash16 183218 121 19251ndash11 19252 20 19255ndash6 192

2 Thessalonians21ndash12 210 211

255Index of Ancient Sources

2 Timothy211ndash13 190

Hebrews1137 204

James 315ndash17 12444ndash7 121

1 Peter314 132 139 143319ndash20 47414 132 139 141 14358 121

2 Peter24ndash5 47 121

Jude16ndash7 121

Revelation110ndash20 113113 18635 19041ndash11 113123ndash4 121171ndash3 114173ndash18 112 113219ndash27 112 1132110 113

New Tes tament Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha

Gospel of Thomas1ndash71 1731ndash3 2161ndash4 1710 19 95111 1713 21161ndash2 20 95163 2017 1720ndash21 71 193201ndash4 20 192215ndash8 18 19 20 192243 36ndash39 17261ndash2 18262ndash331 1731 21361ndash3 19 143 180473 2148 18 19 20

54 137 13855 2058 17 13864 18 1965 1968 20 132 138 139

14068ndash69 19 139 143691 17 138692 19 20 137 13877 2179 2186 169 170103 17106ndash107 19 201131ndash2 9

Pseudo-Clementine Homilies12313 180

Dead Sea Scrolls

CD214ndash41 125412ndash14 121 124 125419ndash52 208

51ndash5 2091316ndash17 207122ndash3 121161ndash2 125

Index of Ancient Sources256

1QapGen 29 30 31 33 35 36 37 40

1QH430 40

1QM11 1211310ndash12 121175ndash6 51

1QpHab 56 125

1QS25 121211ndash15 207 208321ndash25 11749 18258 125119ndash10 1821120 40

1Q27 (1Q4QMys teries)1 i 1ndash8 56 202

4Q299 (1Q4QMys teries)3andashb ii 2ndash8 563andashb ii 9ndash16 56

4Q416 (4QIns truction)1 10ndash13 56 2021 12 1822 i 21ndashiv 13 562 ii 6 17 178

4Q417 (4QIns truction)1 i 6ndash9 561 i 10(11)ndash12 56 2021 i 12ndash13 561 i 14 561 i 16 115 1821 i 17 1821 i 24 56 2022 i 17ndash24 562 i 19 21ndash22 178

4Q418 (4QIns truction)69 ii 6ndash9 56 202

69 ii 12ndash13 5681 1ndash2 18281 2ndash5 5681 4 11581 5 11581 20 56 20288 56103 56107 56123 5ndash8 56

4Q423 (4QIns truction)5 3 565 5ndash6 56

4Q503 115

4Q521 16 54 135 137 159 160 161 162

4Q525 57 133

4QDeut j 1214 121

4QIsa 135

4QMMTC 4ndash9 125

11Q11 124

11Q13 135 137

11QPsa 191ndash18 121

11QT545 2075715ndash19 208669ndash11 207

Targums4QtgJob 314QtgLev 3111QtgJob 31 33 35 40

257Index of Ancient Sources

Josephus

Ant14133ndash146 4415103 451982 123

Bell188 46

1131ndash11 441161ndash5 461213 461335 452101ndash5 1232116 183

Babylonian Texts

Gilgamesh 112

Greek and Latin Authors

Dio CassiusHis t59271 120

HomerOd10503ndash15 1121112ndash22 112

PlatoPhaed111cndash112e 112

Senecade Ben2121ndash2 120

Seneca the ElderControv9210 183

TacitusAnn632 120

His t59 183

Apos tolic and Church Fathers

1 Clement132 153292 121394ndash5 121

2 Clement32 190134 148

Apos tolic Cons titutions721 152

722 148 150 151722ndash6 147725 149 150726 148 153

AthanasiusFes t Let 3911 14

Canons of the Holy Apos tles4ndash5 152

Index of Ancient Sources258

Chrysos tomHom Mt342 180

Clement of AlexandriaS trom4641 139 143

Didache11ndash63 1412c 15213b 148 14913bndash5b 11 12 13 15 16

71 147 151 15413bndash21 5 11 14 15 15013c 15113cndash4a 1413d 15 14814 1414a 1614b 15 14914c 91 15014d 15 149 150 15115a 15015b 148 15381ndash2 1482 16103bndash122a 14113 16113ndash137 14153ndash4 16161ndash8 210 211 212

EusebiusHis t Eccl3254

IrenaeusAdv Haer1101 1214162 121

Jus tin Martyr1 Apol159 148

2 Apol25 121

OrigenC Cels870 180

PolycarpPhilippians22ndash3 153

Shepherd of HermasMandate 24ndash6 153

Similitude535ndash8 138

Rabbinic Literature

j Ber3b 5b 5c 31 37 38

j Ket35a 31 37

j Šab3a 38d 31 37

j Taʿan65b 4069ab 125

R Gen72 313813 31 37796 31

R Num193 31 38

TargumsCairo BGen 414 31 33 34 37 41

259Index of Ancient Sources

Cairo FExod 1913 37Deut 346 37

Neof I Gen 414 31 33 41Gen 95ndash6 37Gen 4922 36

Papyri Manuscripts and Inscriptions

Br Mus Or 9271 14P Oxy 1 17P Oxy 654 17

P Oxy 655 17 143 180P Oxy 1782 14 15 148 151Sf III 16ndash17 40

Index of Modern Authors

Achtemeier P 139 141Adams S L 56 72 202Alexander P S 31 32Allison D C 1 2 3 5 12 22 24 66

75 77 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 90 91 94 96 98 99 103 105 107 112 117 119 120 123 125 129 130 131 133 134 135 136 138 139 140 144 147 148 149 150 152 153 155 158 160 163 169 170 172 175 176 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 193 197 198 200 205

Anderson A A 124Anderson F I 113Andrejevs O 25 164 172 190Arcari L 44Argall R A 47 72 202Arnal W E 23 24 48 59 61 63 65

66 67 68 78 86 104 123 125 132 134 136 150 191 194 208 214

Attridge H W 17Audet J-P 14Avigad N 29 30

Bailey K 102Bauckham R 12Baum A D 1Bazzana G B 1 3 24 59 178 198Beasley-Murray G R 158Berger K 104Bergmeier R 159 160 162Betz D H 3 24 51 103 146 179 183de Begraveze T 27Bird M F 159 198 199Black C C 11Black M 26 28 30 31 32 35 36 37

40 168Blenkinsopp J 135 136 137Boccaccini G 32 43 44 50Boring M E 38 183 184 185 188

192 211

Borsch F H 185Bovon F 5 19 93 95 96 98 99 106

140 177 179 184 185 198Bowman J W 28 33Boyarin D 23Breuer Y 34Brin G 208Broadhead E K 3 89Brodie T L 163Brooke G J 43 160Brown R E 11 12 102 130 157 158Broyles C C 123Bultmann R 3 60 98 111 132 156

158 184 185 186 187 188 201Burkett D 27 213Bussmann W 26

Campbell J Y 28 46Caragounis C C 27 29 39Carroll J T 3Carruth S 119Casey P M 29 34 35 37 39 41Cas tor G D 4 5Catchpole D R 21 77 90 96 99 129

131 145 147 156 157 159 164 175 188 198 208

Chang A 199Charlesworth J H 31 42 43 44 45

46 47 72 160 171 185Chazon E G 115 202Cheung L L 12Childs B S 163Chilton B D 26 36 39 117 130Clark D J 109Collins A Y 39 41 47 50 51 52 103

114 188 193 211Collins J J 23 40 43 48 49 50 51

52 53 57 76 77 121 126 160 161 162 163 168 202

Colpe C 25 26 28 29 31 32 36 37 39 40 45 140

Index of Modern Authors262

Conzelmann H 96 97Cotter W J 61 104 132 156 163 165

166 170 191Cromhout M 61 145 191Crossan J D 39 89 94 98 134

Dalman G 27 29 30Damm A 171Davidson M J 114Davies W D 1 2 3 91 99 119 120

131 138 139 140 149 150 169 172 179 180 184 185 193 197 200

DeConick A D 11 17 20 21 138 139 192

Derrenbacker R A 1 24Di Lella A A 73Dibelius M 12Diacuteez Macho A 30Dimant D 160DiTommaso L 57Doering L 208Downing F G 23 64Draper J A 13 14 15 16 68 156Dundenberg I 11Dunn J D G 1 149 183Dupont J 97 116Durham J I 163

Eldridge M D 117Elgvin T 49 56 57 115 202Eshel H 44

Fiebig P 26 27 28 34 37 39Fitzmyer J A 1 2 3 8 19 26 28 30

31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 82 91 95 97 98 117 118 119 130 131 133 138 139 140 146 149 163 177 179 208

Fleddermann H T 2 6 10 11 59 62 69 83 84 85 86 87 90 91 93 95 97 98 101 103 104 105 109 129 130 134 140 144 148 150 152 156 157 163 166 170 176 177 179 184 185 189 199 200 203 205 211

Flusser D 14 15Fos ter P 1 3 6 12 26Freedman H 32Frenschkowski M 145Frey J 56Freyne S 159 199

Funk F X 14 147

Garciacutea Martiacutenez F 49 57 160 162 202 208

Garrow A 13Gathercole S 17 19 20 138 139 181Gerber C 203Gibson J B 116Gieschen C A 147Ginsburger M 30Glover R 13 16Goering G S 72 125Goff M J 55 56 57 79 84 115 178

202Goodacre M 1 17 19Greenfield J C 27Greeven H 12Gregg B H 90 97 186 198 204Grenfell B P 14 17Guelich R A 193Guenther H O 26Gundry R H 150 181 197

Haenchen E 12 139 157 158 201Hahn F 185Han K S 124 125 200Hannah D D 42 43 45 46Hare D R A 38 39 40 184 185Harrington D J 33 55 57 202 Hartin P J 12 61 119 166Hasitschka M 118Heil C 5 38 60 99 119 181Higgins A J B 184Hill A E 163Hindley J C 43Hoffmann P 5 38 55 67 70 75 77

80 96 99 112 145 167 170 184 185

Holtzmann H J 4Hooker M D 45Horsley R 68 156 198 199 200van der Hors t P W 73Hossfeld F L 124Howard G 146Howes L 26 39 43 61 65 77 81 133

140 141 142 166 167 170 185 188 190 212

Hubbard B J 38Hultgren S 160 162Hunt A S 14 17

263Index of Modern Authors

van Iersel B M F 102

Jacobson A D 5 26 39 49 54 60 61 64 75 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 85 87 90 94 96 97 98 106 129 132 140 144 152 156 157 167 170 171 184 185 187 201 207 210

Jefford C N 13 14 15Jeremias J 179 198 204Jervis L A 55Jewett R 149Johnson L A 178 208Johnson L T 12Johnson-DeBaufre M 66 103 163Jonas H 51de Jonge H J 24 185Jongeling B 35Joseph S J 1 21 23 24 45 46 47 48

51 52 68 103 125 132 134 136 142 144 153 156 159 160 161 162 164 178 180 181 182 184 185 187 190 191 200 201 202 206 208 214 215

Jus t A A 102

Kahle P 26 30 31 36Kampen J L 162 209Kaufman S A 31 32 36 40Keener C S 183Kirk A 2 4 5 6 10 15 24 55 59 60

61 62 66 67 68 69 71 72 73 75 76 77 78 79 83 84 85 86 87 88 90 94 96 98 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 111 114 129 152 155 156 166 177 179 184 189 190 197 203 207 208 214 215

Kloppenborg J S 1 2 3 4 5 11 12 13 14 15 17 19 21 22 23 24 25 26 38 39 50 51 53 54 55 57 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 86 87 88 89 90 95 97 98 99 103 104 107 108 111 112 121 122 123 124 125 126 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 139 140 141 142 143 144 147 148 150 151 155 156 157 158 160 162 163 164 165 166 167 170 171 172 175 176 180 181 182 183 184 187 189

190 191 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 208 210 211 212 213

Knibb M A 46 202Koes ter H 15 38 48 60 61 63 66

148Koumlhler W D 16Kraus H-J 124Kutscher E Y 30 35 36

Lang B 201Laurence R 41Leives tad R 43Levine A-J 208Lichtenberger H 124Lindars B 29 34 37 39 43 184 185

188Lohfink N 118Lukaszewski A 25 27Luz U 3 10 60 74 75 78 81 87 90

91 93 95 96 97 99 102 106 111 131 134 140 142 145 148 150 151 166 169 180 181 184 185 197 198 199 201 204 207

Luumldemann G 183Luumlhrmann D 61 64 78 111 140 157

158 165 180 184

Mack B L 23 38 43 61 133 135 170Magness J 160Malherbe A 192 211Manson T W 5 28 101Maori Y 32Marcus J 8 11 41 47 102 183 188

193 199 211Marshall I H 3Martiacutenez R 166 167Martyn J L 183Maumlrz C-P 90 94McDermott J M 185McNamara M J 31Meadors E P 62 66 67 72 74 76 77

166 168 201Meadors G T 137Menken M J J 116 117Meyer A 27Meyer P D 157Middleton P 182Milik J P 36 42 43 187Milikowsky C 181Miller R J 63 201

Index of Modern Authors264

Mitchell D C 124Moller H B 29Moreland M 23Moss C 182Mournet T C 1Muraoka T 35 38Muumlnch C 203

Neirynck F 2 3 4 11 22 26 90 98 99 116 130 140 149

Nickelsburg G 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 52 53 76 106 112 113 122 126 141 168 172 202 210 213

Niebuhr K W 159Niederwimmer K 13 14 15 16 148

151 152Nielsen K 114 115Nolland J 179Novakovic L 160 162

Odeberg H 36Oegema G S 116Owen P 25 29 35

Patterson S J 17 18 21 61 63Perrin N 186Pervo R I 183Pietersma A 146Piovanelli P 44 45Piper R A 61 82 112 176 190Ploeg J P M 35Pokornyacute P 11 17 19 117 139Polag A 62 73 89 90 94Porter S E 180 181Porton G G 38Pries t J 126Propp W H C 163Puech Eacute 133 160 162

Ra Y 39 132 145 155 170 184 185Reicke B 141Riesner R 183Robbins M C 51 103 113 115 117

121 125Robbins V K 104Robinson J M 2 5 24 26 34 38 39

41 43 55 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 77 96 103 119 129 131 132 134 135 140 142 143 144 145

156 160 165 166 167 180 181 184 185 186 187 188 190 200 201 202

Rodd C S 6 7 9Rollens S E 2 3 23 24 26 61 132

182 191Roth D T 2 6 7 10 11 54 90 145

165 191 192 203 204 205 206Rothschild C K 90 159 164Royse J R 146Roumlsel M 146

Sacchi P 43 44 45 47Sandt H 5 14 15Sato M 3 59 62 74 75 76 77 79 80

82 83 87 90 94 98 111 134 170 176 184

Schalit A 44Schenk W 62 73 89 90 103 170 176Schiavo L 104 112 113Schiffman L H 57 160Schnackenburg R 12 157 158Schniedewind W M 160Schroumlter J 180Schulz S 74 132 165 167 176 179

201 210Schuumlrmann H 8 130 167 170Seeley D 132 141 142Segal M 43 114 121Sellew P 193Sevenich-Bax E 103 105Shelton J 163Shepherd D 29 35Shinall M C 51Shirock R J 102Sjoumlberg E 28 29 35 39 45Skeat T C 180Skehan P W 73Smith D A 96 201 202 203So K-C 157Sokoloff M 35Somov A 181Spranger P P 204S taples J A 145 146 154S teck O H 61 64 132 201S tone M E 45S treeter B H 4 12 130S trugnell J 55S tuckenbruck L T 27 30 47 51 65

114 121Syreeni K 4 15 153

265Index of Modern Authors

Tabor J D 160Tannehil R C 178 208Taylor N H 120 123 183Theissen G 123Theophilos M P 126Tigchelaar E J C 56Tiwald M 3 23 160Toumldt H E 47 184 185 186 187Tuckett C M 1 3 6 9 11 13 14 15

17 23 26 49 50 53 54 61 62 63 66 68 72 76 77 84 86 90 94 95 98 112 114 119 121 125 130 134 140 150 154 156 157 158 160 166 170 184 193 199 205 206 207 208 210

Uhlig S 45Uro R 26 62 185

Vaage L E 23 24 26 39 61 133 165 167 170 171 190 191 210

VanderKam J C 43 46 57 168Vassiliadis P 89 94de Vaux R 56Vermes G 26 28 29 31 32 33 34 35

36 37 38 39 40 43 140 160 184

Wacholder B Z 209

von Wahlde U C 12 158Wahlen C 51Walck L W 46 52Watson F 1Weaks J A 6 7Weinfeld M 118 146 207 208Weiser A 124Weiss B 130Wellhausen J 26Welch J W 102Wernberg-Mѳller P 36Wes termann C 135 136Williams P J 35Wilson W T 149Wins ton D 46 72Wise M O 160Witetschek S 86 167Wolter M 90van der Woude A S 35Wright III B J 72 202

Xeravits G G 202

York A D 32

Zeller D 63 69 111 165 212Zenger E 124

Index of Subjects

Abel-Main (Tell Abl) 45Abraham 32 157Agrippa I 123 183Ahab 118 121angel of Yahweh 163angelicheavenly rebellion 121 125Antigonus 43aphaeresis 27 32 34 36 38apocalypse 48ndash as incorrectly applied to Mk 133ndash37

211ndash as incorrectly applied to Q 1723ndash37

210 211apocalypticndash Chris tianity 53ndash discourse 211ndash framework 57 121ndash inaccurately used as a noun 49ndash literature 47 53 54 135ndash language in Ben Sira 72ndash tradition 56 57 186ndash wisdom ins tructions other than Q 56

57 77 202ndash worldview (outside of Q see its at-

tes tation in Q referenced separately below) 24 49 50 51 55 57 87 121

apocalypticism 25 87 58 62ndash and apocalypse 48 49ndash and eschatology 48ndash as a literary category 48 79ndash as a dis tortion of Godrsquos intended

order 23ndash as compatible with wisdom in late

second temple literature 57 62 66 70 72 154 202

ndash as having a place outside the genre of an apocalypse 49

ndash as synonymous with apocalyptic worldview 49

ndash in Pauline thought 192ndash in sectarian environments 53

ndash in recent Q scholarship 48ndash methodological definitions of 50 54

186Aramaic 25 26 46 70 140 187 204

213ndash OfficialImperialBiblical 26 27 35

40ndash Middle 26 27 30 32 33 34 35 36

37 38 40 41 52 167 170 187 188ndash Late 26 27 28 32 33 34 35 36 37

38 41 140 187ndash Galilean 29 36 38ndash Qumran 31 32 35 38Athaliah 125Augus tus 45

Babylonian Exile 118Banias 45βασιλείαndash as a hypothetical metaphor reflecting

the social interes ts of Qrsquos author(s) 48

ndash as a political entity 120ndash of God 23 48 73 95 108 123 132

177 178 182 183 184 192 194 206 207

ndash of Satan 51 114ndash realized 142beatitude(s) 82 91 93 105 131 132

133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 153

Bethsaida 45 56 93

Caesarea Philippi 46(Cairo) Geniza fragments 28 29 30 32

36 37Capernaum 45 56 93chiasm 83 85 101 102 103 109 118

120chias tic 85 101 103 106 107 108 120

152 197

Index of Subjects268

Chorazin 56 93chreia(s) 63 71 104 105 120 211chreiic 65 86 104 105 111 156chris tology (see the Q discussion refer-

enced separately below)ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 17ndash in Luke 19ndash in Mark 131circumcision 159 209Claudius 183cosmic mountain 114 119Cynic(s) 23

Dan 45 47Darius I 163Deuteronomis t 118Deuteronomis tic His tory 146deuteronomis ticndash agenda 156ndash context(s) 143 153ndash framework 53 54ndash motifs 118 127ndash orientation 64ndash outlook 61 82 114ndash redaction 80ndash rhetoric 136ndash s tratums trata 78ndash theme 78ndash tradition 79ndash unders tanding 64devil 51 66 114 117 119 120 121 123

124

Elijah 96 116 118 126 162 163 164ElijahElisha cycle 162 163Enoch 44 45 47 51 76 112 113 157

172 202ndash as a scribe 46ndash Book of Watchers 45 113 125ndash sapiential content in Watchers 76ndash Book of Parables 24 41 47 157 167

171 213ndash sapiential content in Parables 76ndash Epis tle of Enoch 43ndash his torical incarnation of 202ndash Seminar 47Enochicndash author 122ndash corpus 52 73ndash formulation 52

ndash framework 121ndash literaturetext 43 46 56ndash movement 47 53 157 210ndash mythology 113 114 122 164ndash Son of Man 172ndash tradents 46ndash tradition 43 46 47 79 113 122 157

215ndash Watchers myth 45 53 121eschatological prophetndash in 4Q521 160 162ndash in Q 164 165 166eschatology (see the Q discussion refer-

enced separately below) 47 48 50ndash in 1 Enoch 42 47 76 122 141 142

168 169ndash in 4Q521 159 160 162ndash in 4QIns truction 56ndash in Ben Sira 72ndash in Malachi 163 164ndash in Psalms of Solomon 159ndash in Trito-Isaiah 136Exodusndash legendmyth 117ndash imagerymotifs 116 163

form (literary)ndash and meaning 82ndash and worldview 76ndash apocalypse 49ndash criticism 61 62 63 67 68 69 70

74 156 170 214ndash miracle s tory 156ndash wisdom 84ndash (wisdom) ins truction 70 71

Gaius (Caligula) 44 46 123Galilee 23 36 44 45 47 56 73 131

171 194 215ndash village scribes 48ndash villagestowns 24 93 199Gentile(s) 9 87 96 120 126 155 157

158 159 164 167 168 169 173 198 199 209 215

Great Omission 8 9

HasidicHasidim 79 162Hebrew 25 35 39 40 41 42 204Hebrew Biblescriptures 24 118 127

136 160

269Index of Subjects

Hermogenes 171mt Hermon 45 46 47Herod the Great and the Herodian era

43 44 45 46 126Herodians 45(holy) Spirit 72 94 178 189Hulah Valley 45

Isaiah (see the Index of Ancient Sources for specific passages)

ndash Deutero 46 135 136 168 169ndash firs t-century reader of 135ndash Trito 51 54 135 136 137 143 154

163 200Israelndash in Ben Sira 125ndash in Daniel 168ndash in Deuteronomy 118ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 139ndash in the Hebrew Bible 198 199ndash in Jubilees 121ndash in Malachi 163ndash in Q 53 64 78 80 87 96 104 118

127 155 156 158 198 199ndash pre-exilic 50ndash traditional wisdom of 58ndash wilderness myth 117

James (son of Zebedee) 183Jerusalem 44 72 96 106 108 113 119

125 159 166 199 200ndash culttemple 136 137 163 214ndash pries thood 45 47 127Jesusndash as an apocalyptic figure in Q 38ndash as a literary character in Q 21ndash floating traditions ascribed to 48ndash his torical 21 29 37 43 47 73 116

141 142 164 165 171 172 186 198ndash his torical greeting of in Jerusalem

106ndash movement 23ndash tradition 161Jewish Chris tianityndash as a movement in a contes ted envi-

ronment 43 183ndash as a proliferation of groups and

communities 183ndash on the use of the term 23

ndash possible connection to the Enochic movement 47

Jewish War 200John (the Baptis t) 68 78 80 83 85 90

91 92 97 103 104 105 116 159 163 164 165 166 167 169 172

ndash followers of 159 165 166ndash his torical 159 165Journeysndash cosmicterres trial 76 112 113 114

119 122 127ndash heavenly 45 112 113Judea 36 44 200 215

Kallirrhoeuml 45Kleinliteratur 3 4 59 60 73 215

Lordrsquos Prayer 93 94 177Lot 97 99

Maccabean era 126Mas tema 121Matthew and Luke as conservative

traditionalis ts 4Matthewrsquos and Lukersquos redactorial

freedom 4Matthewrsquos use of Q 4messiah 106 116 162 164 210messiahship 123messianic 116 210Migdal 46mimesis 114 141minor agreements 15 130Minor Prophets 146Moses 117

Nag Hammadi 17Nimrod 32

oralndash possible cross-influence on the Gos-

pel of Thomas from the canonical gospels 11 193

ndash harmonization of Matthew and Luke 16

ndash life of the primitive community 60ndash performance 15 16 161ndash source utilization 15ndash tradition 17 98 151ndash transmission 188

Index of Subjects270

ndash usage and application of Q 4ndash usage of Matthew 15ndash variants of Q 4Oxyrhynchus 17

Paneion 46Parousia 116 186 193Parthian invasion of 40 BCE 44 46Paulndash his torical 149 183ndash possible awareness of the Q tradition

by 192persecutionndash as an apocalyptic motif 54ndash because of someone 142ndash in authentic Pauline corpus 149 183ndash in Q 52 54 78 94 107 118 122

126 132 133 134 140 141 142 143 144 175 180 181 182 184 190 194 200 206

ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 138ndash in the Parables of Enoch 141ndash in Trito-Isaiah 137 200ndash plausibility of 182 183Pharisees 65 68 94 166 169 205 206

214pleroma 39prophecyndash pre-exilic and Persian era (classical)

50ndash mixture of with wisdom 77Prophetisierung 75

Qndash apocalypticism apocalyptic motifs

features imagination framework and worldview 23 25 46 53 57 58 63 69 70 71 73 76 79 84 87 88 111 114 121 127 141 175 190 194 197 202 210 211 213 214

ndash apocalyptic document 48 51ndash apocalyptic wisdom ins truction 23

55 70 73 74 77 79 214ndash (apocalyptic) communitymovement

55 107 122 194 195 206 209ndash Aramaic roots 26ndash chris tology 70 81 83 87 93 104

115 116 123 130 131 142 144 145 147 153 154 156 157 159 164 166 167 194 214

ndash demonology 51 53ndash eschatological (apocalyptic) dis-

course 64 83 97 98 170 210 211 212

ndash eschatology 48 51 54 56 69 73 75 87 94 95 101 104 105 108 133 141 142 143 144 147 159 164 165 166 167 169 172 180 192 193 194 198 199 202 203 210

ndash final (literary) form 59 62 69 78 178

ndash hypothetical mid- (lower) level or sub-elite scribal origin 24 59

ndash hypothetical recensions 3 4 59 60 90 98

ndash hypothetical segregation of wisdom and apocalyptic s trata 60 66 67 70 213 214

ndash mission speech 23 56 86 87 92 104 105 107 173 182 194

ndash Pales tinian character 24ndash possible authenticity of its content

22 81ndash prophetic content 61 63 67 70 74

75 76 77 79 80 82 83 142 143 176

ndash recons truction (CEQ) 5 6 10 90 (see also recons truction [in this s tudy] below as such frequently follows the CEQ)

ndash recons truction (feasibility) 2 3 4 10 11

ndash recons truction (in this s tudy) 60 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 111 116 119 120 123 130 131 134 144 147 148 149 151 152 165 169 170 172 175 176 177 178 179 181 184 191 193 199 204 207 213 215

ndash recons truction (methodology) 5 89 90

ndash recons truction (skepticism) 2 10 59 (see also recons tructed Mark below)

ndash sapiential content 12 62 63 67 77 79 80 82 130 154 175 191 202 214

ndash sermon 63 82 91 92 103 105 127 129 130 131 134 135 138 140 144 145 147 152 153 154 155 156

ndash sophis ticated scribal traditions 24ndash sub-literary view of 3 59 60 74

271Index of Subjects

ndash tradents 4 59 67 125 135 147 181 182 197 199 202 203 207 209 214

ndash tradition 13 17 87 161 163 164 186 187 192 202

Quintillian 171Qumran (see the Index of Ancient

Sources for specific documents)ndash apocalyptic worldview 50 135ndash Aramaic corpus 33ndash beatitude collection 133ndash communitymovementYahad 44 53

56 121 135 136 137 157 160 161 206 207 208 209

ndash demonology 124ndash discovery 29ndash fellowship with angels 115ndash fragments of 1 Enoch 44ndash library 43ndash manualsrules 82ndash sapiential literature 25 55 56 57

58 62 69ndash social setting 43

recons tructed Mark 2 6 7 8 9 10RomeRomans 44 91 121 126 159

199 207ndash occupation of Judea 44

sage(s) 55 56 79 84Samaria 44Satan 50 51 52 53 114 115 117 118

120 121 159 192scribe(s) 102 205ndash ancient reading practices of 102ndash as a Q opponent group 68 169 205ndash as advanced or elite readers of Q

102 103ndash Enochic 46 215ndash in Matthewrsquos community (other than

Matthew) 4ndash in the Q community 48 135 195

215ndash in the text of Q 169 172ndash memory competence of 4 102ndash responsible for 2 Enoch 112ndash responsible for Did 13bndash5b 15scriptorium 46Sefire 27 37Sepphoris 38 46Sermon on the Mount 15 16 87 94

Sermon on the Plain 15 16(Deutero-Isaianic) Servant 136 168 169Sidon 199Simeon II 125Son of Man 47 115ndash Aramaic background of the phrase

25 26 28 37 153ndash as a messianic title in the Parables of

Enoch 28 46ndash circumlocutional non-titular use of

the phrase in Late Aramaic 34ndash classifications of the phrasersquos Q

ins tances 26ndash designation of as Son of Humanity in

some recent research 39ndash his torical incarnation of as under-

s tood by some ancient authors 165 172

ndash hypothetical non-titular (circumlocu-tional or generic) use of the definite phrase in Middle Aramaic by the his torical Jesus and in Q 28 29 34 37 38 39 42 43 52 71 140 142 167 170 186 187

ndash in Daniel 41 42 186 213ndash in Luke 142 186ndash in Mark 41ndash in Matthew 99 142 186ndash in Q 25 26 34 38 39 42 43 46 47

52 53 64 67 69 70 71 96 98 104 106 115 116 123 141 142 147 164 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 176 185 186 187 188 189 191 194 201 203 210 212 213

ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 170ndash in the Parables of Enoch 25 28 41

42 43 44 45 46 47 122 141 142 146 147 153 155 164 165 168 169 172 173 202 213

ndash non-titular use of the indefinite phrase in Middle Aramaic 41

ndash titular (including but not limited to chris tological) use of the definite phrase in Q 34 38 52 53 64 70 104 123 142 143 147 167 168 172 173 185 186 187 189 191 194 201 203 210 212 213

Sondergut 89 90ndash Matthean 91ndash Lukan 94 95 97 98 177

Index of Subjects272

Sophiandash myth (Enochic tradition) 172 202ndash myth (synoptic tradition) 96 200

201ndash words of 96 201synopticndash gospels 11 150 151ndash material 16 151ndash parallels 18 19ndash problem 1ndash Sayings Source 3 216ndash s tudies 4ndash tradition 17 21 26 98 101 131 151

158 205 215Syria 215

Talmud 30 36 37 38Targum 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

38 40 41ndash recons truction of the Pales tinian Tar-

gum 32Taricheae 46Tell Dan 45templendash apparatusins titution 50 96 107

113 119 125 126 127 137 157 197 200 205

ndash eschatological 76

ndash purityholiness of 65 123 137ndash mitigatingprotective role 51 124ndash of Augus tus at Paneion 45ndash second temple era 25 41 44 48 56

62 70 71 72 79 82 84 121 124 136 137 154 163 186 201 209 213 216

ndash liturgy 124ndash mounthill 113ndash pollution of as perceived by some

ancient authors 113 125 136Theon of Alexandria 171Tiberias 38Torah 58 64 72 79 112 207 208 209transfiguration 47tree of knowledge 113Tyre 199

Vermes-Fitzmyer debate 28 38 39

Watchers 45 53 121Wicked Pries t 125

Yahweh 117 118

Zechariah (son of Jehoiada) 200mt Zion 113

  • Cover13
  • Titel13
  • Preface
  • Table of Contents13
  • List of Abbreviations
  • Chapter One Prolegomena
    • 1 Introduction Recent Methodological Questions in Q Studies
    • 2 The Study of Q as a Reconstructed Text
      • Index of Ancient Sources
      • Index of Modern Authors
      • Index of Subjects
Page 32: Apocalypticism in the Synoptic Sayings Source€¦ · Apocalypticism in the Synoptic Sayings Source A Reassessment of Q’s Stratigraphy Mohr Siebeck. Olegs Andrejevs, born 1982;

Index of Ancient Sources254

128ndash9 911211 731213ndash21 971223a 1771224 177 1781228 1791233 1911235ndash38 89 941239 1911239ndash40 1931242 2061245 52 2051249 89 951254ndash56 95131ndash35 1021327 52 1971328ndash29 1981334 52 1971415ndash24 181427 73158ndash10 97172 2081711ndash19 981720 981721 981722 981728ndash29 89 98 991731 991732 991733 971835ndash43 91912ndash27 991922 24 2051927 991938 96 1061941ndash44 961946 177209ndash16 (17ndash19) 7 192018 192037 177218ndash19 7223 1212228ndash30 992246 72249ndash51 952250 1492254ndash62 188234 14 952413ndash33 102

John446 158446ndash54 157448 158631ndash58 117844 121123 1061225ndash26 201231 1211430 1211611 1211828ndash1916 102

Acts23 9521ndash4 18951ndash11 189109ndash16 9121ndash2 183123ndash19 183

Romans1214 149

1 Corinthians412 14963 121 192132 18 20

2 Corinthians41ndash6 19244 121

Galatians113ndash14 18343 8ndash9 121 192

Ephesians21ndash2 121 192612 121 192

1 Thessalonians214ndash16 183218 121 19251ndash11 19252 20 19255ndash6 192

2 Thessalonians21ndash12 210 211

255Index of Ancient Sources

2 Timothy211ndash13 190

Hebrews1137 204

James 315ndash17 12444ndash7 121

1 Peter314 132 139 143319ndash20 47414 132 139 141 14358 121

2 Peter24ndash5 47 121

Jude16ndash7 121

Revelation110ndash20 113113 18635 19041ndash11 113123ndash4 121171ndash3 114173ndash18 112 113219ndash27 112 1132110 113

New Tes tament Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha

Gospel of Thomas1ndash71 1731ndash3 2161ndash4 1710 19 95111 1713 21161ndash2 20 95163 2017 1720ndash21 71 193201ndash4 20 192215ndash8 18 19 20 192243 36ndash39 17261ndash2 18262ndash331 1731 21361ndash3 19 143 180473 2148 18 19 20

54 137 13855 2058 17 13864 18 1965 1968 20 132 138 139

14068ndash69 19 139 143691 17 138692 19 20 137 13877 2179 2186 169 170103 17106ndash107 19 201131ndash2 9

Pseudo-Clementine Homilies12313 180

Dead Sea Scrolls

CD214ndash41 125412ndash14 121 124 125419ndash52 208

51ndash5 2091316ndash17 207122ndash3 121161ndash2 125

Index of Ancient Sources256

1QapGen 29 30 31 33 35 36 37 40

1QH430 40

1QM11 1211310ndash12 121175ndash6 51

1QpHab 56 125

1QS25 121211ndash15 207 208321ndash25 11749 18258 125119ndash10 1821120 40

1Q27 (1Q4QMys teries)1 i 1ndash8 56 202

4Q299 (1Q4QMys teries)3andashb ii 2ndash8 563andashb ii 9ndash16 56

4Q416 (4QIns truction)1 10ndash13 56 2021 12 1822 i 21ndashiv 13 562 ii 6 17 178

4Q417 (4QIns truction)1 i 6ndash9 561 i 10(11)ndash12 56 2021 i 12ndash13 561 i 14 561 i 16 115 1821 i 17 1821 i 24 56 2022 i 17ndash24 562 i 19 21ndash22 178

4Q418 (4QIns truction)69 ii 6ndash9 56 202

69 ii 12ndash13 5681 1ndash2 18281 2ndash5 5681 4 11581 5 11581 20 56 20288 56103 56107 56123 5ndash8 56

4Q423 (4QIns truction)5 3 565 5ndash6 56

4Q503 115

4Q521 16 54 135 137 159 160 161 162

4Q525 57 133

4QDeut j 1214 121

4QIsa 135

4QMMTC 4ndash9 125

11Q11 124

11Q13 135 137

11QPsa 191ndash18 121

11QT545 2075715ndash19 208669ndash11 207

Targums4QtgJob 314QtgLev 3111QtgJob 31 33 35 40

257Index of Ancient Sources

Josephus

Ant14133ndash146 4415103 451982 123

Bell188 46

1131ndash11 441161ndash5 461213 461335 452101ndash5 1232116 183

Babylonian Texts

Gilgamesh 112

Greek and Latin Authors

Dio CassiusHis t59271 120

HomerOd10503ndash15 1121112ndash22 112

PlatoPhaed111cndash112e 112

Senecade Ben2121ndash2 120

Seneca the ElderControv9210 183

TacitusAnn632 120

His t59 183

Apos tolic and Church Fathers

1 Clement132 153292 121394ndash5 121

2 Clement32 190134 148

Apos tolic Cons titutions721 152

722 148 150 151722ndash6 147725 149 150726 148 153

AthanasiusFes t Let 3911 14

Canons of the Holy Apos tles4ndash5 152

Index of Ancient Sources258

Chrysos tomHom Mt342 180

Clement of AlexandriaS trom4641 139 143

Didache11ndash63 1412c 15213b 148 14913bndash5b 11 12 13 15 16

71 147 151 15413bndash21 5 11 14 15 15013c 15113cndash4a 1413d 15 14814 1414a 1614b 15 14914c 91 15014d 15 149 150 15115a 15015b 148 15381ndash2 1482 16103bndash122a 14113 16113ndash137 14153ndash4 16161ndash8 210 211 212

EusebiusHis t Eccl3254

IrenaeusAdv Haer1101 1214162 121

Jus tin Martyr1 Apol159 148

2 Apol25 121

OrigenC Cels870 180

PolycarpPhilippians22ndash3 153

Shepherd of HermasMandate 24ndash6 153

Similitude535ndash8 138

Rabbinic Literature

j Ber3b 5b 5c 31 37 38

j Ket35a 31 37

j Šab3a 38d 31 37

j Taʿan65b 4069ab 125

R Gen72 313813 31 37796 31

R Num193 31 38

TargumsCairo BGen 414 31 33 34 37 41

259Index of Ancient Sources

Cairo FExod 1913 37Deut 346 37

Neof I Gen 414 31 33 41Gen 95ndash6 37Gen 4922 36

Papyri Manuscripts and Inscriptions

Br Mus Or 9271 14P Oxy 1 17P Oxy 654 17

P Oxy 655 17 143 180P Oxy 1782 14 15 148 151Sf III 16ndash17 40

Index of Modern Authors

Achtemeier P 139 141Adams S L 56 72 202Alexander P S 31 32Allison D C 1 2 3 5 12 22 24 66

75 77 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 90 91 94 96 98 99 103 105 107 112 117 119 120 123 125 129 130 131 133 134 135 136 138 139 140 144 147 148 149 150 152 153 155 158 160 163 169 170 172 175 176 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 193 197 198 200 205

Anderson A A 124Anderson F I 113Andrejevs O 25 164 172 190Arcari L 44Argall R A 47 72 202Arnal W E 23 24 48 59 61 63 65

66 67 68 78 86 104 123 125 132 134 136 150 191 194 208 214

Attridge H W 17Audet J-P 14Avigad N 29 30

Bailey K 102Bauckham R 12Baum A D 1Bazzana G B 1 3 24 59 178 198Beasley-Murray G R 158Berger K 104Bergmeier R 159 160 162Betz D H 3 24 51 103 146 179 183de Begraveze T 27Bird M F 159 198 199Black C C 11Black M 26 28 30 31 32 35 36 37

40 168Blenkinsopp J 135 136 137Boccaccini G 32 43 44 50Boring M E 38 183 184 185 188

192 211

Borsch F H 185Bovon F 5 19 93 95 96 98 99 106

140 177 179 184 185 198Bowman J W 28 33Boyarin D 23Breuer Y 34Brin G 208Broadhead E K 3 89Brodie T L 163Brooke G J 43 160Brown R E 11 12 102 130 157 158Broyles C C 123Bultmann R 3 60 98 111 132 156

158 184 185 186 187 188 201Burkett D 27 213Bussmann W 26

Campbell J Y 28 46Caragounis C C 27 29 39Carroll J T 3Carruth S 119Casey P M 29 34 35 37 39 41Cas tor G D 4 5Catchpole D R 21 77 90 96 99 129

131 145 147 156 157 159 164 175 188 198 208

Chang A 199Charlesworth J H 31 42 43 44 45

46 47 72 160 171 185Chazon E G 115 202Cheung L L 12Childs B S 163Chilton B D 26 36 39 117 130Clark D J 109Collins A Y 39 41 47 50 51 52 103

114 188 193 211Collins J J 23 40 43 48 49 50 51

52 53 57 76 77 121 126 160 161 162 163 168 202

Colpe C 25 26 28 29 31 32 36 37 39 40 45 140

Index of Modern Authors262

Conzelmann H 96 97Cotter W J 61 104 132 156 163 165

166 170 191Cromhout M 61 145 191Crossan J D 39 89 94 98 134

Dalman G 27 29 30Damm A 171Davidson M J 114Davies W D 1 2 3 91 99 119 120

131 138 139 140 149 150 169 172 179 180 184 185 193 197 200

DeConick A D 11 17 20 21 138 139 192

Derrenbacker R A 1 24Di Lella A A 73Dibelius M 12Diacuteez Macho A 30Dimant D 160DiTommaso L 57Doering L 208Downing F G 23 64Draper J A 13 14 15 16 68 156Dundenberg I 11Dunn J D G 1 149 183Dupont J 97 116Durham J I 163

Eldridge M D 117Elgvin T 49 56 57 115 202Eshel H 44

Fiebig P 26 27 28 34 37 39Fitzmyer J A 1 2 3 8 19 26 28 30

31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 82 91 95 97 98 117 118 119 130 131 133 138 139 140 146 149 163 177 179 208

Fleddermann H T 2 6 10 11 59 62 69 83 84 85 86 87 90 91 93 95 97 98 101 103 104 105 109 129 130 134 140 144 148 150 152 156 157 163 166 170 176 177 179 184 185 189 199 200 203 205 211

Flusser D 14 15Fos ter P 1 3 6 12 26Freedman H 32Frenschkowski M 145Frey J 56Freyne S 159 199

Funk F X 14 147

Garciacutea Martiacutenez F 49 57 160 162 202 208

Garrow A 13Gathercole S 17 19 20 138 139 181Gerber C 203Gibson J B 116Gieschen C A 147Ginsburger M 30Glover R 13 16Goering G S 72 125Goff M J 55 56 57 79 84 115 178

202Goodacre M 1 17 19Greenfield J C 27Greeven H 12Gregg B H 90 97 186 198 204Grenfell B P 14 17Guelich R A 193Guenther H O 26Gundry R H 150 181 197

Haenchen E 12 139 157 158 201Hahn F 185Han K S 124 125 200Hannah D D 42 43 45 46Hare D R A 38 39 40 184 185Harrington D J 33 55 57 202 Hartin P J 12 61 119 166Hasitschka M 118Heil C 5 38 60 99 119 181Higgins A J B 184Hill A E 163Hindley J C 43Hoffmann P 5 38 55 67 70 75 77

80 96 99 112 145 167 170 184 185

Holtzmann H J 4Hooker M D 45Horsley R 68 156 198 199 200van der Hors t P W 73Hossfeld F L 124Howard G 146Howes L 26 39 43 61 65 77 81 133

140 141 142 166 167 170 185 188 190 212

Hubbard B J 38Hultgren S 160 162Hunt A S 14 17

263Index of Modern Authors

van Iersel B M F 102

Jacobson A D 5 26 39 49 54 60 61 64 75 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 85 87 90 94 96 97 98 106 129 132 140 144 152 156 157 167 170 171 184 185 187 201 207 210

Jefford C N 13 14 15Jeremias J 179 198 204Jervis L A 55Jewett R 149Johnson L A 178 208Johnson L T 12Johnson-DeBaufre M 66 103 163Jonas H 51de Jonge H J 24 185Jongeling B 35Joseph S J 1 21 23 24 45 46 47 48

51 52 68 103 125 132 134 136 142 144 153 156 159 160 161 162 164 178 180 181 182 184 185 187 190 191 200 201 202 206 208 214 215

Jus t A A 102

Kahle P 26 30 31 36Kampen J L 162 209Kaufman S A 31 32 36 40Keener C S 183Kirk A 2 4 5 6 10 15 24 55 59 60

61 62 66 67 68 69 71 72 73 75 76 77 78 79 83 84 85 86 87 88 90 94 96 98 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 111 114 129 152 155 156 166 177 179 184 189 190 197 203 207 208 214 215

Kloppenborg J S 1 2 3 4 5 11 12 13 14 15 17 19 21 22 23 24 25 26 38 39 50 51 53 54 55 57 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 86 87 88 89 90 95 97 98 99 103 104 107 108 111 112 121 122 123 124 125 126 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 139 140 141 142 143 144 147 148 150 151 155 156 157 158 160 162 163 164 165 166 167 170 171 172 175 176 180 181 182 183 184 187 189

190 191 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 208 210 211 212 213

Knibb M A 46 202Koes ter H 15 38 48 60 61 63 66

148Koumlhler W D 16Kraus H-J 124Kutscher E Y 30 35 36

Lang B 201Laurence R 41Leives tad R 43Levine A-J 208Lichtenberger H 124Lindars B 29 34 37 39 43 184 185

188Lohfink N 118Lukaszewski A 25 27Luz U 3 10 60 74 75 78 81 87 90

91 93 95 96 97 99 102 106 111 131 134 140 142 145 148 150 151 166 169 180 181 184 185 197 198 199 201 204 207

Luumldemann G 183Luumlhrmann D 61 64 78 111 140 157

158 165 180 184

Mack B L 23 38 43 61 133 135 170Magness J 160Malherbe A 192 211Manson T W 5 28 101Maori Y 32Marcus J 8 11 41 47 102 183 188

193 199 211Marshall I H 3Martiacutenez R 166 167Martyn J L 183Maumlrz C-P 90 94McDermott J M 185McNamara M J 31Meadors E P 62 66 67 72 74 76 77

166 168 201Meadors G T 137Menken M J J 116 117Meyer A 27Meyer P D 157Middleton P 182Milik J P 36 42 43 187Milikowsky C 181Miller R J 63 201

Index of Modern Authors264

Mitchell D C 124Moller H B 29Moreland M 23Moss C 182Mournet T C 1Muraoka T 35 38Muumlnch C 203

Neirynck F 2 3 4 11 22 26 90 98 99 116 130 140 149

Nickelsburg G 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 52 53 76 106 112 113 122 126 141 168 172 202 210 213

Niebuhr K W 159Niederwimmer K 13 14 15 16 148

151 152Nielsen K 114 115Nolland J 179Novakovic L 160 162

Odeberg H 36Oegema G S 116Owen P 25 29 35

Patterson S J 17 18 21 61 63Perrin N 186Pervo R I 183Pietersma A 146Piovanelli P 44 45Piper R A 61 82 112 176 190Ploeg J P M 35Pokornyacute P 11 17 19 117 139Polag A 62 73 89 90 94Porter S E 180 181Porton G G 38Pries t J 126Propp W H C 163Puech Eacute 133 160 162

Ra Y 39 132 145 155 170 184 185Reicke B 141Riesner R 183Robbins M C 51 103 113 115 117

121 125Robbins V K 104Robinson J M 2 5 24 26 34 38 39

41 43 55 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 77 96 103 119 129 131 132 134 135 140 142 143 144 145

156 160 165 166 167 180 181 184 185 186 187 188 190 200 201 202

Rodd C S 6 7 9Rollens S E 2 3 23 24 26 61 132

182 191Roth D T 2 6 7 10 11 54 90 145

165 191 192 203 204 205 206Rothschild C K 90 159 164Royse J R 146Roumlsel M 146

Sacchi P 43 44 45 47Sandt H 5 14 15Sato M 3 59 62 74 75 76 77 79 80

82 83 87 90 94 98 111 134 170 176 184

Schalit A 44Schenk W 62 73 89 90 103 170 176Schiavo L 104 112 113Schiffman L H 57 160Schnackenburg R 12 157 158Schniedewind W M 160Schroumlter J 180Schulz S 74 132 165 167 176 179

201 210Schuumlrmann H 8 130 167 170Seeley D 132 141 142Segal M 43 114 121Sellew P 193Sevenich-Bax E 103 105Shelton J 163Shepherd D 29 35Shinall M C 51Shirock R J 102Sjoumlberg E 28 29 35 39 45Skeat T C 180Skehan P W 73Smith D A 96 201 202 203So K-C 157Sokoloff M 35Somov A 181Spranger P P 204S taples J A 145 146 154S teck O H 61 64 132 201S tone M E 45S treeter B H 4 12 130S trugnell J 55S tuckenbruck L T 27 30 47 51 65

114 121Syreeni K 4 15 153

265Index of Modern Authors

Tabor J D 160Tannehil R C 178 208Taylor N H 120 123 183Theissen G 123Theophilos M P 126Tigchelaar E J C 56Tiwald M 3 23 160Toumldt H E 47 184 185 186 187Tuckett C M 1 3 6 9 11 13 14 15

17 23 26 49 50 53 54 61 62 63 66 68 72 76 77 84 86 90 94 95 98 112 114 119 121 125 130 134 140 150 154 156 157 158 160 166 170 184 193 199 205 206 207 208 210

Uhlig S 45Uro R 26 62 185

Vaage L E 23 24 26 39 61 133 165 167 170 171 190 191 210

VanderKam J C 43 46 57 168Vassiliadis P 89 94de Vaux R 56Vermes G 26 28 29 31 32 33 34 35

36 37 38 39 40 43 140 160 184

Wacholder B Z 209

von Wahlde U C 12 158Wahlen C 51Walck L W 46 52Watson F 1Weaks J A 6 7Weinfeld M 118 146 207 208Weiser A 124Weiss B 130Wellhausen J 26Welch J W 102Wernberg-Mѳller P 36Wes termann C 135 136Williams P J 35Wilson W T 149Wins ton D 46 72Wise M O 160Witetschek S 86 167Wolter M 90van der Woude A S 35Wright III B J 72 202

Xeravits G G 202

York A D 32

Zeller D 63 69 111 165 212Zenger E 124

Index of Subjects

Abel-Main (Tell Abl) 45Abraham 32 157Agrippa I 123 183Ahab 118 121angel of Yahweh 163angelicheavenly rebellion 121 125Antigonus 43aphaeresis 27 32 34 36 38apocalypse 48ndash as incorrectly applied to Mk 133ndash37

211ndash as incorrectly applied to Q 1723ndash37

210 211apocalypticndash Chris tianity 53ndash discourse 211ndash framework 57 121ndash inaccurately used as a noun 49ndash literature 47 53 54 135ndash language in Ben Sira 72ndash tradition 56 57 186ndash wisdom ins tructions other than Q 56

57 77 202ndash worldview (outside of Q see its at-

tes tation in Q referenced separately below) 24 49 50 51 55 57 87 121

apocalypticism 25 87 58 62ndash and apocalypse 48 49ndash and eschatology 48ndash as a literary category 48 79ndash as a dis tortion of Godrsquos intended

order 23ndash as compatible with wisdom in late

second temple literature 57 62 66 70 72 154 202

ndash as having a place outside the genre of an apocalypse 49

ndash as synonymous with apocalyptic worldview 49

ndash in Pauline thought 192ndash in sectarian environments 53

ndash in recent Q scholarship 48ndash methodological definitions of 50 54

186Aramaic 25 26 46 70 140 187 204

213ndash OfficialImperialBiblical 26 27 35

40ndash Middle 26 27 30 32 33 34 35 36

37 38 40 41 52 167 170 187 188ndash Late 26 27 28 32 33 34 35 36 37

38 41 140 187ndash Galilean 29 36 38ndash Qumran 31 32 35 38Athaliah 125Augus tus 45

Babylonian Exile 118Banias 45βασιλείαndash as a hypothetical metaphor reflecting

the social interes ts of Qrsquos author(s) 48

ndash as a political entity 120ndash of God 23 48 73 95 108 123 132

177 178 182 183 184 192 194 206 207

ndash of Satan 51 114ndash realized 142beatitude(s) 82 91 93 105 131 132

133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 153

Bethsaida 45 56 93

Caesarea Philippi 46(Cairo) Geniza fragments 28 29 30 32

36 37Capernaum 45 56 93chiasm 83 85 101 102 103 109 118

120chias tic 85 101 103 106 107 108 120

152 197

Index of Subjects268

Chorazin 56 93chreia(s) 63 71 104 105 120 211chreiic 65 86 104 105 111 156chris tology (see the Q discussion refer-

enced separately below)ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 17ndash in Luke 19ndash in Mark 131circumcision 159 209Claudius 183cosmic mountain 114 119Cynic(s) 23

Dan 45 47Darius I 163Deuteronomis t 118Deuteronomis tic His tory 146deuteronomis ticndash agenda 156ndash context(s) 143 153ndash framework 53 54ndash motifs 118 127ndash orientation 64ndash outlook 61 82 114ndash redaction 80ndash rhetoric 136ndash s tratums trata 78ndash theme 78ndash tradition 79ndash unders tanding 64devil 51 66 114 117 119 120 121 123

124

Elijah 96 116 118 126 162 163 164ElijahElisha cycle 162 163Enoch 44 45 47 51 76 112 113 157

172 202ndash as a scribe 46ndash Book of Watchers 45 113 125ndash sapiential content in Watchers 76ndash Book of Parables 24 41 47 157 167

171 213ndash sapiential content in Parables 76ndash Epis tle of Enoch 43ndash his torical incarnation of 202ndash Seminar 47Enochicndash author 122ndash corpus 52 73ndash formulation 52

ndash framework 121ndash literaturetext 43 46 56ndash movement 47 53 157 210ndash mythology 113 114 122 164ndash Son of Man 172ndash tradents 46ndash tradition 43 46 47 79 113 122 157

215ndash Watchers myth 45 53 121eschatological prophetndash in 4Q521 160 162ndash in Q 164 165 166eschatology (see the Q discussion refer-

enced separately below) 47 48 50ndash in 1 Enoch 42 47 76 122 141 142

168 169ndash in 4Q521 159 160 162ndash in 4QIns truction 56ndash in Ben Sira 72ndash in Malachi 163 164ndash in Psalms of Solomon 159ndash in Trito-Isaiah 136Exodusndash legendmyth 117ndash imagerymotifs 116 163

form (literary)ndash and meaning 82ndash and worldview 76ndash apocalypse 49ndash criticism 61 62 63 67 68 69 70

74 156 170 214ndash miracle s tory 156ndash wisdom 84ndash (wisdom) ins truction 70 71

Gaius (Caligula) 44 46 123Galilee 23 36 44 45 47 56 73 131

171 194 215ndash village scribes 48ndash villagestowns 24 93 199Gentile(s) 9 87 96 120 126 155 157

158 159 164 167 168 169 173 198 199 209 215

Great Omission 8 9

HasidicHasidim 79 162Hebrew 25 35 39 40 41 42 204Hebrew Biblescriptures 24 118 127

136 160

269Index of Subjects

Hermogenes 171mt Hermon 45 46 47Herod the Great and the Herodian era

43 44 45 46 126Herodians 45(holy) Spirit 72 94 178 189Hulah Valley 45

Isaiah (see the Index of Ancient Sources for specific passages)

ndash Deutero 46 135 136 168 169ndash firs t-century reader of 135ndash Trito 51 54 135 136 137 143 154

163 200Israelndash in Ben Sira 125ndash in Daniel 168ndash in Deuteronomy 118ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 139ndash in the Hebrew Bible 198 199ndash in Jubilees 121ndash in Malachi 163ndash in Q 53 64 78 80 87 96 104 118

127 155 156 158 198 199ndash pre-exilic 50ndash traditional wisdom of 58ndash wilderness myth 117

James (son of Zebedee) 183Jerusalem 44 72 96 106 108 113 119

125 159 166 199 200ndash culttemple 136 137 163 214ndash pries thood 45 47 127Jesusndash as an apocalyptic figure in Q 38ndash as a literary character in Q 21ndash floating traditions ascribed to 48ndash his torical 21 29 37 43 47 73 116

141 142 164 165 171 172 186 198ndash his torical greeting of in Jerusalem

106ndash movement 23ndash tradition 161Jewish Chris tianityndash as a movement in a contes ted envi-

ronment 43 183ndash as a proliferation of groups and

communities 183ndash on the use of the term 23

ndash possible connection to the Enochic movement 47

Jewish War 200John (the Baptis t) 68 78 80 83 85 90

91 92 97 103 104 105 116 159 163 164 165 166 167 169 172

ndash followers of 159 165 166ndash his torical 159 165Journeysndash cosmicterres trial 76 112 113 114

119 122 127ndash heavenly 45 112 113Judea 36 44 200 215

Kallirrhoeuml 45Kleinliteratur 3 4 59 60 73 215

Lordrsquos Prayer 93 94 177Lot 97 99

Maccabean era 126Mas tema 121Matthew and Luke as conservative

traditionalis ts 4Matthewrsquos and Lukersquos redactorial

freedom 4Matthewrsquos use of Q 4messiah 106 116 162 164 210messiahship 123messianic 116 210Migdal 46mimesis 114 141minor agreements 15 130Minor Prophets 146Moses 117

Nag Hammadi 17Nimrod 32

oralndash possible cross-influence on the Gos-

pel of Thomas from the canonical gospels 11 193

ndash harmonization of Matthew and Luke 16

ndash life of the primitive community 60ndash performance 15 16 161ndash source utilization 15ndash tradition 17 98 151ndash transmission 188

Index of Subjects270

ndash usage and application of Q 4ndash usage of Matthew 15ndash variants of Q 4Oxyrhynchus 17

Paneion 46Parousia 116 186 193Parthian invasion of 40 BCE 44 46Paulndash his torical 149 183ndash possible awareness of the Q tradition

by 192persecutionndash as an apocalyptic motif 54ndash because of someone 142ndash in authentic Pauline corpus 149 183ndash in Q 52 54 78 94 107 118 122

126 132 133 134 140 141 142 143 144 175 180 181 182 184 190 194 200 206

ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 138ndash in the Parables of Enoch 141ndash in Trito-Isaiah 137 200ndash plausibility of 182 183Pharisees 65 68 94 166 169 205 206

214pleroma 39prophecyndash pre-exilic and Persian era (classical)

50ndash mixture of with wisdom 77Prophetisierung 75

Qndash apocalypticism apocalyptic motifs

features imagination framework and worldview 23 25 46 53 57 58 63 69 70 71 73 76 79 84 87 88 111 114 121 127 141 175 190 194 197 202 210 211 213 214

ndash apocalyptic document 48 51ndash apocalyptic wisdom ins truction 23

55 70 73 74 77 79 214ndash (apocalyptic) communitymovement

55 107 122 194 195 206 209ndash Aramaic roots 26ndash chris tology 70 81 83 87 93 104

115 116 123 130 131 142 144 145 147 153 154 156 157 159 164 166 167 194 214

ndash demonology 51 53ndash eschatological (apocalyptic) dis-

course 64 83 97 98 170 210 211 212

ndash eschatology 48 51 54 56 69 73 75 87 94 95 101 104 105 108 133 141 142 143 144 147 159 164 165 166 167 169 172 180 192 193 194 198 199 202 203 210

ndash final (literary) form 59 62 69 78 178

ndash hypothetical mid- (lower) level or sub-elite scribal origin 24 59

ndash hypothetical recensions 3 4 59 60 90 98

ndash hypothetical segregation of wisdom and apocalyptic s trata 60 66 67 70 213 214

ndash mission speech 23 56 86 87 92 104 105 107 173 182 194

ndash Pales tinian character 24ndash possible authenticity of its content

22 81ndash prophetic content 61 63 67 70 74

75 76 77 79 80 82 83 142 143 176

ndash recons truction (CEQ) 5 6 10 90 (see also recons truction [in this s tudy] below as such frequently follows the CEQ)

ndash recons truction (feasibility) 2 3 4 10 11

ndash recons truction (in this s tudy) 60 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 111 116 119 120 123 130 131 134 144 147 148 149 151 152 165 169 170 172 175 176 177 178 179 181 184 191 193 199 204 207 213 215

ndash recons truction (methodology) 5 89 90

ndash recons truction (skepticism) 2 10 59 (see also recons tructed Mark below)

ndash sapiential content 12 62 63 67 77 79 80 82 130 154 175 191 202 214

ndash sermon 63 82 91 92 103 105 127 129 130 131 134 135 138 140 144 145 147 152 153 154 155 156

ndash sophis ticated scribal traditions 24ndash sub-literary view of 3 59 60 74

271Index of Subjects

ndash tradents 4 59 67 125 135 147 181 182 197 199 202 203 207 209 214

ndash tradition 13 17 87 161 163 164 186 187 192 202

Quintillian 171Qumran (see the Index of Ancient

Sources for specific documents)ndash apocalyptic worldview 50 135ndash Aramaic corpus 33ndash beatitude collection 133ndash communitymovementYahad 44 53

56 121 135 136 137 157 160 161 206 207 208 209

ndash demonology 124ndash discovery 29ndash fellowship with angels 115ndash fragments of 1 Enoch 44ndash library 43ndash manualsrules 82ndash sapiential literature 25 55 56 57

58 62 69ndash social setting 43

recons tructed Mark 2 6 7 8 9 10RomeRomans 44 91 121 126 159

199 207ndash occupation of Judea 44

sage(s) 55 56 79 84Samaria 44Satan 50 51 52 53 114 115 117 118

120 121 159 192scribe(s) 102 205ndash ancient reading practices of 102ndash as a Q opponent group 68 169 205ndash as advanced or elite readers of Q

102 103ndash Enochic 46 215ndash in Matthewrsquos community (other than

Matthew) 4ndash in the Q community 48 135 195

215ndash in the text of Q 169 172ndash memory competence of 4 102ndash responsible for 2 Enoch 112ndash responsible for Did 13bndash5b 15scriptorium 46Sefire 27 37Sepphoris 38 46Sermon on the Mount 15 16 87 94

Sermon on the Plain 15 16(Deutero-Isaianic) Servant 136 168 169Sidon 199Simeon II 125Son of Man 47 115ndash Aramaic background of the phrase

25 26 28 37 153ndash as a messianic title in the Parables of

Enoch 28 46ndash circumlocutional non-titular use of

the phrase in Late Aramaic 34ndash classifications of the phrasersquos Q

ins tances 26ndash designation of as Son of Humanity in

some recent research 39ndash his torical incarnation of as under-

s tood by some ancient authors 165 172

ndash hypothetical non-titular (circumlocu-tional or generic) use of the definite phrase in Middle Aramaic by the his torical Jesus and in Q 28 29 34 37 38 39 42 43 52 71 140 142 167 170 186 187

ndash in Daniel 41 42 186 213ndash in Luke 142 186ndash in Mark 41ndash in Matthew 99 142 186ndash in Q 25 26 34 38 39 42 43 46 47

52 53 64 67 69 70 71 96 98 104 106 115 116 123 141 142 147 164 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 176 185 186 187 188 189 191 194 201 203 210 212 213

ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 170ndash in the Parables of Enoch 25 28 41

42 43 44 45 46 47 122 141 142 146 147 153 155 164 165 168 169 172 173 202 213

ndash non-titular use of the indefinite phrase in Middle Aramaic 41

ndash titular (including but not limited to chris tological) use of the definite phrase in Q 34 38 52 53 64 70 104 123 142 143 147 167 168 172 173 185 186 187 189 191 194 201 203 210 212 213

Sondergut 89 90ndash Matthean 91ndash Lukan 94 95 97 98 177

Index of Subjects272

Sophiandash myth (Enochic tradition) 172 202ndash myth (synoptic tradition) 96 200

201ndash words of 96 201synopticndash gospels 11 150 151ndash material 16 151ndash parallels 18 19ndash problem 1ndash Sayings Source 3 216ndash s tudies 4ndash tradition 17 21 26 98 101 131 151

158 205 215Syria 215

Talmud 30 36 37 38Targum 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

38 40 41ndash recons truction of the Pales tinian Tar-

gum 32Taricheae 46Tell Dan 45templendash apparatusins titution 50 96 107

113 119 125 126 127 137 157 197 200 205

ndash eschatological 76

ndash purityholiness of 65 123 137ndash mitigatingprotective role 51 124ndash of Augus tus at Paneion 45ndash second temple era 25 41 44 48 56

62 70 71 72 79 82 84 121 124 136 137 154 163 186 201 209 213 216

ndash liturgy 124ndash mounthill 113ndash pollution of as perceived by some

ancient authors 113 125 136Theon of Alexandria 171Tiberias 38Torah 58 64 72 79 112 207 208 209transfiguration 47tree of knowledge 113Tyre 199

Vermes-Fitzmyer debate 28 38 39

Watchers 45 53 121Wicked Pries t 125

Yahweh 117 118

Zechariah (son of Jehoiada) 200mt Zion 113

  • Cover13
  • Titel13
  • Preface
  • Table of Contents13
  • List of Abbreviations
  • Chapter One Prolegomena
    • 1 Introduction Recent Methodological Questions in Q Studies
    • 2 The Study of Q as a Reconstructed Text
      • Index of Ancient Sources
      • Index of Modern Authors
      • Index of Subjects
Page 33: Apocalypticism in the Synoptic Sayings Source€¦ · Apocalypticism in the Synoptic Sayings Source A Reassessment of Q’s Stratigraphy Mohr Siebeck. Olegs Andrejevs, born 1982;

255Index of Ancient Sources

2 Timothy211ndash13 190

Hebrews1137 204

James 315ndash17 12444ndash7 121

1 Peter314 132 139 143319ndash20 47414 132 139 141 14358 121

2 Peter24ndash5 47 121

Jude16ndash7 121

Revelation110ndash20 113113 18635 19041ndash11 113123ndash4 121171ndash3 114173ndash18 112 113219ndash27 112 1132110 113

New Tes tament Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha

Gospel of Thomas1ndash71 1731ndash3 2161ndash4 1710 19 95111 1713 21161ndash2 20 95163 2017 1720ndash21 71 193201ndash4 20 192215ndash8 18 19 20 192243 36ndash39 17261ndash2 18262ndash331 1731 21361ndash3 19 143 180473 2148 18 19 20

54 137 13855 2058 17 13864 18 1965 1968 20 132 138 139

14068ndash69 19 139 143691 17 138692 19 20 137 13877 2179 2186 169 170103 17106ndash107 19 201131ndash2 9

Pseudo-Clementine Homilies12313 180

Dead Sea Scrolls

CD214ndash41 125412ndash14 121 124 125419ndash52 208

51ndash5 2091316ndash17 207122ndash3 121161ndash2 125

Index of Ancient Sources256

1QapGen 29 30 31 33 35 36 37 40

1QH430 40

1QM11 1211310ndash12 121175ndash6 51

1QpHab 56 125

1QS25 121211ndash15 207 208321ndash25 11749 18258 125119ndash10 1821120 40

1Q27 (1Q4QMys teries)1 i 1ndash8 56 202

4Q299 (1Q4QMys teries)3andashb ii 2ndash8 563andashb ii 9ndash16 56

4Q416 (4QIns truction)1 10ndash13 56 2021 12 1822 i 21ndashiv 13 562 ii 6 17 178

4Q417 (4QIns truction)1 i 6ndash9 561 i 10(11)ndash12 56 2021 i 12ndash13 561 i 14 561 i 16 115 1821 i 17 1821 i 24 56 2022 i 17ndash24 562 i 19 21ndash22 178

4Q418 (4QIns truction)69 ii 6ndash9 56 202

69 ii 12ndash13 5681 1ndash2 18281 2ndash5 5681 4 11581 5 11581 20 56 20288 56103 56107 56123 5ndash8 56

4Q423 (4QIns truction)5 3 565 5ndash6 56

4Q503 115

4Q521 16 54 135 137 159 160 161 162

4Q525 57 133

4QDeut j 1214 121

4QIsa 135

4QMMTC 4ndash9 125

11Q11 124

11Q13 135 137

11QPsa 191ndash18 121

11QT545 2075715ndash19 208669ndash11 207

Targums4QtgJob 314QtgLev 3111QtgJob 31 33 35 40

257Index of Ancient Sources

Josephus

Ant14133ndash146 4415103 451982 123

Bell188 46

1131ndash11 441161ndash5 461213 461335 452101ndash5 1232116 183

Babylonian Texts

Gilgamesh 112

Greek and Latin Authors

Dio CassiusHis t59271 120

HomerOd10503ndash15 1121112ndash22 112

PlatoPhaed111cndash112e 112

Senecade Ben2121ndash2 120

Seneca the ElderControv9210 183

TacitusAnn632 120

His t59 183

Apos tolic and Church Fathers

1 Clement132 153292 121394ndash5 121

2 Clement32 190134 148

Apos tolic Cons titutions721 152

722 148 150 151722ndash6 147725 149 150726 148 153

AthanasiusFes t Let 3911 14

Canons of the Holy Apos tles4ndash5 152

Index of Ancient Sources258

Chrysos tomHom Mt342 180

Clement of AlexandriaS trom4641 139 143

Didache11ndash63 1412c 15213b 148 14913bndash5b 11 12 13 15 16

71 147 151 15413bndash21 5 11 14 15 15013c 15113cndash4a 1413d 15 14814 1414a 1614b 15 14914c 91 15014d 15 149 150 15115a 15015b 148 15381ndash2 1482 16103bndash122a 14113 16113ndash137 14153ndash4 16161ndash8 210 211 212

EusebiusHis t Eccl3254

IrenaeusAdv Haer1101 1214162 121

Jus tin Martyr1 Apol159 148

2 Apol25 121

OrigenC Cels870 180

PolycarpPhilippians22ndash3 153

Shepherd of HermasMandate 24ndash6 153

Similitude535ndash8 138

Rabbinic Literature

j Ber3b 5b 5c 31 37 38

j Ket35a 31 37

j Šab3a 38d 31 37

j Taʿan65b 4069ab 125

R Gen72 313813 31 37796 31

R Num193 31 38

TargumsCairo BGen 414 31 33 34 37 41

259Index of Ancient Sources

Cairo FExod 1913 37Deut 346 37

Neof I Gen 414 31 33 41Gen 95ndash6 37Gen 4922 36

Papyri Manuscripts and Inscriptions

Br Mus Or 9271 14P Oxy 1 17P Oxy 654 17

P Oxy 655 17 143 180P Oxy 1782 14 15 148 151Sf III 16ndash17 40

Index of Modern Authors

Achtemeier P 139 141Adams S L 56 72 202Alexander P S 31 32Allison D C 1 2 3 5 12 22 24 66

75 77 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 90 91 94 96 98 99 103 105 107 112 117 119 120 123 125 129 130 131 133 134 135 136 138 139 140 144 147 148 149 150 152 153 155 158 160 163 169 170 172 175 176 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 193 197 198 200 205

Anderson A A 124Anderson F I 113Andrejevs O 25 164 172 190Arcari L 44Argall R A 47 72 202Arnal W E 23 24 48 59 61 63 65

66 67 68 78 86 104 123 125 132 134 136 150 191 194 208 214

Attridge H W 17Audet J-P 14Avigad N 29 30

Bailey K 102Bauckham R 12Baum A D 1Bazzana G B 1 3 24 59 178 198Beasley-Murray G R 158Berger K 104Bergmeier R 159 160 162Betz D H 3 24 51 103 146 179 183de Begraveze T 27Bird M F 159 198 199Black C C 11Black M 26 28 30 31 32 35 36 37

40 168Blenkinsopp J 135 136 137Boccaccini G 32 43 44 50Boring M E 38 183 184 185 188

192 211

Borsch F H 185Bovon F 5 19 93 95 96 98 99 106

140 177 179 184 185 198Bowman J W 28 33Boyarin D 23Breuer Y 34Brin G 208Broadhead E K 3 89Brodie T L 163Brooke G J 43 160Brown R E 11 12 102 130 157 158Broyles C C 123Bultmann R 3 60 98 111 132 156

158 184 185 186 187 188 201Burkett D 27 213Bussmann W 26

Campbell J Y 28 46Caragounis C C 27 29 39Carroll J T 3Carruth S 119Casey P M 29 34 35 37 39 41Cas tor G D 4 5Catchpole D R 21 77 90 96 99 129

131 145 147 156 157 159 164 175 188 198 208

Chang A 199Charlesworth J H 31 42 43 44 45

46 47 72 160 171 185Chazon E G 115 202Cheung L L 12Childs B S 163Chilton B D 26 36 39 117 130Clark D J 109Collins A Y 39 41 47 50 51 52 103

114 188 193 211Collins J J 23 40 43 48 49 50 51

52 53 57 76 77 121 126 160 161 162 163 168 202

Colpe C 25 26 28 29 31 32 36 37 39 40 45 140

Index of Modern Authors262

Conzelmann H 96 97Cotter W J 61 104 132 156 163 165

166 170 191Cromhout M 61 145 191Crossan J D 39 89 94 98 134

Dalman G 27 29 30Damm A 171Davidson M J 114Davies W D 1 2 3 91 99 119 120

131 138 139 140 149 150 169 172 179 180 184 185 193 197 200

DeConick A D 11 17 20 21 138 139 192

Derrenbacker R A 1 24Di Lella A A 73Dibelius M 12Diacuteez Macho A 30Dimant D 160DiTommaso L 57Doering L 208Downing F G 23 64Draper J A 13 14 15 16 68 156Dundenberg I 11Dunn J D G 1 149 183Dupont J 97 116Durham J I 163

Eldridge M D 117Elgvin T 49 56 57 115 202Eshel H 44

Fiebig P 26 27 28 34 37 39Fitzmyer J A 1 2 3 8 19 26 28 30

31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 82 91 95 97 98 117 118 119 130 131 133 138 139 140 146 149 163 177 179 208

Fleddermann H T 2 6 10 11 59 62 69 83 84 85 86 87 90 91 93 95 97 98 101 103 104 105 109 129 130 134 140 144 148 150 152 156 157 163 166 170 176 177 179 184 185 189 199 200 203 205 211

Flusser D 14 15Fos ter P 1 3 6 12 26Freedman H 32Frenschkowski M 145Frey J 56Freyne S 159 199

Funk F X 14 147

Garciacutea Martiacutenez F 49 57 160 162 202 208

Garrow A 13Gathercole S 17 19 20 138 139 181Gerber C 203Gibson J B 116Gieschen C A 147Ginsburger M 30Glover R 13 16Goering G S 72 125Goff M J 55 56 57 79 84 115 178

202Goodacre M 1 17 19Greenfield J C 27Greeven H 12Gregg B H 90 97 186 198 204Grenfell B P 14 17Guelich R A 193Guenther H O 26Gundry R H 150 181 197

Haenchen E 12 139 157 158 201Hahn F 185Han K S 124 125 200Hannah D D 42 43 45 46Hare D R A 38 39 40 184 185Harrington D J 33 55 57 202 Hartin P J 12 61 119 166Hasitschka M 118Heil C 5 38 60 99 119 181Higgins A J B 184Hill A E 163Hindley J C 43Hoffmann P 5 38 55 67 70 75 77

80 96 99 112 145 167 170 184 185

Holtzmann H J 4Hooker M D 45Horsley R 68 156 198 199 200van der Hors t P W 73Hossfeld F L 124Howard G 146Howes L 26 39 43 61 65 77 81 133

140 141 142 166 167 170 185 188 190 212

Hubbard B J 38Hultgren S 160 162Hunt A S 14 17

263Index of Modern Authors

van Iersel B M F 102

Jacobson A D 5 26 39 49 54 60 61 64 75 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 85 87 90 94 96 97 98 106 129 132 140 144 152 156 157 167 170 171 184 185 187 201 207 210

Jefford C N 13 14 15Jeremias J 179 198 204Jervis L A 55Jewett R 149Johnson L A 178 208Johnson L T 12Johnson-DeBaufre M 66 103 163Jonas H 51de Jonge H J 24 185Jongeling B 35Joseph S J 1 21 23 24 45 46 47 48

51 52 68 103 125 132 134 136 142 144 153 156 159 160 161 162 164 178 180 181 182 184 185 187 190 191 200 201 202 206 208 214 215

Jus t A A 102

Kahle P 26 30 31 36Kampen J L 162 209Kaufman S A 31 32 36 40Keener C S 183Kirk A 2 4 5 6 10 15 24 55 59 60

61 62 66 67 68 69 71 72 73 75 76 77 78 79 83 84 85 86 87 88 90 94 96 98 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 111 114 129 152 155 156 166 177 179 184 189 190 197 203 207 208 214 215

Kloppenborg J S 1 2 3 4 5 11 12 13 14 15 17 19 21 22 23 24 25 26 38 39 50 51 53 54 55 57 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 86 87 88 89 90 95 97 98 99 103 104 107 108 111 112 121 122 123 124 125 126 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 139 140 141 142 143 144 147 148 150 151 155 156 157 158 160 162 163 164 165 166 167 170 171 172 175 176 180 181 182 183 184 187 189

190 191 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 208 210 211 212 213

Knibb M A 46 202Koes ter H 15 38 48 60 61 63 66

148Koumlhler W D 16Kraus H-J 124Kutscher E Y 30 35 36

Lang B 201Laurence R 41Leives tad R 43Levine A-J 208Lichtenberger H 124Lindars B 29 34 37 39 43 184 185

188Lohfink N 118Lukaszewski A 25 27Luz U 3 10 60 74 75 78 81 87 90

91 93 95 96 97 99 102 106 111 131 134 140 142 145 148 150 151 166 169 180 181 184 185 197 198 199 201 204 207

Luumldemann G 183Luumlhrmann D 61 64 78 111 140 157

158 165 180 184

Mack B L 23 38 43 61 133 135 170Magness J 160Malherbe A 192 211Manson T W 5 28 101Maori Y 32Marcus J 8 11 41 47 102 183 188

193 199 211Marshall I H 3Martiacutenez R 166 167Martyn J L 183Maumlrz C-P 90 94McDermott J M 185McNamara M J 31Meadors E P 62 66 67 72 74 76 77

166 168 201Meadors G T 137Menken M J J 116 117Meyer A 27Meyer P D 157Middleton P 182Milik J P 36 42 43 187Milikowsky C 181Miller R J 63 201

Index of Modern Authors264

Mitchell D C 124Moller H B 29Moreland M 23Moss C 182Mournet T C 1Muraoka T 35 38Muumlnch C 203

Neirynck F 2 3 4 11 22 26 90 98 99 116 130 140 149

Nickelsburg G 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 52 53 76 106 112 113 122 126 141 168 172 202 210 213

Niebuhr K W 159Niederwimmer K 13 14 15 16 148

151 152Nielsen K 114 115Nolland J 179Novakovic L 160 162

Odeberg H 36Oegema G S 116Owen P 25 29 35

Patterson S J 17 18 21 61 63Perrin N 186Pervo R I 183Pietersma A 146Piovanelli P 44 45Piper R A 61 82 112 176 190Ploeg J P M 35Pokornyacute P 11 17 19 117 139Polag A 62 73 89 90 94Porter S E 180 181Porton G G 38Pries t J 126Propp W H C 163Puech Eacute 133 160 162

Ra Y 39 132 145 155 170 184 185Reicke B 141Riesner R 183Robbins M C 51 103 113 115 117

121 125Robbins V K 104Robinson J M 2 5 24 26 34 38 39

41 43 55 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 77 96 103 119 129 131 132 134 135 140 142 143 144 145

156 160 165 166 167 180 181 184 185 186 187 188 190 200 201 202

Rodd C S 6 7 9Rollens S E 2 3 23 24 26 61 132

182 191Roth D T 2 6 7 10 11 54 90 145

165 191 192 203 204 205 206Rothschild C K 90 159 164Royse J R 146Roumlsel M 146

Sacchi P 43 44 45 47Sandt H 5 14 15Sato M 3 59 62 74 75 76 77 79 80

82 83 87 90 94 98 111 134 170 176 184

Schalit A 44Schenk W 62 73 89 90 103 170 176Schiavo L 104 112 113Schiffman L H 57 160Schnackenburg R 12 157 158Schniedewind W M 160Schroumlter J 180Schulz S 74 132 165 167 176 179

201 210Schuumlrmann H 8 130 167 170Seeley D 132 141 142Segal M 43 114 121Sellew P 193Sevenich-Bax E 103 105Shelton J 163Shepherd D 29 35Shinall M C 51Shirock R J 102Sjoumlberg E 28 29 35 39 45Skeat T C 180Skehan P W 73Smith D A 96 201 202 203So K-C 157Sokoloff M 35Somov A 181Spranger P P 204S taples J A 145 146 154S teck O H 61 64 132 201S tone M E 45S treeter B H 4 12 130S trugnell J 55S tuckenbruck L T 27 30 47 51 65

114 121Syreeni K 4 15 153

265Index of Modern Authors

Tabor J D 160Tannehil R C 178 208Taylor N H 120 123 183Theissen G 123Theophilos M P 126Tigchelaar E J C 56Tiwald M 3 23 160Toumldt H E 47 184 185 186 187Tuckett C M 1 3 6 9 11 13 14 15

17 23 26 49 50 53 54 61 62 63 66 68 72 76 77 84 86 90 94 95 98 112 114 119 121 125 130 134 140 150 154 156 157 158 160 166 170 184 193 199 205 206 207 208 210

Uhlig S 45Uro R 26 62 185

Vaage L E 23 24 26 39 61 133 165 167 170 171 190 191 210

VanderKam J C 43 46 57 168Vassiliadis P 89 94de Vaux R 56Vermes G 26 28 29 31 32 33 34 35

36 37 38 39 40 43 140 160 184

Wacholder B Z 209

von Wahlde U C 12 158Wahlen C 51Walck L W 46 52Watson F 1Weaks J A 6 7Weinfeld M 118 146 207 208Weiser A 124Weiss B 130Wellhausen J 26Welch J W 102Wernberg-Mѳller P 36Wes termann C 135 136Williams P J 35Wilson W T 149Wins ton D 46 72Wise M O 160Witetschek S 86 167Wolter M 90van der Woude A S 35Wright III B J 72 202

Xeravits G G 202

York A D 32

Zeller D 63 69 111 165 212Zenger E 124

Index of Subjects

Abel-Main (Tell Abl) 45Abraham 32 157Agrippa I 123 183Ahab 118 121angel of Yahweh 163angelicheavenly rebellion 121 125Antigonus 43aphaeresis 27 32 34 36 38apocalypse 48ndash as incorrectly applied to Mk 133ndash37

211ndash as incorrectly applied to Q 1723ndash37

210 211apocalypticndash Chris tianity 53ndash discourse 211ndash framework 57 121ndash inaccurately used as a noun 49ndash literature 47 53 54 135ndash language in Ben Sira 72ndash tradition 56 57 186ndash wisdom ins tructions other than Q 56

57 77 202ndash worldview (outside of Q see its at-

tes tation in Q referenced separately below) 24 49 50 51 55 57 87 121

apocalypticism 25 87 58 62ndash and apocalypse 48 49ndash and eschatology 48ndash as a literary category 48 79ndash as a dis tortion of Godrsquos intended

order 23ndash as compatible with wisdom in late

second temple literature 57 62 66 70 72 154 202

ndash as having a place outside the genre of an apocalypse 49

ndash as synonymous with apocalyptic worldview 49

ndash in Pauline thought 192ndash in sectarian environments 53

ndash in recent Q scholarship 48ndash methodological definitions of 50 54

186Aramaic 25 26 46 70 140 187 204

213ndash OfficialImperialBiblical 26 27 35

40ndash Middle 26 27 30 32 33 34 35 36

37 38 40 41 52 167 170 187 188ndash Late 26 27 28 32 33 34 35 36 37

38 41 140 187ndash Galilean 29 36 38ndash Qumran 31 32 35 38Athaliah 125Augus tus 45

Babylonian Exile 118Banias 45βασιλείαndash as a hypothetical metaphor reflecting

the social interes ts of Qrsquos author(s) 48

ndash as a political entity 120ndash of God 23 48 73 95 108 123 132

177 178 182 183 184 192 194 206 207

ndash of Satan 51 114ndash realized 142beatitude(s) 82 91 93 105 131 132

133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 153

Bethsaida 45 56 93

Caesarea Philippi 46(Cairo) Geniza fragments 28 29 30 32

36 37Capernaum 45 56 93chiasm 83 85 101 102 103 109 118

120chias tic 85 101 103 106 107 108 120

152 197

Index of Subjects268

Chorazin 56 93chreia(s) 63 71 104 105 120 211chreiic 65 86 104 105 111 156chris tology (see the Q discussion refer-

enced separately below)ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 17ndash in Luke 19ndash in Mark 131circumcision 159 209Claudius 183cosmic mountain 114 119Cynic(s) 23

Dan 45 47Darius I 163Deuteronomis t 118Deuteronomis tic His tory 146deuteronomis ticndash agenda 156ndash context(s) 143 153ndash framework 53 54ndash motifs 118 127ndash orientation 64ndash outlook 61 82 114ndash redaction 80ndash rhetoric 136ndash s tratums trata 78ndash theme 78ndash tradition 79ndash unders tanding 64devil 51 66 114 117 119 120 121 123

124

Elijah 96 116 118 126 162 163 164ElijahElisha cycle 162 163Enoch 44 45 47 51 76 112 113 157

172 202ndash as a scribe 46ndash Book of Watchers 45 113 125ndash sapiential content in Watchers 76ndash Book of Parables 24 41 47 157 167

171 213ndash sapiential content in Parables 76ndash Epis tle of Enoch 43ndash his torical incarnation of 202ndash Seminar 47Enochicndash author 122ndash corpus 52 73ndash formulation 52

ndash framework 121ndash literaturetext 43 46 56ndash movement 47 53 157 210ndash mythology 113 114 122 164ndash Son of Man 172ndash tradents 46ndash tradition 43 46 47 79 113 122 157

215ndash Watchers myth 45 53 121eschatological prophetndash in 4Q521 160 162ndash in Q 164 165 166eschatology (see the Q discussion refer-

enced separately below) 47 48 50ndash in 1 Enoch 42 47 76 122 141 142

168 169ndash in 4Q521 159 160 162ndash in 4QIns truction 56ndash in Ben Sira 72ndash in Malachi 163 164ndash in Psalms of Solomon 159ndash in Trito-Isaiah 136Exodusndash legendmyth 117ndash imagerymotifs 116 163

form (literary)ndash and meaning 82ndash and worldview 76ndash apocalypse 49ndash criticism 61 62 63 67 68 69 70

74 156 170 214ndash miracle s tory 156ndash wisdom 84ndash (wisdom) ins truction 70 71

Gaius (Caligula) 44 46 123Galilee 23 36 44 45 47 56 73 131

171 194 215ndash village scribes 48ndash villagestowns 24 93 199Gentile(s) 9 87 96 120 126 155 157

158 159 164 167 168 169 173 198 199 209 215

Great Omission 8 9

HasidicHasidim 79 162Hebrew 25 35 39 40 41 42 204Hebrew Biblescriptures 24 118 127

136 160

269Index of Subjects

Hermogenes 171mt Hermon 45 46 47Herod the Great and the Herodian era

43 44 45 46 126Herodians 45(holy) Spirit 72 94 178 189Hulah Valley 45

Isaiah (see the Index of Ancient Sources for specific passages)

ndash Deutero 46 135 136 168 169ndash firs t-century reader of 135ndash Trito 51 54 135 136 137 143 154

163 200Israelndash in Ben Sira 125ndash in Daniel 168ndash in Deuteronomy 118ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 139ndash in the Hebrew Bible 198 199ndash in Jubilees 121ndash in Malachi 163ndash in Q 53 64 78 80 87 96 104 118

127 155 156 158 198 199ndash pre-exilic 50ndash traditional wisdom of 58ndash wilderness myth 117

James (son of Zebedee) 183Jerusalem 44 72 96 106 108 113 119

125 159 166 199 200ndash culttemple 136 137 163 214ndash pries thood 45 47 127Jesusndash as an apocalyptic figure in Q 38ndash as a literary character in Q 21ndash floating traditions ascribed to 48ndash his torical 21 29 37 43 47 73 116

141 142 164 165 171 172 186 198ndash his torical greeting of in Jerusalem

106ndash movement 23ndash tradition 161Jewish Chris tianityndash as a movement in a contes ted envi-

ronment 43 183ndash as a proliferation of groups and

communities 183ndash on the use of the term 23

ndash possible connection to the Enochic movement 47

Jewish War 200John (the Baptis t) 68 78 80 83 85 90

91 92 97 103 104 105 116 159 163 164 165 166 167 169 172

ndash followers of 159 165 166ndash his torical 159 165Journeysndash cosmicterres trial 76 112 113 114

119 122 127ndash heavenly 45 112 113Judea 36 44 200 215

Kallirrhoeuml 45Kleinliteratur 3 4 59 60 73 215

Lordrsquos Prayer 93 94 177Lot 97 99

Maccabean era 126Mas tema 121Matthew and Luke as conservative

traditionalis ts 4Matthewrsquos and Lukersquos redactorial

freedom 4Matthewrsquos use of Q 4messiah 106 116 162 164 210messiahship 123messianic 116 210Migdal 46mimesis 114 141minor agreements 15 130Minor Prophets 146Moses 117

Nag Hammadi 17Nimrod 32

oralndash possible cross-influence on the Gos-

pel of Thomas from the canonical gospels 11 193

ndash harmonization of Matthew and Luke 16

ndash life of the primitive community 60ndash performance 15 16 161ndash source utilization 15ndash tradition 17 98 151ndash transmission 188

Index of Subjects270

ndash usage and application of Q 4ndash usage of Matthew 15ndash variants of Q 4Oxyrhynchus 17

Paneion 46Parousia 116 186 193Parthian invasion of 40 BCE 44 46Paulndash his torical 149 183ndash possible awareness of the Q tradition

by 192persecutionndash as an apocalyptic motif 54ndash because of someone 142ndash in authentic Pauline corpus 149 183ndash in Q 52 54 78 94 107 118 122

126 132 133 134 140 141 142 143 144 175 180 181 182 184 190 194 200 206

ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 138ndash in the Parables of Enoch 141ndash in Trito-Isaiah 137 200ndash plausibility of 182 183Pharisees 65 68 94 166 169 205 206

214pleroma 39prophecyndash pre-exilic and Persian era (classical)

50ndash mixture of with wisdom 77Prophetisierung 75

Qndash apocalypticism apocalyptic motifs

features imagination framework and worldview 23 25 46 53 57 58 63 69 70 71 73 76 79 84 87 88 111 114 121 127 141 175 190 194 197 202 210 211 213 214

ndash apocalyptic document 48 51ndash apocalyptic wisdom ins truction 23

55 70 73 74 77 79 214ndash (apocalyptic) communitymovement

55 107 122 194 195 206 209ndash Aramaic roots 26ndash chris tology 70 81 83 87 93 104

115 116 123 130 131 142 144 145 147 153 154 156 157 159 164 166 167 194 214

ndash demonology 51 53ndash eschatological (apocalyptic) dis-

course 64 83 97 98 170 210 211 212

ndash eschatology 48 51 54 56 69 73 75 87 94 95 101 104 105 108 133 141 142 143 144 147 159 164 165 166 167 169 172 180 192 193 194 198 199 202 203 210

ndash final (literary) form 59 62 69 78 178

ndash hypothetical mid- (lower) level or sub-elite scribal origin 24 59

ndash hypothetical recensions 3 4 59 60 90 98

ndash hypothetical segregation of wisdom and apocalyptic s trata 60 66 67 70 213 214

ndash mission speech 23 56 86 87 92 104 105 107 173 182 194

ndash Pales tinian character 24ndash possible authenticity of its content

22 81ndash prophetic content 61 63 67 70 74

75 76 77 79 80 82 83 142 143 176

ndash recons truction (CEQ) 5 6 10 90 (see also recons truction [in this s tudy] below as such frequently follows the CEQ)

ndash recons truction (feasibility) 2 3 4 10 11

ndash recons truction (in this s tudy) 60 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 111 116 119 120 123 130 131 134 144 147 148 149 151 152 165 169 170 172 175 176 177 178 179 181 184 191 193 199 204 207 213 215

ndash recons truction (methodology) 5 89 90

ndash recons truction (skepticism) 2 10 59 (see also recons tructed Mark below)

ndash sapiential content 12 62 63 67 77 79 80 82 130 154 175 191 202 214

ndash sermon 63 82 91 92 103 105 127 129 130 131 134 135 138 140 144 145 147 152 153 154 155 156

ndash sophis ticated scribal traditions 24ndash sub-literary view of 3 59 60 74

271Index of Subjects

ndash tradents 4 59 67 125 135 147 181 182 197 199 202 203 207 209 214

ndash tradition 13 17 87 161 163 164 186 187 192 202

Quintillian 171Qumran (see the Index of Ancient

Sources for specific documents)ndash apocalyptic worldview 50 135ndash Aramaic corpus 33ndash beatitude collection 133ndash communitymovementYahad 44 53

56 121 135 136 137 157 160 161 206 207 208 209

ndash demonology 124ndash discovery 29ndash fellowship with angels 115ndash fragments of 1 Enoch 44ndash library 43ndash manualsrules 82ndash sapiential literature 25 55 56 57

58 62 69ndash social setting 43

recons tructed Mark 2 6 7 8 9 10RomeRomans 44 91 121 126 159

199 207ndash occupation of Judea 44

sage(s) 55 56 79 84Samaria 44Satan 50 51 52 53 114 115 117 118

120 121 159 192scribe(s) 102 205ndash ancient reading practices of 102ndash as a Q opponent group 68 169 205ndash as advanced or elite readers of Q

102 103ndash Enochic 46 215ndash in Matthewrsquos community (other than

Matthew) 4ndash in the Q community 48 135 195

215ndash in the text of Q 169 172ndash memory competence of 4 102ndash responsible for 2 Enoch 112ndash responsible for Did 13bndash5b 15scriptorium 46Sefire 27 37Sepphoris 38 46Sermon on the Mount 15 16 87 94

Sermon on the Plain 15 16(Deutero-Isaianic) Servant 136 168 169Sidon 199Simeon II 125Son of Man 47 115ndash Aramaic background of the phrase

25 26 28 37 153ndash as a messianic title in the Parables of

Enoch 28 46ndash circumlocutional non-titular use of

the phrase in Late Aramaic 34ndash classifications of the phrasersquos Q

ins tances 26ndash designation of as Son of Humanity in

some recent research 39ndash his torical incarnation of as under-

s tood by some ancient authors 165 172

ndash hypothetical non-titular (circumlocu-tional or generic) use of the definite phrase in Middle Aramaic by the his torical Jesus and in Q 28 29 34 37 38 39 42 43 52 71 140 142 167 170 186 187

ndash in Daniel 41 42 186 213ndash in Luke 142 186ndash in Mark 41ndash in Matthew 99 142 186ndash in Q 25 26 34 38 39 42 43 46 47

52 53 64 67 69 70 71 96 98 104 106 115 116 123 141 142 147 164 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 176 185 186 187 188 189 191 194 201 203 210 212 213

ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 170ndash in the Parables of Enoch 25 28 41

42 43 44 45 46 47 122 141 142 146 147 153 155 164 165 168 169 172 173 202 213

ndash non-titular use of the indefinite phrase in Middle Aramaic 41

ndash titular (including but not limited to chris tological) use of the definite phrase in Q 34 38 52 53 64 70 104 123 142 143 147 167 168 172 173 185 186 187 189 191 194 201 203 210 212 213

Sondergut 89 90ndash Matthean 91ndash Lukan 94 95 97 98 177

Index of Subjects272

Sophiandash myth (Enochic tradition) 172 202ndash myth (synoptic tradition) 96 200

201ndash words of 96 201synopticndash gospels 11 150 151ndash material 16 151ndash parallels 18 19ndash problem 1ndash Sayings Source 3 216ndash s tudies 4ndash tradition 17 21 26 98 101 131 151

158 205 215Syria 215

Talmud 30 36 37 38Targum 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

38 40 41ndash recons truction of the Pales tinian Tar-

gum 32Taricheae 46Tell Dan 45templendash apparatusins titution 50 96 107

113 119 125 126 127 137 157 197 200 205

ndash eschatological 76

ndash purityholiness of 65 123 137ndash mitigatingprotective role 51 124ndash of Augus tus at Paneion 45ndash second temple era 25 41 44 48 56

62 70 71 72 79 82 84 121 124 136 137 154 163 186 201 209 213 216

ndash liturgy 124ndash mounthill 113ndash pollution of as perceived by some

ancient authors 113 125 136Theon of Alexandria 171Tiberias 38Torah 58 64 72 79 112 207 208 209transfiguration 47tree of knowledge 113Tyre 199

Vermes-Fitzmyer debate 28 38 39

Watchers 45 53 121Wicked Pries t 125

Yahweh 117 118

Zechariah (son of Jehoiada) 200mt Zion 113

  • Cover13
  • Titel13
  • Preface
  • Table of Contents13
  • List of Abbreviations
  • Chapter One Prolegomena
    • 1 Introduction Recent Methodological Questions in Q Studies
    • 2 The Study of Q as a Reconstructed Text
      • Index of Ancient Sources
      • Index of Modern Authors
      • Index of Subjects
Page 34: Apocalypticism in the Synoptic Sayings Source€¦ · Apocalypticism in the Synoptic Sayings Source A Reassessment of Q’s Stratigraphy Mohr Siebeck. Olegs Andrejevs, born 1982;

Index of Ancient Sources256

1QapGen 29 30 31 33 35 36 37 40

1QH430 40

1QM11 1211310ndash12 121175ndash6 51

1QpHab 56 125

1QS25 121211ndash15 207 208321ndash25 11749 18258 125119ndash10 1821120 40

1Q27 (1Q4QMys teries)1 i 1ndash8 56 202

4Q299 (1Q4QMys teries)3andashb ii 2ndash8 563andashb ii 9ndash16 56

4Q416 (4QIns truction)1 10ndash13 56 2021 12 1822 i 21ndashiv 13 562 ii 6 17 178

4Q417 (4QIns truction)1 i 6ndash9 561 i 10(11)ndash12 56 2021 i 12ndash13 561 i 14 561 i 16 115 1821 i 17 1821 i 24 56 2022 i 17ndash24 562 i 19 21ndash22 178

4Q418 (4QIns truction)69 ii 6ndash9 56 202

69 ii 12ndash13 5681 1ndash2 18281 2ndash5 5681 4 11581 5 11581 20 56 20288 56103 56107 56123 5ndash8 56

4Q423 (4QIns truction)5 3 565 5ndash6 56

4Q503 115

4Q521 16 54 135 137 159 160 161 162

4Q525 57 133

4QDeut j 1214 121

4QIsa 135

4QMMTC 4ndash9 125

11Q11 124

11Q13 135 137

11QPsa 191ndash18 121

11QT545 2075715ndash19 208669ndash11 207

Targums4QtgJob 314QtgLev 3111QtgJob 31 33 35 40

257Index of Ancient Sources

Josephus

Ant14133ndash146 4415103 451982 123

Bell188 46

1131ndash11 441161ndash5 461213 461335 452101ndash5 1232116 183

Babylonian Texts

Gilgamesh 112

Greek and Latin Authors

Dio CassiusHis t59271 120

HomerOd10503ndash15 1121112ndash22 112

PlatoPhaed111cndash112e 112

Senecade Ben2121ndash2 120

Seneca the ElderControv9210 183

TacitusAnn632 120

His t59 183

Apos tolic and Church Fathers

1 Clement132 153292 121394ndash5 121

2 Clement32 190134 148

Apos tolic Cons titutions721 152

722 148 150 151722ndash6 147725 149 150726 148 153

AthanasiusFes t Let 3911 14

Canons of the Holy Apos tles4ndash5 152

Index of Ancient Sources258

Chrysos tomHom Mt342 180

Clement of AlexandriaS trom4641 139 143

Didache11ndash63 1412c 15213b 148 14913bndash5b 11 12 13 15 16

71 147 151 15413bndash21 5 11 14 15 15013c 15113cndash4a 1413d 15 14814 1414a 1614b 15 14914c 91 15014d 15 149 150 15115a 15015b 148 15381ndash2 1482 16103bndash122a 14113 16113ndash137 14153ndash4 16161ndash8 210 211 212

EusebiusHis t Eccl3254

IrenaeusAdv Haer1101 1214162 121

Jus tin Martyr1 Apol159 148

2 Apol25 121

OrigenC Cels870 180

PolycarpPhilippians22ndash3 153

Shepherd of HermasMandate 24ndash6 153

Similitude535ndash8 138

Rabbinic Literature

j Ber3b 5b 5c 31 37 38

j Ket35a 31 37

j Šab3a 38d 31 37

j Taʿan65b 4069ab 125

R Gen72 313813 31 37796 31

R Num193 31 38

TargumsCairo BGen 414 31 33 34 37 41

259Index of Ancient Sources

Cairo FExod 1913 37Deut 346 37

Neof I Gen 414 31 33 41Gen 95ndash6 37Gen 4922 36

Papyri Manuscripts and Inscriptions

Br Mus Or 9271 14P Oxy 1 17P Oxy 654 17

P Oxy 655 17 143 180P Oxy 1782 14 15 148 151Sf III 16ndash17 40

Index of Modern Authors

Achtemeier P 139 141Adams S L 56 72 202Alexander P S 31 32Allison D C 1 2 3 5 12 22 24 66

75 77 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 90 91 94 96 98 99 103 105 107 112 117 119 120 123 125 129 130 131 133 134 135 136 138 139 140 144 147 148 149 150 152 153 155 158 160 163 169 170 172 175 176 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 193 197 198 200 205

Anderson A A 124Anderson F I 113Andrejevs O 25 164 172 190Arcari L 44Argall R A 47 72 202Arnal W E 23 24 48 59 61 63 65

66 67 68 78 86 104 123 125 132 134 136 150 191 194 208 214

Attridge H W 17Audet J-P 14Avigad N 29 30

Bailey K 102Bauckham R 12Baum A D 1Bazzana G B 1 3 24 59 178 198Beasley-Murray G R 158Berger K 104Bergmeier R 159 160 162Betz D H 3 24 51 103 146 179 183de Begraveze T 27Bird M F 159 198 199Black C C 11Black M 26 28 30 31 32 35 36 37

40 168Blenkinsopp J 135 136 137Boccaccini G 32 43 44 50Boring M E 38 183 184 185 188

192 211

Borsch F H 185Bovon F 5 19 93 95 96 98 99 106

140 177 179 184 185 198Bowman J W 28 33Boyarin D 23Breuer Y 34Brin G 208Broadhead E K 3 89Brodie T L 163Brooke G J 43 160Brown R E 11 12 102 130 157 158Broyles C C 123Bultmann R 3 60 98 111 132 156

158 184 185 186 187 188 201Burkett D 27 213Bussmann W 26

Campbell J Y 28 46Caragounis C C 27 29 39Carroll J T 3Carruth S 119Casey P M 29 34 35 37 39 41Cas tor G D 4 5Catchpole D R 21 77 90 96 99 129

131 145 147 156 157 159 164 175 188 198 208

Chang A 199Charlesworth J H 31 42 43 44 45

46 47 72 160 171 185Chazon E G 115 202Cheung L L 12Childs B S 163Chilton B D 26 36 39 117 130Clark D J 109Collins A Y 39 41 47 50 51 52 103

114 188 193 211Collins J J 23 40 43 48 49 50 51

52 53 57 76 77 121 126 160 161 162 163 168 202

Colpe C 25 26 28 29 31 32 36 37 39 40 45 140

Index of Modern Authors262

Conzelmann H 96 97Cotter W J 61 104 132 156 163 165

166 170 191Cromhout M 61 145 191Crossan J D 39 89 94 98 134

Dalman G 27 29 30Damm A 171Davidson M J 114Davies W D 1 2 3 91 99 119 120

131 138 139 140 149 150 169 172 179 180 184 185 193 197 200

DeConick A D 11 17 20 21 138 139 192

Derrenbacker R A 1 24Di Lella A A 73Dibelius M 12Diacuteez Macho A 30Dimant D 160DiTommaso L 57Doering L 208Downing F G 23 64Draper J A 13 14 15 16 68 156Dundenberg I 11Dunn J D G 1 149 183Dupont J 97 116Durham J I 163

Eldridge M D 117Elgvin T 49 56 57 115 202Eshel H 44

Fiebig P 26 27 28 34 37 39Fitzmyer J A 1 2 3 8 19 26 28 30

31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 82 91 95 97 98 117 118 119 130 131 133 138 139 140 146 149 163 177 179 208

Fleddermann H T 2 6 10 11 59 62 69 83 84 85 86 87 90 91 93 95 97 98 101 103 104 105 109 129 130 134 140 144 148 150 152 156 157 163 166 170 176 177 179 184 185 189 199 200 203 205 211

Flusser D 14 15Fos ter P 1 3 6 12 26Freedman H 32Frenschkowski M 145Frey J 56Freyne S 159 199

Funk F X 14 147

Garciacutea Martiacutenez F 49 57 160 162 202 208

Garrow A 13Gathercole S 17 19 20 138 139 181Gerber C 203Gibson J B 116Gieschen C A 147Ginsburger M 30Glover R 13 16Goering G S 72 125Goff M J 55 56 57 79 84 115 178

202Goodacre M 1 17 19Greenfield J C 27Greeven H 12Gregg B H 90 97 186 198 204Grenfell B P 14 17Guelich R A 193Guenther H O 26Gundry R H 150 181 197

Haenchen E 12 139 157 158 201Hahn F 185Han K S 124 125 200Hannah D D 42 43 45 46Hare D R A 38 39 40 184 185Harrington D J 33 55 57 202 Hartin P J 12 61 119 166Hasitschka M 118Heil C 5 38 60 99 119 181Higgins A J B 184Hill A E 163Hindley J C 43Hoffmann P 5 38 55 67 70 75 77

80 96 99 112 145 167 170 184 185

Holtzmann H J 4Hooker M D 45Horsley R 68 156 198 199 200van der Hors t P W 73Hossfeld F L 124Howard G 146Howes L 26 39 43 61 65 77 81 133

140 141 142 166 167 170 185 188 190 212

Hubbard B J 38Hultgren S 160 162Hunt A S 14 17

263Index of Modern Authors

van Iersel B M F 102

Jacobson A D 5 26 39 49 54 60 61 64 75 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 85 87 90 94 96 97 98 106 129 132 140 144 152 156 157 167 170 171 184 185 187 201 207 210

Jefford C N 13 14 15Jeremias J 179 198 204Jervis L A 55Jewett R 149Johnson L A 178 208Johnson L T 12Johnson-DeBaufre M 66 103 163Jonas H 51de Jonge H J 24 185Jongeling B 35Joseph S J 1 21 23 24 45 46 47 48

51 52 68 103 125 132 134 136 142 144 153 156 159 160 161 162 164 178 180 181 182 184 185 187 190 191 200 201 202 206 208 214 215

Jus t A A 102

Kahle P 26 30 31 36Kampen J L 162 209Kaufman S A 31 32 36 40Keener C S 183Kirk A 2 4 5 6 10 15 24 55 59 60

61 62 66 67 68 69 71 72 73 75 76 77 78 79 83 84 85 86 87 88 90 94 96 98 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 111 114 129 152 155 156 166 177 179 184 189 190 197 203 207 208 214 215

Kloppenborg J S 1 2 3 4 5 11 12 13 14 15 17 19 21 22 23 24 25 26 38 39 50 51 53 54 55 57 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 86 87 88 89 90 95 97 98 99 103 104 107 108 111 112 121 122 123 124 125 126 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 139 140 141 142 143 144 147 148 150 151 155 156 157 158 160 162 163 164 165 166 167 170 171 172 175 176 180 181 182 183 184 187 189

190 191 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 208 210 211 212 213

Knibb M A 46 202Koes ter H 15 38 48 60 61 63 66

148Koumlhler W D 16Kraus H-J 124Kutscher E Y 30 35 36

Lang B 201Laurence R 41Leives tad R 43Levine A-J 208Lichtenberger H 124Lindars B 29 34 37 39 43 184 185

188Lohfink N 118Lukaszewski A 25 27Luz U 3 10 60 74 75 78 81 87 90

91 93 95 96 97 99 102 106 111 131 134 140 142 145 148 150 151 166 169 180 181 184 185 197 198 199 201 204 207

Luumldemann G 183Luumlhrmann D 61 64 78 111 140 157

158 165 180 184

Mack B L 23 38 43 61 133 135 170Magness J 160Malherbe A 192 211Manson T W 5 28 101Maori Y 32Marcus J 8 11 41 47 102 183 188

193 199 211Marshall I H 3Martiacutenez R 166 167Martyn J L 183Maumlrz C-P 90 94McDermott J M 185McNamara M J 31Meadors E P 62 66 67 72 74 76 77

166 168 201Meadors G T 137Menken M J J 116 117Meyer A 27Meyer P D 157Middleton P 182Milik J P 36 42 43 187Milikowsky C 181Miller R J 63 201

Index of Modern Authors264

Mitchell D C 124Moller H B 29Moreland M 23Moss C 182Mournet T C 1Muraoka T 35 38Muumlnch C 203

Neirynck F 2 3 4 11 22 26 90 98 99 116 130 140 149

Nickelsburg G 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 52 53 76 106 112 113 122 126 141 168 172 202 210 213

Niebuhr K W 159Niederwimmer K 13 14 15 16 148

151 152Nielsen K 114 115Nolland J 179Novakovic L 160 162

Odeberg H 36Oegema G S 116Owen P 25 29 35

Patterson S J 17 18 21 61 63Perrin N 186Pervo R I 183Pietersma A 146Piovanelli P 44 45Piper R A 61 82 112 176 190Ploeg J P M 35Pokornyacute P 11 17 19 117 139Polag A 62 73 89 90 94Porter S E 180 181Porton G G 38Pries t J 126Propp W H C 163Puech Eacute 133 160 162

Ra Y 39 132 145 155 170 184 185Reicke B 141Riesner R 183Robbins M C 51 103 113 115 117

121 125Robbins V K 104Robinson J M 2 5 24 26 34 38 39

41 43 55 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 77 96 103 119 129 131 132 134 135 140 142 143 144 145

156 160 165 166 167 180 181 184 185 186 187 188 190 200 201 202

Rodd C S 6 7 9Rollens S E 2 3 23 24 26 61 132

182 191Roth D T 2 6 7 10 11 54 90 145

165 191 192 203 204 205 206Rothschild C K 90 159 164Royse J R 146Roumlsel M 146

Sacchi P 43 44 45 47Sandt H 5 14 15Sato M 3 59 62 74 75 76 77 79 80

82 83 87 90 94 98 111 134 170 176 184

Schalit A 44Schenk W 62 73 89 90 103 170 176Schiavo L 104 112 113Schiffman L H 57 160Schnackenburg R 12 157 158Schniedewind W M 160Schroumlter J 180Schulz S 74 132 165 167 176 179

201 210Schuumlrmann H 8 130 167 170Seeley D 132 141 142Segal M 43 114 121Sellew P 193Sevenich-Bax E 103 105Shelton J 163Shepherd D 29 35Shinall M C 51Shirock R J 102Sjoumlberg E 28 29 35 39 45Skeat T C 180Skehan P W 73Smith D A 96 201 202 203So K-C 157Sokoloff M 35Somov A 181Spranger P P 204S taples J A 145 146 154S teck O H 61 64 132 201S tone M E 45S treeter B H 4 12 130S trugnell J 55S tuckenbruck L T 27 30 47 51 65

114 121Syreeni K 4 15 153

265Index of Modern Authors

Tabor J D 160Tannehil R C 178 208Taylor N H 120 123 183Theissen G 123Theophilos M P 126Tigchelaar E J C 56Tiwald M 3 23 160Toumldt H E 47 184 185 186 187Tuckett C M 1 3 6 9 11 13 14 15

17 23 26 49 50 53 54 61 62 63 66 68 72 76 77 84 86 90 94 95 98 112 114 119 121 125 130 134 140 150 154 156 157 158 160 166 170 184 193 199 205 206 207 208 210

Uhlig S 45Uro R 26 62 185

Vaage L E 23 24 26 39 61 133 165 167 170 171 190 191 210

VanderKam J C 43 46 57 168Vassiliadis P 89 94de Vaux R 56Vermes G 26 28 29 31 32 33 34 35

36 37 38 39 40 43 140 160 184

Wacholder B Z 209

von Wahlde U C 12 158Wahlen C 51Walck L W 46 52Watson F 1Weaks J A 6 7Weinfeld M 118 146 207 208Weiser A 124Weiss B 130Wellhausen J 26Welch J W 102Wernberg-Mѳller P 36Wes termann C 135 136Williams P J 35Wilson W T 149Wins ton D 46 72Wise M O 160Witetschek S 86 167Wolter M 90van der Woude A S 35Wright III B J 72 202

Xeravits G G 202

York A D 32

Zeller D 63 69 111 165 212Zenger E 124

Index of Subjects

Abel-Main (Tell Abl) 45Abraham 32 157Agrippa I 123 183Ahab 118 121angel of Yahweh 163angelicheavenly rebellion 121 125Antigonus 43aphaeresis 27 32 34 36 38apocalypse 48ndash as incorrectly applied to Mk 133ndash37

211ndash as incorrectly applied to Q 1723ndash37

210 211apocalypticndash Chris tianity 53ndash discourse 211ndash framework 57 121ndash inaccurately used as a noun 49ndash literature 47 53 54 135ndash language in Ben Sira 72ndash tradition 56 57 186ndash wisdom ins tructions other than Q 56

57 77 202ndash worldview (outside of Q see its at-

tes tation in Q referenced separately below) 24 49 50 51 55 57 87 121

apocalypticism 25 87 58 62ndash and apocalypse 48 49ndash and eschatology 48ndash as a literary category 48 79ndash as a dis tortion of Godrsquos intended

order 23ndash as compatible with wisdom in late

second temple literature 57 62 66 70 72 154 202

ndash as having a place outside the genre of an apocalypse 49

ndash as synonymous with apocalyptic worldview 49

ndash in Pauline thought 192ndash in sectarian environments 53

ndash in recent Q scholarship 48ndash methodological definitions of 50 54

186Aramaic 25 26 46 70 140 187 204

213ndash OfficialImperialBiblical 26 27 35

40ndash Middle 26 27 30 32 33 34 35 36

37 38 40 41 52 167 170 187 188ndash Late 26 27 28 32 33 34 35 36 37

38 41 140 187ndash Galilean 29 36 38ndash Qumran 31 32 35 38Athaliah 125Augus tus 45

Babylonian Exile 118Banias 45βασιλείαndash as a hypothetical metaphor reflecting

the social interes ts of Qrsquos author(s) 48

ndash as a political entity 120ndash of God 23 48 73 95 108 123 132

177 178 182 183 184 192 194 206 207

ndash of Satan 51 114ndash realized 142beatitude(s) 82 91 93 105 131 132

133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 153

Bethsaida 45 56 93

Caesarea Philippi 46(Cairo) Geniza fragments 28 29 30 32

36 37Capernaum 45 56 93chiasm 83 85 101 102 103 109 118

120chias tic 85 101 103 106 107 108 120

152 197

Index of Subjects268

Chorazin 56 93chreia(s) 63 71 104 105 120 211chreiic 65 86 104 105 111 156chris tology (see the Q discussion refer-

enced separately below)ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 17ndash in Luke 19ndash in Mark 131circumcision 159 209Claudius 183cosmic mountain 114 119Cynic(s) 23

Dan 45 47Darius I 163Deuteronomis t 118Deuteronomis tic His tory 146deuteronomis ticndash agenda 156ndash context(s) 143 153ndash framework 53 54ndash motifs 118 127ndash orientation 64ndash outlook 61 82 114ndash redaction 80ndash rhetoric 136ndash s tratums trata 78ndash theme 78ndash tradition 79ndash unders tanding 64devil 51 66 114 117 119 120 121 123

124

Elijah 96 116 118 126 162 163 164ElijahElisha cycle 162 163Enoch 44 45 47 51 76 112 113 157

172 202ndash as a scribe 46ndash Book of Watchers 45 113 125ndash sapiential content in Watchers 76ndash Book of Parables 24 41 47 157 167

171 213ndash sapiential content in Parables 76ndash Epis tle of Enoch 43ndash his torical incarnation of 202ndash Seminar 47Enochicndash author 122ndash corpus 52 73ndash formulation 52

ndash framework 121ndash literaturetext 43 46 56ndash movement 47 53 157 210ndash mythology 113 114 122 164ndash Son of Man 172ndash tradents 46ndash tradition 43 46 47 79 113 122 157

215ndash Watchers myth 45 53 121eschatological prophetndash in 4Q521 160 162ndash in Q 164 165 166eschatology (see the Q discussion refer-

enced separately below) 47 48 50ndash in 1 Enoch 42 47 76 122 141 142

168 169ndash in 4Q521 159 160 162ndash in 4QIns truction 56ndash in Ben Sira 72ndash in Malachi 163 164ndash in Psalms of Solomon 159ndash in Trito-Isaiah 136Exodusndash legendmyth 117ndash imagerymotifs 116 163

form (literary)ndash and meaning 82ndash and worldview 76ndash apocalypse 49ndash criticism 61 62 63 67 68 69 70

74 156 170 214ndash miracle s tory 156ndash wisdom 84ndash (wisdom) ins truction 70 71

Gaius (Caligula) 44 46 123Galilee 23 36 44 45 47 56 73 131

171 194 215ndash village scribes 48ndash villagestowns 24 93 199Gentile(s) 9 87 96 120 126 155 157

158 159 164 167 168 169 173 198 199 209 215

Great Omission 8 9

HasidicHasidim 79 162Hebrew 25 35 39 40 41 42 204Hebrew Biblescriptures 24 118 127

136 160

269Index of Subjects

Hermogenes 171mt Hermon 45 46 47Herod the Great and the Herodian era

43 44 45 46 126Herodians 45(holy) Spirit 72 94 178 189Hulah Valley 45

Isaiah (see the Index of Ancient Sources for specific passages)

ndash Deutero 46 135 136 168 169ndash firs t-century reader of 135ndash Trito 51 54 135 136 137 143 154

163 200Israelndash in Ben Sira 125ndash in Daniel 168ndash in Deuteronomy 118ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 139ndash in the Hebrew Bible 198 199ndash in Jubilees 121ndash in Malachi 163ndash in Q 53 64 78 80 87 96 104 118

127 155 156 158 198 199ndash pre-exilic 50ndash traditional wisdom of 58ndash wilderness myth 117

James (son of Zebedee) 183Jerusalem 44 72 96 106 108 113 119

125 159 166 199 200ndash culttemple 136 137 163 214ndash pries thood 45 47 127Jesusndash as an apocalyptic figure in Q 38ndash as a literary character in Q 21ndash floating traditions ascribed to 48ndash his torical 21 29 37 43 47 73 116

141 142 164 165 171 172 186 198ndash his torical greeting of in Jerusalem

106ndash movement 23ndash tradition 161Jewish Chris tianityndash as a movement in a contes ted envi-

ronment 43 183ndash as a proliferation of groups and

communities 183ndash on the use of the term 23

ndash possible connection to the Enochic movement 47

Jewish War 200John (the Baptis t) 68 78 80 83 85 90

91 92 97 103 104 105 116 159 163 164 165 166 167 169 172

ndash followers of 159 165 166ndash his torical 159 165Journeysndash cosmicterres trial 76 112 113 114

119 122 127ndash heavenly 45 112 113Judea 36 44 200 215

Kallirrhoeuml 45Kleinliteratur 3 4 59 60 73 215

Lordrsquos Prayer 93 94 177Lot 97 99

Maccabean era 126Mas tema 121Matthew and Luke as conservative

traditionalis ts 4Matthewrsquos and Lukersquos redactorial

freedom 4Matthewrsquos use of Q 4messiah 106 116 162 164 210messiahship 123messianic 116 210Migdal 46mimesis 114 141minor agreements 15 130Minor Prophets 146Moses 117

Nag Hammadi 17Nimrod 32

oralndash possible cross-influence on the Gos-

pel of Thomas from the canonical gospels 11 193

ndash harmonization of Matthew and Luke 16

ndash life of the primitive community 60ndash performance 15 16 161ndash source utilization 15ndash tradition 17 98 151ndash transmission 188

Index of Subjects270

ndash usage and application of Q 4ndash usage of Matthew 15ndash variants of Q 4Oxyrhynchus 17

Paneion 46Parousia 116 186 193Parthian invasion of 40 BCE 44 46Paulndash his torical 149 183ndash possible awareness of the Q tradition

by 192persecutionndash as an apocalyptic motif 54ndash because of someone 142ndash in authentic Pauline corpus 149 183ndash in Q 52 54 78 94 107 118 122

126 132 133 134 140 141 142 143 144 175 180 181 182 184 190 194 200 206

ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 138ndash in the Parables of Enoch 141ndash in Trito-Isaiah 137 200ndash plausibility of 182 183Pharisees 65 68 94 166 169 205 206

214pleroma 39prophecyndash pre-exilic and Persian era (classical)

50ndash mixture of with wisdom 77Prophetisierung 75

Qndash apocalypticism apocalyptic motifs

features imagination framework and worldview 23 25 46 53 57 58 63 69 70 71 73 76 79 84 87 88 111 114 121 127 141 175 190 194 197 202 210 211 213 214

ndash apocalyptic document 48 51ndash apocalyptic wisdom ins truction 23

55 70 73 74 77 79 214ndash (apocalyptic) communitymovement

55 107 122 194 195 206 209ndash Aramaic roots 26ndash chris tology 70 81 83 87 93 104

115 116 123 130 131 142 144 145 147 153 154 156 157 159 164 166 167 194 214

ndash demonology 51 53ndash eschatological (apocalyptic) dis-

course 64 83 97 98 170 210 211 212

ndash eschatology 48 51 54 56 69 73 75 87 94 95 101 104 105 108 133 141 142 143 144 147 159 164 165 166 167 169 172 180 192 193 194 198 199 202 203 210

ndash final (literary) form 59 62 69 78 178

ndash hypothetical mid- (lower) level or sub-elite scribal origin 24 59

ndash hypothetical recensions 3 4 59 60 90 98

ndash hypothetical segregation of wisdom and apocalyptic s trata 60 66 67 70 213 214

ndash mission speech 23 56 86 87 92 104 105 107 173 182 194

ndash Pales tinian character 24ndash possible authenticity of its content

22 81ndash prophetic content 61 63 67 70 74

75 76 77 79 80 82 83 142 143 176

ndash recons truction (CEQ) 5 6 10 90 (see also recons truction [in this s tudy] below as such frequently follows the CEQ)

ndash recons truction (feasibility) 2 3 4 10 11

ndash recons truction (in this s tudy) 60 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 111 116 119 120 123 130 131 134 144 147 148 149 151 152 165 169 170 172 175 176 177 178 179 181 184 191 193 199 204 207 213 215

ndash recons truction (methodology) 5 89 90

ndash recons truction (skepticism) 2 10 59 (see also recons tructed Mark below)

ndash sapiential content 12 62 63 67 77 79 80 82 130 154 175 191 202 214

ndash sermon 63 82 91 92 103 105 127 129 130 131 134 135 138 140 144 145 147 152 153 154 155 156

ndash sophis ticated scribal traditions 24ndash sub-literary view of 3 59 60 74

271Index of Subjects

ndash tradents 4 59 67 125 135 147 181 182 197 199 202 203 207 209 214

ndash tradition 13 17 87 161 163 164 186 187 192 202

Quintillian 171Qumran (see the Index of Ancient

Sources for specific documents)ndash apocalyptic worldview 50 135ndash Aramaic corpus 33ndash beatitude collection 133ndash communitymovementYahad 44 53

56 121 135 136 137 157 160 161 206 207 208 209

ndash demonology 124ndash discovery 29ndash fellowship with angels 115ndash fragments of 1 Enoch 44ndash library 43ndash manualsrules 82ndash sapiential literature 25 55 56 57

58 62 69ndash social setting 43

recons tructed Mark 2 6 7 8 9 10RomeRomans 44 91 121 126 159

199 207ndash occupation of Judea 44

sage(s) 55 56 79 84Samaria 44Satan 50 51 52 53 114 115 117 118

120 121 159 192scribe(s) 102 205ndash ancient reading practices of 102ndash as a Q opponent group 68 169 205ndash as advanced or elite readers of Q

102 103ndash Enochic 46 215ndash in Matthewrsquos community (other than

Matthew) 4ndash in the Q community 48 135 195

215ndash in the text of Q 169 172ndash memory competence of 4 102ndash responsible for 2 Enoch 112ndash responsible for Did 13bndash5b 15scriptorium 46Sefire 27 37Sepphoris 38 46Sermon on the Mount 15 16 87 94

Sermon on the Plain 15 16(Deutero-Isaianic) Servant 136 168 169Sidon 199Simeon II 125Son of Man 47 115ndash Aramaic background of the phrase

25 26 28 37 153ndash as a messianic title in the Parables of

Enoch 28 46ndash circumlocutional non-titular use of

the phrase in Late Aramaic 34ndash classifications of the phrasersquos Q

ins tances 26ndash designation of as Son of Humanity in

some recent research 39ndash his torical incarnation of as under-

s tood by some ancient authors 165 172

ndash hypothetical non-titular (circumlocu-tional or generic) use of the definite phrase in Middle Aramaic by the his torical Jesus and in Q 28 29 34 37 38 39 42 43 52 71 140 142 167 170 186 187

ndash in Daniel 41 42 186 213ndash in Luke 142 186ndash in Mark 41ndash in Matthew 99 142 186ndash in Q 25 26 34 38 39 42 43 46 47

52 53 64 67 69 70 71 96 98 104 106 115 116 123 141 142 147 164 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 176 185 186 187 188 189 191 194 201 203 210 212 213

ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 170ndash in the Parables of Enoch 25 28 41

42 43 44 45 46 47 122 141 142 146 147 153 155 164 165 168 169 172 173 202 213

ndash non-titular use of the indefinite phrase in Middle Aramaic 41

ndash titular (including but not limited to chris tological) use of the definite phrase in Q 34 38 52 53 64 70 104 123 142 143 147 167 168 172 173 185 186 187 189 191 194 201 203 210 212 213

Sondergut 89 90ndash Matthean 91ndash Lukan 94 95 97 98 177

Index of Subjects272

Sophiandash myth (Enochic tradition) 172 202ndash myth (synoptic tradition) 96 200

201ndash words of 96 201synopticndash gospels 11 150 151ndash material 16 151ndash parallels 18 19ndash problem 1ndash Sayings Source 3 216ndash s tudies 4ndash tradition 17 21 26 98 101 131 151

158 205 215Syria 215

Talmud 30 36 37 38Targum 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

38 40 41ndash recons truction of the Pales tinian Tar-

gum 32Taricheae 46Tell Dan 45templendash apparatusins titution 50 96 107

113 119 125 126 127 137 157 197 200 205

ndash eschatological 76

ndash purityholiness of 65 123 137ndash mitigatingprotective role 51 124ndash of Augus tus at Paneion 45ndash second temple era 25 41 44 48 56

62 70 71 72 79 82 84 121 124 136 137 154 163 186 201 209 213 216

ndash liturgy 124ndash mounthill 113ndash pollution of as perceived by some

ancient authors 113 125 136Theon of Alexandria 171Tiberias 38Torah 58 64 72 79 112 207 208 209transfiguration 47tree of knowledge 113Tyre 199

Vermes-Fitzmyer debate 28 38 39

Watchers 45 53 121Wicked Pries t 125

Yahweh 117 118

Zechariah (son of Jehoiada) 200mt Zion 113

  • Cover13
  • Titel13
  • Preface
  • Table of Contents13
  • List of Abbreviations
  • Chapter One Prolegomena
    • 1 Introduction Recent Methodological Questions in Q Studies
    • 2 The Study of Q as a Reconstructed Text
      • Index of Ancient Sources
      • Index of Modern Authors
      • Index of Subjects
Page 35: Apocalypticism in the Synoptic Sayings Source€¦ · Apocalypticism in the Synoptic Sayings Source A Reassessment of Q’s Stratigraphy Mohr Siebeck. Olegs Andrejevs, born 1982;

257Index of Ancient Sources

Josephus

Ant14133ndash146 4415103 451982 123

Bell188 46

1131ndash11 441161ndash5 461213 461335 452101ndash5 1232116 183

Babylonian Texts

Gilgamesh 112

Greek and Latin Authors

Dio CassiusHis t59271 120

HomerOd10503ndash15 1121112ndash22 112

PlatoPhaed111cndash112e 112

Senecade Ben2121ndash2 120

Seneca the ElderControv9210 183

TacitusAnn632 120

His t59 183

Apos tolic and Church Fathers

1 Clement132 153292 121394ndash5 121

2 Clement32 190134 148

Apos tolic Cons titutions721 152

722 148 150 151722ndash6 147725 149 150726 148 153

AthanasiusFes t Let 3911 14

Canons of the Holy Apos tles4ndash5 152

Index of Ancient Sources258

Chrysos tomHom Mt342 180

Clement of AlexandriaS trom4641 139 143

Didache11ndash63 1412c 15213b 148 14913bndash5b 11 12 13 15 16

71 147 151 15413bndash21 5 11 14 15 15013c 15113cndash4a 1413d 15 14814 1414a 1614b 15 14914c 91 15014d 15 149 150 15115a 15015b 148 15381ndash2 1482 16103bndash122a 14113 16113ndash137 14153ndash4 16161ndash8 210 211 212

EusebiusHis t Eccl3254

IrenaeusAdv Haer1101 1214162 121

Jus tin Martyr1 Apol159 148

2 Apol25 121

OrigenC Cels870 180

PolycarpPhilippians22ndash3 153

Shepherd of HermasMandate 24ndash6 153

Similitude535ndash8 138

Rabbinic Literature

j Ber3b 5b 5c 31 37 38

j Ket35a 31 37

j Šab3a 38d 31 37

j Taʿan65b 4069ab 125

R Gen72 313813 31 37796 31

R Num193 31 38

TargumsCairo BGen 414 31 33 34 37 41

259Index of Ancient Sources

Cairo FExod 1913 37Deut 346 37

Neof I Gen 414 31 33 41Gen 95ndash6 37Gen 4922 36

Papyri Manuscripts and Inscriptions

Br Mus Or 9271 14P Oxy 1 17P Oxy 654 17

P Oxy 655 17 143 180P Oxy 1782 14 15 148 151Sf III 16ndash17 40

Index of Modern Authors

Achtemeier P 139 141Adams S L 56 72 202Alexander P S 31 32Allison D C 1 2 3 5 12 22 24 66

75 77 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 90 91 94 96 98 99 103 105 107 112 117 119 120 123 125 129 130 131 133 134 135 136 138 139 140 144 147 148 149 150 152 153 155 158 160 163 169 170 172 175 176 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 193 197 198 200 205

Anderson A A 124Anderson F I 113Andrejevs O 25 164 172 190Arcari L 44Argall R A 47 72 202Arnal W E 23 24 48 59 61 63 65

66 67 68 78 86 104 123 125 132 134 136 150 191 194 208 214

Attridge H W 17Audet J-P 14Avigad N 29 30

Bailey K 102Bauckham R 12Baum A D 1Bazzana G B 1 3 24 59 178 198Beasley-Murray G R 158Berger K 104Bergmeier R 159 160 162Betz D H 3 24 51 103 146 179 183de Begraveze T 27Bird M F 159 198 199Black C C 11Black M 26 28 30 31 32 35 36 37

40 168Blenkinsopp J 135 136 137Boccaccini G 32 43 44 50Boring M E 38 183 184 185 188

192 211

Borsch F H 185Bovon F 5 19 93 95 96 98 99 106

140 177 179 184 185 198Bowman J W 28 33Boyarin D 23Breuer Y 34Brin G 208Broadhead E K 3 89Brodie T L 163Brooke G J 43 160Brown R E 11 12 102 130 157 158Broyles C C 123Bultmann R 3 60 98 111 132 156

158 184 185 186 187 188 201Burkett D 27 213Bussmann W 26

Campbell J Y 28 46Caragounis C C 27 29 39Carroll J T 3Carruth S 119Casey P M 29 34 35 37 39 41Cas tor G D 4 5Catchpole D R 21 77 90 96 99 129

131 145 147 156 157 159 164 175 188 198 208

Chang A 199Charlesworth J H 31 42 43 44 45

46 47 72 160 171 185Chazon E G 115 202Cheung L L 12Childs B S 163Chilton B D 26 36 39 117 130Clark D J 109Collins A Y 39 41 47 50 51 52 103

114 188 193 211Collins J J 23 40 43 48 49 50 51

52 53 57 76 77 121 126 160 161 162 163 168 202

Colpe C 25 26 28 29 31 32 36 37 39 40 45 140

Index of Modern Authors262

Conzelmann H 96 97Cotter W J 61 104 132 156 163 165

166 170 191Cromhout M 61 145 191Crossan J D 39 89 94 98 134

Dalman G 27 29 30Damm A 171Davidson M J 114Davies W D 1 2 3 91 99 119 120

131 138 139 140 149 150 169 172 179 180 184 185 193 197 200

DeConick A D 11 17 20 21 138 139 192

Derrenbacker R A 1 24Di Lella A A 73Dibelius M 12Diacuteez Macho A 30Dimant D 160DiTommaso L 57Doering L 208Downing F G 23 64Draper J A 13 14 15 16 68 156Dundenberg I 11Dunn J D G 1 149 183Dupont J 97 116Durham J I 163

Eldridge M D 117Elgvin T 49 56 57 115 202Eshel H 44

Fiebig P 26 27 28 34 37 39Fitzmyer J A 1 2 3 8 19 26 28 30

31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 82 91 95 97 98 117 118 119 130 131 133 138 139 140 146 149 163 177 179 208

Fleddermann H T 2 6 10 11 59 62 69 83 84 85 86 87 90 91 93 95 97 98 101 103 104 105 109 129 130 134 140 144 148 150 152 156 157 163 166 170 176 177 179 184 185 189 199 200 203 205 211

Flusser D 14 15Fos ter P 1 3 6 12 26Freedman H 32Frenschkowski M 145Frey J 56Freyne S 159 199

Funk F X 14 147

Garciacutea Martiacutenez F 49 57 160 162 202 208

Garrow A 13Gathercole S 17 19 20 138 139 181Gerber C 203Gibson J B 116Gieschen C A 147Ginsburger M 30Glover R 13 16Goering G S 72 125Goff M J 55 56 57 79 84 115 178

202Goodacre M 1 17 19Greenfield J C 27Greeven H 12Gregg B H 90 97 186 198 204Grenfell B P 14 17Guelich R A 193Guenther H O 26Gundry R H 150 181 197

Haenchen E 12 139 157 158 201Hahn F 185Han K S 124 125 200Hannah D D 42 43 45 46Hare D R A 38 39 40 184 185Harrington D J 33 55 57 202 Hartin P J 12 61 119 166Hasitschka M 118Heil C 5 38 60 99 119 181Higgins A J B 184Hill A E 163Hindley J C 43Hoffmann P 5 38 55 67 70 75 77

80 96 99 112 145 167 170 184 185

Holtzmann H J 4Hooker M D 45Horsley R 68 156 198 199 200van der Hors t P W 73Hossfeld F L 124Howard G 146Howes L 26 39 43 61 65 77 81 133

140 141 142 166 167 170 185 188 190 212

Hubbard B J 38Hultgren S 160 162Hunt A S 14 17

263Index of Modern Authors

van Iersel B M F 102

Jacobson A D 5 26 39 49 54 60 61 64 75 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 85 87 90 94 96 97 98 106 129 132 140 144 152 156 157 167 170 171 184 185 187 201 207 210

Jefford C N 13 14 15Jeremias J 179 198 204Jervis L A 55Jewett R 149Johnson L A 178 208Johnson L T 12Johnson-DeBaufre M 66 103 163Jonas H 51de Jonge H J 24 185Jongeling B 35Joseph S J 1 21 23 24 45 46 47 48

51 52 68 103 125 132 134 136 142 144 153 156 159 160 161 162 164 178 180 181 182 184 185 187 190 191 200 201 202 206 208 214 215

Jus t A A 102

Kahle P 26 30 31 36Kampen J L 162 209Kaufman S A 31 32 36 40Keener C S 183Kirk A 2 4 5 6 10 15 24 55 59 60

61 62 66 67 68 69 71 72 73 75 76 77 78 79 83 84 85 86 87 88 90 94 96 98 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 111 114 129 152 155 156 166 177 179 184 189 190 197 203 207 208 214 215

Kloppenborg J S 1 2 3 4 5 11 12 13 14 15 17 19 21 22 23 24 25 26 38 39 50 51 53 54 55 57 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 86 87 88 89 90 95 97 98 99 103 104 107 108 111 112 121 122 123 124 125 126 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 139 140 141 142 143 144 147 148 150 151 155 156 157 158 160 162 163 164 165 166 167 170 171 172 175 176 180 181 182 183 184 187 189

190 191 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 208 210 211 212 213

Knibb M A 46 202Koes ter H 15 38 48 60 61 63 66

148Koumlhler W D 16Kraus H-J 124Kutscher E Y 30 35 36

Lang B 201Laurence R 41Leives tad R 43Levine A-J 208Lichtenberger H 124Lindars B 29 34 37 39 43 184 185

188Lohfink N 118Lukaszewski A 25 27Luz U 3 10 60 74 75 78 81 87 90

91 93 95 96 97 99 102 106 111 131 134 140 142 145 148 150 151 166 169 180 181 184 185 197 198 199 201 204 207

Luumldemann G 183Luumlhrmann D 61 64 78 111 140 157

158 165 180 184

Mack B L 23 38 43 61 133 135 170Magness J 160Malherbe A 192 211Manson T W 5 28 101Maori Y 32Marcus J 8 11 41 47 102 183 188

193 199 211Marshall I H 3Martiacutenez R 166 167Martyn J L 183Maumlrz C-P 90 94McDermott J M 185McNamara M J 31Meadors E P 62 66 67 72 74 76 77

166 168 201Meadors G T 137Menken M J J 116 117Meyer A 27Meyer P D 157Middleton P 182Milik J P 36 42 43 187Milikowsky C 181Miller R J 63 201

Index of Modern Authors264

Mitchell D C 124Moller H B 29Moreland M 23Moss C 182Mournet T C 1Muraoka T 35 38Muumlnch C 203

Neirynck F 2 3 4 11 22 26 90 98 99 116 130 140 149

Nickelsburg G 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 52 53 76 106 112 113 122 126 141 168 172 202 210 213

Niebuhr K W 159Niederwimmer K 13 14 15 16 148

151 152Nielsen K 114 115Nolland J 179Novakovic L 160 162

Odeberg H 36Oegema G S 116Owen P 25 29 35

Patterson S J 17 18 21 61 63Perrin N 186Pervo R I 183Pietersma A 146Piovanelli P 44 45Piper R A 61 82 112 176 190Ploeg J P M 35Pokornyacute P 11 17 19 117 139Polag A 62 73 89 90 94Porter S E 180 181Porton G G 38Pries t J 126Propp W H C 163Puech Eacute 133 160 162

Ra Y 39 132 145 155 170 184 185Reicke B 141Riesner R 183Robbins M C 51 103 113 115 117

121 125Robbins V K 104Robinson J M 2 5 24 26 34 38 39

41 43 55 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 77 96 103 119 129 131 132 134 135 140 142 143 144 145

156 160 165 166 167 180 181 184 185 186 187 188 190 200 201 202

Rodd C S 6 7 9Rollens S E 2 3 23 24 26 61 132

182 191Roth D T 2 6 7 10 11 54 90 145

165 191 192 203 204 205 206Rothschild C K 90 159 164Royse J R 146Roumlsel M 146

Sacchi P 43 44 45 47Sandt H 5 14 15Sato M 3 59 62 74 75 76 77 79 80

82 83 87 90 94 98 111 134 170 176 184

Schalit A 44Schenk W 62 73 89 90 103 170 176Schiavo L 104 112 113Schiffman L H 57 160Schnackenburg R 12 157 158Schniedewind W M 160Schroumlter J 180Schulz S 74 132 165 167 176 179

201 210Schuumlrmann H 8 130 167 170Seeley D 132 141 142Segal M 43 114 121Sellew P 193Sevenich-Bax E 103 105Shelton J 163Shepherd D 29 35Shinall M C 51Shirock R J 102Sjoumlberg E 28 29 35 39 45Skeat T C 180Skehan P W 73Smith D A 96 201 202 203So K-C 157Sokoloff M 35Somov A 181Spranger P P 204S taples J A 145 146 154S teck O H 61 64 132 201S tone M E 45S treeter B H 4 12 130S trugnell J 55S tuckenbruck L T 27 30 47 51 65

114 121Syreeni K 4 15 153

265Index of Modern Authors

Tabor J D 160Tannehil R C 178 208Taylor N H 120 123 183Theissen G 123Theophilos M P 126Tigchelaar E J C 56Tiwald M 3 23 160Toumldt H E 47 184 185 186 187Tuckett C M 1 3 6 9 11 13 14 15

17 23 26 49 50 53 54 61 62 63 66 68 72 76 77 84 86 90 94 95 98 112 114 119 121 125 130 134 140 150 154 156 157 158 160 166 170 184 193 199 205 206 207 208 210

Uhlig S 45Uro R 26 62 185

Vaage L E 23 24 26 39 61 133 165 167 170 171 190 191 210

VanderKam J C 43 46 57 168Vassiliadis P 89 94de Vaux R 56Vermes G 26 28 29 31 32 33 34 35

36 37 38 39 40 43 140 160 184

Wacholder B Z 209

von Wahlde U C 12 158Wahlen C 51Walck L W 46 52Watson F 1Weaks J A 6 7Weinfeld M 118 146 207 208Weiser A 124Weiss B 130Wellhausen J 26Welch J W 102Wernberg-Mѳller P 36Wes termann C 135 136Williams P J 35Wilson W T 149Wins ton D 46 72Wise M O 160Witetschek S 86 167Wolter M 90van der Woude A S 35Wright III B J 72 202

Xeravits G G 202

York A D 32

Zeller D 63 69 111 165 212Zenger E 124

Index of Subjects

Abel-Main (Tell Abl) 45Abraham 32 157Agrippa I 123 183Ahab 118 121angel of Yahweh 163angelicheavenly rebellion 121 125Antigonus 43aphaeresis 27 32 34 36 38apocalypse 48ndash as incorrectly applied to Mk 133ndash37

211ndash as incorrectly applied to Q 1723ndash37

210 211apocalypticndash Chris tianity 53ndash discourse 211ndash framework 57 121ndash inaccurately used as a noun 49ndash literature 47 53 54 135ndash language in Ben Sira 72ndash tradition 56 57 186ndash wisdom ins tructions other than Q 56

57 77 202ndash worldview (outside of Q see its at-

tes tation in Q referenced separately below) 24 49 50 51 55 57 87 121

apocalypticism 25 87 58 62ndash and apocalypse 48 49ndash and eschatology 48ndash as a literary category 48 79ndash as a dis tortion of Godrsquos intended

order 23ndash as compatible with wisdom in late

second temple literature 57 62 66 70 72 154 202

ndash as having a place outside the genre of an apocalypse 49

ndash as synonymous with apocalyptic worldview 49

ndash in Pauline thought 192ndash in sectarian environments 53

ndash in recent Q scholarship 48ndash methodological definitions of 50 54

186Aramaic 25 26 46 70 140 187 204

213ndash OfficialImperialBiblical 26 27 35

40ndash Middle 26 27 30 32 33 34 35 36

37 38 40 41 52 167 170 187 188ndash Late 26 27 28 32 33 34 35 36 37

38 41 140 187ndash Galilean 29 36 38ndash Qumran 31 32 35 38Athaliah 125Augus tus 45

Babylonian Exile 118Banias 45βασιλείαndash as a hypothetical metaphor reflecting

the social interes ts of Qrsquos author(s) 48

ndash as a political entity 120ndash of God 23 48 73 95 108 123 132

177 178 182 183 184 192 194 206 207

ndash of Satan 51 114ndash realized 142beatitude(s) 82 91 93 105 131 132

133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 153

Bethsaida 45 56 93

Caesarea Philippi 46(Cairo) Geniza fragments 28 29 30 32

36 37Capernaum 45 56 93chiasm 83 85 101 102 103 109 118

120chias tic 85 101 103 106 107 108 120

152 197

Index of Subjects268

Chorazin 56 93chreia(s) 63 71 104 105 120 211chreiic 65 86 104 105 111 156chris tology (see the Q discussion refer-

enced separately below)ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 17ndash in Luke 19ndash in Mark 131circumcision 159 209Claudius 183cosmic mountain 114 119Cynic(s) 23

Dan 45 47Darius I 163Deuteronomis t 118Deuteronomis tic His tory 146deuteronomis ticndash agenda 156ndash context(s) 143 153ndash framework 53 54ndash motifs 118 127ndash orientation 64ndash outlook 61 82 114ndash redaction 80ndash rhetoric 136ndash s tratums trata 78ndash theme 78ndash tradition 79ndash unders tanding 64devil 51 66 114 117 119 120 121 123

124

Elijah 96 116 118 126 162 163 164ElijahElisha cycle 162 163Enoch 44 45 47 51 76 112 113 157

172 202ndash as a scribe 46ndash Book of Watchers 45 113 125ndash sapiential content in Watchers 76ndash Book of Parables 24 41 47 157 167

171 213ndash sapiential content in Parables 76ndash Epis tle of Enoch 43ndash his torical incarnation of 202ndash Seminar 47Enochicndash author 122ndash corpus 52 73ndash formulation 52

ndash framework 121ndash literaturetext 43 46 56ndash movement 47 53 157 210ndash mythology 113 114 122 164ndash Son of Man 172ndash tradents 46ndash tradition 43 46 47 79 113 122 157

215ndash Watchers myth 45 53 121eschatological prophetndash in 4Q521 160 162ndash in Q 164 165 166eschatology (see the Q discussion refer-

enced separately below) 47 48 50ndash in 1 Enoch 42 47 76 122 141 142

168 169ndash in 4Q521 159 160 162ndash in 4QIns truction 56ndash in Ben Sira 72ndash in Malachi 163 164ndash in Psalms of Solomon 159ndash in Trito-Isaiah 136Exodusndash legendmyth 117ndash imagerymotifs 116 163

form (literary)ndash and meaning 82ndash and worldview 76ndash apocalypse 49ndash criticism 61 62 63 67 68 69 70

74 156 170 214ndash miracle s tory 156ndash wisdom 84ndash (wisdom) ins truction 70 71

Gaius (Caligula) 44 46 123Galilee 23 36 44 45 47 56 73 131

171 194 215ndash village scribes 48ndash villagestowns 24 93 199Gentile(s) 9 87 96 120 126 155 157

158 159 164 167 168 169 173 198 199 209 215

Great Omission 8 9

HasidicHasidim 79 162Hebrew 25 35 39 40 41 42 204Hebrew Biblescriptures 24 118 127

136 160

269Index of Subjects

Hermogenes 171mt Hermon 45 46 47Herod the Great and the Herodian era

43 44 45 46 126Herodians 45(holy) Spirit 72 94 178 189Hulah Valley 45

Isaiah (see the Index of Ancient Sources for specific passages)

ndash Deutero 46 135 136 168 169ndash firs t-century reader of 135ndash Trito 51 54 135 136 137 143 154

163 200Israelndash in Ben Sira 125ndash in Daniel 168ndash in Deuteronomy 118ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 139ndash in the Hebrew Bible 198 199ndash in Jubilees 121ndash in Malachi 163ndash in Q 53 64 78 80 87 96 104 118

127 155 156 158 198 199ndash pre-exilic 50ndash traditional wisdom of 58ndash wilderness myth 117

James (son of Zebedee) 183Jerusalem 44 72 96 106 108 113 119

125 159 166 199 200ndash culttemple 136 137 163 214ndash pries thood 45 47 127Jesusndash as an apocalyptic figure in Q 38ndash as a literary character in Q 21ndash floating traditions ascribed to 48ndash his torical 21 29 37 43 47 73 116

141 142 164 165 171 172 186 198ndash his torical greeting of in Jerusalem

106ndash movement 23ndash tradition 161Jewish Chris tianityndash as a movement in a contes ted envi-

ronment 43 183ndash as a proliferation of groups and

communities 183ndash on the use of the term 23

ndash possible connection to the Enochic movement 47

Jewish War 200John (the Baptis t) 68 78 80 83 85 90

91 92 97 103 104 105 116 159 163 164 165 166 167 169 172

ndash followers of 159 165 166ndash his torical 159 165Journeysndash cosmicterres trial 76 112 113 114

119 122 127ndash heavenly 45 112 113Judea 36 44 200 215

Kallirrhoeuml 45Kleinliteratur 3 4 59 60 73 215

Lordrsquos Prayer 93 94 177Lot 97 99

Maccabean era 126Mas tema 121Matthew and Luke as conservative

traditionalis ts 4Matthewrsquos and Lukersquos redactorial

freedom 4Matthewrsquos use of Q 4messiah 106 116 162 164 210messiahship 123messianic 116 210Migdal 46mimesis 114 141minor agreements 15 130Minor Prophets 146Moses 117

Nag Hammadi 17Nimrod 32

oralndash possible cross-influence on the Gos-

pel of Thomas from the canonical gospels 11 193

ndash harmonization of Matthew and Luke 16

ndash life of the primitive community 60ndash performance 15 16 161ndash source utilization 15ndash tradition 17 98 151ndash transmission 188

Index of Subjects270

ndash usage and application of Q 4ndash usage of Matthew 15ndash variants of Q 4Oxyrhynchus 17

Paneion 46Parousia 116 186 193Parthian invasion of 40 BCE 44 46Paulndash his torical 149 183ndash possible awareness of the Q tradition

by 192persecutionndash as an apocalyptic motif 54ndash because of someone 142ndash in authentic Pauline corpus 149 183ndash in Q 52 54 78 94 107 118 122

126 132 133 134 140 141 142 143 144 175 180 181 182 184 190 194 200 206

ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 138ndash in the Parables of Enoch 141ndash in Trito-Isaiah 137 200ndash plausibility of 182 183Pharisees 65 68 94 166 169 205 206

214pleroma 39prophecyndash pre-exilic and Persian era (classical)

50ndash mixture of with wisdom 77Prophetisierung 75

Qndash apocalypticism apocalyptic motifs

features imagination framework and worldview 23 25 46 53 57 58 63 69 70 71 73 76 79 84 87 88 111 114 121 127 141 175 190 194 197 202 210 211 213 214

ndash apocalyptic document 48 51ndash apocalyptic wisdom ins truction 23

55 70 73 74 77 79 214ndash (apocalyptic) communitymovement

55 107 122 194 195 206 209ndash Aramaic roots 26ndash chris tology 70 81 83 87 93 104

115 116 123 130 131 142 144 145 147 153 154 156 157 159 164 166 167 194 214

ndash demonology 51 53ndash eschatological (apocalyptic) dis-

course 64 83 97 98 170 210 211 212

ndash eschatology 48 51 54 56 69 73 75 87 94 95 101 104 105 108 133 141 142 143 144 147 159 164 165 166 167 169 172 180 192 193 194 198 199 202 203 210

ndash final (literary) form 59 62 69 78 178

ndash hypothetical mid- (lower) level or sub-elite scribal origin 24 59

ndash hypothetical recensions 3 4 59 60 90 98

ndash hypothetical segregation of wisdom and apocalyptic s trata 60 66 67 70 213 214

ndash mission speech 23 56 86 87 92 104 105 107 173 182 194

ndash Pales tinian character 24ndash possible authenticity of its content

22 81ndash prophetic content 61 63 67 70 74

75 76 77 79 80 82 83 142 143 176

ndash recons truction (CEQ) 5 6 10 90 (see also recons truction [in this s tudy] below as such frequently follows the CEQ)

ndash recons truction (feasibility) 2 3 4 10 11

ndash recons truction (in this s tudy) 60 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 111 116 119 120 123 130 131 134 144 147 148 149 151 152 165 169 170 172 175 176 177 178 179 181 184 191 193 199 204 207 213 215

ndash recons truction (methodology) 5 89 90

ndash recons truction (skepticism) 2 10 59 (see also recons tructed Mark below)

ndash sapiential content 12 62 63 67 77 79 80 82 130 154 175 191 202 214

ndash sermon 63 82 91 92 103 105 127 129 130 131 134 135 138 140 144 145 147 152 153 154 155 156

ndash sophis ticated scribal traditions 24ndash sub-literary view of 3 59 60 74

271Index of Subjects

ndash tradents 4 59 67 125 135 147 181 182 197 199 202 203 207 209 214

ndash tradition 13 17 87 161 163 164 186 187 192 202

Quintillian 171Qumran (see the Index of Ancient

Sources for specific documents)ndash apocalyptic worldview 50 135ndash Aramaic corpus 33ndash beatitude collection 133ndash communitymovementYahad 44 53

56 121 135 136 137 157 160 161 206 207 208 209

ndash demonology 124ndash discovery 29ndash fellowship with angels 115ndash fragments of 1 Enoch 44ndash library 43ndash manualsrules 82ndash sapiential literature 25 55 56 57

58 62 69ndash social setting 43

recons tructed Mark 2 6 7 8 9 10RomeRomans 44 91 121 126 159

199 207ndash occupation of Judea 44

sage(s) 55 56 79 84Samaria 44Satan 50 51 52 53 114 115 117 118

120 121 159 192scribe(s) 102 205ndash ancient reading practices of 102ndash as a Q opponent group 68 169 205ndash as advanced or elite readers of Q

102 103ndash Enochic 46 215ndash in Matthewrsquos community (other than

Matthew) 4ndash in the Q community 48 135 195

215ndash in the text of Q 169 172ndash memory competence of 4 102ndash responsible for 2 Enoch 112ndash responsible for Did 13bndash5b 15scriptorium 46Sefire 27 37Sepphoris 38 46Sermon on the Mount 15 16 87 94

Sermon on the Plain 15 16(Deutero-Isaianic) Servant 136 168 169Sidon 199Simeon II 125Son of Man 47 115ndash Aramaic background of the phrase

25 26 28 37 153ndash as a messianic title in the Parables of

Enoch 28 46ndash circumlocutional non-titular use of

the phrase in Late Aramaic 34ndash classifications of the phrasersquos Q

ins tances 26ndash designation of as Son of Humanity in

some recent research 39ndash his torical incarnation of as under-

s tood by some ancient authors 165 172

ndash hypothetical non-titular (circumlocu-tional or generic) use of the definite phrase in Middle Aramaic by the his torical Jesus and in Q 28 29 34 37 38 39 42 43 52 71 140 142 167 170 186 187

ndash in Daniel 41 42 186 213ndash in Luke 142 186ndash in Mark 41ndash in Matthew 99 142 186ndash in Q 25 26 34 38 39 42 43 46 47

52 53 64 67 69 70 71 96 98 104 106 115 116 123 141 142 147 164 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 176 185 186 187 188 189 191 194 201 203 210 212 213

ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 170ndash in the Parables of Enoch 25 28 41

42 43 44 45 46 47 122 141 142 146 147 153 155 164 165 168 169 172 173 202 213

ndash non-titular use of the indefinite phrase in Middle Aramaic 41

ndash titular (including but not limited to chris tological) use of the definite phrase in Q 34 38 52 53 64 70 104 123 142 143 147 167 168 172 173 185 186 187 189 191 194 201 203 210 212 213

Sondergut 89 90ndash Matthean 91ndash Lukan 94 95 97 98 177

Index of Subjects272

Sophiandash myth (Enochic tradition) 172 202ndash myth (synoptic tradition) 96 200

201ndash words of 96 201synopticndash gospels 11 150 151ndash material 16 151ndash parallels 18 19ndash problem 1ndash Sayings Source 3 216ndash s tudies 4ndash tradition 17 21 26 98 101 131 151

158 205 215Syria 215

Talmud 30 36 37 38Targum 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

38 40 41ndash recons truction of the Pales tinian Tar-

gum 32Taricheae 46Tell Dan 45templendash apparatusins titution 50 96 107

113 119 125 126 127 137 157 197 200 205

ndash eschatological 76

ndash purityholiness of 65 123 137ndash mitigatingprotective role 51 124ndash of Augus tus at Paneion 45ndash second temple era 25 41 44 48 56

62 70 71 72 79 82 84 121 124 136 137 154 163 186 201 209 213 216

ndash liturgy 124ndash mounthill 113ndash pollution of as perceived by some

ancient authors 113 125 136Theon of Alexandria 171Tiberias 38Torah 58 64 72 79 112 207 208 209transfiguration 47tree of knowledge 113Tyre 199

Vermes-Fitzmyer debate 28 38 39

Watchers 45 53 121Wicked Pries t 125

Yahweh 117 118

Zechariah (son of Jehoiada) 200mt Zion 113

  • Cover13
  • Titel13
  • Preface
  • Table of Contents13
  • List of Abbreviations
  • Chapter One Prolegomena
    • 1 Introduction Recent Methodological Questions in Q Studies
    • 2 The Study of Q as a Reconstructed Text
      • Index of Ancient Sources
      • Index of Modern Authors
      • Index of Subjects
Page 36: Apocalypticism in the Synoptic Sayings Source€¦ · Apocalypticism in the Synoptic Sayings Source A Reassessment of Q’s Stratigraphy Mohr Siebeck. Olegs Andrejevs, born 1982;

Index of Ancient Sources258

Chrysos tomHom Mt342 180

Clement of AlexandriaS trom4641 139 143

Didache11ndash63 1412c 15213b 148 14913bndash5b 11 12 13 15 16

71 147 151 15413bndash21 5 11 14 15 15013c 15113cndash4a 1413d 15 14814 1414a 1614b 15 14914c 91 15014d 15 149 150 15115a 15015b 148 15381ndash2 1482 16103bndash122a 14113 16113ndash137 14153ndash4 16161ndash8 210 211 212

EusebiusHis t Eccl3254

IrenaeusAdv Haer1101 1214162 121

Jus tin Martyr1 Apol159 148

2 Apol25 121

OrigenC Cels870 180

PolycarpPhilippians22ndash3 153

Shepherd of HermasMandate 24ndash6 153

Similitude535ndash8 138

Rabbinic Literature

j Ber3b 5b 5c 31 37 38

j Ket35a 31 37

j Šab3a 38d 31 37

j Taʿan65b 4069ab 125

R Gen72 313813 31 37796 31

R Num193 31 38

TargumsCairo BGen 414 31 33 34 37 41

259Index of Ancient Sources

Cairo FExod 1913 37Deut 346 37

Neof I Gen 414 31 33 41Gen 95ndash6 37Gen 4922 36

Papyri Manuscripts and Inscriptions

Br Mus Or 9271 14P Oxy 1 17P Oxy 654 17

P Oxy 655 17 143 180P Oxy 1782 14 15 148 151Sf III 16ndash17 40

Index of Modern Authors

Achtemeier P 139 141Adams S L 56 72 202Alexander P S 31 32Allison D C 1 2 3 5 12 22 24 66

75 77 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 90 91 94 96 98 99 103 105 107 112 117 119 120 123 125 129 130 131 133 134 135 136 138 139 140 144 147 148 149 150 152 153 155 158 160 163 169 170 172 175 176 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 193 197 198 200 205

Anderson A A 124Anderson F I 113Andrejevs O 25 164 172 190Arcari L 44Argall R A 47 72 202Arnal W E 23 24 48 59 61 63 65

66 67 68 78 86 104 123 125 132 134 136 150 191 194 208 214

Attridge H W 17Audet J-P 14Avigad N 29 30

Bailey K 102Bauckham R 12Baum A D 1Bazzana G B 1 3 24 59 178 198Beasley-Murray G R 158Berger K 104Bergmeier R 159 160 162Betz D H 3 24 51 103 146 179 183de Begraveze T 27Bird M F 159 198 199Black C C 11Black M 26 28 30 31 32 35 36 37

40 168Blenkinsopp J 135 136 137Boccaccini G 32 43 44 50Boring M E 38 183 184 185 188

192 211

Borsch F H 185Bovon F 5 19 93 95 96 98 99 106

140 177 179 184 185 198Bowman J W 28 33Boyarin D 23Breuer Y 34Brin G 208Broadhead E K 3 89Brodie T L 163Brooke G J 43 160Brown R E 11 12 102 130 157 158Broyles C C 123Bultmann R 3 60 98 111 132 156

158 184 185 186 187 188 201Burkett D 27 213Bussmann W 26

Campbell J Y 28 46Caragounis C C 27 29 39Carroll J T 3Carruth S 119Casey P M 29 34 35 37 39 41Cas tor G D 4 5Catchpole D R 21 77 90 96 99 129

131 145 147 156 157 159 164 175 188 198 208

Chang A 199Charlesworth J H 31 42 43 44 45

46 47 72 160 171 185Chazon E G 115 202Cheung L L 12Childs B S 163Chilton B D 26 36 39 117 130Clark D J 109Collins A Y 39 41 47 50 51 52 103

114 188 193 211Collins J J 23 40 43 48 49 50 51

52 53 57 76 77 121 126 160 161 162 163 168 202

Colpe C 25 26 28 29 31 32 36 37 39 40 45 140

Index of Modern Authors262

Conzelmann H 96 97Cotter W J 61 104 132 156 163 165

166 170 191Cromhout M 61 145 191Crossan J D 39 89 94 98 134

Dalman G 27 29 30Damm A 171Davidson M J 114Davies W D 1 2 3 91 99 119 120

131 138 139 140 149 150 169 172 179 180 184 185 193 197 200

DeConick A D 11 17 20 21 138 139 192

Derrenbacker R A 1 24Di Lella A A 73Dibelius M 12Diacuteez Macho A 30Dimant D 160DiTommaso L 57Doering L 208Downing F G 23 64Draper J A 13 14 15 16 68 156Dundenberg I 11Dunn J D G 1 149 183Dupont J 97 116Durham J I 163

Eldridge M D 117Elgvin T 49 56 57 115 202Eshel H 44

Fiebig P 26 27 28 34 37 39Fitzmyer J A 1 2 3 8 19 26 28 30

31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 82 91 95 97 98 117 118 119 130 131 133 138 139 140 146 149 163 177 179 208

Fleddermann H T 2 6 10 11 59 62 69 83 84 85 86 87 90 91 93 95 97 98 101 103 104 105 109 129 130 134 140 144 148 150 152 156 157 163 166 170 176 177 179 184 185 189 199 200 203 205 211

Flusser D 14 15Fos ter P 1 3 6 12 26Freedman H 32Frenschkowski M 145Frey J 56Freyne S 159 199

Funk F X 14 147

Garciacutea Martiacutenez F 49 57 160 162 202 208

Garrow A 13Gathercole S 17 19 20 138 139 181Gerber C 203Gibson J B 116Gieschen C A 147Ginsburger M 30Glover R 13 16Goering G S 72 125Goff M J 55 56 57 79 84 115 178

202Goodacre M 1 17 19Greenfield J C 27Greeven H 12Gregg B H 90 97 186 198 204Grenfell B P 14 17Guelich R A 193Guenther H O 26Gundry R H 150 181 197

Haenchen E 12 139 157 158 201Hahn F 185Han K S 124 125 200Hannah D D 42 43 45 46Hare D R A 38 39 40 184 185Harrington D J 33 55 57 202 Hartin P J 12 61 119 166Hasitschka M 118Heil C 5 38 60 99 119 181Higgins A J B 184Hill A E 163Hindley J C 43Hoffmann P 5 38 55 67 70 75 77

80 96 99 112 145 167 170 184 185

Holtzmann H J 4Hooker M D 45Horsley R 68 156 198 199 200van der Hors t P W 73Hossfeld F L 124Howard G 146Howes L 26 39 43 61 65 77 81 133

140 141 142 166 167 170 185 188 190 212

Hubbard B J 38Hultgren S 160 162Hunt A S 14 17

263Index of Modern Authors

van Iersel B M F 102

Jacobson A D 5 26 39 49 54 60 61 64 75 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 85 87 90 94 96 97 98 106 129 132 140 144 152 156 157 167 170 171 184 185 187 201 207 210

Jefford C N 13 14 15Jeremias J 179 198 204Jervis L A 55Jewett R 149Johnson L A 178 208Johnson L T 12Johnson-DeBaufre M 66 103 163Jonas H 51de Jonge H J 24 185Jongeling B 35Joseph S J 1 21 23 24 45 46 47 48

51 52 68 103 125 132 134 136 142 144 153 156 159 160 161 162 164 178 180 181 182 184 185 187 190 191 200 201 202 206 208 214 215

Jus t A A 102

Kahle P 26 30 31 36Kampen J L 162 209Kaufman S A 31 32 36 40Keener C S 183Kirk A 2 4 5 6 10 15 24 55 59 60

61 62 66 67 68 69 71 72 73 75 76 77 78 79 83 84 85 86 87 88 90 94 96 98 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 111 114 129 152 155 156 166 177 179 184 189 190 197 203 207 208 214 215

Kloppenborg J S 1 2 3 4 5 11 12 13 14 15 17 19 21 22 23 24 25 26 38 39 50 51 53 54 55 57 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 86 87 88 89 90 95 97 98 99 103 104 107 108 111 112 121 122 123 124 125 126 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 139 140 141 142 143 144 147 148 150 151 155 156 157 158 160 162 163 164 165 166 167 170 171 172 175 176 180 181 182 183 184 187 189

190 191 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 208 210 211 212 213

Knibb M A 46 202Koes ter H 15 38 48 60 61 63 66

148Koumlhler W D 16Kraus H-J 124Kutscher E Y 30 35 36

Lang B 201Laurence R 41Leives tad R 43Levine A-J 208Lichtenberger H 124Lindars B 29 34 37 39 43 184 185

188Lohfink N 118Lukaszewski A 25 27Luz U 3 10 60 74 75 78 81 87 90

91 93 95 96 97 99 102 106 111 131 134 140 142 145 148 150 151 166 169 180 181 184 185 197 198 199 201 204 207

Luumldemann G 183Luumlhrmann D 61 64 78 111 140 157

158 165 180 184

Mack B L 23 38 43 61 133 135 170Magness J 160Malherbe A 192 211Manson T W 5 28 101Maori Y 32Marcus J 8 11 41 47 102 183 188

193 199 211Marshall I H 3Martiacutenez R 166 167Martyn J L 183Maumlrz C-P 90 94McDermott J M 185McNamara M J 31Meadors E P 62 66 67 72 74 76 77

166 168 201Meadors G T 137Menken M J J 116 117Meyer A 27Meyer P D 157Middleton P 182Milik J P 36 42 43 187Milikowsky C 181Miller R J 63 201

Index of Modern Authors264

Mitchell D C 124Moller H B 29Moreland M 23Moss C 182Mournet T C 1Muraoka T 35 38Muumlnch C 203

Neirynck F 2 3 4 11 22 26 90 98 99 116 130 140 149

Nickelsburg G 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 52 53 76 106 112 113 122 126 141 168 172 202 210 213

Niebuhr K W 159Niederwimmer K 13 14 15 16 148

151 152Nielsen K 114 115Nolland J 179Novakovic L 160 162

Odeberg H 36Oegema G S 116Owen P 25 29 35

Patterson S J 17 18 21 61 63Perrin N 186Pervo R I 183Pietersma A 146Piovanelli P 44 45Piper R A 61 82 112 176 190Ploeg J P M 35Pokornyacute P 11 17 19 117 139Polag A 62 73 89 90 94Porter S E 180 181Porton G G 38Pries t J 126Propp W H C 163Puech Eacute 133 160 162

Ra Y 39 132 145 155 170 184 185Reicke B 141Riesner R 183Robbins M C 51 103 113 115 117

121 125Robbins V K 104Robinson J M 2 5 24 26 34 38 39

41 43 55 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 77 96 103 119 129 131 132 134 135 140 142 143 144 145

156 160 165 166 167 180 181 184 185 186 187 188 190 200 201 202

Rodd C S 6 7 9Rollens S E 2 3 23 24 26 61 132

182 191Roth D T 2 6 7 10 11 54 90 145

165 191 192 203 204 205 206Rothschild C K 90 159 164Royse J R 146Roumlsel M 146

Sacchi P 43 44 45 47Sandt H 5 14 15Sato M 3 59 62 74 75 76 77 79 80

82 83 87 90 94 98 111 134 170 176 184

Schalit A 44Schenk W 62 73 89 90 103 170 176Schiavo L 104 112 113Schiffman L H 57 160Schnackenburg R 12 157 158Schniedewind W M 160Schroumlter J 180Schulz S 74 132 165 167 176 179

201 210Schuumlrmann H 8 130 167 170Seeley D 132 141 142Segal M 43 114 121Sellew P 193Sevenich-Bax E 103 105Shelton J 163Shepherd D 29 35Shinall M C 51Shirock R J 102Sjoumlberg E 28 29 35 39 45Skeat T C 180Skehan P W 73Smith D A 96 201 202 203So K-C 157Sokoloff M 35Somov A 181Spranger P P 204S taples J A 145 146 154S teck O H 61 64 132 201S tone M E 45S treeter B H 4 12 130S trugnell J 55S tuckenbruck L T 27 30 47 51 65

114 121Syreeni K 4 15 153

265Index of Modern Authors

Tabor J D 160Tannehil R C 178 208Taylor N H 120 123 183Theissen G 123Theophilos M P 126Tigchelaar E J C 56Tiwald M 3 23 160Toumldt H E 47 184 185 186 187Tuckett C M 1 3 6 9 11 13 14 15

17 23 26 49 50 53 54 61 62 63 66 68 72 76 77 84 86 90 94 95 98 112 114 119 121 125 130 134 140 150 154 156 157 158 160 166 170 184 193 199 205 206 207 208 210

Uhlig S 45Uro R 26 62 185

Vaage L E 23 24 26 39 61 133 165 167 170 171 190 191 210

VanderKam J C 43 46 57 168Vassiliadis P 89 94de Vaux R 56Vermes G 26 28 29 31 32 33 34 35

36 37 38 39 40 43 140 160 184

Wacholder B Z 209

von Wahlde U C 12 158Wahlen C 51Walck L W 46 52Watson F 1Weaks J A 6 7Weinfeld M 118 146 207 208Weiser A 124Weiss B 130Wellhausen J 26Welch J W 102Wernberg-Mѳller P 36Wes termann C 135 136Williams P J 35Wilson W T 149Wins ton D 46 72Wise M O 160Witetschek S 86 167Wolter M 90van der Woude A S 35Wright III B J 72 202

Xeravits G G 202

York A D 32

Zeller D 63 69 111 165 212Zenger E 124

Index of Subjects

Abel-Main (Tell Abl) 45Abraham 32 157Agrippa I 123 183Ahab 118 121angel of Yahweh 163angelicheavenly rebellion 121 125Antigonus 43aphaeresis 27 32 34 36 38apocalypse 48ndash as incorrectly applied to Mk 133ndash37

211ndash as incorrectly applied to Q 1723ndash37

210 211apocalypticndash Chris tianity 53ndash discourse 211ndash framework 57 121ndash inaccurately used as a noun 49ndash literature 47 53 54 135ndash language in Ben Sira 72ndash tradition 56 57 186ndash wisdom ins tructions other than Q 56

57 77 202ndash worldview (outside of Q see its at-

tes tation in Q referenced separately below) 24 49 50 51 55 57 87 121

apocalypticism 25 87 58 62ndash and apocalypse 48 49ndash and eschatology 48ndash as a literary category 48 79ndash as a dis tortion of Godrsquos intended

order 23ndash as compatible with wisdom in late

second temple literature 57 62 66 70 72 154 202

ndash as having a place outside the genre of an apocalypse 49

ndash as synonymous with apocalyptic worldview 49

ndash in Pauline thought 192ndash in sectarian environments 53

ndash in recent Q scholarship 48ndash methodological definitions of 50 54

186Aramaic 25 26 46 70 140 187 204

213ndash OfficialImperialBiblical 26 27 35

40ndash Middle 26 27 30 32 33 34 35 36

37 38 40 41 52 167 170 187 188ndash Late 26 27 28 32 33 34 35 36 37

38 41 140 187ndash Galilean 29 36 38ndash Qumran 31 32 35 38Athaliah 125Augus tus 45

Babylonian Exile 118Banias 45βασιλείαndash as a hypothetical metaphor reflecting

the social interes ts of Qrsquos author(s) 48

ndash as a political entity 120ndash of God 23 48 73 95 108 123 132

177 178 182 183 184 192 194 206 207

ndash of Satan 51 114ndash realized 142beatitude(s) 82 91 93 105 131 132

133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 153

Bethsaida 45 56 93

Caesarea Philippi 46(Cairo) Geniza fragments 28 29 30 32

36 37Capernaum 45 56 93chiasm 83 85 101 102 103 109 118

120chias tic 85 101 103 106 107 108 120

152 197

Index of Subjects268

Chorazin 56 93chreia(s) 63 71 104 105 120 211chreiic 65 86 104 105 111 156chris tology (see the Q discussion refer-

enced separately below)ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 17ndash in Luke 19ndash in Mark 131circumcision 159 209Claudius 183cosmic mountain 114 119Cynic(s) 23

Dan 45 47Darius I 163Deuteronomis t 118Deuteronomis tic His tory 146deuteronomis ticndash agenda 156ndash context(s) 143 153ndash framework 53 54ndash motifs 118 127ndash orientation 64ndash outlook 61 82 114ndash redaction 80ndash rhetoric 136ndash s tratums trata 78ndash theme 78ndash tradition 79ndash unders tanding 64devil 51 66 114 117 119 120 121 123

124

Elijah 96 116 118 126 162 163 164ElijahElisha cycle 162 163Enoch 44 45 47 51 76 112 113 157

172 202ndash as a scribe 46ndash Book of Watchers 45 113 125ndash sapiential content in Watchers 76ndash Book of Parables 24 41 47 157 167

171 213ndash sapiential content in Parables 76ndash Epis tle of Enoch 43ndash his torical incarnation of 202ndash Seminar 47Enochicndash author 122ndash corpus 52 73ndash formulation 52

ndash framework 121ndash literaturetext 43 46 56ndash movement 47 53 157 210ndash mythology 113 114 122 164ndash Son of Man 172ndash tradents 46ndash tradition 43 46 47 79 113 122 157

215ndash Watchers myth 45 53 121eschatological prophetndash in 4Q521 160 162ndash in Q 164 165 166eschatology (see the Q discussion refer-

enced separately below) 47 48 50ndash in 1 Enoch 42 47 76 122 141 142

168 169ndash in 4Q521 159 160 162ndash in 4QIns truction 56ndash in Ben Sira 72ndash in Malachi 163 164ndash in Psalms of Solomon 159ndash in Trito-Isaiah 136Exodusndash legendmyth 117ndash imagerymotifs 116 163

form (literary)ndash and meaning 82ndash and worldview 76ndash apocalypse 49ndash criticism 61 62 63 67 68 69 70

74 156 170 214ndash miracle s tory 156ndash wisdom 84ndash (wisdom) ins truction 70 71

Gaius (Caligula) 44 46 123Galilee 23 36 44 45 47 56 73 131

171 194 215ndash village scribes 48ndash villagestowns 24 93 199Gentile(s) 9 87 96 120 126 155 157

158 159 164 167 168 169 173 198 199 209 215

Great Omission 8 9

HasidicHasidim 79 162Hebrew 25 35 39 40 41 42 204Hebrew Biblescriptures 24 118 127

136 160

269Index of Subjects

Hermogenes 171mt Hermon 45 46 47Herod the Great and the Herodian era

43 44 45 46 126Herodians 45(holy) Spirit 72 94 178 189Hulah Valley 45

Isaiah (see the Index of Ancient Sources for specific passages)

ndash Deutero 46 135 136 168 169ndash firs t-century reader of 135ndash Trito 51 54 135 136 137 143 154

163 200Israelndash in Ben Sira 125ndash in Daniel 168ndash in Deuteronomy 118ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 139ndash in the Hebrew Bible 198 199ndash in Jubilees 121ndash in Malachi 163ndash in Q 53 64 78 80 87 96 104 118

127 155 156 158 198 199ndash pre-exilic 50ndash traditional wisdom of 58ndash wilderness myth 117

James (son of Zebedee) 183Jerusalem 44 72 96 106 108 113 119

125 159 166 199 200ndash culttemple 136 137 163 214ndash pries thood 45 47 127Jesusndash as an apocalyptic figure in Q 38ndash as a literary character in Q 21ndash floating traditions ascribed to 48ndash his torical 21 29 37 43 47 73 116

141 142 164 165 171 172 186 198ndash his torical greeting of in Jerusalem

106ndash movement 23ndash tradition 161Jewish Chris tianityndash as a movement in a contes ted envi-

ronment 43 183ndash as a proliferation of groups and

communities 183ndash on the use of the term 23

ndash possible connection to the Enochic movement 47

Jewish War 200John (the Baptis t) 68 78 80 83 85 90

91 92 97 103 104 105 116 159 163 164 165 166 167 169 172

ndash followers of 159 165 166ndash his torical 159 165Journeysndash cosmicterres trial 76 112 113 114

119 122 127ndash heavenly 45 112 113Judea 36 44 200 215

Kallirrhoeuml 45Kleinliteratur 3 4 59 60 73 215

Lordrsquos Prayer 93 94 177Lot 97 99

Maccabean era 126Mas tema 121Matthew and Luke as conservative

traditionalis ts 4Matthewrsquos and Lukersquos redactorial

freedom 4Matthewrsquos use of Q 4messiah 106 116 162 164 210messiahship 123messianic 116 210Migdal 46mimesis 114 141minor agreements 15 130Minor Prophets 146Moses 117

Nag Hammadi 17Nimrod 32

oralndash possible cross-influence on the Gos-

pel of Thomas from the canonical gospels 11 193

ndash harmonization of Matthew and Luke 16

ndash life of the primitive community 60ndash performance 15 16 161ndash source utilization 15ndash tradition 17 98 151ndash transmission 188

Index of Subjects270

ndash usage and application of Q 4ndash usage of Matthew 15ndash variants of Q 4Oxyrhynchus 17

Paneion 46Parousia 116 186 193Parthian invasion of 40 BCE 44 46Paulndash his torical 149 183ndash possible awareness of the Q tradition

by 192persecutionndash as an apocalyptic motif 54ndash because of someone 142ndash in authentic Pauline corpus 149 183ndash in Q 52 54 78 94 107 118 122

126 132 133 134 140 141 142 143 144 175 180 181 182 184 190 194 200 206

ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 138ndash in the Parables of Enoch 141ndash in Trito-Isaiah 137 200ndash plausibility of 182 183Pharisees 65 68 94 166 169 205 206

214pleroma 39prophecyndash pre-exilic and Persian era (classical)

50ndash mixture of with wisdom 77Prophetisierung 75

Qndash apocalypticism apocalyptic motifs

features imagination framework and worldview 23 25 46 53 57 58 63 69 70 71 73 76 79 84 87 88 111 114 121 127 141 175 190 194 197 202 210 211 213 214

ndash apocalyptic document 48 51ndash apocalyptic wisdom ins truction 23

55 70 73 74 77 79 214ndash (apocalyptic) communitymovement

55 107 122 194 195 206 209ndash Aramaic roots 26ndash chris tology 70 81 83 87 93 104

115 116 123 130 131 142 144 145 147 153 154 156 157 159 164 166 167 194 214

ndash demonology 51 53ndash eschatological (apocalyptic) dis-

course 64 83 97 98 170 210 211 212

ndash eschatology 48 51 54 56 69 73 75 87 94 95 101 104 105 108 133 141 142 143 144 147 159 164 165 166 167 169 172 180 192 193 194 198 199 202 203 210

ndash final (literary) form 59 62 69 78 178

ndash hypothetical mid- (lower) level or sub-elite scribal origin 24 59

ndash hypothetical recensions 3 4 59 60 90 98

ndash hypothetical segregation of wisdom and apocalyptic s trata 60 66 67 70 213 214

ndash mission speech 23 56 86 87 92 104 105 107 173 182 194

ndash Pales tinian character 24ndash possible authenticity of its content

22 81ndash prophetic content 61 63 67 70 74

75 76 77 79 80 82 83 142 143 176

ndash recons truction (CEQ) 5 6 10 90 (see also recons truction [in this s tudy] below as such frequently follows the CEQ)

ndash recons truction (feasibility) 2 3 4 10 11

ndash recons truction (in this s tudy) 60 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 111 116 119 120 123 130 131 134 144 147 148 149 151 152 165 169 170 172 175 176 177 178 179 181 184 191 193 199 204 207 213 215

ndash recons truction (methodology) 5 89 90

ndash recons truction (skepticism) 2 10 59 (see also recons tructed Mark below)

ndash sapiential content 12 62 63 67 77 79 80 82 130 154 175 191 202 214

ndash sermon 63 82 91 92 103 105 127 129 130 131 134 135 138 140 144 145 147 152 153 154 155 156

ndash sophis ticated scribal traditions 24ndash sub-literary view of 3 59 60 74

271Index of Subjects

ndash tradents 4 59 67 125 135 147 181 182 197 199 202 203 207 209 214

ndash tradition 13 17 87 161 163 164 186 187 192 202

Quintillian 171Qumran (see the Index of Ancient

Sources for specific documents)ndash apocalyptic worldview 50 135ndash Aramaic corpus 33ndash beatitude collection 133ndash communitymovementYahad 44 53

56 121 135 136 137 157 160 161 206 207 208 209

ndash demonology 124ndash discovery 29ndash fellowship with angels 115ndash fragments of 1 Enoch 44ndash library 43ndash manualsrules 82ndash sapiential literature 25 55 56 57

58 62 69ndash social setting 43

recons tructed Mark 2 6 7 8 9 10RomeRomans 44 91 121 126 159

199 207ndash occupation of Judea 44

sage(s) 55 56 79 84Samaria 44Satan 50 51 52 53 114 115 117 118

120 121 159 192scribe(s) 102 205ndash ancient reading practices of 102ndash as a Q opponent group 68 169 205ndash as advanced or elite readers of Q

102 103ndash Enochic 46 215ndash in Matthewrsquos community (other than

Matthew) 4ndash in the Q community 48 135 195

215ndash in the text of Q 169 172ndash memory competence of 4 102ndash responsible for 2 Enoch 112ndash responsible for Did 13bndash5b 15scriptorium 46Sefire 27 37Sepphoris 38 46Sermon on the Mount 15 16 87 94

Sermon on the Plain 15 16(Deutero-Isaianic) Servant 136 168 169Sidon 199Simeon II 125Son of Man 47 115ndash Aramaic background of the phrase

25 26 28 37 153ndash as a messianic title in the Parables of

Enoch 28 46ndash circumlocutional non-titular use of

the phrase in Late Aramaic 34ndash classifications of the phrasersquos Q

ins tances 26ndash designation of as Son of Humanity in

some recent research 39ndash his torical incarnation of as under-

s tood by some ancient authors 165 172

ndash hypothetical non-titular (circumlocu-tional or generic) use of the definite phrase in Middle Aramaic by the his torical Jesus and in Q 28 29 34 37 38 39 42 43 52 71 140 142 167 170 186 187

ndash in Daniel 41 42 186 213ndash in Luke 142 186ndash in Mark 41ndash in Matthew 99 142 186ndash in Q 25 26 34 38 39 42 43 46 47

52 53 64 67 69 70 71 96 98 104 106 115 116 123 141 142 147 164 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 176 185 186 187 188 189 191 194 201 203 210 212 213

ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 170ndash in the Parables of Enoch 25 28 41

42 43 44 45 46 47 122 141 142 146 147 153 155 164 165 168 169 172 173 202 213

ndash non-titular use of the indefinite phrase in Middle Aramaic 41

ndash titular (including but not limited to chris tological) use of the definite phrase in Q 34 38 52 53 64 70 104 123 142 143 147 167 168 172 173 185 186 187 189 191 194 201 203 210 212 213

Sondergut 89 90ndash Matthean 91ndash Lukan 94 95 97 98 177

Index of Subjects272

Sophiandash myth (Enochic tradition) 172 202ndash myth (synoptic tradition) 96 200

201ndash words of 96 201synopticndash gospels 11 150 151ndash material 16 151ndash parallels 18 19ndash problem 1ndash Sayings Source 3 216ndash s tudies 4ndash tradition 17 21 26 98 101 131 151

158 205 215Syria 215

Talmud 30 36 37 38Targum 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

38 40 41ndash recons truction of the Pales tinian Tar-

gum 32Taricheae 46Tell Dan 45templendash apparatusins titution 50 96 107

113 119 125 126 127 137 157 197 200 205

ndash eschatological 76

ndash purityholiness of 65 123 137ndash mitigatingprotective role 51 124ndash of Augus tus at Paneion 45ndash second temple era 25 41 44 48 56

62 70 71 72 79 82 84 121 124 136 137 154 163 186 201 209 213 216

ndash liturgy 124ndash mounthill 113ndash pollution of as perceived by some

ancient authors 113 125 136Theon of Alexandria 171Tiberias 38Torah 58 64 72 79 112 207 208 209transfiguration 47tree of knowledge 113Tyre 199

Vermes-Fitzmyer debate 28 38 39

Watchers 45 53 121Wicked Pries t 125

Yahweh 117 118

Zechariah (son of Jehoiada) 200mt Zion 113

  • Cover13
  • Titel13
  • Preface
  • Table of Contents13
  • List of Abbreviations
  • Chapter One Prolegomena
    • 1 Introduction Recent Methodological Questions in Q Studies
    • 2 The Study of Q as a Reconstructed Text
      • Index of Ancient Sources
      • Index of Modern Authors
      • Index of Subjects
Page 37: Apocalypticism in the Synoptic Sayings Source€¦ · Apocalypticism in the Synoptic Sayings Source A Reassessment of Q’s Stratigraphy Mohr Siebeck. Olegs Andrejevs, born 1982;

259Index of Ancient Sources

Cairo FExod 1913 37Deut 346 37

Neof I Gen 414 31 33 41Gen 95ndash6 37Gen 4922 36

Papyri Manuscripts and Inscriptions

Br Mus Or 9271 14P Oxy 1 17P Oxy 654 17

P Oxy 655 17 143 180P Oxy 1782 14 15 148 151Sf III 16ndash17 40

Index of Modern Authors

Achtemeier P 139 141Adams S L 56 72 202Alexander P S 31 32Allison D C 1 2 3 5 12 22 24 66

75 77 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 90 91 94 96 98 99 103 105 107 112 117 119 120 123 125 129 130 131 133 134 135 136 138 139 140 144 147 148 149 150 152 153 155 158 160 163 169 170 172 175 176 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 193 197 198 200 205

Anderson A A 124Anderson F I 113Andrejevs O 25 164 172 190Arcari L 44Argall R A 47 72 202Arnal W E 23 24 48 59 61 63 65

66 67 68 78 86 104 123 125 132 134 136 150 191 194 208 214

Attridge H W 17Audet J-P 14Avigad N 29 30

Bailey K 102Bauckham R 12Baum A D 1Bazzana G B 1 3 24 59 178 198Beasley-Murray G R 158Berger K 104Bergmeier R 159 160 162Betz D H 3 24 51 103 146 179 183de Begraveze T 27Bird M F 159 198 199Black C C 11Black M 26 28 30 31 32 35 36 37

40 168Blenkinsopp J 135 136 137Boccaccini G 32 43 44 50Boring M E 38 183 184 185 188

192 211

Borsch F H 185Bovon F 5 19 93 95 96 98 99 106

140 177 179 184 185 198Bowman J W 28 33Boyarin D 23Breuer Y 34Brin G 208Broadhead E K 3 89Brodie T L 163Brooke G J 43 160Brown R E 11 12 102 130 157 158Broyles C C 123Bultmann R 3 60 98 111 132 156

158 184 185 186 187 188 201Burkett D 27 213Bussmann W 26

Campbell J Y 28 46Caragounis C C 27 29 39Carroll J T 3Carruth S 119Casey P M 29 34 35 37 39 41Cas tor G D 4 5Catchpole D R 21 77 90 96 99 129

131 145 147 156 157 159 164 175 188 198 208

Chang A 199Charlesworth J H 31 42 43 44 45

46 47 72 160 171 185Chazon E G 115 202Cheung L L 12Childs B S 163Chilton B D 26 36 39 117 130Clark D J 109Collins A Y 39 41 47 50 51 52 103

114 188 193 211Collins J J 23 40 43 48 49 50 51

52 53 57 76 77 121 126 160 161 162 163 168 202

Colpe C 25 26 28 29 31 32 36 37 39 40 45 140

Index of Modern Authors262

Conzelmann H 96 97Cotter W J 61 104 132 156 163 165

166 170 191Cromhout M 61 145 191Crossan J D 39 89 94 98 134

Dalman G 27 29 30Damm A 171Davidson M J 114Davies W D 1 2 3 91 99 119 120

131 138 139 140 149 150 169 172 179 180 184 185 193 197 200

DeConick A D 11 17 20 21 138 139 192

Derrenbacker R A 1 24Di Lella A A 73Dibelius M 12Diacuteez Macho A 30Dimant D 160DiTommaso L 57Doering L 208Downing F G 23 64Draper J A 13 14 15 16 68 156Dundenberg I 11Dunn J D G 1 149 183Dupont J 97 116Durham J I 163

Eldridge M D 117Elgvin T 49 56 57 115 202Eshel H 44

Fiebig P 26 27 28 34 37 39Fitzmyer J A 1 2 3 8 19 26 28 30

31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 82 91 95 97 98 117 118 119 130 131 133 138 139 140 146 149 163 177 179 208

Fleddermann H T 2 6 10 11 59 62 69 83 84 85 86 87 90 91 93 95 97 98 101 103 104 105 109 129 130 134 140 144 148 150 152 156 157 163 166 170 176 177 179 184 185 189 199 200 203 205 211

Flusser D 14 15Fos ter P 1 3 6 12 26Freedman H 32Frenschkowski M 145Frey J 56Freyne S 159 199

Funk F X 14 147

Garciacutea Martiacutenez F 49 57 160 162 202 208

Garrow A 13Gathercole S 17 19 20 138 139 181Gerber C 203Gibson J B 116Gieschen C A 147Ginsburger M 30Glover R 13 16Goering G S 72 125Goff M J 55 56 57 79 84 115 178

202Goodacre M 1 17 19Greenfield J C 27Greeven H 12Gregg B H 90 97 186 198 204Grenfell B P 14 17Guelich R A 193Guenther H O 26Gundry R H 150 181 197

Haenchen E 12 139 157 158 201Hahn F 185Han K S 124 125 200Hannah D D 42 43 45 46Hare D R A 38 39 40 184 185Harrington D J 33 55 57 202 Hartin P J 12 61 119 166Hasitschka M 118Heil C 5 38 60 99 119 181Higgins A J B 184Hill A E 163Hindley J C 43Hoffmann P 5 38 55 67 70 75 77

80 96 99 112 145 167 170 184 185

Holtzmann H J 4Hooker M D 45Horsley R 68 156 198 199 200van der Hors t P W 73Hossfeld F L 124Howard G 146Howes L 26 39 43 61 65 77 81 133

140 141 142 166 167 170 185 188 190 212

Hubbard B J 38Hultgren S 160 162Hunt A S 14 17

263Index of Modern Authors

van Iersel B M F 102

Jacobson A D 5 26 39 49 54 60 61 64 75 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 85 87 90 94 96 97 98 106 129 132 140 144 152 156 157 167 170 171 184 185 187 201 207 210

Jefford C N 13 14 15Jeremias J 179 198 204Jervis L A 55Jewett R 149Johnson L A 178 208Johnson L T 12Johnson-DeBaufre M 66 103 163Jonas H 51de Jonge H J 24 185Jongeling B 35Joseph S J 1 21 23 24 45 46 47 48

51 52 68 103 125 132 134 136 142 144 153 156 159 160 161 162 164 178 180 181 182 184 185 187 190 191 200 201 202 206 208 214 215

Jus t A A 102

Kahle P 26 30 31 36Kampen J L 162 209Kaufman S A 31 32 36 40Keener C S 183Kirk A 2 4 5 6 10 15 24 55 59 60

61 62 66 67 68 69 71 72 73 75 76 77 78 79 83 84 85 86 87 88 90 94 96 98 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 111 114 129 152 155 156 166 177 179 184 189 190 197 203 207 208 214 215

Kloppenborg J S 1 2 3 4 5 11 12 13 14 15 17 19 21 22 23 24 25 26 38 39 50 51 53 54 55 57 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 86 87 88 89 90 95 97 98 99 103 104 107 108 111 112 121 122 123 124 125 126 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 139 140 141 142 143 144 147 148 150 151 155 156 157 158 160 162 163 164 165 166 167 170 171 172 175 176 180 181 182 183 184 187 189

190 191 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 208 210 211 212 213

Knibb M A 46 202Koes ter H 15 38 48 60 61 63 66

148Koumlhler W D 16Kraus H-J 124Kutscher E Y 30 35 36

Lang B 201Laurence R 41Leives tad R 43Levine A-J 208Lichtenberger H 124Lindars B 29 34 37 39 43 184 185

188Lohfink N 118Lukaszewski A 25 27Luz U 3 10 60 74 75 78 81 87 90

91 93 95 96 97 99 102 106 111 131 134 140 142 145 148 150 151 166 169 180 181 184 185 197 198 199 201 204 207

Luumldemann G 183Luumlhrmann D 61 64 78 111 140 157

158 165 180 184

Mack B L 23 38 43 61 133 135 170Magness J 160Malherbe A 192 211Manson T W 5 28 101Maori Y 32Marcus J 8 11 41 47 102 183 188

193 199 211Marshall I H 3Martiacutenez R 166 167Martyn J L 183Maumlrz C-P 90 94McDermott J M 185McNamara M J 31Meadors E P 62 66 67 72 74 76 77

166 168 201Meadors G T 137Menken M J J 116 117Meyer A 27Meyer P D 157Middleton P 182Milik J P 36 42 43 187Milikowsky C 181Miller R J 63 201

Index of Modern Authors264

Mitchell D C 124Moller H B 29Moreland M 23Moss C 182Mournet T C 1Muraoka T 35 38Muumlnch C 203

Neirynck F 2 3 4 11 22 26 90 98 99 116 130 140 149

Nickelsburg G 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 52 53 76 106 112 113 122 126 141 168 172 202 210 213

Niebuhr K W 159Niederwimmer K 13 14 15 16 148

151 152Nielsen K 114 115Nolland J 179Novakovic L 160 162

Odeberg H 36Oegema G S 116Owen P 25 29 35

Patterson S J 17 18 21 61 63Perrin N 186Pervo R I 183Pietersma A 146Piovanelli P 44 45Piper R A 61 82 112 176 190Ploeg J P M 35Pokornyacute P 11 17 19 117 139Polag A 62 73 89 90 94Porter S E 180 181Porton G G 38Pries t J 126Propp W H C 163Puech Eacute 133 160 162

Ra Y 39 132 145 155 170 184 185Reicke B 141Riesner R 183Robbins M C 51 103 113 115 117

121 125Robbins V K 104Robinson J M 2 5 24 26 34 38 39

41 43 55 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 77 96 103 119 129 131 132 134 135 140 142 143 144 145

156 160 165 166 167 180 181 184 185 186 187 188 190 200 201 202

Rodd C S 6 7 9Rollens S E 2 3 23 24 26 61 132

182 191Roth D T 2 6 7 10 11 54 90 145

165 191 192 203 204 205 206Rothschild C K 90 159 164Royse J R 146Roumlsel M 146

Sacchi P 43 44 45 47Sandt H 5 14 15Sato M 3 59 62 74 75 76 77 79 80

82 83 87 90 94 98 111 134 170 176 184

Schalit A 44Schenk W 62 73 89 90 103 170 176Schiavo L 104 112 113Schiffman L H 57 160Schnackenburg R 12 157 158Schniedewind W M 160Schroumlter J 180Schulz S 74 132 165 167 176 179

201 210Schuumlrmann H 8 130 167 170Seeley D 132 141 142Segal M 43 114 121Sellew P 193Sevenich-Bax E 103 105Shelton J 163Shepherd D 29 35Shinall M C 51Shirock R J 102Sjoumlberg E 28 29 35 39 45Skeat T C 180Skehan P W 73Smith D A 96 201 202 203So K-C 157Sokoloff M 35Somov A 181Spranger P P 204S taples J A 145 146 154S teck O H 61 64 132 201S tone M E 45S treeter B H 4 12 130S trugnell J 55S tuckenbruck L T 27 30 47 51 65

114 121Syreeni K 4 15 153

265Index of Modern Authors

Tabor J D 160Tannehil R C 178 208Taylor N H 120 123 183Theissen G 123Theophilos M P 126Tigchelaar E J C 56Tiwald M 3 23 160Toumldt H E 47 184 185 186 187Tuckett C M 1 3 6 9 11 13 14 15

17 23 26 49 50 53 54 61 62 63 66 68 72 76 77 84 86 90 94 95 98 112 114 119 121 125 130 134 140 150 154 156 157 158 160 166 170 184 193 199 205 206 207 208 210

Uhlig S 45Uro R 26 62 185

Vaage L E 23 24 26 39 61 133 165 167 170 171 190 191 210

VanderKam J C 43 46 57 168Vassiliadis P 89 94de Vaux R 56Vermes G 26 28 29 31 32 33 34 35

36 37 38 39 40 43 140 160 184

Wacholder B Z 209

von Wahlde U C 12 158Wahlen C 51Walck L W 46 52Watson F 1Weaks J A 6 7Weinfeld M 118 146 207 208Weiser A 124Weiss B 130Wellhausen J 26Welch J W 102Wernberg-Mѳller P 36Wes termann C 135 136Williams P J 35Wilson W T 149Wins ton D 46 72Wise M O 160Witetschek S 86 167Wolter M 90van der Woude A S 35Wright III B J 72 202

Xeravits G G 202

York A D 32

Zeller D 63 69 111 165 212Zenger E 124

Index of Subjects

Abel-Main (Tell Abl) 45Abraham 32 157Agrippa I 123 183Ahab 118 121angel of Yahweh 163angelicheavenly rebellion 121 125Antigonus 43aphaeresis 27 32 34 36 38apocalypse 48ndash as incorrectly applied to Mk 133ndash37

211ndash as incorrectly applied to Q 1723ndash37

210 211apocalypticndash Chris tianity 53ndash discourse 211ndash framework 57 121ndash inaccurately used as a noun 49ndash literature 47 53 54 135ndash language in Ben Sira 72ndash tradition 56 57 186ndash wisdom ins tructions other than Q 56

57 77 202ndash worldview (outside of Q see its at-

tes tation in Q referenced separately below) 24 49 50 51 55 57 87 121

apocalypticism 25 87 58 62ndash and apocalypse 48 49ndash and eschatology 48ndash as a literary category 48 79ndash as a dis tortion of Godrsquos intended

order 23ndash as compatible with wisdom in late

second temple literature 57 62 66 70 72 154 202

ndash as having a place outside the genre of an apocalypse 49

ndash as synonymous with apocalyptic worldview 49

ndash in Pauline thought 192ndash in sectarian environments 53

ndash in recent Q scholarship 48ndash methodological definitions of 50 54

186Aramaic 25 26 46 70 140 187 204

213ndash OfficialImperialBiblical 26 27 35

40ndash Middle 26 27 30 32 33 34 35 36

37 38 40 41 52 167 170 187 188ndash Late 26 27 28 32 33 34 35 36 37

38 41 140 187ndash Galilean 29 36 38ndash Qumran 31 32 35 38Athaliah 125Augus tus 45

Babylonian Exile 118Banias 45βασιλείαndash as a hypothetical metaphor reflecting

the social interes ts of Qrsquos author(s) 48

ndash as a political entity 120ndash of God 23 48 73 95 108 123 132

177 178 182 183 184 192 194 206 207

ndash of Satan 51 114ndash realized 142beatitude(s) 82 91 93 105 131 132

133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 153

Bethsaida 45 56 93

Caesarea Philippi 46(Cairo) Geniza fragments 28 29 30 32

36 37Capernaum 45 56 93chiasm 83 85 101 102 103 109 118

120chias tic 85 101 103 106 107 108 120

152 197

Index of Subjects268

Chorazin 56 93chreia(s) 63 71 104 105 120 211chreiic 65 86 104 105 111 156chris tology (see the Q discussion refer-

enced separately below)ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 17ndash in Luke 19ndash in Mark 131circumcision 159 209Claudius 183cosmic mountain 114 119Cynic(s) 23

Dan 45 47Darius I 163Deuteronomis t 118Deuteronomis tic His tory 146deuteronomis ticndash agenda 156ndash context(s) 143 153ndash framework 53 54ndash motifs 118 127ndash orientation 64ndash outlook 61 82 114ndash redaction 80ndash rhetoric 136ndash s tratums trata 78ndash theme 78ndash tradition 79ndash unders tanding 64devil 51 66 114 117 119 120 121 123

124

Elijah 96 116 118 126 162 163 164ElijahElisha cycle 162 163Enoch 44 45 47 51 76 112 113 157

172 202ndash as a scribe 46ndash Book of Watchers 45 113 125ndash sapiential content in Watchers 76ndash Book of Parables 24 41 47 157 167

171 213ndash sapiential content in Parables 76ndash Epis tle of Enoch 43ndash his torical incarnation of 202ndash Seminar 47Enochicndash author 122ndash corpus 52 73ndash formulation 52

ndash framework 121ndash literaturetext 43 46 56ndash movement 47 53 157 210ndash mythology 113 114 122 164ndash Son of Man 172ndash tradents 46ndash tradition 43 46 47 79 113 122 157

215ndash Watchers myth 45 53 121eschatological prophetndash in 4Q521 160 162ndash in Q 164 165 166eschatology (see the Q discussion refer-

enced separately below) 47 48 50ndash in 1 Enoch 42 47 76 122 141 142

168 169ndash in 4Q521 159 160 162ndash in 4QIns truction 56ndash in Ben Sira 72ndash in Malachi 163 164ndash in Psalms of Solomon 159ndash in Trito-Isaiah 136Exodusndash legendmyth 117ndash imagerymotifs 116 163

form (literary)ndash and meaning 82ndash and worldview 76ndash apocalypse 49ndash criticism 61 62 63 67 68 69 70

74 156 170 214ndash miracle s tory 156ndash wisdom 84ndash (wisdom) ins truction 70 71

Gaius (Caligula) 44 46 123Galilee 23 36 44 45 47 56 73 131

171 194 215ndash village scribes 48ndash villagestowns 24 93 199Gentile(s) 9 87 96 120 126 155 157

158 159 164 167 168 169 173 198 199 209 215

Great Omission 8 9

HasidicHasidim 79 162Hebrew 25 35 39 40 41 42 204Hebrew Biblescriptures 24 118 127

136 160

269Index of Subjects

Hermogenes 171mt Hermon 45 46 47Herod the Great and the Herodian era

43 44 45 46 126Herodians 45(holy) Spirit 72 94 178 189Hulah Valley 45

Isaiah (see the Index of Ancient Sources for specific passages)

ndash Deutero 46 135 136 168 169ndash firs t-century reader of 135ndash Trito 51 54 135 136 137 143 154

163 200Israelndash in Ben Sira 125ndash in Daniel 168ndash in Deuteronomy 118ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 139ndash in the Hebrew Bible 198 199ndash in Jubilees 121ndash in Malachi 163ndash in Q 53 64 78 80 87 96 104 118

127 155 156 158 198 199ndash pre-exilic 50ndash traditional wisdom of 58ndash wilderness myth 117

James (son of Zebedee) 183Jerusalem 44 72 96 106 108 113 119

125 159 166 199 200ndash culttemple 136 137 163 214ndash pries thood 45 47 127Jesusndash as an apocalyptic figure in Q 38ndash as a literary character in Q 21ndash floating traditions ascribed to 48ndash his torical 21 29 37 43 47 73 116

141 142 164 165 171 172 186 198ndash his torical greeting of in Jerusalem

106ndash movement 23ndash tradition 161Jewish Chris tianityndash as a movement in a contes ted envi-

ronment 43 183ndash as a proliferation of groups and

communities 183ndash on the use of the term 23

ndash possible connection to the Enochic movement 47

Jewish War 200John (the Baptis t) 68 78 80 83 85 90

91 92 97 103 104 105 116 159 163 164 165 166 167 169 172

ndash followers of 159 165 166ndash his torical 159 165Journeysndash cosmicterres trial 76 112 113 114

119 122 127ndash heavenly 45 112 113Judea 36 44 200 215

Kallirrhoeuml 45Kleinliteratur 3 4 59 60 73 215

Lordrsquos Prayer 93 94 177Lot 97 99

Maccabean era 126Mas tema 121Matthew and Luke as conservative

traditionalis ts 4Matthewrsquos and Lukersquos redactorial

freedom 4Matthewrsquos use of Q 4messiah 106 116 162 164 210messiahship 123messianic 116 210Migdal 46mimesis 114 141minor agreements 15 130Minor Prophets 146Moses 117

Nag Hammadi 17Nimrod 32

oralndash possible cross-influence on the Gos-

pel of Thomas from the canonical gospels 11 193

ndash harmonization of Matthew and Luke 16

ndash life of the primitive community 60ndash performance 15 16 161ndash source utilization 15ndash tradition 17 98 151ndash transmission 188

Index of Subjects270

ndash usage and application of Q 4ndash usage of Matthew 15ndash variants of Q 4Oxyrhynchus 17

Paneion 46Parousia 116 186 193Parthian invasion of 40 BCE 44 46Paulndash his torical 149 183ndash possible awareness of the Q tradition

by 192persecutionndash as an apocalyptic motif 54ndash because of someone 142ndash in authentic Pauline corpus 149 183ndash in Q 52 54 78 94 107 118 122

126 132 133 134 140 141 142 143 144 175 180 181 182 184 190 194 200 206

ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 138ndash in the Parables of Enoch 141ndash in Trito-Isaiah 137 200ndash plausibility of 182 183Pharisees 65 68 94 166 169 205 206

214pleroma 39prophecyndash pre-exilic and Persian era (classical)

50ndash mixture of with wisdom 77Prophetisierung 75

Qndash apocalypticism apocalyptic motifs

features imagination framework and worldview 23 25 46 53 57 58 63 69 70 71 73 76 79 84 87 88 111 114 121 127 141 175 190 194 197 202 210 211 213 214

ndash apocalyptic document 48 51ndash apocalyptic wisdom ins truction 23

55 70 73 74 77 79 214ndash (apocalyptic) communitymovement

55 107 122 194 195 206 209ndash Aramaic roots 26ndash chris tology 70 81 83 87 93 104

115 116 123 130 131 142 144 145 147 153 154 156 157 159 164 166 167 194 214

ndash demonology 51 53ndash eschatological (apocalyptic) dis-

course 64 83 97 98 170 210 211 212

ndash eschatology 48 51 54 56 69 73 75 87 94 95 101 104 105 108 133 141 142 143 144 147 159 164 165 166 167 169 172 180 192 193 194 198 199 202 203 210

ndash final (literary) form 59 62 69 78 178

ndash hypothetical mid- (lower) level or sub-elite scribal origin 24 59

ndash hypothetical recensions 3 4 59 60 90 98

ndash hypothetical segregation of wisdom and apocalyptic s trata 60 66 67 70 213 214

ndash mission speech 23 56 86 87 92 104 105 107 173 182 194

ndash Pales tinian character 24ndash possible authenticity of its content

22 81ndash prophetic content 61 63 67 70 74

75 76 77 79 80 82 83 142 143 176

ndash recons truction (CEQ) 5 6 10 90 (see also recons truction [in this s tudy] below as such frequently follows the CEQ)

ndash recons truction (feasibility) 2 3 4 10 11

ndash recons truction (in this s tudy) 60 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 111 116 119 120 123 130 131 134 144 147 148 149 151 152 165 169 170 172 175 176 177 178 179 181 184 191 193 199 204 207 213 215

ndash recons truction (methodology) 5 89 90

ndash recons truction (skepticism) 2 10 59 (see also recons tructed Mark below)

ndash sapiential content 12 62 63 67 77 79 80 82 130 154 175 191 202 214

ndash sermon 63 82 91 92 103 105 127 129 130 131 134 135 138 140 144 145 147 152 153 154 155 156

ndash sophis ticated scribal traditions 24ndash sub-literary view of 3 59 60 74

271Index of Subjects

ndash tradents 4 59 67 125 135 147 181 182 197 199 202 203 207 209 214

ndash tradition 13 17 87 161 163 164 186 187 192 202

Quintillian 171Qumran (see the Index of Ancient

Sources for specific documents)ndash apocalyptic worldview 50 135ndash Aramaic corpus 33ndash beatitude collection 133ndash communitymovementYahad 44 53

56 121 135 136 137 157 160 161 206 207 208 209

ndash demonology 124ndash discovery 29ndash fellowship with angels 115ndash fragments of 1 Enoch 44ndash library 43ndash manualsrules 82ndash sapiential literature 25 55 56 57

58 62 69ndash social setting 43

recons tructed Mark 2 6 7 8 9 10RomeRomans 44 91 121 126 159

199 207ndash occupation of Judea 44

sage(s) 55 56 79 84Samaria 44Satan 50 51 52 53 114 115 117 118

120 121 159 192scribe(s) 102 205ndash ancient reading practices of 102ndash as a Q opponent group 68 169 205ndash as advanced or elite readers of Q

102 103ndash Enochic 46 215ndash in Matthewrsquos community (other than

Matthew) 4ndash in the Q community 48 135 195

215ndash in the text of Q 169 172ndash memory competence of 4 102ndash responsible for 2 Enoch 112ndash responsible for Did 13bndash5b 15scriptorium 46Sefire 27 37Sepphoris 38 46Sermon on the Mount 15 16 87 94

Sermon on the Plain 15 16(Deutero-Isaianic) Servant 136 168 169Sidon 199Simeon II 125Son of Man 47 115ndash Aramaic background of the phrase

25 26 28 37 153ndash as a messianic title in the Parables of

Enoch 28 46ndash circumlocutional non-titular use of

the phrase in Late Aramaic 34ndash classifications of the phrasersquos Q

ins tances 26ndash designation of as Son of Humanity in

some recent research 39ndash his torical incarnation of as under-

s tood by some ancient authors 165 172

ndash hypothetical non-titular (circumlocu-tional or generic) use of the definite phrase in Middle Aramaic by the his torical Jesus and in Q 28 29 34 37 38 39 42 43 52 71 140 142 167 170 186 187

ndash in Daniel 41 42 186 213ndash in Luke 142 186ndash in Mark 41ndash in Matthew 99 142 186ndash in Q 25 26 34 38 39 42 43 46 47

52 53 64 67 69 70 71 96 98 104 106 115 116 123 141 142 147 164 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 176 185 186 187 188 189 191 194 201 203 210 212 213

ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 170ndash in the Parables of Enoch 25 28 41

42 43 44 45 46 47 122 141 142 146 147 153 155 164 165 168 169 172 173 202 213

ndash non-titular use of the indefinite phrase in Middle Aramaic 41

ndash titular (including but not limited to chris tological) use of the definite phrase in Q 34 38 52 53 64 70 104 123 142 143 147 167 168 172 173 185 186 187 189 191 194 201 203 210 212 213

Sondergut 89 90ndash Matthean 91ndash Lukan 94 95 97 98 177

Index of Subjects272

Sophiandash myth (Enochic tradition) 172 202ndash myth (synoptic tradition) 96 200

201ndash words of 96 201synopticndash gospels 11 150 151ndash material 16 151ndash parallels 18 19ndash problem 1ndash Sayings Source 3 216ndash s tudies 4ndash tradition 17 21 26 98 101 131 151

158 205 215Syria 215

Talmud 30 36 37 38Targum 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

38 40 41ndash recons truction of the Pales tinian Tar-

gum 32Taricheae 46Tell Dan 45templendash apparatusins titution 50 96 107

113 119 125 126 127 137 157 197 200 205

ndash eschatological 76

ndash purityholiness of 65 123 137ndash mitigatingprotective role 51 124ndash of Augus tus at Paneion 45ndash second temple era 25 41 44 48 56

62 70 71 72 79 82 84 121 124 136 137 154 163 186 201 209 213 216

ndash liturgy 124ndash mounthill 113ndash pollution of as perceived by some

ancient authors 113 125 136Theon of Alexandria 171Tiberias 38Torah 58 64 72 79 112 207 208 209transfiguration 47tree of knowledge 113Tyre 199

Vermes-Fitzmyer debate 28 38 39

Watchers 45 53 121Wicked Pries t 125

Yahweh 117 118

Zechariah (son of Jehoiada) 200mt Zion 113

  • Cover13
  • Titel13
  • Preface
  • Table of Contents13
  • List of Abbreviations
  • Chapter One Prolegomena
    • 1 Introduction Recent Methodological Questions in Q Studies
    • 2 The Study of Q as a Reconstructed Text
      • Index of Ancient Sources
      • Index of Modern Authors
      • Index of Subjects
Page 38: Apocalypticism in the Synoptic Sayings Source€¦ · Apocalypticism in the Synoptic Sayings Source A Reassessment of Q’s Stratigraphy Mohr Siebeck. Olegs Andrejevs, born 1982;

Index of Modern Authors

Achtemeier P 139 141Adams S L 56 72 202Alexander P S 31 32Allison D C 1 2 3 5 12 22 24 66

75 77 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 90 91 94 96 98 99 103 105 107 112 117 119 120 123 125 129 130 131 133 134 135 136 138 139 140 144 147 148 149 150 152 153 155 158 160 163 169 170 172 175 176 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 193 197 198 200 205

Anderson A A 124Anderson F I 113Andrejevs O 25 164 172 190Arcari L 44Argall R A 47 72 202Arnal W E 23 24 48 59 61 63 65

66 67 68 78 86 104 123 125 132 134 136 150 191 194 208 214

Attridge H W 17Audet J-P 14Avigad N 29 30

Bailey K 102Bauckham R 12Baum A D 1Bazzana G B 1 3 24 59 178 198Beasley-Murray G R 158Berger K 104Bergmeier R 159 160 162Betz D H 3 24 51 103 146 179 183de Begraveze T 27Bird M F 159 198 199Black C C 11Black M 26 28 30 31 32 35 36 37

40 168Blenkinsopp J 135 136 137Boccaccini G 32 43 44 50Boring M E 38 183 184 185 188

192 211

Borsch F H 185Bovon F 5 19 93 95 96 98 99 106

140 177 179 184 185 198Bowman J W 28 33Boyarin D 23Breuer Y 34Brin G 208Broadhead E K 3 89Brodie T L 163Brooke G J 43 160Brown R E 11 12 102 130 157 158Broyles C C 123Bultmann R 3 60 98 111 132 156

158 184 185 186 187 188 201Burkett D 27 213Bussmann W 26

Campbell J Y 28 46Caragounis C C 27 29 39Carroll J T 3Carruth S 119Casey P M 29 34 35 37 39 41Cas tor G D 4 5Catchpole D R 21 77 90 96 99 129

131 145 147 156 157 159 164 175 188 198 208

Chang A 199Charlesworth J H 31 42 43 44 45

46 47 72 160 171 185Chazon E G 115 202Cheung L L 12Childs B S 163Chilton B D 26 36 39 117 130Clark D J 109Collins A Y 39 41 47 50 51 52 103

114 188 193 211Collins J J 23 40 43 48 49 50 51

52 53 57 76 77 121 126 160 161 162 163 168 202

Colpe C 25 26 28 29 31 32 36 37 39 40 45 140

Index of Modern Authors262

Conzelmann H 96 97Cotter W J 61 104 132 156 163 165

166 170 191Cromhout M 61 145 191Crossan J D 39 89 94 98 134

Dalman G 27 29 30Damm A 171Davidson M J 114Davies W D 1 2 3 91 99 119 120

131 138 139 140 149 150 169 172 179 180 184 185 193 197 200

DeConick A D 11 17 20 21 138 139 192

Derrenbacker R A 1 24Di Lella A A 73Dibelius M 12Diacuteez Macho A 30Dimant D 160DiTommaso L 57Doering L 208Downing F G 23 64Draper J A 13 14 15 16 68 156Dundenberg I 11Dunn J D G 1 149 183Dupont J 97 116Durham J I 163

Eldridge M D 117Elgvin T 49 56 57 115 202Eshel H 44

Fiebig P 26 27 28 34 37 39Fitzmyer J A 1 2 3 8 19 26 28 30

31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 82 91 95 97 98 117 118 119 130 131 133 138 139 140 146 149 163 177 179 208

Fleddermann H T 2 6 10 11 59 62 69 83 84 85 86 87 90 91 93 95 97 98 101 103 104 105 109 129 130 134 140 144 148 150 152 156 157 163 166 170 176 177 179 184 185 189 199 200 203 205 211

Flusser D 14 15Fos ter P 1 3 6 12 26Freedman H 32Frenschkowski M 145Frey J 56Freyne S 159 199

Funk F X 14 147

Garciacutea Martiacutenez F 49 57 160 162 202 208

Garrow A 13Gathercole S 17 19 20 138 139 181Gerber C 203Gibson J B 116Gieschen C A 147Ginsburger M 30Glover R 13 16Goering G S 72 125Goff M J 55 56 57 79 84 115 178

202Goodacre M 1 17 19Greenfield J C 27Greeven H 12Gregg B H 90 97 186 198 204Grenfell B P 14 17Guelich R A 193Guenther H O 26Gundry R H 150 181 197

Haenchen E 12 139 157 158 201Hahn F 185Han K S 124 125 200Hannah D D 42 43 45 46Hare D R A 38 39 40 184 185Harrington D J 33 55 57 202 Hartin P J 12 61 119 166Hasitschka M 118Heil C 5 38 60 99 119 181Higgins A J B 184Hill A E 163Hindley J C 43Hoffmann P 5 38 55 67 70 75 77

80 96 99 112 145 167 170 184 185

Holtzmann H J 4Hooker M D 45Horsley R 68 156 198 199 200van der Hors t P W 73Hossfeld F L 124Howard G 146Howes L 26 39 43 61 65 77 81 133

140 141 142 166 167 170 185 188 190 212

Hubbard B J 38Hultgren S 160 162Hunt A S 14 17

263Index of Modern Authors

van Iersel B M F 102

Jacobson A D 5 26 39 49 54 60 61 64 75 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 85 87 90 94 96 97 98 106 129 132 140 144 152 156 157 167 170 171 184 185 187 201 207 210

Jefford C N 13 14 15Jeremias J 179 198 204Jervis L A 55Jewett R 149Johnson L A 178 208Johnson L T 12Johnson-DeBaufre M 66 103 163Jonas H 51de Jonge H J 24 185Jongeling B 35Joseph S J 1 21 23 24 45 46 47 48

51 52 68 103 125 132 134 136 142 144 153 156 159 160 161 162 164 178 180 181 182 184 185 187 190 191 200 201 202 206 208 214 215

Jus t A A 102

Kahle P 26 30 31 36Kampen J L 162 209Kaufman S A 31 32 36 40Keener C S 183Kirk A 2 4 5 6 10 15 24 55 59 60

61 62 66 67 68 69 71 72 73 75 76 77 78 79 83 84 85 86 87 88 90 94 96 98 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 111 114 129 152 155 156 166 177 179 184 189 190 197 203 207 208 214 215

Kloppenborg J S 1 2 3 4 5 11 12 13 14 15 17 19 21 22 23 24 25 26 38 39 50 51 53 54 55 57 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 86 87 88 89 90 95 97 98 99 103 104 107 108 111 112 121 122 123 124 125 126 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 139 140 141 142 143 144 147 148 150 151 155 156 157 158 160 162 163 164 165 166 167 170 171 172 175 176 180 181 182 183 184 187 189

190 191 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 208 210 211 212 213

Knibb M A 46 202Koes ter H 15 38 48 60 61 63 66

148Koumlhler W D 16Kraus H-J 124Kutscher E Y 30 35 36

Lang B 201Laurence R 41Leives tad R 43Levine A-J 208Lichtenberger H 124Lindars B 29 34 37 39 43 184 185

188Lohfink N 118Lukaszewski A 25 27Luz U 3 10 60 74 75 78 81 87 90

91 93 95 96 97 99 102 106 111 131 134 140 142 145 148 150 151 166 169 180 181 184 185 197 198 199 201 204 207

Luumldemann G 183Luumlhrmann D 61 64 78 111 140 157

158 165 180 184

Mack B L 23 38 43 61 133 135 170Magness J 160Malherbe A 192 211Manson T W 5 28 101Maori Y 32Marcus J 8 11 41 47 102 183 188

193 199 211Marshall I H 3Martiacutenez R 166 167Martyn J L 183Maumlrz C-P 90 94McDermott J M 185McNamara M J 31Meadors E P 62 66 67 72 74 76 77

166 168 201Meadors G T 137Menken M J J 116 117Meyer A 27Meyer P D 157Middleton P 182Milik J P 36 42 43 187Milikowsky C 181Miller R J 63 201

Index of Modern Authors264

Mitchell D C 124Moller H B 29Moreland M 23Moss C 182Mournet T C 1Muraoka T 35 38Muumlnch C 203

Neirynck F 2 3 4 11 22 26 90 98 99 116 130 140 149

Nickelsburg G 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 52 53 76 106 112 113 122 126 141 168 172 202 210 213

Niebuhr K W 159Niederwimmer K 13 14 15 16 148

151 152Nielsen K 114 115Nolland J 179Novakovic L 160 162

Odeberg H 36Oegema G S 116Owen P 25 29 35

Patterson S J 17 18 21 61 63Perrin N 186Pervo R I 183Pietersma A 146Piovanelli P 44 45Piper R A 61 82 112 176 190Ploeg J P M 35Pokornyacute P 11 17 19 117 139Polag A 62 73 89 90 94Porter S E 180 181Porton G G 38Pries t J 126Propp W H C 163Puech Eacute 133 160 162

Ra Y 39 132 145 155 170 184 185Reicke B 141Riesner R 183Robbins M C 51 103 113 115 117

121 125Robbins V K 104Robinson J M 2 5 24 26 34 38 39

41 43 55 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 77 96 103 119 129 131 132 134 135 140 142 143 144 145

156 160 165 166 167 180 181 184 185 186 187 188 190 200 201 202

Rodd C S 6 7 9Rollens S E 2 3 23 24 26 61 132

182 191Roth D T 2 6 7 10 11 54 90 145

165 191 192 203 204 205 206Rothschild C K 90 159 164Royse J R 146Roumlsel M 146

Sacchi P 43 44 45 47Sandt H 5 14 15Sato M 3 59 62 74 75 76 77 79 80

82 83 87 90 94 98 111 134 170 176 184

Schalit A 44Schenk W 62 73 89 90 103 170 176Schiavo L 104 112 113Schiffman L H 57 160Schnackenburg R 12 157 158Schniedewind W M 160Schroumlter J 180Schulz S 74 132 165 167 176 179

201 210Schuumlrmann H 8 130 167 170Seeley D 132 141 142Segal M 43 114 121Sellew P 193Sevenich-Bax E 103 105Shelton J 163Shepherd D 29 35Shinall M C 51Shirock R J 102Sjoumlberg E 28 29 35 39 45Skeat T C 180Skehan P W 73Smith D A 96 201 202 203So K-C 157Sokoloff M 35Somov A 181Spranger P P 204S taples J A 145 146 154S teck O H 61 64 132 201S tone M E 45S treeter B H 4 12 130S trugnell J 55S tuckenbruck L T 27 30 47 51 65

114 121Syreeni K 4 15 153

265Index of Modern Authors

Tabor J D 160Tannehil R C 178 208Taylor N H 120 123 183Theissen G 123Theophilos M P 126Tigchelaar E J C 56Tiwald M 3 23 160Toumldt H E 47 184 185 186 187Tuckett C M 1 3 6 9 11 13 14 15

17 23 26 49 50 53 54 61 62 63 66 68 72 76 77 84 86 90 94 95 98 112 114 119 121 125 130 134 140 150 154 156 157 158 160 166 170 184 193 199 205 206 207 208 210

Uhlig S 45Uro R 26 62 185

Vaage L E 23 24 26 39 61 133 165 167 170 171 190 191 210

VanderKam J C 43 46 57 168Vassiliadis P 89 94de Vaux R 56Vermes G 26 28 29 31 32 33 34 35

36 37 38 39 40 43 140 160 184

Wacholder B Z 209

von Wahlde U C 12 158Wahlen C 51Walck L W 46 52Watson F 1Weaks J A 6 7Weinfeld M 118 146 207 208Weiser A 124Weiss B 130Wellhausen J 26Welch J W 102Wernberg-Mѳller P 36Wes termann C 135 136Williams P J 35Wilson W T 149Wins ton D 46 72Wise M O 160Witetschek S 86 167Wolter M 90van der Woude A S 35Wright III B J 72 202

Xeravits G G 202

York A D 32

Zeller D 63 69 111 165 212Zenger E 124

Index of Subjects

Abel-Main (Tell Abl) 45Abraham 32 157Agrippa I 123 183Ahab 118 121angel of Yahweh 163angelicheavenly rebellion 121 125Antigonus 43aphaeresis 27 32 34 36 38apocalypse 48ndash as incorrectly applied to Mk 133ndash37

211ndash as incorrectly applied to Q 1723ndash37

210 211apocalypticndash Chris tianity 53ndash discourse 211ndash framework 57 121ndash inaccurately used as a noun 49ndash literature 47 53 54 135ndash language in Ben Sira 72ndash tradition 56 57 186ndash wisdom ins tructions other than Q 56

57 77 202ndash worldview (outside of Q see its at-

tes tation in Q referenced separately below) 24 49 50 51 55 57 87 121

apocalypticism 25 87 58 62ndash and apocalypse 48 49ndash and eschatology 48ndash as a literary category 48 79ndash as a dis tortion of Godrsquos intended

order 23ndash as compatible with wisdom in late

second temple literature 57 62 66 70 72 154 202

ndash as having a place outside the genre of an apocalypse 49

ndash as synonymous with apocalyptic worldview 49

ndash in Pauline thought 192ndash in sectarian environments 53

ndash in recent Q scholarship 48ndash methodological definitions of 50 54

186Aramaic 25 26 46 70 140 187 204

213ndash OfficialImperialBiblical 26 27 35

40ndash Middle 26 27 30 32 33 34 35 36

37 38 40 41 52 167 170 187 188ndash Late 26 27 28 32 33 34 35 36 37

38 41 140 187ndash Galilean 29 36 38ndash Qumran 31 32 35 38Athaliah 125Augus tus 45

Babylonian Exile 118Banias 45βασιλείαndash as a hypothetical metaphor reflecting

the social interes ts of Qrsquos author(s) 48

ndash as a political entity 120ndash of God 23 48 73 95 108 123 132

177 178 182 183 184 192 194 206 207

ndash of Satan 51 114ndash realized 142beatitude(s) 82 91 93 105 131 132

133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 153

Bethsaida 45 56 93

Caesarea Philippi 46(Cairo) Geniza fragments 28 29 30 32

36 37Capernaum 45 56 93chiasm 83 85 101 102 103 109 118

120chias tic 85 101 103 106 107 108 120

152 197

Index of Subjects268

Chorazin 56 93chreia(s) 63 71 104 105 120 211chreiic 65 86 104 105 111 156chris tology (see the Q discussion refer-

enced separately below)ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 17ndash in Luke 19ndash in Mark 131circumcision 159 209Claudius 183cosmic mountain 114 119Cynic(s) 23

Dan 45 47Darius I 163Deuteronomis t 118Deuteronomis tic His tory 146deuteronomis ticndash agenda 156ndash context(s) 143 153ndash framework 53 54ndash motifs 118 127ndash orientation 64ndash outlook 61 82 114ndash redaction 80ndash rhetoric 136ndash s tratums trata 78ndash theme 78ndash tradition 79ndash unders tanding 64devil 51 66 114 117 119 120 121 123

124

Elijah 96 116 118 126 162 163 164ElijahElisha cycle 162 163Enoch 44 45 47 51 76 112 113 157

172 202ndash as a scribe 46ndash Book of Watchers 45 113 125ndash sapiential content in Watchers 76ndash Book of Parables 24 41 47 157 167

171 213ndash sapiential content in Parables 76ndash Epis tle of Enoch 43ndash his torical incarnation of 202ndash Seminar 47Enochicndash author 122ndash corpus 52 73ndash formulation 52

ndash framework 121ndash literaturetext 43 46 56ndash movement 47 53 157 210ndash mythology 113 114 122 164ndash Son of Man 172ndash tradents 46ndash tradition 43 46 47 79 113 122 157

215ndash Watchers myth 45 53 121eschatological prophetndash in 4Q521 160 162ndash in Q 164 165 166eschatology (see the Q discussion refer-

enced separately below) 47 48 50ndash in 1 Enoch 42 47 76 122 141 142

168 169ndash in 4Q521 159 160 162ndash in 4QIns truction 56ndash in Ben Sira 72ndash in Malachi 163 164ndash in Psalms of Solomon 159ndash in Trito-Isaiah 136Exodusndash legendmyth 117ndash imagerymotifs 116 163

form (literary)ndash and meaning 82ndash and worldview 76ndash apocalypse 49ndash criticism 61 62 63 67 68 69 70

74 156 170 214ndash miracle s tory 156ndash wisdom 84ndash (wisdom) ins truction 70 71

Gaius (Caligula) 44 46 123Galilee 23 36 44 45 47 56 73 131

171 194 215ndash village scribes 48ndash villagestowns 24 93 199Gentile(s) 9 87 96 120 126 155 157

158 159 164 167 168 169 173 198 199 209 215

Great Omission 8 9

HasidicHasidim 79 162Hebrew 25 35 39 40 41 42 204Hebrew Biblescriptures 24 118 127

136 160

269Index of Subjects

Hermogenes 171mt Hermon 45 46 47Herod the Great and the Herodian era

43 44 45 46 126Herodians 45(holy) Spirit 72 94 178 189Hulah Valley 45

Isaiah (see the Index of Ancient Sources for specific passages)

ndash Deutero 46 135 136 168 169ndash firs t-century reader of 135ndash Trito 51 54 135 136 137 143 154

163 200Israelndash in Ben Sira 125ndash in Daniel 168ndash in Deuteronomy 118ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 139ndash in the Hebrew Bible 198 199ndash in Jubilees 121ndash in Malachi 163ndash in Q 53 64 78 80 87 96 104 118

127 155 156 158 198 199ndash pre-exilic 50ndash traditional wisdom of 58ndash wilderness myth 117

James (son of Zebedee) 183Jerusalem 44 72 96 106 108 113 119

125 159 166 199 200ndash culttemple 136 137 163 214ndash pries thood 45 47 127Jesusndash as an apocalyptic figure in Q 38ndash as a literary character in Q 21ndash floating traditions ascribed to 48ndash his torical 21 29 37 43 47 73 116

141 142 164 165 171 172 186 198ndash his torical greeting of in Jerusalem

106ndash movement 23ndash tradition 161Jewish Chris tianityndash as a movement in a contes ted envi-

ronment 43 183ndash as a proliferation of groups and

communities 183ndash on the use of the term 23

ndash possible connection to the Enochic movement 47

Jewish War 200John (the Baptis t) 68 78 80 83 85 90

91 92 97 103 104 105 116 159 163 164 165 166 167 169 172

ndash followers of 159 165 166ndash his torical 159 165Journeysndash cosmicterres trial 76 112 113 114

119 122 127ndash heavenly 45 112 113Judea 36 44 200 215

Kallirrhoeuml 45Kleinliteratur 3 4 59 60 73 215

Lordrsquos Prayer 93 94 177Lot 97 99

Maccabean era 126Mas tema 121Matthew and Luke as conservative

traditionalis ts 4Matthewrsquos and Lukersquos redactorial

freedom 4Matthewrsquos use of Q 4messiah 106 116 162 164 210messiahship 123messianic 116 210Migdal 46mimesis 114 141minor agreements 15 130Minor Prophets 146Moses 117

Nag Hammadi 17Nimrod 32

oralndash possible cross-influence on the Gos-

pel of Thomas from the canonical gospels 11 193

ndash harmonization of Matthew and Luke 16

ndash life of the primitive community 60ndash performance 15 16 161ndash source utilization 15ndash tradition 17 98 151ndash transmission 188

Index of Subjects270

ndash usage and application of Q 4ndash usage of Matthew 15ndash variants of Q 4Oxyrhynchus 17

Paneion 46Parousia 116 186 193Parthian invasion of 40 BCE 44 46Paulndash his torical 149 183ndash possible awareness of the Q tradition

by 192persecutionndash as an apocalyptic motif 54ndash because of someone 142ndash in authentic Pauline corpus 149 183ndash in Q 52 54 78 94 107 118 122

126 132 133 134 140 141 142 143 144 175 180 181 182 184 190 194 200 206

ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 138ndash in the Parables of Enoch 141ndash in Trito-Isaiah 137 200ndash plausibility of 182 183Pharisees 65 68 94 166 169 205 206

214pleroma 39prophecyndash pre-exilic and Persian era (classical)

50ndash mixture of with wisdom 77Prophetisierung 75

Qndash apocalypticism apocalyptic motifs

features imagination framework and worldview 23 25 46 53 57 58 63 69 70 71 73 76 79 84 87 88 111 114 121 127 141 175 190 194 197 202 210 211 213 214

ndash apocalyptic document 48 51ndash apocalyptic wisdom ins truction 23

55 70 73 74 77 79 214ndash (apocalyptic) communitymovement

55 107 122 194 195 206 209ndash Aramaic roots 26ndash chris tology 70 81 83 87 93 104

115 116 123 130 131 142 144 145 147 153 154 156 157 159 164 166 167 194 214

ndash demonology 51 53ndash eschatological (apocalyptic) dis-

course 64 83 97 98 170 210 211 212

ndash eschatology 48 51 54 56 69 73 75 87 94 95 101 104 105 108 133 141 142 143 144 147 159 164 165 166 167 169 172 180 192 193 194 198 199 202 203 210

ndash final (literary) form 59 62 69 78 178

ndash hypothetical mid- (lower) level or sub-elite scribal origin 24 59

ndash hypothetical recensions 3 4 59 60 90 98

ndash hypothetical segregation of wisdom and apocalyptic s trata 60 66 67 70 213 214

ndash mission speech 23 56 86 87 92 104 105 107 173 182 194

ndash Pales tinian character 24ndash possible authenticity of its content

22 81ndash prophetic content 61 63 67 70 74

75 76 77 79 80 82 83 142 143 176

ndash recons truction (CEQ) 5 6 10 90 (see also recons truction [in this s tudy] below as such frequently follows the CEQ)

ndash recons truction (feasibility) 2 3 4 10 11

ndash recons truction (in this s tudy) 60 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 111 116 119 120 123 130 131 134 144 147 148 149 151 152 165 169 170 172 175 176 177 178 179 181 184 191 193 199 204 207 213 215

ndash recons truction (methodology) 5 89 90

ndash recons truction (skepticism) 2 10 59 (see also recons tructed Mark below)

ndash sapiential content 12 62 63 67 77 79 80 82 130 154 175 191 202 214

ndash sermon 63 82 91 92 103 105 127 129 130 131 134 135 138 140 144 145 147 152 153 154 155 156

ndash sophis ticated scribal traditions 24ndash sub-literary view of 3 59 60 74

271Index of Subjects

ndash tradents 4 59 67 125 135 147 181 182 197 199 202 203 207 209 214

ndash tradition 13 17 87 161 163 164 186 187 192 202

Quintillian 171Qumran (see the Index of Ancient

Sources for specific documents)ndash apocalyptic worldview 50 135ndash Aramaic corpus 33ndash beatitude collection 133ndash communitymovementYahad 44 53

56 121 135 136 137 157 160 161 206 207 208 209

ndash demonology 124ndash discovery 29ndash fellowship with angels 115ndash fragments of 1 Enoch 44ndash library 43ndash manualsrules 82ndash sapiential literature 25 55 56 57

58 62 69ndash social setting 43

recons tructed Mark 2 6 7 8 9 10RomeRomans 44 91 121 126 159

199 207ndash occupation of Judea 44

sage(s) 55 56 79 84Samaria 44Satan 50 51 52 53 114 115 117 118

120 121 159 192scribe(s) 102 205ndash ancient reading practices of 102ndash as a Q opponent group 68 169 205ndash as advanced or elite readers of Q

102 103ndash Enochic 46 215ndash in Matthewrsquos community (other than

Matthew) 4ndash in the Q community 48 135 195

215ndash in the text of Q 169 172ndash memory competence of 4 102ndash responsible for 2 Enoch 112ndash responsible for Did 13bndash5b 15scriptorium 46Sefire 27 37Sepphoris 38 46Sermon on the Mount 15 16 87 94

Sermon on the Plain 15 16(Deutero-Isaianic) Servant 136 168 169Sidon 199Simeon II 125Son of Man 47 115ndash Aramaic background of the phrase

25 26 28 37 153ndash as a messianic title in the Parables of

Enoch 28 46ndash circumlocutional non-titular use of

the phrase in Late Aramaic 34ndash classifications of the phrasersquos Q

ins tances 26ndash designation of as Son of Humanity in

some recent research 39ndash his torical incarnation of as under-

s tood by some ancient authors 165 172

ndash hypothetical non-titular (circumlocu-tional or generic) use of the definite phrase in Middle Aramaic by the his torical Jesus and in Q 28 29 34 37 38 39 42 43 52 71 140 142 167 170 186 187

ndash in Daniel 41 42 186 213ndash in Luke 142 186ndash in Mark 41ndash in Matthew 99 142 186ndash in Q 25 26 34 38 39 42 43 46 47

52 53 64 67 69 70 71 96 98 104 106 115 116 123 141 142 147 164 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 176 185 186 187 188 189 191 194 201 203 210 212 213

ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 170ndash in the Parables of Enoch 25 28 41

42 43 44 45 46 47 122 141 142 146 147 153 155 164 165 168 169 172 173 202 213

ndash non-titular use of the indefinite phrase in Middle Aramaic 41

ndash titular (including but not limited to chris tological) use of the definite phrase in Q 34 38 52 53 64 70 104 123 142 143 147 167 168 172 173 185 186 187 189 191 194 201 203 210 212 213

Sondergut 89 90ndash Matthean 91ndash Lukan 94 95 97 98 177

Index of Subjects272

Sophiandash myth (Enochic tradition) 172 202ndash myth (synoptic tradition) 96 200

201ndash words of 96 201synopticndash gospels 11 150 151ndash material 16 151ndash parallels 18 19ndash problem 1ndash Sayings Source 3 216ndash s tudies 4ndash tradition 17 21 26 98 101 131 151

158 205 215Syria 215

Talmud 30 36 37 38Targum 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

38 40 41ndash recons truction of the Pales tinian Tar-

gum 32Taricheae 46Tell Dan 45templendash apparatusins titution 50 96 107

113 119 125 126 127 137 157 197 200 205

ndash eschatological 76

ndash purityholiness of 65 123 137ndash mitigatingprotective role 51 124ndash of Augus tus at Paneion 45ndash second temple era 25 41 44 48 56

62 70 71 72 79 82 84 121 124 136 137 154 163 186 201 209 213 216

ndash liturgy 124ndash mounthill 113ndash pollution of as perceived by some

ancient authors 113 125 136Theon of Alexandria 171Tiberias 38Torah 58 64 72 79 112 207 208 209transfiguration 47tree of knowledge 113Tyre 199

Vermes-Fitzmyer debate 28 38 39

Watchers 45 53 121Wicked Pries t 125

Yahweh 117 118

Zechariah (son of Jehoiada) 200mt Zion 113

  • Cover13
  • Titel13
  • Preface
  • Table of Contents13
  • List of Abbreviations
  • Chapter One Prolegomena
    • 1 Introduction Recent Methodological Questions in Q Studies
    • 2 The Study of Q as a Reconstructed Text
      • Index of Ancient Sources
      • Index of Modern Authors
      • Index of Subjects
Page 39: Apocalypticism in the Synoptic Sayings Source€¦ · Apocalypticism in the Synoptic Sayings Source A Reassessment of Q’s Stratigraphy Mohr Siebeck. Olegs Andrejevs, born 1982;

Index of Modern Authors262

Conzelmann H 96 97Cotter W J 61 104 132 156 163 165

166 170 191Cromhout M 61 145 191Crossan J D 39 89 94 98 134

Dalman G 27 29 30Damm A 171Davidson M J 114Davies W D 1 2 3 91 99 119 120

131 138 139 140 149 150 169 172 179 180 184 185 193 197 200

DeConick A D 11 17 20 21 138 139 192

Derrenbacker R A 1 24Di Lella A A 73Dibelius M 12Diacuteez Macho A 30Dimant D 160DiTommaso L 57Doering L 208Downing F G 23 64Draper J A 13 14 15 16 68 156Dundenberg I 11Dunn J D G 1 149 183Dupont J 97 116Durham J I 163

Eldridge M D 117Elgvin T 49 56 57 115 202Eshel H 44

Fiebig P 26 27 28 34 37 39Fitzmyer J A 1 2 3 8 19 26 28 30

31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 82 91 95 97 98 117 118 119 130 131 133 138 139 140 146 149 163 177 179 208

Fleddermann H T 2 6 10 11 59 62 69 83 84 85 86 87 90 91 93 95 97 98 101 103 104 105 109 129 130 134 140 144 148 150 152 156 157 163 166 170 176 177 179 184 185 189 199 200 203 205 211

Flusser D 14 15Fos ter P 1 3 6 12 26Freedman H 32Frenschkowski M 145Frey J 56Freyne S 159 199

Funk F X 14 147

Garciacutea Martiacutenez F 49 57 160 162 202 208

Garrow A 13Gathercole S 17 19 20 138 139 181Gerber C 203Gibson J B 116Gieschen C A 147Ginsburger M 30Glover R 13 16Goering G S 72 125Goff M J 55 56 57 79 84 115 178

202Goodacre M 1 17 19Greenfield J C 27Greeven H 12Gregg B H 90 97 186 198 204Grenfell B P 14 17Guelich R A 193Guenther H O 26Gundry R H 150 181 197

Haenchen E 12 139 157 158 201Hahn F 185Han K S 124 125 200Hannah D D 42 43 45 46Hare D R A 38 39 40 184 185Harrington D J 33 55 57 202 Hartin P J 12 61 119 166Hasitschka M 118Heil C 5 38 60 99 119 181Higgins A J B 184Hill A E 163Hindley J C 43Hoffmann P 5 38 55 67 70 75 77

80 96 99 112 145 167 170 184 185

Holtzmann H J 4Hooker M D 45Horsley R 68 156 198 199 200van der Hors t P W 73Hossfeld F L 124Howard G 146Howes L 26 39 43 61 65 77 81 133

140 141 142 166 167 170 185 188 190 212

Hubbard B J 38Hultgren S 160 162Hunt A S 14 17

263Index of Modern Authors

van Iersel B M F 102

Jacobson A D 5 26 39 49 54 60 61 64 75 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 85 87 90 94 96 97 98 106 129 132 140 144 152 156 157 167 170 171 184 185 187 201 207 210

Jefford C N 13 14 15Jeremias J 179 198 204Jervis L A 55Jewett R 149Johnson L A 178 208Johnson L T 12Johnson-DeBaufre M 66 103 163Jonas H 51de Jonge H J 24 185Jongeling B 35Joseph S J 1 21 23 24 45 46 47 48

51 52 68 103 125 132 134 136 142 144 153 156 159 160 161 162 164 178 180 181 182 184 185 187 190 191 200 201 202 206 208 214 215

Jus t A A 102

Kahle P 26 30 31 36Kampen J L 162 209Kaufman S A 31 32 36 40Keener C S 183Kirk A 2 4 5 6 10 15 24 55 59 60

61 62 66 67 68 69 71 72 73 75 76 77 78 79 83 84 85 86 87 88 90 94 96 98 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 111 114 129 152 155 156 166 177 179 184 189 190 197 203 207 208 214 215

Kloppenborg J S 1 2 3 4 5 11 12 13 14 15 17 19 21 22 23 24 25 26 38 39 50 51 53 54 55 57 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 86 87 88 89 90 95 97 98 99 103 104 107 108 111 112 121 122 123 124 125 126 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 139 140 141 142 143 144 147 148 150 151 155 156 157 158 160 162 163 164 165 166 167 170 171 172 175 176 180 181 182 183 184 187 189

190 191 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 208 210 211 212 213

Knibb M A 46 202Koes ter H 15 38 48 60 61 63 66

148Koumlhler W D 16Kraus H-J 124Kutscher E Y 30 35 36

Lang B 201Laurence R 41Leives tad R 43Levine A-J 208Lichtenberger H 124Lindars B 29 34 37 39 43 184 185

188Lohfink N 118Lukaszewski A 25 27Luz U 3 10 60 74 75 78 81 87 90

91 93 95 96 97 99 102 106 111 131 134 140 142 145 148 150 151 166 169 180 181 184 185 197 198 199 201 204 207

Luumldemann G 183Luumlhrmann D 61 64 78 111 140 157

158 165 180 184

Mack B L 23 38 43 61 133 135 170Magness J 160Malherbe A 192 211Manson T W 5 28 101Maori Y 32Marcus J 8 11 41 47 102 183 188

193 199 211Marshall I H 3Martiacutenez R 166 167Martyn J L 183Maumlrz C-P 90 94McDermott J M 185McNamara M J 31Meadors E P 62 66 67 72 74 76 77

166 168 201Meadors G T 137Menken M J J 116 117Meyer A 27Meyer P D 157Middleton P 182Milik J P 36 42 43 187Milikowsky C 181Miller R J 63 201

Index of Modern Authors264

Mitchell D C 124Moller H B 29Moreland M 23Moss C 182Mournet T C 1Muraoka T 35 38Muumlnch C 203

Neirynck F 2 3 4 11 22 26 90 98 99 116 130 140 149

Nickelsburg G 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 52 53 76 106 112 113 122 126 141 168 172 202 210 213

Niebuhr K W 159Niederwimmer K 13 14 15 16 148

151 152Nielsen K 114 115Nolland J 179Novakovic L 160 162

Odeberg H 36Oegema G S 116Owen P 25 29 35

Patterson S J 17 18 21 61 63Perrin N 186Pervo R I 183Pietersma A 146Piovanelli P 44 45Piper R A 61 82 112 176 190Ploeg J P M 35Pokornyacute P 11 17 19 117 139Polag A 62 73 89 90 94Porter S E 180 181Porton G G 38Pries t J 126Propp W H C 163Puech Eacute 133 160 162

Ra Y 39 132 145 155 170 184 185Reicke B 141Riesner R 183Robbins M C 51 103 113 115 117

121 125Robbins V K 104Robinson J M 2 5 24 26 34 38 39

41 43 55 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 77 96 103 119 129 131 132 134 135 140 142 143 144 145

156 160 165 166 167 180 181 184 185 186 187 188 190 200 201 202

Rodd C S 6 7 9Rollens S E 2 3 23 24 26 61 132

182 191Roth D T 2 6 7 10 11 54 90 145

165 191 192 203 204 205 206Rothschild C K 90 159 164Royse J R 146Roumlsel M 146

Sacchi P 43 44 45 47Sandt H 5 14 15Sato M 3 59 62 74 75 76 77 79 80

82 83 87 90 94 98 111 134 170 176 184

Schalit A 44Schenk W 62 73 89 90 103 170 176Schiavo L 104 112 113Schiffman L H 57 160Schnackenburg R 12 157 158Schniedewind W M 160Schroumlter J 180Schulz S 74 132 165 167 176 179

201 210Schuumlrmann H 8 130 167 170Seeley D 132 141 142Segal M 43 114 121Sellew P 193Sevenich-Bax E 103 105Shelton J 163Shepherd D 29 35Shinall M C 51Shirock R J 102Sjoumlberg E 28 29 35 39 45Skeat T C 180Skehan P W 73Smith D A 96 201 202 203So K-C 157Sokoloff M 35Somov A 181Spranger P P 204S taples J A 145 146 154S teck O H 61 64 132 201S tone M E 45S treeter B H 4 12 130S trugnell J 55S tuckenbruck L T 27 30 47 51 65

114 121Syreeni K 4 15 153

265Index of Modern Authors

Tabor J D 160Tannehil R C 178 208Taylor N H 120 123 183Theissen G 123Theophilos M P 126Tigchelaar E J C 56Tiwald M 3 23 160Toumldt H E 47 184 185 186 187Tuckett C M 1 3 6 9 11 13 14 15

17 23 26 49 50 53 54 61 62 63 66 68 72 76 77 84 86 90 94 95 98 112 114 119 121 125 130 134 140 150 154 156 157 158 160 166 170 184 193 199 205 206 207 208 210

Uhlig S 45Uro R 26 62 185

Vaage L E 23 24 26 39 61 133 165 167 170 171 190 191 210

VanderKam J C 43 46 57 168Vassiliadis P 89 94de Vaux R 56Vermes G 26 28 29 31 32 33 34 35

36 37 38 39 40 43 140 160 184

Wacholder B Z 209

von Wahlde U C 12 158Wahlen C 51Walck L W 46 52Watson F 1Weaks J A 6 7Weinfeld M 118 146 207 208Weiser A 124Weiss B 130Wellhausen J 26Welch J W 102Wernberg-Mѳller P 36Wes termann C 135 136Williams P J 35Wilson W T 149Wins ton D 46 72Wise M O 160Witetschek S 86 167Wolter M 90van der Woude A S 35Wright III B J 72 202

Xeravits G G 202

York A D 32

Zeller D 63 69 111 165 212Zenger E 124

Index of Subjects

Abel-Main (Tell Abl) 45Abraham 32 157Agrippa I 123 183Ahab 118 121angel of Yahweh 163angelicheavenly rebellion 121 125Antigonus 43aphaeresis 27 32 34 36 38apocalypse 48ndash as incorrectly applied to Mk 133ndash37

211ndash as incorrectly applied to Q 1723ndash37

210 211apocalypticndash Chris tianity 53ndash discourse 211ndash framework 57 121ndash inaccurately used as a noun 49ndash literature 47 53 54 135ndash language in Ben Sira 72ndash tradition 56 57 186ndash wisdom ins tructions other than Q 56

57 77 202ndash worldview (outside of Q see its at-

tes tation in Q referenced separately below) 24 49 50 51 55 57 87 121

apocalypticism 25 87 58 62ndash and apocalypse 48 49ndash and eschatology 48ndash as a literary category 48 79ndash as a dis tortion of Godrsquos intended

order 23ndash as compatible with wisdom in late

second temple literature 57 62 66 70 72 154 202

ndash as having a place outside the genre of an apocalypse 49

ndash as synonymous with apocalyptic worldview 49

ndash in Pauline thought 192ndash in sectarian environments 53

ndash in recent Q scholarship 48ndash methodological definitions of 50 54

186Aramaic 25 26 46 70 140 187 204

213ndash OfficialImperialBiblical 26 27 35

40ndash Middle 26 27 30 32 33 34 35 36

37 38 40 41 52 167 170 187 188ndash Late 26 27 28 32 33 34 35 36 37

38 41 140 187ndash Galilean 29 36 38ndash Qumran 31 32 35 38Athaliah 125Augus tus 45

Babylonian Exile 118Banias 45βασιλείαndash as a hypothetical metaphor reflecting

the social interes ts of Qrsquos author(s) 48

ndash as a political entity 120ndash of God 23 48 73 95 108 123 132

177 178 182 183 184 192 194 206 207

ndash of Satan 51 114ndash realized 142beatitude(s) 82 91 93 105 131 132

133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 153

Bethsaida 45 56 93

Caesarea Philippi 46(Cairo) Geniza fragments 28 29 30 32

36 37Capernaum 45 56 93chiasm 83 85 101 102 103 109 118

120chias tic 85 101 103 106 107 108 120

152 197

Index of Subjects268

Chorazin 56 93chreia(s) 63 71 104 105 120 211chreiic 65 86 104 105 111 156chris tology (see the Q discussion refer-

enced separately below)ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 17ndash in Luke 19ndash in Mark 131circumcision 159 209Claudius 183cosmic mountain 114 119Cynic(s) 23

Dan 45 47Darius I 163Deuteronomis t 118Deuteronomis tic His tory 146deuteronomis ticndash agenda 156ndash context(s) 143 153ndash framework 53 54ndash motifs 118 127ndash orientation 64ndash outlook 61 82 114ndash redaction 80ndash rhetoric 136ndash s tratums trata 78ndash theme 78ndash tradition 79ndash unders tanding 64devil 51 66 114 117 119 120 121 123

124

Elijah 96 116 118 126 162 163 164ElijahElisha cycle 162 163Enoch 44 45 47 51 76 112 113 157

172 202ndash as a scribe 46ndash Book of Watchers 45 113 125ndash sapiential content in Watchers 76ndash Book of Parables 24 41 47 157 167

171 213ndash sapiential content in Parables 76ndash Epis tle of Enoch 43ndash his torical incarnation of 202ndash Seminar 47Enochicndash author 122ndash corpus 52 73ndash formulation 52

ndash framework 121ndash literaturetext 43 46 56ndash movement 47 53 157 210ndash mythology 113 114 122 164ndash Son of Man 172ndash tradents 46ndash tradition 43 46 47 79 113 122 157

215ndash Watchers myth 45 53 121eschatological prophetndash in 4Q521 160 162ndash in Q 164 165 166eschatology (see the Q discussion refer-

enced separately below) 47 48 50ndash in 1 Enoch 42 47 76 122 141 142

168 169ndash in 4Q521 159 160 162ndash in 4QIns truction 56ndash in Ben Sira 72ndash in Malachi 163 164ndash in Psalms of Solomon 159ndash in Trito-Isaiah 136Exodusndash legendmyth 117ndash imagerymotifs 116 163

form (literary)ndash and meaning 82ndash and worldview 76ndash apocalypse 49ndash criticism 61 62 63 67 68 69 70

74 156 170 214ndash miracle s tory 156ndash wisdom 84ndash (wisdom) ins truction 70 71

Gaius (Caligula) 44 46 123Galilee 23 36 44 45 47 56 73 131

171 194 215ndash village scribes 48ndash villagestowns 24 93 199Gentile(s) 9 87 96 120 126 155 157

158 159 164 167 168 169 173 198 199 209 215

Great Omission 8 9

HasidicHasidim 79 162Hebrew 25 35 39 40 41 42 204Hebrew Biblescriptures 24 118 127

136 160

269Index of Subjects

Hermogenes 171mt Hermon 45 46 47Herod the Great and the Herodian era

43 44 45 46 126Herodians 45(holy) Spirit 72 94 178 189Hulah Valley 45

Isaiah (see the Index of Ancient Sources for specific passages)

ndash Deutero 46 135 136 168 169ndash firs t-century reader of 135ndash Trito 51 54 135 136 137 143 154

163 200Israelndash in Ben Sira 125ndash in Daniel 168ndash in Deuteronomy 118ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 139ndash in the Hebrew Bible 198 199ndash in Jubilees 121ndash in Malachi 163ndash in Q 53 64 78 80 87 96 104 118

127 155 156 158 198 199ndash pre-exilic 50ndash traditional wisdom of 58ndash wilderness myth 117

James (son of Zebedee) 183Jerusalem 44 72 96 106 108 113 119

125 159 166 199 200ndash culttemple 136 137 163 214ndash pries thood 45 47 127Jesusndash as an apocalyptic figure in Q 38ndash as a literary character in Q 21ndash floating traditions ascribed to 48ndash his torical 21 29 37 43 47 73 116

141 142 164 165 171 172 186 198ndash his torical greeting of in Jerusalem

106ndash movement 23ndash tradition 161Jewish Chris tianityndash as a movement in a contes ted envi-

ronment 43 183ndash as a proliferation of groups and

communities 183ndash on the use of the term 23

ndash possible connection to the Enochic movement 47

Jewish War 200John (the Baptis t) 68 78 80 83 85 90

91 92 97 103 104 105 116 159 163 164 165 166 167 169 172

ndash followers of 159 165 166ndash his torical 159 165Journeysndash cosmicterres trial 76 112 113 114

119 122 127ndash heavenly 45 112 113Judea 36 44 200 215

Kallirrhoeuml 45Kleinliteratur 3 4 59 60 73 215

Lordrsquos Prayer 93 94 177Lot 97 99

Maccabean era 126Mas tema 121Matthew and Luke as conservative

traditionalis ts 4Matthewrsquos and Lukersquos redactorial

freedom 4Matthewrsquos use of Q 4messiah 106 116 162 164 210messiahship 123messianic 116 210Migdal 46mimesis 114 141minor agreements 15 130Minor Prophets 146Moses 117

Nag Hammadi 17Nimrod 32

oralndash possible cross-influence on the Gos-

pel of Thomas from the canonical gospels 11 193

ndash harmonization of Matthew and Luke 16

ndash life of the primitive community 60ndash performance 15 16 161ndash source utilization 15ndash tradition 17 98 151ndash transmission 188

Index of Subjects270

ndash usage and application of Q 4ndash usage of Matthew 15ndash variants of Q 4Oxyrhynchus 17

Paneion 46Parousia 116 186 193Parthian invasion of 40 BCE 44 46Paulndash his torical 149 183ndash possible awareness of the Q tradition

by 192persecutionndash as an apocalyptic motif 54ndash because of someone 142ndash in authentic Pauline corpus 149 183ndash in Q 52 54 78 94 107 118 122

126 132 133 134 140 141 142 143 144 175 180 181 182 184 190 194 200 206

ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 138ndash in the Parables of Enoch 141ndash in Trito-Isaiah 137 200ndash plausibility of 182 183Pharisees 65 68 94 166 169 205 206

214pleroma 39prophecyndash pre-exilic and Persian era (classical)

50ndash mixture of with wisdom 77Prophetisierung 75

Qndash apocalypticism apocalyptic motifs

features imagination framework and worldview 23 25 46 53 57 58 63 69 70 71 73 76 79 84 87 88 111 114 121 127 141 175 190 194 197 202 210 211 213 214

ndash apocalyptic document 48 51ndash apocalyptic wisdom ins truction 23

55 70 73 74 77 79 214ndash (apocalyptic) communitymovement

55 107 122 194 195 206 209ndash Aramaic roots 26ndash chris tology 70 81 83 87 93 104

115 116 123 130 131 142 144 145 147 153 154 156 157 159 164 166 167 194 214

ndash demonology 51 53ndash eschatological (apocalyptic) dis-

course 64 83 97 98 170 210 211 212

ndash eschatology 48 51 54 56 69 73 75 87 94 95 101 104 105 108 133 141 142 143 144 147 159 164 165 166 167 169 172 180 192 193 194 198 199 202 203 210

ndash final (literary) form 59 62 69 78 178

ndash hypothetical mid- (lower) level or sub-elite scribal origin 24 59

ndash hypothetical recensions 3 4 59 60 90 98

ndash hypothetical segregation of wisdom and apocalyptic s trata 60 66 67 70 213 214

ndash mission speech 23 56 86 87 92 104 105 107 173 182 194

ndash Pales tinian character 24ndash possible authenticity of its content

22 81ndash prophetic content 61 63 67 70 74

75 76 77 79 80 82 83 142 143 176

ndash recons truction (CEQ) 5 6 10 90 (see also recons truction [in this s tudy] below as such frequently follows the CEQ)

ndash recons truction (feasibility) 2 3 4 10 11

ndash recons truction (in this s tudy) 60 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 111 116 119 120 123 130 131 134 144 147 148 149 151 152 165 169 170 172 175 176 177 178 179 181 184 191 193 199 204 207 213 215

ndash recons truction (methodology) 5 89 90

ndash recons truction (skepticism) 2 10 59 (see also recons tructed Mark below)

ndash sapiential content 12 62 63 67 77 79 80 82 130 154 175 191 202 214

ndash sermon 63 82 91 92 103 105 127 129 130 131 134 135 138 140 144 145 147 152 153 154 155 156

ndash sophis ticated scribal traditions 24ndash sub-literary view of 3 59 60 74

271Index of Subjects

ndash tradents 4 59 67 125 135 147 181 182 197 199 202 203 207 209 214

ndash tradition 13 17 87 161 163 164 186 187 192 202

Quintillian 171Qumran (see the Index of Ancient

Sources for specific documents)ndash apocalyptic worldview 50 135ndash Aramaic corpus 33ndash beatitude collection 133ndash communitymovementYahad 44 53

56 121 135 136 137 157 160 161 206 207 208 209

ndash demonology 124ndash discovery 29ndash fellowship with angels 115ndash fragments of 1 Enoch 44ndash library 43ndash manualsrules 82ndash sapiential literature 25 55 56 57

58 62 69ndash social setting 43

recons tructed Mark 2 6 7 8 9 10RomeRomans 44 91 121 126 159

199 207ndash occupation of Judea 44

sage(s) 55 56 79 84Samaria 44Satan 50 51 52 53 114 115 117 118

120 121 159 192scribe(s) 102 205ndash ancient reading practices of 102ndash as a Q opponent group 68 169 205ndash as advanced or elite readers of Q

102 103ndash Enochic 46 215ndash in Matthewrsquos community (other than

Matthew) 4ndash in the Q community 48 135 195

215ndash in the text of Q 169 172ndash memory competence of 4 102ndash responsible for 2 Enoch 112ndash responsible for Did 13bndash5b 15scriptorium 46Sefire 27 37Sepphoris 38 46Sermon on the Mount 15 16 87 94

Sermon on the Plain 15 16(Deutero-Isaianic) Servant 136 168 169Sidon 199Simeon II 125Son of Man 47 115ndash Aramaic background of the phrase

25 26 28 37 153ndash as a messianic title in the Parables of

Enoch 28 46ndash circumlocutional non-titular use of

the phrase in Late Aramaic 34ndash classifications of the phrasersquos Q

ins tances 26ndash designation of as Son of Humanity in

some recent research 39ndash his torical incarnation of as under-

s tood by some ancient authors 165 172

ndash hypothetical non-titular (circumlocu-tional or generic) use of the definite phrase in Middle Aramaic by the his torical Jesus and in Q 28 29 34 37 38 39 42 43 52 71 140 142 167 170 186 187

ndash in Daniel 41 42 186 213ndash in Luke 142 186ndash in Mark 41ndash in Matthew 99 142 186ndash in Q 25 26 34 38 39 42 43 46 47

52 53 64 67 69 70 71 96 98 104 106 115 116 123 141 142 147 164 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 176 185 186 187 188 189 191 194 201 203 210 212 213

ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 170ndash in the Parables of Enoch 25 28 41

42 43 44 45 46 47 122 141 142 146 147 153 155 164 165 168 169 172 173 202 213

ndash non-titular use of the indefinite phrase in Middle Aramaic 41

ndash titular (including but not limited to chris tological) use of the definite phrase in Q 34 38 52 53 64 70 104 123 142 143 147 167 168 172 173 185 186 187 189 191 194 201 203 210 212 213

Sondergut 89 90ndash Matthean 91ndash Lukan 94 95 97 98 177

Index of Subjects272

Sophiandash myth (Enochic tradition) 172 202ndash myth (synoptic tradition) 96 200

201ndash words of 96 201synopticndash gospels 11 150 151ndash material 16 151ndash parallels 18 19ndash problem 1ndash Sayings Source 3 216ndash s tudies 4ndash tradition 17 21 26 98 101 131 151

158 205 215Syria 215

Talmud 30 36 37 38Targum 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

38 40 41ndash recons truction of the Pales tinian Tar-

gum 32Taricheae 46Tell Dan 45templendash apparatusins titution 50 96 107

113 119 125 126 127 137 157 197 200 205

ndash eschatological 76

ndash purityholiness of 65 123 137ndash mitigatingprotective role 51 124ndash of Augus tus at Paneion 45ndash second temple era 25 41 44 48 56

62 70 71 72 79 82 84 121 124 136 137 154 163 186 201 209 213 216

ndash liturgy 124ndash mounthill 113ndash pollution of as perceived by some

ancient authors 113 125 136Theon of Alexandria 171Tiberias 38Torah 58 64 72 79 112 207 208 209transfiguration 47tree of knowledge 113Tyre 199

Vermes-Fitzmyer debate 28 38 39

Watchers 45 53 121Wicked Pries t 125

Yahweh 117 118

Zechariah (son of Jehoiada) 200mt Zion 113

  • Cover13
  • Titel13
  • Preface
  • Table of Contents13
  • List of Abbreviations
  • Chapter One Prolegomena
    • 1 Introduction Recent Methodological Questions in Q Studies
    • 2 The Study of Q as a Reconstructed Text
      • Index of Ancient Sources
      • Index of Modern Authors
      • Index of Subjects
Page 40: Apocalypticism in the Synoptic Sayings Source€¦ · Apocalypticism in the Synoptic Sayings Source A Reassessment of Q’s Stratigraphy Mohr Siebeck. Olegs Andrejevs, born 1982;

263Index of Modern Authors

van Iersel B M F 102

Jacobson A D 5 26 39 49 54 60 61 64 75 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 85 87 90 94 96 97 98 106 129 132 140 144 152 156 157 167 170 171 184 185 187 201 207 210

Jefford C N 13 14 15Jeremias J 179 198 204Jervis L A 55Jewett R 149Johnson L A 178 208Johnson L T 12Johnson-DeBaufre M 66 103 163Jonas H 51de Jonge H J 24 185Jongeling B 35Joseph S J 1 21 23 24 45 46 47 48

51 52 68 103 125 132 134 136 142 144 153 156 159 160 161 162 164 178 180 181 182 184 185 187 190 191 200 201 202 206 208 214 215

Jus t A A 102

Kahle P 26 30 31 36Kampen J L 162 209Kaufman S A 31 32 36 40Keener C S 183Kirk A 2 4 5 6 10 15 24 55 59 60

61 62 66 67 68 69 71 72 73 75 76 77 78 79 83 84 85 86 87 88 90 94 96 98 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 111 114 129 152 155 156 166 177 179 184 189 190 197 203 207 208 214 215

Kloppenborg J S 1 2 3 4 5 11 12 13 14 15 17 19 21 22 23 24 25 26 38 39 50 51 53 54 55 57 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 86 87 88 89 90 95 97 98 99 103 104 107 108 111 112 121 122 123 124 125 126 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 139 140 141 142 143 144 147 148 150 151 155 156 157 158 160 162 163 164 165 166 167 170 171 172 175 176 180 181 182 183 184 187 189

190 191 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 208 210 211 212 213

Knibb M A 46 202Koes ter H 15 38 48 60 61 63 66

148Koumlhler W D 16Kraus H-J 124Kutscher E Y 30 35 36

Lang B 201Laurence R 41Leives tad R 43Levine A-J 208Lichtenberger H 124Lindars B 29 34 37 39 43 184 185

188Lohfink N 118Lukaszewski A 25 27Luz U 3 10 60 74 75 78 81 87 90

91 93 95 96 97 99 102 106 111 131 134 140 142 145 148 150 151 166 169 180 181 184 185 197 198 199 201 204 207

Luumldemann G 183Luumlhrmann D 61 64 78 111 140 157

158 165 180 184

Mack B L 23 38 43 61 133 135 170Magness J 160Malherbe A 192 211Manson T W 5 28 101Maori Y 32Marcus J 8 11 41 47 102 183 188

193 199 211Marshall I H 3Martiacutenez R 166 167Martyn J L 183Maumlrz C-P 90 94McDermott J M 185McNamara M J 31Meadors E P 62 66 67 72 74 76 77

166 168 201Meadors G T 137Menken M J J 116 117Meyer A 27Meyer P D 157Middleton P 182Milik J P 36 42 43 187Milikowsky C 181Miller R J 63 201

Index of Modern Authors264

Mitchell D C 124Moller H B 29Moreland M 23Moss C 182Mournet T C 1Muraoka T 35 38Muumlnch C 203

Neirynck F 2 3 4 11 22 26 90 98 99 116 130 140 149

Nickelsburg G 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 52 53 76 106 112 113 122 126 141 168 172 202 210 213

Niebuhr K W 159Niederwimmer K 13 14 15 16 148

151 152Nielsen K 114 115Nolland J 179Novakovic L 160 162

Odeberg H 36Oegema G S 116Owen P 25 29 35

Patterson S J 17 18 21 61 63Perrin N 186Pervo R I 183Pietersma A 146Piovanelli P 44 45Piper R A 61 82 112 176 190Ploeg J P M 35Pokornyacute P 11 17 19 117 139Polag A 62 73 89 90 94Porter S E 180 181Porton G G 38Pries t J 126Propp W H C 163Puech Eacute 133 160 162

Ra Y 39 132 145 155 170 184 185Reicke B 141Riesner R 183Robbins M C 51 103 113 115 117

121 125Robbins V K 104Robinson J M 2 5 24 26 34 38 39

41 43 55 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 77 96 103 119 129 131 132 134 135 140 142 143 144 145

156 160 165 166 167 180 181 184 185 186 187 188 190 200 201 202

Rodd C S 6 7 9Rollens S E 2 3 23 24 26 61 132

182 191Roth D T 2 6 7 10 11 54 90 145

165 191 192 203 204 205 206Rothschild C K 90 159 164Royse J R 146Roumlsel M 146

Sacchi P 43 44 45 47Sandt H 5 14 15Sato M 3 59 62 74 75 76 77 79 80

82 83 87 90 94 98 111 134 170 176 184

Schalit A 44Schenk W 62 73 89 90 103 170 176Schiavo L 104 112 113Schiffman L H 57 160Schnackenburg R 12 157 158Schniedewind W M 160Schroumlter J 180Schulz S 74 132 165 167 176 179

201 210Schuumlrmann H 8 130 167 170Seeley D 132 141 142Segal M 43 114 121Sellew P 193Sevenich-Bax E 103 105Shelton J 163Shepherd D 29 35Shinall M C 51Shirock R J 102Sjoumlberg E 28 29 35 39 45Skeat T C 180Skehan P W 73Smith D A 96 201 202 203So K-C 157Sokoloff M 35Somov A 181Spranger P P 204S taples J A 145 146 154S teck O H 61 64 132 201S tone M E 45S treeter B H 4 12 130S trugnell J 55S tuckenbruck L T 27 30 47 51 65

114 121Syreeni K 4 15 153

265Index of Modern Authors

Tabor J D 160Tannehil R C 178 208Taylor N H 120 123 183Theissen G 123Theophilos M P 126Tigchelaar E J C 56Tiwald M 3 23 160Toumldt H E 47 184 185 186 187Tuckett C M 1 3 6 9 11 13 14 15

17 23 26 49 50 53 54 61 62 63 66 68 72 76 77 84 86 90 94 95 98 112 114 119 121 125 130 134 140 150 154 156 157 158 160 166 170 184 193 199 205 206 207 208 210

Uhlig S 45Uro R 26 62 185

Vaage L E 23 24 26 39 61 133 165 167 170 171 190 191 210

VanderKam J C 43 46 57 168Vassiliadis P 89 94de Vaux R 56Vermes G 26 28 29 31 32 33 34 35

36 37 38 39 40 43 140 160 184

Wacholder B Z 209

von Wahlde U C 12 158Wahlen C 51Walck L W 46 52Watson F 1Weaks J A 6 7Weinfeld M 118 146 207 208Weiser A 124Weiss B 130Wellhausen J 26Welch J W 102Wernberg-Mѳller P 36Wes termann C 135 136Williams P J 35Wilson W T 149Wins ton D 46 72Wise M O 160Witetschek S 86 167Wolter M 90van der Woude A S 35Wright III B J 72 202

Xeravits G G 202

York A D 32

Zeller D 63 69 111 165 212Zenger E 124

Index of Subjects

Abel-Main (Tell Abl) 45Abraham 32 157Agrippa I 123 183Ahab 118 121angel of Yahweh 163angelicheavenly rebellion 121 125Antigonus 43aphaeresis 27 32 34 36 38apocalypse 48ndash as incorrectly applied to Mk 133ndash37

211ndash as incorrectly applied to Q 1723ndash37

210 211apocalypticndash Chris tianity 53ndash discourse 211ndash framework 57 121ndash inaccurately used as a noun 49ndash literature 47 53 54 135ndash language in Ben Sira 72ndash tradition 56 57 186ndash wisdom ins tructions other than Q 56

57 77 202ndash worldview (outside of Q see its at-

tes tation in Q referenced separately below) 24 49 50 51 55 57 87 121

apocalypticism 25 87 58 62ndash and apocalypse 48 49ndash and eschatology 48ndash as a literary category 48 79ndash as a dis tortion of Godrsquos intended

order 23ndash as compatible with wisdom in late

second temple literature 57 62 66 70 72 154 202

ndash as having a place outside the genre of an apocalypse 49

ndash as synonymous with apocalyptic worldview 49

ndash in Pauline thought 192ndash in sectarian environments 53

ndash in recent Q scholarship 48ndash methodological definitions of 50 54

186Aramaic 25 26 46 70 140 187 204

213ndash OfficialImperialBiblical 26 27 35

40ndash Middle 26 27 30 32 33 34 35 36

37 38 40 41 52 167 170 187 188ndash Late 26 27 28 32 33 34 35 36 37

38 41 140 187ndash Galilean 29 36 38ndash Qumran 31 32 35 38Athaliah 125Augus tus 45

Babylonian Exile 118Banias 45βασιλείαndash as a hypothetical metaphor reflecting

the social interes ts of Qrsquos author(s) 48

ndash as a political entity 120ndash of God 23 48 73 95 108 123 132

177 178 182 183 184 192 194 206 207

ndash of Satan 51 114ndash realized 142beatitude(s) 82 91 93 105 131 132

133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 153

Bethsaida 45 56 93

Caesarea Philippi 46(Cairo) Geniza fragments 28 29 30 32

36 37Capernaum 45 56 93chiasm 83 85 101 102 103 109 118

120chias tic 85 101 103 106 107 108 120

152 197

Index of Subjects268

Chorazin 56 93chreia(s) 63 71 104 105 120 211chreiic 65 86 104 105 111 156chris tology (see the Q discussion refer-

enced separately below)ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 17ndash in Luke 19ndash in Mark 131circumcision 159 209Claudius 183cosmic mountain 114 119Cynic(s) 23

Dan 45 47Darius I 163Deuteronomis t 118Deuteronomis tic His tory 146deuteronomis ticndash agenda 156ndash context(s) 143 153ndash framework 53 54ndash motifs 118 127ndash orientation 64ndash outlook 61 82 114ndash redaction 80ndash rhetoric 136ndash s tratums trata 78ndash theme 78ndash tradition 79ndash unders tanding 64devil 51 66 114 117 119 120 121 123

124

Elijah 96 116 118 126 162 163 164ElijahElisha cycle 162 163Enoch 44 45 47 51 76 112 113 157

172 202ndash as a scribe 46ndash Book of Watchers 45 113 125ndash sapiential content in Watchers 76ndash Book of Parables 24 41 47 157 167

171 213ndash sapiential content in Parables 76ndash Epis tle of Enoch 43ndash his torical incarnation of 202ndash Seminar 47Enochicndash author 122ndash corpus 52 73ndash formulation 52

ndash framework 121ndash literaturetext 43 46 56ndash movement 47 53 157 210ndash mythology 113 114 122 164ndash Son of Man 172ndash tradents 46ndash tradition 43 46 47 79 113 122 157

215ndash Watchers myth 45 53 121eschatological prophetndash in 4Q521 160 162ndash in Q 164 165 166eschatology (see the Q discussion refer-

enced separately below) 47 48 50ndash in 1 Enoch 42 47 76 122 141 142

168 169ndash in 4Q521 159 160 162ndash in 4QIns truction 56ndash in Ben Sira 72ndash in Malachi 163 164ndash in Psalms of Solomon 159ndash in Trito-Isaiah 136Exodusndash legendmyth 117ndash imagerymotifs 116 163

form (literary)ndash and meaning 82ndash and worldview 76ndash apocalypse 49ndash criticism 61 62 63 67 68 69 70

74 156 170 214ndash miracle s tory 156ndash wisdom 84ndash (wisdom) ins truction 70 71

Gaius (Caligula) 44 46 123Galilee 23 36 44 45 47 56 73 131

171 194 215ndash village scribes 48ndash villagestowns 24 93 199Gentile(s) 9 87 96 120 126 155 157

158 159 164 167 168 169 173 198 199 209 215

Great Omission 8 9

HasidicHasidim 79 162Hebrew 25 35 39 40 41 42 204Hebrew Biblescriptures 24 118 127

136 160

269Index of Subjects

Hermogenes 171mt Hermon 45 46 47Herod the Great and the Herodian era

43 44 45 46 126Herodians 45(holy) Spirit 72 94 178 189Hulah Valley 45

Isaiah (see the Index of Ancient Sources for specific passages)

ndash Deutero 46 135 136 168 169ndash firs t-century reader of 135ndash Trito 51 54 135 136 137 143 154

163 200Israelndash in Ben Sira 125ndash in Daniel 168ndash in Deuteronomy 118ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 139ndash in the Hebrew Bible 198 199ndash in Jubilees 121ndash in Malachi 163ndash in Q 53 64 78 80 87 96 104 118

127 155 156 158 198 199ndash pre-exilic 50ndash traditional wisdom of 58ndash wilderness myth 117

James (son of Zebedee) 183Jerusalem 44 72 96 106 108 113 119

125 159 166 199 200ndash culttemple 136 137 163 214ndash pries thood 45 47 127Jesusndash as an apocalyptic figure in Q 38ndash as a literary character in Q 21ndash floating traditions ascribed to 48ndash his torical 21 29 37 43 47 73 116

141 142 164 165 171 172 186 198ndash his torical greeting of in Jerusalem

106ndash movement 23ndash tradition 161Jewish Chris tianityndash as a movement in a contes ted envi-

ronment 43 183ndash as a proliferation of groups and

communities 183ndash on the use of the term 23

ndash possible connection to the Enochic movement 47

Jewish War 200John (the Baptis t) 68 78 80 83 85 90

91 92 97 103 104 105 116 159 163 164 165 166 167 169 172

ndash followers of 159 165 166ndash his torical 159 165Journeysndash cosmicterres trial 76 112 113 114

119 122 127ndash heavenly 45 112 113Judea 36 44 200 215

Kallirrhoeuml 45Kleinliteratur 3 4 59 60 73 215

Lordrsquos Prayer 93 94 177Lot 97 99

Maccabean era 126Mas tema 121Matthew and Luke as conservative

traditionalis ts 4Matthewrsquos and Lukersquos redactorial

freedom 4Matthewrsquos use of Q 4messiah 106 116 162 164 210messiahship 123messianic 116 210Migdal 46mimesis 114 141minor agreements 15 130Minor Prophets 146Moses 117

Nag Hammadi 17Nimrod 32

oralndash possible cross-influence on the Gos-

pel of Thomas from the canonical gospels 11 193

ndash harmonization of Matthew and Luke 16

ndash life of the primitive community 60ndash performance 15 16 161ndash source utilization 15ndash tradition 17 98 151ndash transmission 188

Index of Subjects270

ndash usage and application of Q 4ndash usage of Matthew 15ndash variants of Q 4Oxyrhynchus 17

Paneion 46Parousia 116 186 193Parthian invasion of 40 BCE 44 46Paulndash his torical 149 183ndash possible awareness of the Q tradition

by 192persecutionndash as an apocalyptic motif 54ndash because of someone 142ndash in authentic Pauline corpus 149 183ndash in Q 52 54 78 94 107 118 122

126 132 133 134 140 141 142 143 144 175 180 181 182 184 190 194 200 206

ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 138ndash in the Parables of Enoch 141ndash in Trito-Isaiah 137 200ndash plausibility of 182 183Pharisees 65 68 94 166 169 205 206

214pleroma 39prophecyndash pre-exilic and Persian era (classical)

50ndash mixture of with wisdom 77Prophetisierung 75

Qndash apocalypticism apocalyptic motifs

features imagination framework and worldview 23 25 46 53 57 58 63 69 70 71 73 76 79 84 87 88 111 114 121 127 141 175 190 194 197 202 210 211 213 214

ndash apocalyptic document 48 51ndash apocalyptic wisdom ins truction 23

55 70 73 74 77 79 214ndash (apocalyptic) communitymovement

55 107 122 194 195 206 209ndash Aramaic roots 26ndash chris tology 70 81 83 87 93 104

115 116 123 130 131 142 144 145 147 153 154 156 157 159 164 166 167 194 214

ndash demonology 51 53ndash eschatological (apocalyptic) dis-

course 64 83 97 98 170 210 211 212

ndash eschatology 48 51 54 56 69 73 75 87 94 95 101 104 105 108 133 141 142 143 144 147 159 164 165 166 167 169 172 180 192 193 194 198 199 202 203 210

ndash final (literary) form 59 62 69 78 178

ndash hypothetical mid- (lower) level or sub-elite scribal origin 24 59

ndash hypothetical recensions 3 4 59 60 90 98

ndash hypothetical segregation of wisdom and apocalyptic s trata 60 66 67 70 213 214

ndash mission speech 23 56 86 87 92 104 105 107 173 182 194

ndash Pales tinian character 24ndash possible authenticity of its content

22 81ndash prophetic content 61 63 67 70 74

75 76 77 79 80 82 83 142 143 176

ndash recons truction (CEQ) 5 6 10 90 (see also recons truction [in this s tudy] below as such frequently follows the CEQ)

ndash recons truction (feasibility) 2 3 4 10 11

ndash recons truction (in this s tudy) 60 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 111 116 119 120 123 130 131 134 144 147 148 149 151 152 165 169 170 172 175 176 177 178 179 181 184 191 193 199 204 207 213 215

ndash recons truction (methodology) 5 89 90

ndash recons truction (skepticism) 2 10 59 (see also recons tructed Mark below)

ndash sapiential content 12 62 63 67 77 79 80 82 130 154 175 191 202 214

ndash sermon 63 82 91 92 103 105 127 129 130 131 134 135 138 140 144 145 147 152 153 154 155 156

ndash sophis ticated scribal traditions 24ndash sub-literary view of 3 59 60 74

271Index of Subjects

ndash tradents 4 59 67 125 135 147 181 182 197 199 202 203 207 209 214

ndash tradition 13 17 87 161 163 164 186 187 192 202

Quintillian 171Qumran (see the Index of Ancient

Sources for specific documents)ndash apocalyptic worldview 50 135ndash Aramaic corpus 33ndash beatitude collection 133ndash communitymovementYahad 44 53

56 121 135 136 137 157 160 161 206 207 208 209

ndash demonology 124ndash discovery 29ndash fellowship with angels 115ndash fragments of 1 Enoch 44ndash library 43ndash manualsrules 82ndash sapiential literature 25 55 56 57

58 62 69ndash social setting 43

recons tructed Mark 2 6 7 8 9 10RomeRomans 44 91 121 126 159

199 207ndash occupation of Judea 44

sage(s) 55 56 79 84Samaria 44Satan 50 51 52 53 114 115 117 118

120 121 159 192scribe(s) 102 205ndash ancient reading practices of 102ndash as a Q opponent group 68 169 205ndash as advanced or elite readers of Q

102 103ndash Enochic 46 215ndash in Matthewrsquos community (other than

Matthew) 4ndash in the Q community 48 135 195

215ndash in the text of Q 169 172ndash memory competence of 4 102ndash responsible for 2 Enoch 112ndash responsible for Did 13bndash5b 15scriptorium 46Sefire 27 37Sepphoris 38 46Sermon on the Mount 15 16 87 94

Sermon on the Plain 15 16(Deutero-Isaianic) Servant 136 168 169Sidon 199Simeon II 125Son of Man 47 115ndash Aramaic background of the phrase

25 26 28 37 153ndash as a messianic title in the Parables of

Enoch 28 46ndash circumlocutional non-titular use of

the phrase in Late Aramaic 34ndash classifications of the phrasersquos Q

ins tances 26ndash designation of as Son of Humanity in

some recent research 39ndash his torical incarnation of as under-

s tood by some ancient authors 165 172

ndash hypothetical non-titular (circumlocu-tional or generic) use of the definite phrase in Middle Aramaic by the his torical Jesus and in Q 28 29 34 37 38 39 42 43 52 71 140 142 167 170 186 187

ndash in Daniel 41 42 186 213ndash in Luke 142 186ndash in Mark 41ndash in Matthew 99 142 186ndash in Q 25 26 34 38 39 42 43 46 47

52 53 64 67 69 70 71 96 98 104 106 115 116 123 141 142 147 164 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 176 185 186 187 188 189 191 194 201 203 210 212 213

ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 170ndash in the Parables of Enoch 25 28 41

42 43 44 45 46 47 122 141 142 146 147 153 155 164 165 168 169 172 173 202 213

ndash non-titular use of the indefinite phrase in Middle Aramaic 41

ndash titular (including but not limited to chris tological) use of the definite phrase in Q 34 38 52 53 64 70 104 123 142 143 147 167 168 172 173 185 186 187 189 191 194 201 203 210 212 213

Sondergut 89 90ndash Matthean 91ndash Lukan 94 95 97 98 177

Index of Subjects272

Sophiandash myth (Enochic tradition) 172 202ndash myth (synoptic tradition) 96 200

201ndash words of 96 201synopticndash gospels 11 150 151ndash material 16 151ndash parallels 18 19ndash problem 1ndash Sayings Source 3 216ndash s tudies 4ndash tradition 17 21 26 98 101 131 151

158 205 215Syria 215

Talmud 30 36 37 38Targum 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

38 40 41ndash recons truction of the Pales tinian Tar-

gum 32Taricheae 46Tell Dan 45templendash apparatusins titution 50 96 107

113 119 125 126 127 137 157 197 200 205

ndash eschatological 76

ndash purityholiness of 65 123 137ndash mitigatingprotective role 51 124ndash of Augus tus at Paneion 45ndash second temple era 25 41 44 48 56

62 70 71 72 79 82 84 121 124 136 137 154 163 186 201 209 213 216

ndash liturgy 124ndash mounthill 113ndash pollution of as perceived by some

ancient authors 113 125 136Theon of Alexandria 171Tiberias 38Torah 58 64 72 79 112 207 208 209transfiguration 47tree of knowledge 113Tyre 199

Vermes-Fitzmyer debate 28 38 39

Watchers 45 53 121Wicked Pries t 125

Yahweh 117 118

Zechariah (son of Jehoiada) 200mt Zion 113

  • Cover13
  • Titel13
  • Preface
  • Table of Contents13
  • List of Abbreviations
  • Chapter One Prolegomena
    • 1 Introduction Recent Methodological Questions in Q Studies
    • 2 The Study of Q as a Reconstructed Text
      • Index of Ancient Sources
      • Index of Modern Authors
      • Index of Subjects
Page 41: Apocalypticism in the Synoptic Sayings Source€¦ · Apocalypticism in the Synoptic Sayings Source A Reassessment of Q’s Stratigraphy Mohr Siebeck. Olegs Andrejevs, born 1982;

Index of Modern Authors264

Mitchell D C 124Moller H B 29Moreland M 23Moss C 182Mournet T C 1Muraoka T 35 38Muumlnch C 203

Neirynck F 2 3 4 11 22 26 90 98 99 116 130 140 149

Nickelsburg G 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 52 53 76 106 112 113 122 126 141 168 172 202 210 213

Niebuhr K W 159Niederwimmer K 13 14 15 16 148

151 152Nielsen K 114 115Nolland J 179Novakovic L 160 162

Odeberg H 36Oegema G S 116Owen P 25 29 35

Patterson S J 17 18 21 61 63Perrin N 186Pervo R I 183Pietersma A 146Piovanelli P 44 45Piper R A 61 82 112 176 190Ploeg J P M 35Pokornyacute P 11 17 19 117 139Polag A 62 73 89 90 94Porter S E 180 181Porton G G 38Pries t J 126Propp W H C 163Puech Eacute 133 160 162

Ra Y 39 132 145 155 170 184 185Reicke B 141Riesner R 183Robbins M C 51 103 113 115 117

121 125Robbins V K 104Robinson J M 2 5 24 26 34 38 39

41 43 55 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 77 96 103 119 129 131 132 134 135 140 142 143 144 145

156 160 165 166 167 180 181 184 185 186 187 188 190 200 201 202

Rodd C S 6 7 9Rollens S E 2 3 23 24 26 61 132

182 191Roth D T 2 6 7 10 11 54 90 145

165 191 192 203 204 205 206Rothschild C K 90 159 164Royse J R 146Roumlsel M 146

Sacchi P 43 44 45 47Sandt H 5 14 15Sato M 3 59 62 74 75 76 77 79 80

82 83 87 90 94 98 111 134 170 176 184

Schalit A 44Schenk W 62 73 89 90 103 170 176Schiavo L 104 112 113Schiffman L H 57 160Schnackenburg R 12 157 158Schniedewind W M 160Schroumlter J 180Schulz S 74 132 165 167 176 179

201 210Schuumlrmann H 8 130 167 170Seeley D 132 141 142Segal M 43 114 121Sellew P 193Sevenich-Bax E 103 105Shelton J 163Shepherd D 29 35Shinall M C 51Shirock R J 102Sjoumlberg E 28 29 35 39 45Skeat T C 180Skehan P W 73Smith D A 96 201 202 203So K-C 157Sokoloff M 35Somov A 181Spranger P P 204S taples J A 145 146 154S teck O H 61 64 132 201S tone M E 45S treeter B H 4 12 130S trugnell J 55S tuckenbruck L T 27 30 47 51 65

114 121Syreeni K 4 15 153

265Index of Modern Authors

Tabor J D 160Tannehil R C 178 208Taylor N H 120 123 183Theissen G 123Theophilos M P 126Tigchelaar E J C 56Tiwald M 3 23 160Toumldt H E 47 184 185 186 187Tuckett C M 1 3 6 9 11 13 14 15

17 23 26 49 50 53 54 61 62 63 66 68 72 76 77 84 86 90 94 95 98 112 114 119 121 125 130 134 140 150 154 156 157 158 160 166 170 184 193 199 205 206 207 208 210

Uhlig S 45Uro R 26 62 185

Vaage L E 23 24 26 39 61 133 165 167 170 171 190 191 210

VanderKam J C 43 46 57 168Vassiliadis P 89 94de Vaux R 56Vermes G 26 28 29 31 32 33 34 35

36 37 38 39 40 43 140 160 184

Wacholder B Z 209

von Wahlde U C 12 158Wahlen C 51Walck L W 46 52Watson F 1Weaks J A 6 7Weinfeld M 118 146 207 208Weiser A 124Weiss B 130Wellhausen J 26Welch J W 102Wernberg-Mѳller P 36Wes termann C 135 136Williams P J 35Wilson W T 149Wins ton D 46 72Wise M O 160Witetschek S 86 167Wolter M 90van der Woude A S 35Wright III B J 72 202

Xeravits G G 202

York A D 32

Zeller D 63 69 111 165 212Zenger E 124

Index of Subjects

Abel-Main (Tell Abl) 45Abraham 32 157Agrippa I 123 183Ahab 118 121angel of Yahweh 163angelicheavenly rebellion 121 125Antigonus 43aphaeresis 27 32 34 36 38apocalypse 48ndash as incorrectly applied to Mk 133ndash37

211ndash as incorrectly applied to Q 1723ndash37

210 211apocalypticndash Chris tianity 53ndash discourse 211ndash framework 57 121ndash inaccurately used as a noun 49ndash literature 47 53 54 135ndash language in Ben Sira 72ndash tradition 56 57 186ndash wisdom ins tructions other than Q 56

57 77 202ndash worldview (outside of Q see its at-

tes tation in Q referenced separately below) 24 49 50 51 55 57 87 121

apocalypticism 25 87 58 62ndash and apocalypse 48 49ndash and eschatology 48ndash as a literary category 48 79ndash as a dis tortion of Godrsquos intended

order 23ndash as compatible with wisdom in late

second temple literature 57 62 66 70 72 154 202

ndash as having a place outside the genre of an apocalypse 49

ndash as synonymous with apocalyptic worldview 49

ndash in Pauline thought 192ndash in sectarian environments 53

ndash in recent Q scholarship 48ndash methodological definitions of 50 54

186Aramaic 25 26 46 70 140 187 204

213ndash OfficialImperialBiblical 26 27 35

40ndash Middle 26 27 30 32 33 34 35 36

37 38 40 41 52 167 170 187 188ndash Late 26 27 28 32 33 34 35 36 37

38 41 140 187ndash Galilean 29 36 38ndash Qumran 31 32 35 38Athaliah 125Augus tus 45

Babylonian Exile 118Banias 45βασιλείαndash as a hypothetical metaphor reflecting

the social interes ts of Qrsquos author(s) 48

ndash as a political entity 120ndash of God 23 48 73 95 108 123 132

177 178 182 183 184 192 194 206 207

ndash of Satan 51 114ndash realized 142beatitude(s) 82 91 93 105 131 132

133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 153

Bethsaida 45 56 93

Caesarea Philippi 46(Cairo) Geniza fragments 28 29 30 32

36 37Capernaum 45 56 93chiasm 83 85 101 102 103 109 118

120chias tic 85 101 103 106 107 108 120

152 197

Index of Subjects268

Chorazin 56 93chreia(s) 63 71 104 105 120 211chreiic 65 86 104 105 111 156chris tology (see the Q discussion refer-

enced separately below)ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 17ndash in Luke 19ndash in Mark 131circumcision 159 209Claudius 183cosmic mountain 114 119Cynic(s) 23

Dan 45 47Darius I 163Deuteronomis t 118Deuteronomis tic His tory 146deuteronomis ticndash agenda 156ndash context(s) 143 153ndash framework 53 54ndash motifs 118 127ndash orientation 64ndash outlook 61 82 114ndash redaction 80ndash rhetoric 136ndash s tratums trata 78ndash theme 78ndash tradition 79ndash unders tanding 64devil 51 66 114 117 119 120 121 123

124

Elijah 96 116 118 126 162 163 164ElijahElisha cycle 162 163Enoch 44 45 47 51 76 112 113 157

172 202ndash as a scribe 46ndash Book of Watchers 45 113 125ndash sapiential content in Watchers 76ndash Book of Parables 24 41 47 157 167

171 213ndash sapiential content in Parables 76ndash Epis tle of Enoch 43ndash his torical incarnation of 202ndash Seminar 47Enochicndash author 122ndash corpus 52 73ndash formulation 52

ndash framework 121ndash literaturetext 43 46 56ndash movement 47 53 157 210ndash mythology 113 114 122 164ndash Son of Man 172ndash tradents 46ndash tradition 43 46 47 79 113 122 157

215ndash Watchers myth 45 53 121eschatological prophetndash in 4Q521 160 162ndash in Q 164 165 166eschatology (see the Q discussion refer-

enced separately below) 47 48 50ndash in 1 Enoch 42 47 76 122 141 142

168 169ndash in 4Q521 159 160 162ndash in 4QIns truction 56ndash in Ben Sira 72ndash in Malachi 163 164ndash in Psalms of Solomon 159ndash in Trito-Isaiah 136Exodusndash legendmyth 117ndash imagerymotifs 116 163

form (literary)ndash and meaning 82ndash and worldview 76ndash apocalypse 49ndash criticism 61 62 63 67 68 69 70

74 156 170 214ndash miracle s tory 156ndash wisdom 84ndash (wisdom) ins truction 70 71

Gaius (Caligula) 44 46 123Galilee 23 36 44 45 47 56 73 131

171 194 215ndash village scribes 48ndash villagestowns 24 93 199Gentile(s) 9 87 96 120 126 155 157

158 159 164 167 168 169 173 198 199 209 215

Great Omission 8 9

HasidicHasidim 79 162Hebrew 25 35 39 40 41 42 204Hebrew Biblescriptures 24 118 127

136 160

269Index of Subjects

Hermogenes 171mt Hermon 45 46 47Herod the Great and the Herodian era

43 44 45 46 126Herodians 45(holy) Spirit 72 94 178 189Hulah Valley 45

Isaiah (see the Index of Ancient Sources for specific passages)

ndash Deutero 46 135 136 168 169ndash firs t-century reader of 135ndash Trito 51 54 135 136 137 143 154

163 200Israelndash in Ben Sira 125ndash in Daniel 168ndash in Deuteronomy 118ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 139ndash in the Hebrew Bible 198 199ndash in Jubilees 121ndash in Malachi 163ndash in Q 53 64 78 80 87 96 104 118

127 155 156 158 198 199ndash pre-exilic 50ndash traditional wisdom of 58ndash wilderness myth 117

James (son of Zebedee) 183Jerusalem 44 72 96 106 108 113 119

125 159 166 199 200ndash culttemple 136 137 163 214ndash pries thood 45 47 127Jesusndash as an apocalyptic figure in Q 38ndash as a literary character in Q 21ndash floating traditions ascribed to 48ndash his torical 21 29 37 43 47 73 116

141 142 164 165 171 172 186 198ndash his torical greeting of in Jerusalem

106ndash movement 23ndash tradition 161Jewish Chris tianityndash as a movement in a contes ted envi-

ronment 43 183ndash as a proliferation of groups and

communities 183ndash on the use of the term 23

ndash possible connection to the Enochic movement 47

Jewish War 200John (the Baptis t) 68 78 80 83 85 90

91 92 97 103 104 105 116 159 163 164 165 166 167 169 172

ndash followers of 159 165 166ndash his torical 159 165Journeysndash cosmicterres trial 76 112 113 114

119 122 127ndash heavenly 45 112 113Judea 36 44 200 215

Kallirrhoeuml 45Kleinliteratur 3 4 59 60 73 215

Lordrsquos Prayer 93 94 177Lot 97 99

Maccabean era 126Mas tema 121Matthew and Luke as conservative

traditionalis ts 4Matthewrsquos and Lukersquos redactorial

freedom 4Matthewrsquos use of Q 4messiah 106 116 162 164 210messiahship 123messianic 116 210Migdal 46mimesis 114 141minor agreements 15 130Minor Prophets 146Moses 117

Nag Hammadi 17Nimrod 32

oralndash possible cross-influence on the Gos-

pel of Thomas from the canonical gospels 11 193

ndash harmonization of Matthew and Luke 16

ndash life of the primitive community 60ndash performance 15 16 161ndash source utilization 15ndash tradition 17 98 151ndash transmission 188

Index of Subjects270

ndash usage and application of Q 4ndash usage of Matthew 15ndash variants of Q 4Oxyrhynchus 17

Paneion 46Parousia 116 186 193Parthian invasion of 40 BCE 44 46Paulndash his torical 149 183ndash possible awareness of the Q tradition

by 192persecutionndash as an apocalyptic motif 54ndash because of someone 142ndash in authentic Pauline corpus 149 183ndash in Q 52 54 78 94 107 118 122

126 132 133 134 140 141 142 143 144 175 180 181 182 184 190 194 200 206

ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 138ndash in the Parables of Enoch 141ndash in Trito-Isaiah 137 200ndash plausibility of 182 183Pharisees 65 68 94 166 169 205 206

214pleroma 39prophecyndash pre-exilic and Persian era (classical)

50ndash mixture of with wisdom 77Prophetisierung 75

Qndash apocalypticism apocalyptic motifs

features imagination framework and worldview 23 25 46 53 57 58 63 69 70 71 73 76 79 84 87 88 111 114 121 127 141 175 190 194 197 202 210 211 213 214

ndash apocalyptic document 48 51ndash apocalyptic wisdom ins truction 23

55 70 73 74 77 79 214ndash (apocalyptic) communitymovement

55 107 122 194 195 206 209ndash Aramaic roots 26ndash chris tology 70 81 83 87 93 104

115 116 123 130 131 142 144 145 147 153 154 156 157 159 164 166 167 194 214

ndash demonology 51 53ndash eschatological (apocalyptic) dis-

course 64 83 97 98 170 210 211 212

ndash eschatology 48 51 54 56 69 73 75 87 94 95 101 104 105 108 133 141 142 143 144 147 159 164 165 166 167 169 172 180 192 193 194 198 199 202 203 210

ndash final (literary) form 59 62 69 78 178

ndash hypothetical mid- (lower) level or sub-elite scribal origin 24 59

ndash hypothetical recensions 3 4 59 60 90 98

ndash hypothetical segregation of wisdom and apocalyptic s trata 60 66 67 70 213 214

ndash mission speech 23 56 86 87 92 104 105 107 173 182 194

ndash Pales tinian character 24ndash possible authenticity of its content

22 81ndash prophetic content 61 63 67 70 74

75 76 77 79 80 82 83 142 143 176

ndash recons truction (CEQ) 5 6 10 90 (see also recons truction [in this s tudy] below as such frequently follows the CEQ)

ndash recons truction (feasibility) 2 3 4 10 11

ndash recons truction (in this s tudy) 60 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 111 116 119 120 123 130 131 134 144 147 148 149 151 152 165 169 170 172 175 176 177 178 179 181 184 191 193 199 204 207 213 215

ndash recons truction (methodology) 5 89 90

ndash recons truction (skepticism) 2 10 59 (see also recons tructed Mark below)

ndash sapiential content 12 62 63 67 77 79 80 82 130 154 175 191 202 214

ndash sermon 63 82 91 92 103 105 127 129 130 131 134 135 138 140 144 145 147 152 153 154 155 156

ndash sophis ticated scribal traditions 24ndash sub-literary view of 3 59 60 74

271Index of Subjects

ndash tradents 4 59 67 125 135 147 181 182 197 199 202 203 207 209 214

ndash tradition 13 17 87 161 163 164 186 187 192 202

Quintillian 171Qumran (see the Index of Ancient

Sources for specific documents)ndash apocalyptic worldview 50 135ndash Aramaic corpus 33ndash beatitude collection 133ndash communitymovementYahad 44 53

56 121 135 136 137 157 160 161 206 207 208 209

ndash demonology 124ndash discovery 29ndash fellowship with angels 115ndash fragments of 1 Enoch 44ndash library 43ndash manualsrules 82ndash sapiential literature 25 55 56 57

58 62 69ndash social setting 43

recons tructed Mark 2 6 7 8 9 10RomeRomans 44 91 121 126 159

199 207ndash occupation of Judea 44

sage(s) 55 56 79 84Samaria 44Satan 50 51 52 53 114 115 117 118

120 121 159 192scribe(s) 102 205ndash ancient reading practices of 102ndash as a Q opponent group 68 169 205ndash as advanced or elite readers of Q

102 103ndash Enochic 46 215ndash in Matthewrsquos community (other than

Matthew) 4ndash in the Q community 48 135 195

215ndash in the text of Q 169 172ndash memory competence of 4 102ndash responsible for 2 Enoch 112ndash responsible for Did 13bndash5b 15scriptorium 46Sefire 27 37Sepphoris 38 46Sermon on the Mount 15 16 87 94

Sermon on the Plain 15 16(Deutero-Isaianic) Servant 136 168 169Sidon 199Simeon II 125Son of Man 47 115ndash Aramaic background of the phrase

25 26 28 37 153ndash as a messianic title in the Parables of

Enoch 28 46ndash circumlocutional non-titular use of

the phrase in Late Aramaic 34ndash classifications of the phrasersquos Q

ins tances 26ndash designation of as Son of Humanity in

some recent research 39ndash his torical incarnation of as under-

s tood by some ancient authors 165 172

ndash hypothetical non-titular (circumlocu-tional or generic) use of the definite phrase in Middle Aramaic by the his torical Jesus and in Q 28 29 34 37 38 39 42 43 52 71 140 142 167 170 186 187

ndash in Daniel 41 42 186 213ndash in Luke 142 186ndash in Mark 41ndash in Matthew 99 142 186ndash in Q 25 26 34 38 39 42 43 46 47

52 53 64 67 69 70 71 96 98 104 106 115 116 123 141 142 147 164 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 176 185 186 187 188 189 191 194 201 203 210 212 213

ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 170ndash in the Parables of Enoch 25 28 41

42 43 44 45 46 47 122 141 142 146 147 153 155 164 165 168 169 172 173 202 213

ndash non-titular use of the indefinite phrase in Middle Aramaic 41

ndash titular (including but not limited to chris tological) use of the definite phrase in Q 34 38 52 53 64 70 104 123 142 143 147 167 168 172 173 185 186 187 189 191 194 201 203 210 212 213

Sondergut 89 90ndash Matthean 91ndash Lukan 94 95 97 98 177

Index of Subjects272

Sophiandash myth (Enochic tradition) 172 202ndash myth (synoptic tradition) 96 200

201ndash words of 96 201synopticndash gospels 11 150 151ndash material 16 151ndash parallels 18 19ndash problem 1ndash Sayings Source 3 216ndash s tudies 4ndash tradition 17 21 26 98 101 131 151

158 205 215Syria 215

Talmud 30 36 37 38Targum 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

38 40 41ndash recons truction of the Pales tinian Tar-

gum 32Taricheae 46Tell Dan 45templendash apparatusins titution 50 96 107

113 119 125 126 127 137 157 197 200 205

ndash eschatological 76

ndash purityholiness of 65 123 137ndash mitigatingprotective role 51 124ndash of Augus tus at Paneion 45ndash second temple era 25 41 44 48 56

62 70 71 72 79 82 84 121 124 136 137 154 163 186 201 209 213 216

ndash liturgy 124ndash mounthill 113ndash pollution of as perceived by some

ancient authors 113 125 136Theon of Alexandria 171Tiberias 38Torah 58 64 72 79 112 207 208 209transfiguration 47tree of knowledge 113Tyre 199

Vermes-Fitzmyer debate 28 38 39

Watchers 45 53 121Wicked Pries t 125

Yahweh 117 118

Zechariah (son of Jehoiada) 200mt Zion 113

  • Cover13
  • Titel13
  • Preface
  • Table of Contents13
  • List of Abbreviations
  • Chapter One Prolegomena
    • 1 Introduction Recent Methodological Questions in Q Studies
    • 2 The Study of Q as a Reconstructed Text
      • Index of Ancient Sources
      • Index of Modern Authors
      • Index of Subjects
Page 42: Apocalypticism in the Synoptic Sayings Source€¦ · Apocalypticism in the Synoptic Sayings Source A Reassessment of Q’s Stratigraphy Mohr Siebeck. Olegs Andrejevs, born 1982;

265Index of Modern Authors

Tabor J D 160Tannehil R C 178 208Taylor N H 120 123 183Theissen G 123Theophilos M P 126Tigchelaar E J C 56Tiwald M 3 23 160Toumldt H E 47 184 185 186 187Tuckett C M 1 3 6 9 11 13 14 15

17 23 26 49 50 53 54 61 62 63 66 68 72 76 77 84 86 90 94 95 98 112 114 119 121 125 130 134 140 150 154 156 157 158 160 166 170 184 193 199 205 206 207 208 210

Uhlig S 45Uro R 26 62 185

Vaage L E 23 24 26 39 61 133 165 167 170 171 190 191 210

VanderKam J C 43 46 57 168Vassiliadis P 89 94de Vaux R 56Vermes G 26 28 29 31 32 33 34 35

36 37 38 39 40 43 140 160 184

Wacholder B Z 209

von Wahlde U C 12 158Wahlen C 51Walck L W 46 52Watson F 1Weaks J A 6 7Weinfeld M 118 146 207 208Weiser A 124Weiss B 130Wellhausen J 26Welch J W 102Wernberg-Mѳller P 36Wes termann C 135 136Williams P J 35Wilson W T 149Wins ton D 46 72Wise M O 160Witetschek S 86 167Wolter M 90van der Woude A S 35Wright III B J 72 202

Xeravits G G 202

York A D 32

Zeller D 63 69 111 165 212Zenger E 124

Index of Subjects

Abel-Main (Tell Abl) 45Abraham 32 157Agrippa I 123 183Ahab 118 121angel of Yahweh 163angelicheavenly rebellion 121 125Antigonus 43aphaeresis 27 32 34 36 38apocalypse 48ndash as incorrectly applied to Mk 133ndash37

211ndash as incorrectly applied to Q 1723ndash37

210 211apocalypticndash Chris tianity 53ndash discourse 211ndash framework 57 121ndash inaccurately used as a noun 49ndash literature 47 53 54 135ndash language in Ben Sira 72ndash tradition 56 57 186ndash wisdom ins tructions other than Q 56

57 77 202ndash worldview (outside of Q see its at-

tes tation in Q referenced separately below) 24 49 50 51 55 57 87 121

apocalypticism 25 87 58 62ndash and apocalypse 48 49ndash and eschatology 48ndash as a literary category 48 79ndash as a dis tortion of Godrsquos intended

order 23ndash as compatible with wisdom in late

second temple literature 57 62 66 70 72 154 202

ndash as having a place outside the genre of an apocalypse 49

ndash as synonymous with apocalyptic worldview 49

ndash in Pauline thought 192ndash in sectarian environments 53

ndash in recent Q scholarship 48ndash methodological definitions of 50 54

186Aramaic 25 26 46 70 140 187 204

213ndash OfficialImperialBiblical 26 27 35

40ndash Middle 26 27 30 32 33 34 35 36

37 38 40 41 52 167 170 187 188ndash Late 26 27 28 32 33 34 35 36 37

38 41 140 187ndash Galilean 29 36 38ndash Qumran 31 32 35 38Athaliah 125Augus tus 45

Babylonian Exile 118Banias 45βασιλείαndash as a hypothetical metaphor reflecting

the social interes ts of Qrsquos author(s) 48

ndash as a political entity 120ndash of God 23 48 73 95 108 123 132

177 178 182 183 184 192 194 206 207

ndash of Satan 51 114ndash realized 142beatitude(s) 82 91 93 105 131 132

133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 153

Bethsaida 45 56 93

Caesarea Philippi 46(Cairo) Geniza fragments 28 29 30 32

36 37Capernaum 45 56 93chiasm 83 85 101 102 103 109 118

120chias tic 85 101 103 106 107 108 120

152 197

Index of Subjects268

Chorazin 56 93chreia(s) 63 71 104 105 120 211chreiic 65 86 104 105 111 156chris tology (see the Q discussion refer-

enced separately below)ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 17ndash in Luke 19ndash in Mark 131circumcision 159 209Claudius 183cosmic mountain 114 119Cynic(s) 23

Dan 45 47Darius I 163Deuteronomis t 118Deuteronomis tic His tory 146deuteronomis ticndash agenda 156ndash context(s) 143 153ndash framework 53 54ndash motifs 118 127ndash orientation 64ndash outlook 61 82 114ndash redaction 80ndash rhetoric 136ndash s tratums trata 78ndash theme 78ndash tradition 79ndash unders tanding 64devil 51 66 114 117 119 120 121 123

124

Elijah 96 116 118 126 162 163 164ElijahElisha cycle 162 163Enoch 44 45 47 51 76 112 113 157

172 202ndash as a scribe 46ndash Book of Watchers 45 113 125ndash sapiential content in Watchers 76ndash Book of Parables 24 41 47 157 167

171 213ndash sapiential content in Parables 76ndash Epis tle of Enoch 43ndash his torical incarnation of 202ndash Seminar 47Enochicndash author 122ndash corpus 52 73ndash formulation 52

ndash framework 121ndash literaturetext 43 46 56ndash movement 47 53 157 210ndash mythology 113 114 122 164ndash Son of Man 172ndash tradents 46ndash tradition 43 46 47 79 113 122 157

215ndash Watchers myth 45 53 121eschatological prophetndash in 4Q521 160 162ndash in Q 164 165 166eschatology (see the Q discussion refer-

enced separately below) 47 48 50ndash in 1 Enoch 42 47 76 122 141 142

168 169ndash in 4Q521 159 160 162ndash in 4QIns truction 56ndash in Ben Sira 72ndash in Malachi 163 164ndash in Psalms of Solomon 159ndash in Trito-Isaiah 136Exodusndash legendmyth 117ndash imagerymotifs 116 163

form (literary)ndash and meaning 82ndash and worldview 76ndash apocalypse 49ndash criticism 61 62 63 67 68 69 70

74 156 170 214ndash miracle s tory 156ndash wisdom 84ndash (wisdom) ins truction 70 71

Gaius (Caligula) 44 46 123Galilee 23 36 44 45 47 56 73 131

171 194 215ndash village scribes 48ndash villagestowns 24 93 199Gentile(s) 9 87 96 120 126 155 157

158 159 164 167 168 169 173 198 199 209 215

Great Omission 8 9

HasidicHasidim 79 162Hebrew 25 35 39 40 41 42 204Hebrew Biblescriptures 24 118 127

136 160

269Index of Subjects

Hermogenes 171mt Hermon 45 46 47Herod the Great and the Herodian era

43 44 45 46 126Herodians 45(holy) Spirit 72 94 178 189Hulah Valley 45

Isaiah (see the Index of Ancient Sources for specific passages)

ndash Deutero 46 135 136 168 169ndash firs t-century reader of 135ndash Trito 51 54 135 136 137 143 154

163 200Israelndash in Ben Sira 125ndash in Daniel 168ndash in Deuteronomy 118ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 139ndash in the Hebrew Bible 198 199ndash in Jubilees 121ndash in Malachi 163ndash in Q 53 64 78 80 87 96 104 118

127 155 156 158 198 199ndash pre-exilic 50ndash traditional wisdom of 58ndash wilderness myth 117

James (son of Zebedee) 183Jerusalem 44 72 96 106 108 113 119

125 159 166 199 200ndash culttemple 136 137 163 214ndash pries thood 45 47 127Jesusndash as an apocalyptic figure in Q 38ndash as a literary character in Q 21ndash floating traditions ascribed to 48ndash his torical 21 29 37 43 47 73 116

141 142 164 165 171 172 186 198ndash his torical greeting of in Jerusalem

106ndash movement 23ndash tradition 161Jewish Chris tianityndash as a movement in a contes ted envi-

ronment 43 183ndash as a proliferation of groups and

communities 183ndash on the use of the term 23

ndash possible connection to the Enochic movement 47

Jewish War 200John (the Baptis t) 68 78 80 83 85 90

91 92 97 103 104 105 116 159 163 164 165 166 167 169 172

ndash followers of 159 165 166ndash his torical 159 165Journeysndash cosmicterres trial 76 112 113 114

119 122 127ndash heavenly 45 112 113Judea 36 44 200 215

Kallirrhoeuml 45Kleinliteratur 3 4 59 60 73 215

Lordrsquos Prayer 93 94 177Lot 97 99

Maccabean era 126Mas tema 121Matthew and Luke as conservative

traditionalis ts 4Matthewrsquos and Lukersquos redactorial

freedom 4Matthewrsquos use of Q 4messiah 106 116 162 164 210messiahship 123messianic 116 210Migdal 46mimesis 114 141minor agreements 15 130Minor Prophets 146Moses 117

Nag Hammadi 17Nimrod 32

oralndash possible cross-influence on the Gos-

pel of Thomas from the canonical gospels 11 193

ndash harmonization of Matthew and Luke 16

ndash life of the primitive community 60ndash performance 15 16 161ndash source utilization 15ndash tradition 17 98 151ndash transmission 188

Index of Subjects270

ndash usage and application of Q 4ndash usage of Matthew 15ndash variants of Q 4Oxyrhynchus 17

Paneion 46Parousia 116 186 193Parthian invasion of 40 BCE 44 46Paulndash his torical 149 183ndash possible awareness of the Q tradition

by 192persecutionndash as an apocalyptic motif 54ndash because of someone 142ndash in authentic Pauline corpus 149 183ndash in Q 52 54 78 94 107 118 122

126 132 133 134 140 141 142 143 144 175 180 181 182 184 190 194 200 206

ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 138ndash in the Parables of Enoch 141ndash in Trito-Isaiah 137 200ndash plausibility of 182 183Pharisees 65 68 94 166 169 205 206

214pleroma 39prophecyndash pre-exilic and Persian era (classical)

50ndash mixture of with wisdom 77Prophetisierung 75

Qndash apocalypticism apocalyptic motifs

features imagination framework and worldview 23 25 46 53 57 58 63 69 70 71 73 76 79 84 87 88 111 114 121 127 141 175 190 194 197 202 210 211 213 214

ndash apocalyptic document 48 51ndash apocalyptic wisdom ins truction 23

55 70 73 74 77 79 214ndash (apocalyptic) communitymovement

55 107 122 194 195 206 209ndash Aramaic roots 26ndash chris tology 70 81 83 87 93 104

115 116 123 130 131 142 144 145 147 153 154 156 157 159 164 166 167 194 214

ndash demonology 51 53ndash eschatological (apocalyptic) dis-

course 64 83 97 98 170 210 211 212

ndash eschatology 48 51 54 56 69 73 75 87 94 95 101 104 105 108 133 141 142 143 144 147 159 164 165 166 167 169 172 180 192 193 194 198 199 202 203 210

ndash final (literary) form 59 62 69 78 178

ndash hypothetical mid- (lower) level or sub-elite scribal origin 24 59

ndash hypothetical recensions 3 4 59 60 90 98

ndash hypothetical segregation of wisdom and apocalyptic s trata 60 66 67 70 213 214

ndash mission speech 23 56 86 87 92 104 105 107 173 182 194

ndash Pales tinian character 24ndash possible authenticity of its content

22 81ndash prophetic content 61 63 67 70 74

75 76 77 79 80 82 83 142 143 176

ndash recons truction (CEQ) 5 6 10 90 (see also recons truction [in this s tudy] below as such frequently follows the CEQ)

ndash recons truction (feasibility) 2 3 4 10 11

ndash recons truction (in this s tudy) 60 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 111 116 119 120 123 130 131 134 144 147 148 149 151 152 165 169 170 172 175 176 177 178 179 181 184 191 193 199 204 207 213 215

ndash recons truction (methodology) 5 89 90

ndash recons truction (skepticism) 2 10 59 (see also recons tructed Mark below)

ndash sapiential content 12 62 63 67 77 79 80 82 130 154 175 191 202 214

ndash sermon 63 82 91 92 103 105 127 129 130 131 134 135 138 140 144 145 147 152 153 154 155 156

ndash sophis ticated scribal traditions 24ndash sub-literary view of 3 59 60 74

271Index of Subjects

ndash tradents 4 59 67 125 135 147 181 182 197 199 202 203 207 209 214

ndash tradition 13 17 87 161 163 164 186 187 192 202

Quintillian 171Qumran (see the Index of Ancient

Sources for specific documents)ndash apocalyptic worldview 50 135ndash Aramaic corpus 33ndash beatitude collection 133ndash communitymovementYahad 44 53

56 121 135 136 137 157 160 161 206 207 208 209

ndash demonology 124ndash discovery 29ndash fellowship with angels 115ndash fragments of 1 Enoch 44ndash library 43ndash manualsrules 82ndash sapiential literature 25 55 56 57

58 62 69ndash social setting 43

recons tructed Mark 2 6 7 8 9 10RomeRomans 44 91 121 126 159

199 207ndash occupation of Judea 44

sage(s) 55 56 79 84Samaria 44Satan 50 51 52 53 114 115 117 118

120 121 159 192scribe(s) 102 205ndash ancient reading practices of 102ndash as a Q opponent group 68 169 205ndash as advanced or elite readers of Q

102 103ndash Enochic 46 215ndash in Matthewrsquos community (other than

Matthew) 4ndash in the Q community 48 135 195

215ndash in the text of Q 169 172ndash memory competence of 4 102ndash responsible for 2 Enoch 112ndash responsible for Did 13bndash5b 15scriptorium 46Sefire 27 37Sepphoris 38 46Sermon on the Mount 15 16 87 94

Sermon on the Plain 15 16(Deutero-Isaianic) Servant 136 168 169Sidon 199Simeon II 125Son of Man 47 115ndash Aramaic background of the phrase

25 26 28 37 153ndash as a messianic title in the Parables of

Enoch 28 46ndash circumlocutional non-titular use of

the phrase in Late Aramaic 34ndash classifications of the phrasersquos Q

ins tances 26ndash designation of as Son of Humanity in

some recent research 39ndash his torical incarnation of as under-

s tood by some ancient authors 165 172

ndash hypothetical non-titular (circumlocu-tional or generic) use of the definite phrase in Middle Aramaic by the his torical Jesus and in Q 28 29 34 37 38 39 42 43 52 71 140 142 167 170 186 187

ndash in Daniel 41 42 186 213ndash in Luke 142 186ndash in Mark 41ndash in Matthew 99 142 186ndash in Q 25 26 34 38 39 42 43 46 47

52 53 64 67 69 70 71 96 98 104 106 115 116 123 141 142 147 164 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 176 185 186 187 188 189 191 194 201 203 210 212 213

ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 170ndash in the Parables of Enoch 25 28 41

42 43 44 45 46 47 122 141 142 146 147 153 155 164 165 168 169 172 173 202 213

ndash non-titular use of the indefinite phrase in Middle Aramaic 41

ndash titular (including but not limited to chris tological) use of the definite phrase in Q 34 38 52 53 64 70 104 123 142 143 147 167 168 172 173 185 186 187 189 191 194 201 203 210 212 213

Sondergut 89 90ndash Matthean 91ndash Lukan 94 95 97 98 177

Index of Subjects272

Sophiandash myth (Enochic tradition) 172 202ndash myth (synoptic tradition) 96 200

201ndash words of 96 201synopticndash gospels 11 150 151ndash material 16 151ndash parallels 18 19ndash problem 1ndash Sayings Source 3 216ndash s tudies 4ndash tradition 17 21 26 98 101 131 151

158 205 215Syria 215

Talmud 30 36 37 38Targum 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

38 40 41ndash recons truction of the Pales tinian Tar-

gum 32Taricheae 46Tell Dan 45templendash apparatusins titution 50 96 107

113 119 125 126 127 137 157 197 200 205

ndash eschatological 76

ndash purityholiness of 65 123 137ndash mitigatingprotective role 51 124ndash of Augus tus at Paneion 45ndash second temple era 25 41 44 48 56

62 70 71 72 79 82 84 121 124 136 137 154 163 186 201 209 213 216

ndash liturgy 124ndash mounthill 113ndash pollution of as perceived by some

ancient authors 113 125 136Theon of Alexandria 171Tiberias 38Torah 58 64 72 79 112 207 208 209transfiguration 47tree of knowledge 113Tyre 199

Vermes-Fitzmyer debate 28 38 39

Watchers 45 53 121Wicked Pries t 125

Yahweh 117 118

Zechariah (son of Jehoiada) 200mt Zion 113

  • Cover13
  • Titel13
  • Preface
  • Table of Contents13
  • List of Abbreviations
  • Chapter One Prolegomena
    • 1 Introduction Recent Methodological Questions in Q Studies
    • 2 The Study of Q as a Reconstructed Text
      • Index of Ancient Sources
      • Index of Modern Authors
      • Index of Subjects
Page 43: Apocalypticism in the Synoptic Sayings Source€¦ · Apocalypticism in the Synoptic Sayings Source A Reassessment of Q’s Stratigraphy Mohr Siebeck. Olegs Andrejevs, born 1982;

Index of Subjects

Abel-Main (Tell Abl) 45Abraham 32 157Agrippa I 123 183Ahab 118 121angel of Yahweh 163angelicheavenly rebellion 121 125Antigonus 43aphaeresis 27 32 34 36 38apocalypse 48ndash as incorrectly applied to Mk 133ndash37

211ndash as incorrectly applied to Q 1723ndash37

210 211apocalypticndash Chris tianity 53ndash discourse 211ndash framework 57 121ndash inaccurately used as a noun 49ndash literature 47 53 54 135ndash language in Ben Sira 72ndash tradition 56 57 186ndash wisdom ins tructions other than Q 56

57 77 202ndash worldview (outside of Q see its at-

tes tation in Q referenced separately below) 24 49 50 51 55 57 87 121

apocalypticism 25 87 58 62ndash and apocalypse 48 49ndash and eschatology 48ndash as a literary category 48 79ndash as a dis tortion of Godrsquos intended

order 23ndash as compatible with wisdom in late

second temple literature 57 62 66 70 72 154 202

ndash as having a place outside the genre of an apocalypse 49

ndash as synonymous with apocalyptic worldview 49

ndash in Pauline thought 192ndash in sectarian environments 53

ndash in recent Q scholarship 48ndash methodological definitions of 50 54

186Aramaic 25 26 46 70 140 187 204

213ndash OfficialImperialBiblical 26 27 35

40ndash Middle 26 27 30 32 33 34 35 36

37 38 40 41 52 167 170 187 188ndash Late 26 27 28 32 33 34 35 36 37

38 41 140 187ndash Galilean 29 36 38ndash Qumran 31 32 35 38Athaliah 125Augus tus 45

Babylonian Exile 118Banias 45βασιλείαndash as a hypothetical metaphor reflecting

the social interes ts of Qrsquos author(s) 48

ndash as a political entity 120ndash of God 23 48 73 95 108 123 132

177 178 182 183 184 192 194 206 207

ndash of Satan 51 114ndash realized 142beatitude(s) 82 91 93 105 131 132

133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 153

Bethsaida 45 56 93

Caesarea Philippi 46(Cairo) Geniza fragments 28 29 30 32

36 37Capernaum 45 56 93chiasm 83 85 101 102 103 109 118

120chias tic 85 101 103 106 107 108 120

152 197

Index of Subjects268

Chorazin 56 93chreia(s) 63 71 104 105 120 211chreiic 65 86 104 105 111 156chris tology (see the Q discussion refer-

enced separately below)ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 17ndash in Luke 19ndash in Mark 131circumcision 159 209Claudius 183cosmic mountain 114 119Cynic(s) 23

Dan 45 47Darius I 163Deuteronomis t 118Deuteronomis tic His tory 146deuteronomis ticndash agenda 156ndash context(s) 143 153ndash framework 53 54ndash motifs 118 127ndash orientation 64ndash outlook 61 82 114ndash redaction 80ndash rhetoric 136ndash s tratums trata 78ndash theme 78ndash tradition 79ndash unders tanding 64devil 51 66 114 117 119 120 121 123

124

Elijah 96 116 118 126 162 163 164ElijahElisha cycle 162 163Enoch 44 45 47 51 76 112 113 157

172 202ndash as a scribe 46ndash Book of Watchers 45 113 125ndash sapiential content in Watchers 76ndash Book of Parables 24 41 47 157 167

171 213ndash sapiential content in Parables 76ndash Epis tle of Enoch 43ndash his torical incarnation of 202ndash Seminar 47Enochicndash author 122ndash corpus 52 73ndash formulation 52

ndash framework 121ndash literaturetext 43 46 56ndash movement 47 53 157 210ndash mythology 113 114 122 164ndash Son of Man 172ndash tradents 46ndash tradition 43 46 47 79 113 122 157

215ndash Watchers myth 45 53 121eschatological prophetndash in 4Q521 160 162ndash in Q 164 165 166eschatology (see the Q discussion refer-

enced separately below) 47 48 50ndash in 1 Enoch 42 47 76 122 141 142

168 169ndash in 4Q521 159 160 162ndash in 4QIns truction 56ndash in Ben Sira 72ndash in Malachi 163 164ndash in Psalms of Solomon 159ndash in Trito-Isaiah 136Exodusndash legendmyth 117ndash imagerymotifs 116 163

form (literary)ndash and meaning 82ndash and worldview 76ndash apocalypse 49ndash criticism 61 62 63 67 68 69 70

74 156 170 214ndash miracle s tory 156ndash wisdom 84ndash (wisdom) ins truction 70 71

Gaius (Caligula) 44 46 123Galilee 23 36 44 45 47 56 73 131

171 194 215ndash village scribes 48ndash villagestowns 24 93 199Gentile(s) 9 87 96 120 126 155 157

158 159 164 167 168 169 173 198 199 209 215

Great Omission 8 9

HasidicHasidim 79 162Hebrew 25 35 39 40 41 42 204Hebrew Biblescriptures 24 118 127

136 160

269Index of Subjects

Hermogenes 171mt Hermon 45 46 47Herod the Great and the Herodian era

43 44 45 46 126Herodians 45(holy) Spirit 72 94 178 189Hulah Valley 45

Isaiah (see the Index of Ancient Sources for specific passages)

ndash Deutero 46 135 136 168 169ndash firs t-century reader of 135ndash Trito 51 54 135 136 137 143 154

163 200Israelndash in Ben Sira 125ndash in Daniel 168ndash in Deuteronomy 118ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 139ndash in the Hebrew Bible 198 199ndash in Jubilees 121ndash in Malachi 163ndash in Q 53 64 78 80 87 96 104 118

127 155 156 158 198 199ndash pre-exilic 50ndash traditional wisdom of 58ndash wilderness myth 117

James (son of Zebedee) 183Jerusalem 44 72 96 106 108 113 119

125 159 166 199 200ndash culttemple 136 137 163 214ndash pries thood 45 47 127Jesusndash as an apocalyptic figure in Q 38ndash as a literary character in Q 21ndash floating traditions ascribed to 48ndash his torical 21 29 37 43 47 73 116

141 142 164 165 171 172 186 198ndash his torical greeting of in Jerusalem

106ndash movement 23ndash tradition 161Jewish Chris tianityndash as a movement in a contes ted envi-

ronment 43 183ndash as a proliferation of groups and

communities 183ndash on the use of the term 23

ndash possible connection to the Enochic movement 47

Jewish War 200John (the Baptis t) 68 78 80 83 85 90

91 92 97 103 104 105 116 159 163 164 165 166 167 169 172

ndash followers of 159 165 166ndash his torical 159 165Journeysndash cosmicterres trial 76 112 113 114

119 122 127ndash heavenly 45 112 113Judea 36 44 200 215

Kallirrhoeuml 45Kleinliteratur 3 4 59 60 73 215

Lordrsquos Prayer 93 94 177Lot 97 99

Maccabean era 126Mas tema 121Matthew and Luke as conservative

traditionalis ts 4Matthewrsquos and Lukersquos redactorial

freedom 4Matthewrsquos use of Q 4messiah 106 116 162 164 210messiahship 123messianic 116 210Migdal 46mimesis 114 141minor agreements 15 130Minor Prophets 146Moses 117

Nag Hammadi 17Nimrod 32

oralndash possible cross-influence on the Gos-

pel of Thomas from the canonical gospels 11 193

ndash harmonization of Matthew and Luke 16

ndash life of the primitive community 60ndash performance 15 16 161ndash source utilization 15ndash tradition 17 98 151ndash transmission 188

Index of Subjects270

ndash usage and application of Q 4ndash usage of Matthew 15ndash variants of Q 4Oxyrhynchus 17

Paneion 46Parousia 116 186 193Parthian invasion of 40 BCE 44 46Paulndash his torical 149 183ndash possible awareness of the Q tradition

by 192persecutionndash as an apocalyptic motif 54ndash because of someone 142ndash in authentic Pauline corpus 149 183ndash in Q 52 54 78 94 107 118 122

126 132 133 134 140 141 142 143 144 175 180 181 182 184 190 194 200 206

ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 138ndash in the Parables of Enoch 141ndash in Trito-Isaiah 137 200ndash plausibility of 182 183Pharisees 65 68 94 166 169 205 206

214pleroma 39prophecyndash pre-exilic and Persian era (classical)

50ndash mixture of with wisdom 77Prophetisierung 75

Qndash apocalypticism apocalyptic motifs

features imagination framework and worldview 23 25 46 53 57 58 63 69 70 71 73 76 79 84 87 88 111 114 121 127 141 175 190 194 197 202 210 211 213 214

ndash apocalyptic document 48 51ndash apocalyptic wisdom ins truction 23

55 70 73 74 77 79 214ndash (apocalyptic) communitymovement

55 107 122 194 195 206 209ndash Aramaic roots 26ndash chris tology 70 81 83 87 93 104

115 116 123 130 131 142 144 145 147 153 154 156 157 159 164 166 167 194 214

ndash demonology 51 53ndash eschatological (apocalyptic) dis-

course 64 83 97 98 170 210 211 212

ndash eschatology 48 51 54 56 69 73 75 87 94 95 101 104 105 108 133 141 142 143 144 147 159 164 165 166 167 169 172 180 192 193 194 198 199 202 203 210

ndash final (literary) form 59 62 69 78 178

ndash hypothetical mid- (lower) level or sub-elite scribal origin 24 59

ndash hypothetical recensions 3 4 59 60 90 98

ndash hypothetical segregation of wisdom and apocalyptic s trata 60 66 67 70 213 214

ndash mission speech 23 56 86 87 92 104 105 107 173 182 194

ndash Pales tinian character 24ndash possible authenticity of its content

22 81ndash prophetic content 61 63 67 70 74

75 76 77 79 80 82 83 142 143 176

ndash recons truction (CEQ) 5 6 10 90 (see also recons truction [in this s tudy] below as such frequently follows the CEQ)

ndash recons truction (feasibility) 2 3 4 10 11

ndash recons truction (in this s tudy) 60 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 111 116 119 120 123 130 131 134 144 147 148 149 151 152 165 169 170 172 175 176 177 178 179 181 184 191 193 199 204 207 213 215

ndash recons truction (methodology) 5 89 90

ndash recons truction (skepticism) 2 10 59 (see also recons tructed Mark below)

ndash sapiential content 12 62 63 67 77 79 80 82 130 154 175 191 202 214

ndash sermon 63 82 91 92 103 105 127 129 130 131 134 135 138 140 144 145 147 152 153 154 155 156

ndash sophis ticated scribal traditions 24ndash sub-literary view of 3 59 60 74

271Index of Subjects

ndash tradents 4 59 67 125 135 147 181 182 197 199 202 203 207 209 214

ndash tradition 13 17 87 161 163 164 186 187 192 202

Quintillian 171Qumran (see the Index of Ancient

Sources for specific documents)ndash apocalyptic worldview 50 135ndash Aramaic corpus 33ndash beatitude collection 133ndash communitymovementYahad 44 53

56 121 135 136 137 157 160 161 206 207 208 209

ndash demonology 124ndash discovery 29ndash fellowship with angels 115ndash fragments of 1 Enoch 44ndash library 43ndash manualsrules 82ndash sapiential literature 25 55 56 57

58 62 69ndash social setting 43

recons tructed Mark 2 6 7 8 9 10RomeRomans 44 91 121 126 159

199 207ndash occupation of Judea 44

sage(s) 55 56 79 84Samaria 44Satan 50 51 52 53 114 115 117 118

120 121 159 192scribe(s) 102 205ndash ancient reading practices of 102ndash as a Q opponent group 68 169 205ndash as advanced or elite readers of Q

102 103ndash Enochic 46 215ndash in Matthewrsquos community (other than

Matthew) 4ndash in the Q community 48 135 195

215ndash in the text of Q 169 172ndash memory competence of 4 102ndash responsible for 2 Enoch 112ndash responsible for Did 13bndash5b 15scriptorium 46Sefire 27 37Sepphoris 38 46Sermon on the Mount 15 16 87 94

Sermon on the Plain 15 16(Deutero-Isaianic) Servant 136 168 169Sidon 199Simeon II 125Son of Man 47 115ndash Aramaic background of the phrase

25 26 28 37 153ndash as a messianic title in the Parables of

Enoch 28 46ndash circumlocutional non-titular use of

the phrase in Late Aramaic 34ndash classifications of the phrasersquos Q

ins tances 26ndash designation of as Son of Humanity in

some recent research 39ndash his torical incarnation of as under-

s tood by some ancient authors 165 172

ndash hypothetical non-titular (circumlocu-tional or generic) use of the definite phrase in Middle Aramaic by the his torical Jesus and in Q 28 29 34 37 38 39 42 43 52 71 140 142 167 170 186 187

ndash in Daniel 41 42 186 213ndash in Luke 142 186ndash in Mark 41ndash in Matthew 99 142 186ndash in Q 25 26 34 38 39 42 43 46 47

52 53 64 67 69 70 71 96 98 104 106 115 116 123 141 142 147 164 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 176 185 186 187 188 189 191 194 201 203 210 212 213

ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 170ndash in the Parables of Enoch 25 28 41

42 43 44 45 46 47 122 141 142 146 147 153 155 164 165 168 169 172 173 202 213

ndash non-titular use of the indefinite phrase in Middle Aramaic 41

ndash titular (including but not limited to chris tological) use of the definite phrase in Q 34 38 52 53 64 70 104 123 142 143 147 167 168 172 173 185 186 187 189 191 194 201 203 210 212 213

Sondergut 89 90ndash Matthean 91ndash Lukan 94 95 97 98 177

Index of Subjects272

Sophiandash myth (Enochic tradition) 172 202ndash myth (synoptic tradition) 96 200

201ndash words of 96 201synopticndash gospels 11 150 151ndash material 16 151ndash parallels 18 19ndash problem 1ndash Sayings Source 3 216ndash s tudies 4ndash tradition 17 21 26 98 101 131 151

158 205 215Syria 215

Talmud 30 36 37 38Targum 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

38 40 41ndash recons truction of the Pales tinian Tar-

gum 32Taricheae 46Tell Dan 45templendash apparatusins titution 50 96 107

113 119 125 126 127 137 157 197 200 205

ndash eschatological 76

ndash purityholiness of 65 123 137ndash mitigatingprotective role 51 124ndash of Augus tus at Paneion 45ndash second temple era 25 41 44 48 56

62 70 71 72 79 82 84 121 124 136 137 154 163 186 201 209 213 216

ndash liturgy 124ndash mounthill 113ndash pollution of as perceived by some

ancient authors 113 125 136Theon of Alexandria 171Tiberias 38Torah 58 64 72 79 112 207 208 209transfiguration 47tree of knowledge 113Tyre 199

Vermes-Fitzmyer debate 28 38 39

Watchers 45 53 121Wicked Pries t 125

Yahweh 117 118

Zechariah (son of Jehoiada) 200mt Zion 113

  • Cover13
  • Titel13
  • Preface
  • Table of Contents13
  • List of Abbreviations
  • Chapter One Prolegomena
    • 1 Introduction Recent Methodological Questions in Q Studies
    • 2 The Study of Q as a Reconstructed Text
      • Index of Ancient Sources
      • Index of Modern Authors
      • Index of Subjects
Page 44: Apocalypticism in the Synoptic Sayings Source€¦ · Apocalypticism in the Synoptic Sayings Source A Reassessment of Q’s Stratigraphy Mohr Siebeck. Olegs Andrejevs, born 1982;

Index of Subjects268

Chorazin 56 93chreia(s) 63 71 104 105 120 211chreiic 65 86 104 105 111 156chris tology (see the Q discussion refer-

enced separately below)ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 17ndash in Luke 19ndash in Mark 131circumcision 159 209Claudius 183cosmic mountain 114 119Cynic(s) 23

Dan 45 47Darius I 163Deuteronomis t 118Deuteronomis tic His tory 146deuteronomis ticndash agenda 156ndash context(s) 143 153ndash framework 53 54ndash motifs 118 127ndash orientation 64ndash outlook 61 82 114ndash redaction 80ndash rhetoric 136ndash s tratums trata 78ndash theme 78ndash tradition 79ndash unders tanding 64devil 51 66 114 117 119 120 121 123

124

Elijah 96 116 118 126 162 163 164ElijahElisha cycle 162 163Enoch 44 45 47 51 76 112 113 157

172 202ndash as a scribe 46ndash Book of Watchers 45 113 125ndash sapiential content in Watchers 76ndash Book of Parables 24 41 47 157 167

171 213ndash sapiential content in Parables 76ndash Epis tle of Enoch 43ndash his torical incarnation of 202ndash Seminar 47Enochicndash author 122ndash corpus 52 73ndash formulation 52

ndash framework 121ndash literaturetext 43 46 56ndash movement 47 53 157 210ndash mythology 113 114 122 164ndash Son of Man 172ndash tradents 46ndash tradition 43 46 47 79 113 122 157

215ndash Watchers myth 45 53 121eschatological prophetndash in 4Q521 160 162ndash in Q 164 165 166eschatology (see the Q discussion refer-

enced separately below) 47 48 50ndash in 1 Enoch 42 47 76 122 141 142

168 169ndash in 4Q521 159 160 162ndash in 4QIns truction 56ndash in Ben Sira 72ndash in Malachi 163 164ndash in Psalms of Solomon 159ndash in Trito-Isaiah 136Exodusndash legendmyth 117ndash imagerymotifs 116 163

form (literary)ndash and meaning 82ndash and worldview 76ndash apocalypse 49ndash criticism 61 62 63 67 68 69 70

74 156 170 214ndash miracle s tory 156ndash wisdom 84ndash (wisdom) ins truction 70 71

Gaius (Caligula) 44 46 123Galilee 23 36 44 45 47 56 73 131

171 194 215ndash village scribes 48ndash villagestowns 24 93 199Gentile(s) 9 87 96 120 126 155 157

158 159 164 167 168 169 173 198 199 209 215

Great Omission 8 9

HasidicHasidim 79 162Hebrew 25 35 39 40 41 42 204Hebrew Biblescriptures 24 118 127

136 160

269Index of Subjects

Hermogenes 171mt Hermon 45 46 47Herod the Great and the Herodian era

43 44 45 46 126Herodians 45(holy) Spirit 72 94 178 189Hulah Valley 45

Isaiah (see the Index of Ancient Sources for specific passages)

ndash Deutero 46 135 136 168 169ndash firs t-century reader of 135ndash Trito 51 54 135 136 137 143 154

163 200Israelndash in Ben Sira 125ndash in Daniel 168ndash in Deuteronomy 118ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 139ndash in the Hebrew Bible 198 199ndash in Jubilees 121ndash in Malachi 163ndash in Q 53 64 78 80 87 96 104 118

127 155 156 158 198 199ndash pre-exilic 50ndash traditional wisdom of 58ndash wilderness myth 117

James (son of Zebedee) 183Jerusalem 44 72 96 106 108 113 119

125 159 166 199 200ndash culttemple 136 137 163 214ndash pries thood 45 47 127Jesusndash as an apocalyptic figure in Q 38ndash as a literary character in Q 21ndash floating traditions ascribed to 48ndash his torical 21 29 37 43 47 73 116

141 142 164 165 171 172 186 198ndash his torical greeting of in Jerusalem

106ndash movement 23ndash tradition 161Jewish Chris tianityndash as a movement in a contes ted envi-

ronment 43 183ndash as a proliferation of groups and

communities 183ndash on the use of the term 23

ndash possible connection to the Enochic movement 47

Jewish War 200John (the Baptis t) 68 78 80 83 85 90

91 92 97 103 104 105 116 159 163 164 165 166 167 169 172

ndash followers of 159 165 166ndash his torical 159 165Journeysndash cosmicterres trial 76 112 113 114

119 122 127ndash heavenly 45 112 113Judea 36 44 200 215

Kallirrhoeuml 45Kleinliteratur 3 4 59 60 73 215

Lordrsquos Prayer 93 94 177Lot 97 99

Maccabean era 126Mas tema 121Matthew and Luke as conservative

traditionalis ts 4Matthewrsquos and Lukersquos redactorial

freedom 4Matthewrsquos use of Q 4messiah 106 116 162 164 210messiahship 123messianic 116 210Migdal 46mimesis 114 141minor agreements 15 130Minor Prophets 146Moses 117

Nag Hammadi 17Nimrod 32

oralndash possible cross-influence on the Gos-

pel of Thomas from the canonical gospels 11 193

ndash harmonization of Matthew and Luke 16

ndash life of the primitive community 60ndash performance 15 16 161ndash source utilization 15ndash tradition 17 98 151ndash transmission 188

Index of Subjects270

ndash usage and application of Q 4ndash usage of Matthew 15ndash variants of Q 4Oxyrhynchus 17

Paneion 46Parousia 116 186 193Parthian invasion of 40 BCE 44 46Paulndash his torical 149 183ndash possible awareness of the Q tradition

by 192persecutionndash as an apocalyptic motif 54ndash because of someone 142ndash in authentic Pauline corpus 149 183ndash in Q 52 54 78 94 107 118 122

126 132 133 134 140 141 142 143 144 175 180 181 182 184 190 194 200 206

ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 138ndash in the Parables of Enoch 141ndash in Trito-Isaiah 137 200ndash plausibility of 182 183Pharisees 65 68 94 166 169 205 206

214pleroma 39prophecyndash pre-exilic and Persian era (classical)

50ndash mixture of with wisdom 77Prophetisierung 75

Qndash apocalypticism apocalyptic motifs

features imagination framework and worldview 23 25 46 53 57 58 63 69 70 71 73 76 79 84 87 88 111 114 121 127 141 175 190 194 197 202 210 211 213 214

ndash apocalyptic document 48 51ndash apocalyptic wisdom ins truction 23

55 70 73 74 77 79 214ndash (apocalyptic) communitymovement

55 107 122 194 195 206 209ndash Aramaic roots 26ndash chris tology 70 81 83 87 93 104

115 116 123 130 131 142 144 145 147 153 154 156 157 159 164 166 167 194 214

ndash demonology 51 53ndash eschatological (apocalyptic) dis-

course 64 83 97 98 170 210 211 212

ndash eschatology 48 51 54 56 69 73 75 87 94 95 101 104 105 108 133 141 142 143 144 147 159 164 165 166 167 169 172 180 192 193 194 198 199 202 203 210

ndash final (literary) form 59 62 69 78 178

ndash hypothetical mid- (lower) level or sub-elite scribal origin 24 59

ndash hypothetical recensions 3 4 59 60 90 98

ndash hypothetical segregation of wisdom and apocalyptic s trata 60 66 67 70 213 214

ndash mission speech 23 56 86 87 92 104 105 107 173 182 194

ndash Pales tinian character 24ndash possible authenticity of its content

22 81ndash prophetic content 61 63 67 70 74

75 76 77 79 80 82 83 142 143 176

ndash recons truction (CEQ) 5 6 10 90 (see also recons truction [in this s tudy] below as such frequently follows the CEQ)

ndash recons truction (feasibility) 2 3 4 10 11

ndash recons truction (in this s tudy) 60 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 111 116 119 120 123 130 131 134 144 147 148 149 151 152 165 169 170 172 175 176 177 178 179 181 184 191 193 199 204 207 213 215

ndash recons truction (methodology) 5 89 90

ndash recons truction (skepticism) 2 10 59 (see also recons tructed Mark below)

ndash sapiential content 12 62 63 67 77 79 80 82 130 154 175 191 202 214

ndash sermon 63 82 91 92 103 105 127 129 130 131 134 135 138 140 144 145 147 152 153 154 155 156

ndash sophis ticated scribal traditions 24ndash sub-literary view of 3 59 60 74

271Index of Subjects

ndash tradents 4 59 67 125 135 147 181 182 197 199 202 203 207 209 214

ndash tradition 13 17 87 161 163 164 186 187 192 202

Quintillian 171Qumran (see the Index of Ancient

Sources for specific documents)ndash apocalyptic worldview 50 135ndash Aramaic corpus 33ndash beatitude collection 133ndash communitymovementYahad 44 53

56 121 135 136 137 157 160 161 206 207 208 209

ndash demonology 124ndash discovery 29ndash fellowship with angels 115ndash fragments of 1 Enoch 44ndash library 43ndash manualsrules 82ndash sapiential literature 25 55 56 57

58 62 69ndash social setting 43

recons tructed Mark 2 6 7 8 9 10RomeRomans 44 91 121 126 159

199 207ndash occupation of Judea 44

sage(s) 55 56 79 84Samaria 44Satan 50 51 52 53 114 115 117 118

120 121 159 192scribe(s) 102 205ndash ancient reading practices of 102ndash as a Q opponent group 68 169 205ndash as advanced or elite readers of Q

102 103ndash Enochic 46 215ndash in Matthewrsquos community (other than

Matthew) 4ndash in the Q community 48 135 195

215ndash in the text of Q 169 172ndash memory competence of 4 102ndash responsible for 2 Enoch 112ndash responsible for Did 13bndash5b 15scriptorium 46Sefire 27 37Sepphoris 38 46Sermon on the Mount 15 16 87 94

Sermon on the Plain 15 16(Deutero-Isaianic) Servant 136 168 169Sidon 199Simeon II 125Son of Man 47 115ndash Aramaic background of the phrase

25 26 28 37 153ndash as a messianic title in the Parables of

Enoch 28 46ndash circumlocutional non-titular use of

the phrase in Late Aramaic 34ndash classifications of the phrasersquos Q

ins tances 26ndash designation of as Son of Humanity in

some recent research 39ndash his torical incarnation of as under-

s tood by some ancient authors 165 172

ndash hypothetical non-titular (circumlocu-tional or generic) use of the definite phrase in Middle Aramaic by the his torical Jesus and in Q 28 29 34 37 38 39 42 43 52 71 140 142 167 170 186 187

ndash in Daniel 41 42 186 213ndash in Luke 142 186ndash in Mark 41ndash in Matthew 99 142 186ndash in Q 25 26 34 38 39 42 43 46 47

52 53 64 67 69 70 71 96 98 104 106 115 116 123 141 142 147 164 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 176 185 186 187 188 189 191 194 201 203 210 212 213

ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 170ndash in the Parables of Enoch 25 28 41

42 43 44 45 46 47 122 141 142 146 147 153 155 164 165 168 169 172 173 202 213

ndash non-titular use of the indefinite phrase in Middle Aramaic 41

ndash titular (including but not limited to chris tological) use of the definite phrase in Q 34 38 52 53 64 70 104 123 142 143 147 167 168 172 173 185 186 187 189 191 194 201 203 210 212 213

Sondergut 89 90ndash Matthean 91ndash Lukan 94 95 97 98 177

Index of Subjects272

Sophiandash myth (Enochic tradition) 172 202ndash myth (synoptic tradition) 96 200

201ndash words of 96 201synopticndash gospels 11 150 151ndash material 16 151ndash parallels 18 19ndash problem 1ndash Sayings Source 3 216ndash s tudies 4ndash tradition 17 21 26 98 101 131 151

158 205 215Syria 215

Talmud 30 36 37 38Targum 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

38 40 41ndash recons truction of the Pales tinian Tar-

gum 32Taricheae 46Tell Dan 45templendash apparatusins titution 50 96 107

113 119 125 126 127 137 157 197 200 205

ndash eschatological 76

ndash purityholiness of 65 123 137ndash mitigatingprotective role 51 124ndash of Augus tus at Paneion 45ndash second temple era 25 41 44 48 56

62 70 71 72 79 82 84 121 124 136 137 154 163 186 201 209 213 216

ndash liturgy 124ndash mounthill 113ndash pollution of as perceived by some

ancient authors 113 125 136Theon of Alexandria 171Tiberias 38Torah 58 64 72 79 112 207 208 209transfiguration 47tree of knowledge 113Tyre 199

Vermes-Fitzmyer debate 28 38 39

Watchers 45 53 121Wicked Pries t 125

Yahweh 117 118

Zechariah (son of Jehoiada) 200mt Zion 113

  • Cover13
  • Titel13
  • Preface
  • Table of Contents13
  • List of Abbreviations
  • Chapter One Prolegomena
    • 1 Introduction Recent Methodological Questions in Q Studies
    • 2 The Study of Q as a Reconstructed Text
      • Index of Ancient Sources
      • Index of Modern Authors
      • Index of Subjects
Page 45: Apocalypticism in the Synoptic Sayings Source€¦ · Apocalypticism in the Synoptic Sayings Source A Reassessment of Q’s Stratigraphy Mohr Siebeck. Olegs Andrejevs, born 1982;

269Index of Subjects

Hermogenes 171mt Hermon 45 46 47Herod the Great and the Herodian era

43 44 45 46 126Herodians 45(holy) Spirit 72 94 178 189Hulah Valley 45

Isaiah (see the Index of Ancient Sources for specific passages)

ndash Deutero 46 135 136 168 169ndash firs t-century reader of 135ndash Trito 51 54 135 136 137 143 154

163 200Israelndash in Ben Sira 125ndash in Daniel 168ndash in Deuteronomy 118ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 139ndash in the Hebrew Bible 198 199ndash in Jubilees 121ndash in Malachi 163ndash in Q 53 64 78 80 87 96 104 118

127 155 156 158 198 199ndash pre-exilic 50ndash traditional wisdom of 58ndash wilderness myth 117

James (son of Zebedee) 183Jerusalem 44 72 96 106 108 113 119

125 159 166 199 200ndash culttemple 136 137 163 214ndash pries thood 45 47 127Jesusndash as an apocalyptic figure in Q 38ndash as a literary character in Q 21ndash floating traditions ascribed to 48ndash his torical 21 29 37 43 47 73 116

141 142 164 165 171 172 186 198ndash his torical greeting of in Jerusalem

106ndash movement 23ndash tradition 161Jewish Chris tianityndash as a movement in a contes ted envi-

ronment 43 183ndash as a proliferation of groups and

communities 183ndash on the use of the term 23

ndash possible connection to the Enochic movement 47

Jewish War 200John (the Baptis t) 68 78 80 83 85 90

91 92 97 103 104 105 116 159 163 164 165 166 167 169 172

ndash followers of 159 165 166ndash his torical 159 165Journeysndash cosmicterres trial 76 112 113 114

119 122 127ndash heavenly 45 112 113Judea 36 44 200 215

Kallirrhoeuml 45Kleinliteratur 3 4 59 60 73 215

Lordrsquos Prayer 93 94 177Lot 97 99

Maccabean era 126Mas tema 121Matthew and Luke as conservative

traditionalis ts 4Matthewrsquos and Lukersquos redactorial

freedom 4Matthewrsquos use of Q 4messiah 106 116 162 164 210messiahship 123messianic 116 210Migdal 46mimesis 114 141minor agreements 15 130Minor Prophets 146Moses 117

Nag Hammadi 17Nimrod 32

oralndash possible cross-influence on the Gos-

pel of Thomas from the canonical gospels 11 193

ndash harmonization of Matthew and Luke 16

ndash life of the primitive community 60ndash performance 15 16 161ndash source utilization 15ndash tradition 17 98 151ndash transmission 188

Index of Subjects270

ndash usage and application of Q 4ndash usage of Matthew 15ndash variants of Q 4Oxyrhynchus 17

Paneion 46Parousia 116 186 193Parthian invasion of 40 BCE 44 46Paulndash his torical 149 183ndash possible awareness of the Q tradition

by 192persecutionndash as an apocalyptic motif 54ndash because of someone 142ndash in authentic Pauline corpus 149 183ndash in Q 52 54 78 94 107 118 122

126 132 133 134 140 141 142 143 144 175 180 181 182 184 190 194 200 206

ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 138ndash in the Parables of Enoch 141ndash in Trito-Isaiah 137 200ndash plausibility of 182 183Pharisees 65 68 94 166 169 205 206

214pleroma 39prophecyndash pre-exilic and Persian era (classical)

50ndash mixture of with wisdom 77Prophetisierung 75

Qndash apocalypticism apocalyptic motifs

features imagination framework and worldview 23 25 46 53 57 58 63 69 70 71 73 76 79 84 87 88 111 114 121 127 141 175 190 194 197 202 210 211 213 214

ndash apocalyptic document 48 51ndash apocalyptic wisdom ins truction 23

55 70 73 74 77 79 214ndash (apocalyptic) communitymovement

55 107 122 194 195 206 209ndash Aramaic roots 26ndash chris tology 70 81 83 87 93 104

115 116 123 130 131 142 144 145 147 153 154 156 157 159 164 166 167 194 214

ndash demonology 51 53ndash eschatological (apocalyptic) dis-

course 64 83 97 98 170 210 211 212

ndash eschatology 48 51 54 56 69 73 75 87 94 95 101 104 105 108 133 141 142 143 144 147 159 164 165 166 167 169 172 180 192 193 194 198 199 202 203 210

ndash final (literary) form 59 62 69 78 178

ndash hypothetical mid- (lower) level or sub-elite scribal origin 24 59

ndash hypothetical recensions 3 4 59 60 90 98

ndash hypothetical segregation of wisdom and apocalyptic s trata 60 66 67 70 213 214

ndash mission speech 23 56 86 87 92 104 105 107 173 182 194

ndash Pales tinian character 24ndash possible authenticity of its content

22 81ndash prophetic content 61 63 67 70 74

75 76 77 79 80 82 83 142 143 176

ndash recons truction (CEQ) 5 6 10 90 (see also recons truction [in this s tudy] below as such frequently follows the CEQ)

ndash recons truction (feasibility) 2 3 4 10 11

ndash recons truction (in this s tudy) 60 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 111 116 119 120 123 130 131 134 144 147 148 149 151 152 165 169 170 172 175 176 177 178 179 181 184 191 193 199 204 207 213 215

ndash recons truction (methodology) 5 89 90

ndash recons truction (skepticism) 2 10 59 (see also recons tructed Mark below)

ndash sapiential content 12 62 63 67 77 79 80 82 130 154 175 191 202 214

ndash sermon 63 82 91 92 103 105 127 129 130 131 134 135 138 140 144 145 147 152 153 154 155 156

ndash sophis ticated scribal traditions 24ndash sub-literary view of 3 59 60 74

271Index of Subjects

ndash tradents 4 59 67 125 135 147 181 182 197 199 202 203 207 209 214

ndash tradition 13 17 87 161 163 164 186 187 192 202

Quintillian 171Qumran (see the Index of Ancient

Sources for specific documents)ndash apocalyptic worldview 50 135ndash Aramaic corpus 33ndash beatitude collection 133ndash communitymovementYahad 44 53

56 121 135 136 137 157 160 161 206 207 208 209

ndash demonology 124ndash discovery 29ndash fellowship with angels 115ndash fragments of 1 Enoch 44ndash library 43ndash manualsrules 82ndash sapiential literature 25 55 56 57

58 62 69ndash social setting 43

recons tructed Mark 2 6 7 8 9 10RomeRomans 44 91 121 126 159

199 207ndash occupation of Judea 44

sage(s) 55 56 79 84Samaria 44Satan 50 51 52 53 114 115 117 118

120 121 159 192scribe(s) 102 205ndash ancient reading practices of 102ndash as a Q opponent group 68 169 205ndash as advanced or elite readers of Q

102 103ndash Enochic 46 215ndash in Matthewrsquos community (other than

Matthew) 4ndash in the Q community 48 135 195

215ndash in the text of Q 169 172ndash memory competence of 4 102ndash responsible for 2 Enoch 112ndash responsible for Did 13bndash5b 15scriptorium 46Sefire 27 37Sepphoris 38 46Sermon on the Mount 15 16 87 94

Sermon on the Plain 15 16(Deutero-Isaianic) Servant 136 168 169Sidon 199Simeon II 125Son of Man 47 115ndash Aramaic background of the phrase

25 26 28 37 153ndash as a messianic title in the Parables of

Enoch 28 46ndash circumlocutional non-titular use of

the phrase in Late Aramaic 34ndash classifications of the phrasersquos Q

ins tances 26ndash designation of as Son of Humanity in

some recent research 39ndash his torical incarnation of as under-

s tood by some ancient authors 165 172

ndash hypothetical non-titular (circumlocu-tional or generic) use of the definite phrase in Middle Aramaic by the his torical Jesus and in Q 28 29 34 37 38 39 42 43 52 71 140 142 167 170 186 187

ndash in Daniel 41 42 186 213ndash in Luke 142 186ndash in Mark 41ndash in Matthew 99 142 186ndash in Q 25 26 34 38 39 42 43 46 47

52 53 64 67 69 70 71 96 98 104 106 115 116 123 141 142 147 164 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 176 185 186 187 188 189 191 194 201 203 210 212 213

ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 170ndash in the Parables of Enoch 25 28 41

42 43 44 45 46 47 122 141 142 146 147 153 155 164 165 168 169 172 173 202 213

ndash non-titular use of the indefinite phrase in Middle Aramaic 41

ndash titular (including but not limited to chris tological) use of the definite phrase in Q 34 38 52 53 64 70 104 123 142 143 147 167 168 172 173 185 186 187 189 191 194 201 203 210 212 213

Sondergut 89 90ndash Matthean 91ndash Lukan 94 95 97 98 177

Index of Subjects272

Sophiandash myth (Enochic tradition) 172 202ndash myth (synoptic tradition) 96 200

201ndash words of 96 201synopticndash gospels 11 150 151ndash material 16 151ndash parallels 18 19ndash problem 1ndash Sayings Source 3 216ndash s tudies 4ndash tradition 17 21 26 98 101 131 151

158 205 215Syria 215

Talmud 30 36 37 38Targum 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

38 40 41ndash recons truction of the Pales tinian Tar-

gum 32Taricheae 46Tell Dan 45templendash apparatusins titution 50 96 107

113 119 125 126 127 137 157 197 200 205

ndash eschatological 76

ndash purityholiness of 65 123 137ndash mitigatingprotective role 51 124ndash of Augus tus at Paneion 45ndash second temple era 25 41 44 48 56

62 70 71 72 79 82 84 121 124 136 137 154 163 186 201 209 213 216

ndash liturgy 124ndash mounthill 113ndash pollution of as perceived by some

ancient authors 113 125 136Theon of Alexandria 171Tiberias 38Torah 58 64 72 79 112 207 208 209transfiguration 47tree of knowledge 113Tyre 199

Vermes-Fitzmyer debate 28 38 39

Watchers 45 53 121Wicked Pries t 125

Yahweh 117 118

Zechariah (son of Jehoiada) 200mt Zion 113

  • Cover13
  • Titel13
  • Preface
  • Table of Contents13
  • List of Abbreviations
  • Chapter One Prolegomena
    • 1 Introduction Recent Methodological Questions in Q Studies
    • 2 The Study of Q as a Reconstructed Text
      • Index of Ancient Sources
      • Index of Modern Authors
      • Index of Subjects
Page 46: Apocalypticism in the Synoptic Sayings Source€¦ · Apocalypticism in the Synoptic Sayings Source A Reassessment of Q’s Stratigraphy Mohr Siebeck. Olegs Andrejevs, born 1982;

Index of Subjects270

ndash usage and application of Q 4ndash usage of Matthew 15ndash variants of Q 4Oxyrhynchus 17

Paneion 46Parousia 116 186 193Parthian invasion of 40 BCE 44 46Paulndash his torical 149 183ndash possible awareness of the Q tradition

by 192persecutionndash as an apocalyptic motif 54ndash because of someone 142ndash in authentic Pauline corpus 149 183ndash in Q 52 54 78 94 107 118 122

126 132 133 134 140 141 142 143 144 175 180 181 182 184 190 194 200 206

ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 138ndash in the Parables of Enoch 141ndash in Trito-Isaiah 137 200ndash plausibility of 182 183Pharisees 65 68 94 166 169 205 206

214pleroma 39prophecyndash pre-exilic and Persian era (classical)

50ndash mixture of with wisdom 77Prophetisierung 75

Qndash apocalypticism apocalyptic motifs

features imagination framework and worldview 23 25 46 53 57 58 63 69 70 71 73 76 79 84 87 88 111 114 121 127 141 175 190 194 197 202 210 211 213 214

ndash apocalyptic document 48 51ndash apocalyptic wisdom ins truction 23

55 70 73 74 77 79 214ndash (apocalyptic) communitymovement

55 107 122 194 195 206 209ndash Aramaic roots 26ndash chris tology 70 81 83 87 93 104

115 116 123 130 131 142 144 145 147 153 154 156 157 159 164 166 167 194 214

ndash demonology 51 53ndash eschatological (apocalyptic) dis-

course 64 83 97 98 170 210 211 212

ndash eschatology 48 51 54 56 69 73 75 87 94 95 101 104 105 108 133 141 142 143 144 147 159 164 165 166 167 169 172 180 192 193 194 198 199 202 203 210

ndash final (literary) form 59 62 69 78 178

ndash hypothetical mid- (lower) level or sub-elite scribal origin 24 59

ndash hypothetical recensions 3 4 59 60 90 98

ndash hypothetical segregation of wisdom and apocalyptic s trata 60 66 67 70 213 214

ndash mission speech 23 56 86 87 92 104 105 107 173 182 194

ndash Pales tinian character 24ndash possible authenticity of its content

22 81ndash prophetic content 61 63 67 70 74

75 76 77 79 80 82 83 142 143 176

ndash recons truction (CEQ) 5 6 10 90 (see also recons truction [in this s tudy] below as such frequently follows the CEQ)

ndash recons truction (feasibility) 2 3 4 10 11

ndash recons truction (in this s tudy) 60 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 111 116 119 120 123 130 131 134 144 147 148 149 151 152 165 169 170 172 175 176 177 178 179 181 184 191 193 199 204 207 213 215

ndash recons truction (methodology) 5 89 90

ndash recons truction (skepticism) 2 10 59 (see also recons tructed Mark below)

ndash sapiential content 12 62 63 67 77 79 80 82 130 154 175 191 202 214

ndash sermon 63 82 91 92 103 105 127 129 130 131 134 135 138 140 144 145 147 152 153 154 155 156

ndash sophis ticated scribal traditions 24ndash sub-literary view of 3 59 60 74

271Index of Subjects

ndash tradents 4 59 67 125 135 147 181 182 197 199 202 203 207 209 214

ndash tradition 13 17 87 161 163 164 186 187 192 202

Quintillian 171Qumran (see the Index of Ancient

Sources for specific documents)ndash apocalyptic worldview 50 135ndash Aramaic corpus 33ndash beatitude collection 133ndash communitymovementYahad 44 53

56 121 135 136 137 157 160 161 206 207 208 209

ndash demonology 124ndash discovery 29ndash fellowship with angels 115ndash fragments of 1 Enoch 44ndash library 43ndash manualsrules 82ndash sapiential literature 25 55 56 57

58 62 69ndash social setting 43

recons tructed Mark 2 6 7 8 9 10RomeRomans 44 91 121 126 159

199 207ndash occupation of Judea 44

sage(s) 55 56 79 84Samaria 44Satan 50 51 52 53 114 115 117 118

120 121 159 192scribe(s) 102 205ndash ancient reading practices of 102ndash as a Q opponent group 68 169 205ndash as advanced or elite readers of Q

102 103ndash Enochic 46 215ndash in Matthewrsquos community (other than

Matthew) 4ndash in the Q community 48 135 195

215ndash in the text of Q 169 172ndash memory competence of 4 102ndash responsible for 2 Enoch 112ndash responsible for Did 13bndash5b 15scriptorium 46Sefire 27 37Sepphoris 38 46Sermon on the Mount 15 16 87 94

Sermon on the Plain 15 16(Deutero-Isaianic) Servant 136 168 169Sidon 199Simeon II 125Son of Man 47 115ndash Aramaic background of the phrase

25 26 28 37 153ndash as a messianic title in the Parables of

Enoch 28 46ndash circumlocutional non-titular use of

the phrase in Late Aramaic 34ndash classifications of the phrasersquos Q

ins tances 26ndash designation of as Son of Humanity in

some recent research 39ndash his torical incarnation of as under-

s tood by some ancient authors 165 172

ndash hypothetical non-titular (circumlocu-tional or generic) use of the definite phrase in Middle Aramaic by the his torical Jesus and in Q 28 29 34 37 38 39 42 43 52 71 140 142 167 170 186 187

ndash in Daniel 41 42 186 213ndash in Luke 142 186ndash in Mark 41ndash in Matthew 99 142 186ndash in Q 25 26 34 38 39 42 43 46 47

52 53 64 67 69 70 71 96 98 104 106 115 116 123 141 142 147 164 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 176 185 186 187 188 189 191 194 201 203 210 212 213

ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 170ndash in the Parables of Enoch 25 28 41

42 43 44 45 46 47 122 141 142 146 147 153 155 164 165 168 169 172 173 202 213

ndash non-titular use of the indefinite phrase in Middle Aramaic 41

ndash titular (including but not limited to chris tological) use of the definite phrase in Q 34 38 52 53 64 70 104 123 142 143 147 167 168 172 173 185 186 187 189 191 194 201 203 210 212 213

Sondergut 89 90ndash Matthean 91ndash Lukan 94 95 97 98 177

Index of Subjects272

Sophiandash myth (Enochic tradition) 172 202ndash myth (synoptic tradition) 96 200

201ndash words of 96 201synopticndash gospels 11 150 151ndash material 16 151ndash parallels 18 19ndash problem 1ndash Sayings Source 3 216ndash s tudies 4ndash tradition 17 21 26 98 101 131 151

158 205 215Syria 215

Talmud 30 36 37 38Targum 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

38 40 41ndash recons truction of the Pales tinian Tar-

gum 32Taricheae 46Tell Dan 45templendash apparatusins titution 50 96 107

113 119 125 126 127 137 157 197 200 205

ndash eschatological 76

ndash purityholiness of 65 123 137ndash mitigatingprotective role 51 124ndash of Augus tus at Paneion 45ndash second temple era 25 41 44 48 56

62 70 71 72 79 82 84 121 124 136 137 154 163 186 201 209 213 216

ndash liturgy 124ndash mounthill 113ndash pollution of as perceived by some

ancient authors 113 125 136Theon of Alexandria 171Tiberias 38Torah 58 64 72 79 112 207 208 209transfiguration 47tree of knowledge 113Tyre 199

Vermes-Fitzmyer debate 28 38 39

Watchers 45 53 121Wicked Pries t 125

Yahweh 117 118

Zechariah (son of Jehoiada) 200mt Zion 113

  • Cover13
  • Titel13
  • Preface
  • Table of Contents13
  • List of Abbreviations
  • Chapter One Prolegomena
    • 1 Introduction Recent Methodological Questions in Q Studies
    • 2 The Study of Q as a Reconstructed Text
      • Index of Ancient Sources
      • Index of Modern Authors
      • Index of Subjects
Page 47: Apocalypticism in the Synoptic Sayings Source€¦ · Apocalypticism in the Synoptic Sayings Source A Reassessment of Q’s Stratigraphy Mohr Siebeck. Olegs Andrejevs, born 1982;

271Index of Subjects

ndash tradents 4 59 67 125 135 147 181 182 197 199 202 203 207 209 214

ndash tradition 13 17 87 161 163 164 186 187 192 202

Quintillian 171Qumran (see the Index of Ancient

Sources for specific documents)ndash apocalyptic worldview 50 135ndash Aramaic corpus 33ndash beatitude collection 133ndash communitymovementYahad 44 53

56 121 135 136 137 157 160 161 206 207 208 209

ndash demonology 124ndash discovery 29ndash fellowship with angels 115ndash fragments of 1 Enoch 44ndash library 43ndash manualsrules 82ndash sapiential literature 25 55 56 57

58 62 69ndash social setting 43

recons tructed Mark 2 6 7 8 9 10RomeRomans 44 91 121 126 159

199 207ndash occupation of Judea 44

sage(s) 55 56 79 84Samaria 44Satan 50 51 52 53 114 115 117 118

120 121 159 192scribe(s) 102 205ndash ancient reading practices of 102ndash as a Q opponent group 68 169 205ndash as advanced or elite readers of Q

102 103ndash Enochic 46 215ndash in Matthewrsquos community (other than

Matthew) 4ndash in the Q community 48 135 195

215ndash in the text of Q 169 172ndash memory competence of 4 102ndash responsible for 2 Enoch 112ndash responsible for Did 13bndash5b 15scriptorium 46Sefire 27 37Sepphoris 38 46Sermon on the Mount 15 16 87 94

Sermon on the Plain 15 16(Deutero-Isaianic) Servant 136 168 169Sidon 199Simeon II 125Son of Man 47 115ndash Aramaic background of the phrase

25 26 28 37 153ndash as a messianic title in the Parables of

Enoch 28 46ndash circumlocutional non-titular use of

the phrase in Late Aramaic 34ndash classifications of the phrasersquos Q

ins tances 26ndash designation of as Son of Humanity in

some recent research 39ndash his torical incarnation of as under-

s tood by some ancient authors 165 172

ndash hypothetical non-titular (circumlocu-tional or generic) use of the definite phrase in Middle Aramaic by the his torical Jesus and in Q 28 29 34 37 38 39 42 43 52 71 140 142 167 170 186 187

ndash in Daniel 41 42 186 213ndash in Luke 142 186ndash in Mark 41ndash in Matthew 99 142 186ndash in Q 25 26 34 38 39 42 43 46 47

52 53 64 67 69 70 71 96 98 104 106 115 116 123 141 142 147 164 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 176 185 186 187 188 189 191 194 201 203 210 212 213

ndash in the Gospel of Thomas 170ndash in the Parables of Enoch 25 28 41

42 43 44 45 46 47 122 141 142 146 147 153 155 164 165 168 169 172 173 202 213

ndash non-titular use of the indefinite phrase in Middle Aramaic 41

ndash titular (including but not limited to chris tological) use of the definite phrase in Q 34 38 52 53 64 70 104 123 142 143 147 167 168 172 173 185 186 187 189 191 194 201 203 210 212 213

Sondergut 89 90ndash Matthean 91ndash Lukan 94 95 97 98 177

Index of Subjects272

Sophiandash myth (Enochic tradition) 172 202ndash myth (synoptic tradition) 96 200

201ndash words of 96 201synopticndash gospels 11 150 151ndash material 16 151ndash parallels 18 19ndash problem 1ndash Sayings Source 3 216ndash s tudies 4ndash tradition 17 21 26 98 101 131 151

158 205 215Syria 215

Talmud 30 36 37 38Targum 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

38 40 41ndash recons truction of the Pales tinian Tar-

gum 32Taricheae 46Tell Dan 45templendash apparatusins titution 50 96 107

113 119 125 126 127 137 157 197 200 205

ndash eschatological 76

ndash purityholiness of 65 123 137ndash mitigatingprotective role 51 124ndash of Augus tus at Paneion 45ndash second temple era 25 41 44 48 56

62 70 71 72 79 82 84 121 124 136 137 154 163 186 201 209 213 216

ndash liturgy 124ndash mounthill 113ndash pollution of as perceived by some

ancient authors 113 125 136Theon of Alexandria 171Tiberias 38Torah 58 64 72 79 112 207 208 209transfiguration 47tree of knowledge 113Tyre 199

Vermes-Fitzmyer debate 28 38 39

Watchers 45 53 121Wicked Pries t 125

Yahweh 117 118

Zechariah (son of Jehoiada) 200mt Zion 113

  • Cover13
  • Titel13
  • Preface
  • Table of Contents13
  • List of Abbreviations
  • Chapter One Prolegomena
    • 1 Introduction Recent Methodological Questions in Q Studies
    • 2 The Study of Q as a Reconstructed Text
      • Index of Ancient Sources
      • Index of Modern Authors
      • Index of Subjects
Page 48: Apocalypticism in the Synoptic Sayings Source€¦ · Apocalypticism in the Synoptic Sayings Source A Reassessment of Q’s Stratigraphy Mohr Siebeck. Olegs Andrejevs, born 1982;

Index of Subjects272

Sophiandash myth (Enochic tradition) 172 202ndash myth (synoptic tradition) 96 200

201ndash words of 96 201synopticndash gospels 11 150 151ndash material 16 151ndash parallels 18 19ndash problem 1ndash Sayings Source 3 216ndash s tudies 4ndash tradition 17 21 26 98 101 131 151

158 205 215Syria 215

Talmud 30 36 37 38Targum 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

38 40 41ndash recons truction of the Pales tinian Tar-

gum 32Taricheae 46Tell Dan 45templendash apparatusins titution 50 96 107

113 119 125 126 127 137 157 197 200 205

ndash eschatological 76

ndash purityholiness of 65 123 137ndash mitigatingprotective role 51 124ndash of Augus tus at Paneion 45ndash second temple era 25 41 44 48 56

62 70 71 72 79 82 84 121 124 136 137 154 163 186 201 209 213 216

ndash liturgy 124ndash mounthill 113ndash pollution of as perceived by some

ancient authors 113 125 136Theon of Alexandria 171Tiberias 38Torah 58 64 72 79 112 207 208 209transfiguration 47tree of knowledge 113Tyre 199

Vermes-Fitzmyer debate 28 38 39

Watchers 45 53 121Wicked Pries t 125

Yahweh 117 118

Zechariah (son of Jehoiada) 200mt Zion 113

  • Cover13
  • Titel13
  • Preface
  • Table of Contents13
  • List of Abbreviations
  • Chapter One Prolegomena
    • 1 Introduction Recent Methodological Questions in Q Studies
    • 2 The Study of Q as a Reconstructed Text
      • Index of Ancient Sources
      • Index of Modern Authors
      • Index of Subjects

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