Apocalypticism, Prophecy and Magic in Early Christianity. … · 2019. 11. 26. · Apocalypticism,...

Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament

Herausgeber / Editor Jörg Frey

Mitherausgeber/Associate Editors Friedrich Avemarie • Judith Gundry-Volf

Martin Hengel • Otfried Hofius • Hans-Josef Klauck

199

David E. Aune

Apocalypticism, Prophecy and Magic in Early Christianity

Collected Essays

Mohr Siebeck

DAVID E. AUNE, born 1939; Professor of New Testament and Christian Origins at the University of Notre Dame, Indiana (USA).

ISBN 3-16-149020-7 ISBN-13 978-3-16-149020-0 ISSN 0512-1604 (Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament)

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© 2006 by Mohr Siebeck, Tübingen, Germany.

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Preface

The twenty essays collected here were published from 1981 through 2006 and center, as the title indicates, on the themes of apocalypticism, prophecy and magic in early Christianity. The three essays on aspects of Christian prophecy ("Charis-matic Exegesis in Early Judaism and Early Christianity," "Christian Prophecy and the Messianic Status of Jesus," and "The Odes of Solomon and Early Christian Prophecy," are all studies that discuss in detail some of the special problems and issues that arose in connection with my monograph, Prophecy in Early Christi-anity and the Ancient Mediterranean World (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1983), translated into Italian by Oscar Ianovitz as La Profezia nel Primo Cristianesimo e il Mondo Mediterraneo Antico, Biblioteca di storia e storiografia dei tempi bib-lici, 10 (Brescia: Paideia Editrice, 1996). My interest in early Christian prophecy was piqued while a member of the Seminar on Christian Prophecy of the Society of Biblical Literature Seminar, which met annually for a five-years during the mid-1970's, chaired first by Prof. M. Eugene Boring and later by myself. My initial interest in the Apocalypse of John was indeed sparked by an interest in the extent to which that Christian apocalyptic work was a witness to early Christian prophecy. The lion's share of the following essays, fifteen to be exact, center on aspects of my studies on the Apocalypse of John with some special forays into particular aspects of Jewish and Christian apocalypticism. Most of these essays were written in connection with a sixteen-year project that unexpectly grew into a three-volume commentary on the Greek text of the Apocalypse: Revelation 1—5, Word Biblical Commentary 52A (Waco: Word Books, 1997); Revelation 6-19, Word Biblical Commentary 52B, (Nashville: Thomas Nelson, Publishers, 1998), and Revelation 17-22, Word Biblical Commentary 52C (Nashville: Thomas Nel-son, Publishers, 1998). This work was dedicated to two of my mentors and their wives, Peter and Inger Borgen and Martin and Marianne Hengel. Research on the commentary on the Apocalypse began in earnest during 1982-83 (at that point I was a Professor of New Testament at Saint Xavier College, Chicago), when I was named a visiting Fulbright professor at the University of Trondheim in Norway (the land of my forbears). My host at the University of Trondeim was Professor Peder Borgen, whose friendship, scholarship and enthusiasm made our stay there both profitable and memorable. Toward the conclusion of the commentary project (while on the Faculty of Theology at Loyola University of Chicago), I was the happy recipient of an Alexander von Humboldt Forschungspreis, making it

VIII Preface

possible to spend a year in Tübingen, Germany, in 1994-95, where my host was Professor Martin Hengel and his able wissenschaftliche Assistent, Jörg Frey (now a professor of New Testament on the Protestant faculty in Munich). The vast and detailed knowledge of Professor Hengel in the fields early Judaism and early Christianity, together with the impressive resources of the Theologicum at the University of Tübingen made this a very productive year indeed.

Oh yes, magic. Just two articles are devoted to the issue of magic and early Christianity ("The Apocalypse of John and Graeco-Roman Revelatory Magic" and "Magic in Early Christianity"). While I 'm not quite sure how my interest in ancient magic began, I have continued to maintain an interest in this arcane sub-ject and have written a number of dictionary articles on related issues and have given a number of lectures on various aspects of the subject. A major current project closely related to this interest in ancient magic is a commentary on the Testament of Solomon, a second or third century CE Christian composition with strong links to early Judaism and loaded with magical traditions. This project is under contract to Verlag Walter de Gruyer (Berlin and New York) and will be part of their series called "Commentaries on Early Jewish Literature." While I have written many other pieces on aspects of ancient magic, many of these were for reference works and are too technical for this collection of essays (e.g., articles on "Jeu," "Iao," "Jesus im Zauber," and "Kreis" for the Reallexikon für Antike und Christentum).

Each of the articles included in this volume have been published previously, with the exception of "Revelation 17: A Lesson in Remedial Reading," which I have given under various titles as a lecture. While the articles have all been reformatted to produce a homogeneous collection, and apart from the correction of a number of errors, they remain substantially unrevised. I have requested and received permission to republish the rest of the articles from the various publish-ing houses that own the copyrights to these articles. A list of the articles and their original sources follows.

"Understanding Jewish and Christian Apocalyptic" was first published by the Lutheran journal Word & World 25 (2005) 233^4-5 and the editor has granted me permission to republish the article.

"From the Ideal Past to the Imaginary Future: The Theme of Restoration in Jewish Apocalyptic Literature," written with the assistance of Eric Stewart, appeared in Restoration: Old Testament, Jewish, and Christian Perspectives, ed. James Scott (Leiden: Brill, 2001), pp. 147-177. Koninklijke Brill N. V. has granted permission to reprint this article.

"The Apocalypse of John and the Problem of Genre" originally appeared in Semeia, 36 (1986), 65-96., and the Society of Biblical Literature have given me permission to republish this article.

"Following the Lamb: Discipleship in the Apocalypse" was first published on pp. 269-84 in Patterns of Discipleship in the New Testament, ed. R.N.

Preface IX

Longenecker (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1996), and the W. B. Eerdmans Publish-ing Company has granted permission to reprint this article.

"Qumran and the Book of Revelation" originally appeared in The Dead Sea Scrolls after Fifty Years: A Comprehensive Assessment, ed. RW. Flint and J.C. Vanderkam (Leiden: Brill, 1999) 2.622-48, and Koninklijke Brill N.V. has granted permission to reprint this article.

"The Influence of Roman Imperial Court Ceremonial on the Apocalypse of John" was published in Biblical Research, 18(1983), 5-26, and the editor of that journal has granted permission to reprint the article.

"Apocalypse Renewed: An Intertextual Reading of the Apocalypse of John" appeared on pp. 43-70 in The Reality of Apocalypse: Rhetoric and Politics in the Book of Revelation, edited by David L. Barr (Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 2006), and the Society of Biblical Literature has granted me permis-sion to reprint this article.

"The Apocalypse of John and Palestinian Jewish Apocalyptic" has just ap-peared in Neotestamentica 40 (2006) 1-33, and the editor, Jonathan Draper, has given his permission to reprint it.

"The Social Matrix of the Apocalypse of John" was initially published by Biblical Research, 26 (1981), 16-32, and the editor has granted permission to reprint it.

"Stories of Jesus in the Apocalypse of John" was published in Contours of Christology in the New Testament, ed. Richard N. Longenecker (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2005), 292-319, and the W. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company has granted permission to reprint the article.

"The Form and Function of the Proclamations to the Seven Churches (Rev 2-3)" appeared in New Testament Studies, 36 (1990), 182-204, and the current editor, Judith Lieu, has given permission to reprint this article, on behalf of the copyright holder, Cambridge University Press.

"Revelation 5 as an Ancient Egyptian Enthronement Scene? The Origin and Development of a Scholarly Myth" was published on pp. 85-91 in Kropp og Sjel: Festkrift til Olav Hognestad. (ed. Theodor Jorgensen, Dagfinn Rian and Ole Gunnar Winsnes; Trondheim: Tapir Akademisk Forlag, 2000), and permission was obtained from Tapir Akademisk Forlag to reprint this article.

"The Prophetic Circle of John of Patmos and the Exegesis of Revelation 22:16" was originally published in Journal for the Study of the New Testament, 37 (1989), 103-116, and reprinted in S.E. Porter and C.A. Evans (eds.), The Johannine Writings, Biblical Seminar 32 (Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1995). Permission is granted by Sage Publications Ltd. to reprint this article for non-exclusive world rights in the English language only.

"God and Time in the Apocalypse of John" originally appeared in The Forgot-ten God: The God of Jesus Christ in New Testament Theology: Essays in Honor of Paul J. Achtemeier on the Occasion of his Seventy-fifth Birthday, ed. Frank J.

X Preface

Matera and A. Andrew Das (Louisville: Westminster John Knox, 2002), © 2002 Westminster John Knox Press. Used by permission of Westminster John Knox Press.

"Charismatic Exegesis in Early Judaism and Early Christianity" first appeared on pp. 126—150 in The Pseudepigrapha and Early Biblical Interpretation, ed. J.H. Charlesworth and C.A. Evans (Sheffield: Sheffield University, 1993) and permission to reprint this article was granted by the copyright holder, Continuum International.

"Christian Prophecy and the Messianic Status of Jesus" was first printed in J.H. Charlesworth, ed., The Messiah: Developments in Earliest Judaism and Christianity (Minneapolis: Fortress, 1992), 404-422. Fortress Press, the copy-right holder, granted permission to reprint this article.

"The Odes of Solomon and Early Christian Prophecy" first appeared in New Testament Studies, 28 (1982), 435-60, and permission to reprint the article was given by Dr. Judith Lieu, the current editor on behalf of the copyright holder, Cambridge University Press.

"The Apocalypse of John and Graeco-Roman Revelatory Magic" initially published mNew Testament Studies, 33 (1987), 481-501, is reprinted by permis-sion of the current editor, Dr. Judith Lieu, on behalf of Cambridge University Press, the copyright holder.

"Magic in Early Christianity" was published in Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt, edited by H. Temporini and W. Haase, Part II, 23/2 (Berlin and New York: Walter de Gruyter, 1980), pp. 1507-1557, and is reprinted by permission.

Finally, I would like to express my gratitude to a number of people who have made the present collection of essays possible. Two graduate assistants in the PhD program in Christianity and Judaism in Antiquity at the University of Notre Dame, Ardea Caviggiola Russo and Matthew Gordley scanned and corrected earlier articles for which I had no computer files. Prof. Dr. Jörg Frey, editor of Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament, has been encourag-ing me for several years to produce a collection of my essays on apocalypticism and the Apocalypticism, and I think him for his encouragement and friendship.

David E. Aune University of Notre Dame

Table of Contents

Preface V

Understanding Jewish and Christian Apocalyptic 1

From the Idealized Past to the Imaginary Future: Eschatological Restoration in Jewish Apocalyptic Literature (with Eric Stewart) 13

The Apocalypse of John and the Problem of Genre 39

Following the Lamb: Discipleship in the Apocalypse 66

Qumran and the Book of Revelation 79

The Influence of Roman Imperial Court Ceremonial

on the Apocalypse of John 99

An Intertextual Reading of the Apocalypse of John 120

The Apocalypse of John and Palestinian Jewish Apocalyptic 150

The Social Matrix of the Apocalypse of John 175

Stories of Jesus in the Apocalypse of John 190

The Form and Function of the Proclamations

to the Seven Churches (Revelation 2-3) 212

Revelation 5 as an Ancient Egyptian Enthronement Scene? 233

Revelation 17: A Lesson in Remedial Reading 240

The Prophetic Circle of John of Patmos

and the Exegesis of Revelation 22:16 250

God and Time in the Apocalypse of John 261

Charismatic Exegesis in Early Judaism and Early Christianity 280

Christian Prophecy and the Messianic Status of Jesus 300

XII Table of Contents

The Odes of Solomon and Early Christian Prophecy 320

The Apocalypse of John and Graeco-Roman Revelatory Magic 347

Magic in Early Christianity 368

Index of Sources 423 Index of Authors 467 Index of Subjects 478

Understanding Jewish and Christian Apocalyptic

1. Def ining Apocalypt ic

Francis Ford Coppola's disturbing film "Apocalypse Now" (1979), re-released in 2001 under the title "Apocalypse Now Redux" (with previously cut footage restored) is a frightening, surrealistic epic enabling viewers to experience the obscene violence that characterized the war in Vietnam. Coppola's juxtaposition of the term "apocalypse" with the adverb "now" is what Biblical scholars have called "realized eschatology," that is, events properly belonging to the end of the world are paradoxically experienced as present. "Apocalypse Now" implies that the appalling and obscene horrors experienced by those caught up in the conflict in Vietnam were at least a partially realization of the even more cataclysmic and violent eschatological events narrated (for example) in the Apocalypse (or Revelation) of John. Recently, journalists have repeatedly characterized the Tsunami disaster in the countries surrounding the Indian Ocean as "a catastrophe of Biblical proportions." Here the adjective "Biblical" (meaning "awesome"), is clearly a surrogate for "apocalyptic," alluding to the kind of massive destruction predicted by the Hebrew prophets and narrated in the eschatological visions of the Revelation of John.

The term "apocalyptic," an adjective functioning as a noun, is synonymous with the noun "apocalypticism," and both are transliterated forms of the Greek adjective «^oza/.ujiTi.xoc, meaning "revelatory," while "apocalypse" is a translit-eration of the Greek noun ancwodinjHg, "unveiling, revelation." The English words "reveal" and "revelation" are transliterations of the Latin verb revelare and noun revelatio. Apocalyptic or apocalypticism is a slippery term used in at least three different ways: (1) as a type of literature, (2) as a type of eschatology, and (3) as a type of collective behavior. Each of these categories needs some explanation.

Apocalyptic as Literature

The term "apocalypse" has become a common designation for a type of super-natural visionary literature depicting the imminent and catastrophic end of the world. "Apocalypse" was borrowed from the opening verse of the Revelation of John: "The revelation [the Greek term is a n o x « / a n | > L c or "apocalypse"] of Jesus Christ, which God gave him to show to his servants what must soon take

2 Understanding Jewish and Christian Apocalyptic

place." This opening sentence, intended by the author to describe his work, was later shortened into the title found in modern Bibles: "The Revelation of John," or "The Apocalypse of John." Even though John the Apocalyptist used the term "apocalypse" to refer to the content of his book, i. e., what God had revealed to him, by the mid-19th century, German scholars such as Friedrich Lücke (1832) used the term "apocalypse" as a designation for an ancient type or genre of early Jewish and early Christian literature similar to Daniel and the Revelation of John. The book of Daniel (actually, only Dan 7-12) is the only apocalypse found in the Old Testament or Hebrew Bible, but many apocalypses were written in early Juda-ism, including 1 Enoch (really a composite of five separate apocalyptic works), 2 Enoch, 2 Baruch, the Sibylline Oracles and the Apocalypse of Abraham (to name a few of the more important ones).1 In addition to the Revelation of John, early Christians wrote several other apocalypses, including Hermas' The Shep-herd (early 2nd cent. CE), the Apocalypse of Peter (before 150 CE), the Ascension of Isaiah (late 2nd cent. CE) and the Apocalypse of Paul (mid-3rd cent.CE).2

How can we describe the literary form of the typical apocalypse? New Testa-ment scholars have debated this question endlessly during the last generation. With David Hellholm, it is helpful to think in terms of a literary form or genre under three aspects: form, content and function (e. g., form: a chair has four legs a seat and a back; content: it is typically made of wood or metal; function: it is used for sitting).3 In form, an apocalypse is a first-person recital of revelatory visions or dreams, framed by a description of the circumstances of the revela-tory experience, and structured to emphasize the central revelatory message. In content, an apocalypse involves the communication of a transcendent, often eschatological perspective on human experience. Finally, apocalypses typically have a threefold function: they legitimate the message through the appeal to transcendent authority by the author (i. e., it is from God), they create a literary surrogate of the author's revelatory experience for readers or hearers (i.e., God speaks to the modern reader just as he spoke to John), and they motivate the recipients to modify their views and behaviors in conformity with transcendent perspectives (i.e., they demand changed behavior).4

1 Convenient English translations of nearly all the extant Jewish apocalypses can be found in the first volume of James H. Charlesworth (ed.), The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha, 2 vols. (Garden City, New York: Doubleday & Company, 1983-85).

2 Convenient English translations of many early Christian apocalypses can be found in J.K. Elliott (ed.), The Apocryphal New Testament: A Collection of Apocryphal Christian Lit-erature in an English Translation based on M. R. James (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993), and in the second volume of Wilhelm Schneemelcher (ed.), New Testament Apocrypha, translated by R. McL. Wilson (2 vols.; Cambridge: James Clark; Louisville: Westminster John Knox, 1991-92).

3 David Hellholm, "The Problem of Apocalyptic Genre and the Apocalypse of John," Semeia 36(1986) 13-64.

4 David E. Aune, "The Apocalypse of John and the Problem of Genre," Semeia 36 (1986) 65-96 Reprinted below, pp. 39-65.

1. Defining Apocalyptic 3

All extant Jewish apocalypses are pseudonymous, that is, they were written by unknown Jewish authors using the names of ancient Israelite or Jewish wor-thies as pen names, attributing them to such figures as Adam, Enoch, Abraham, Moses, Daniel, Ezra and Baruch. Only the two earliest Christian apocalypses, the Revelation of the John and The Shepherd by Hermas were written using the names of the actual authors. Later Christian apocalypses, such as the Apocalypse of Peter and the Apocalypse of Paul reverted to the earlier Jewish practice of pseudonymity. Why use pseudonyms? Some have suggested that the authors borrowed the credentials of ancient Israelite figures in order to insure that people would read their books at a time (2nd cent. BCE through the 1st cent. CE) when there was stiff competition from the books that wound up in the Hebrew canon of Scripture. Others have suggested that they identified themselves in an almost mystical way with the ancient Israelite whose identity they assumed.

Finally, apocalypses can be broadly characterized as protest literature. That is, they typically represent the perspective of an oppressed minority. It is difficult to reconstruct the social situations within which many apocalypses were produced because the use of pseudonyms and symbolism masked the specific social and political setting within which they wrote. With the Revelation of John and The Shepherd of Hermas, however, interpreters have an easier task, since both were written by specific named authors addressing specific situations. The language of persecution pervades the Revelation of John, suggesting to many that it was writ-ten either in the late 60's (during the Neronian persecution), or during the late 90's (during the Domitianic persecution). Research carried out during the last thirty years, however, has suggested a radically different understanding of the persecution issue. The persecution under Nero, terrible as it was, was restricted to Rome during the aftermath of the great fire of 64 CE, for which Christians were blamed (Tacitus Annals 15.44). The persecution under Domitian, under closer historical scrutiny, turned out to have been a myth fanned much later by retrospective Christian imagination.5 Adela Yarbro Collins argued convincingly that the social situation in which the Revelation of John was written was that of a perceived (in contrast to a real) crisis.6 Pressure exerted against Christians in Roman Asia toward the end of the 1st and the beginning of the 2nd cent. CE, is now recognized as having been random, local and sporadic (i. e., they were victims of terrorism), but not an official persecution of the type that occurred much later under the emperor Decius (249-51 CE). However, Christians in Roman Asia can be forgiven if they thought that the roof was about to fall in on them. The Revelation of John reflects that fear, linked to powerful symbols of the past used as types of the imminent eschatological persecution (e.g., the

5 Leonard L. Thompson, The Book of Revelation: Apocalypse and Empire (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990).

6 Adela Yarbro Collins, Crisis and Catharsis: The Power of the Apocalypse (Philadelphia: The Westminster Press, 1984), 84-110.


figure of Antichrist was based in part on tyrants of the past such as Antiochus Epiphanes, the Seleucid ruler responsible for the religious persecution of Jews in the 160's BCE).

Apocalyptic Eschatology

"Apocalyptic eschatology" is the narrative theology characteristic of apoca-lypses, centering in the belief that (1) the present world order, regarded as both evil and oppressive, is under the temporary control of Satan and his human ac-complices, and (2) that this present evil world order will shortly be destroyed by God and replaced by a new and perfect order corresponding to Eden before the fall. During the present evil age, the people of God are an oppressed minority who fervently expect God, or his specially chosen agent the Messiah, to rescue them. The transition between the old and the new ages will be introduced with a final series of battles fought by the people of God against the human allies of Satan. The outcome is never in question, however, for the enemies of God are predestined for defeat and destruction. The inauguration of the new age will begin with the arrival of God or his accredited agent to judge the wicked and reward the righteous, and will be concluded by the re-creation or transformation of the earth and the heavens. This theological narrative characterized segments of early Judaism from ca. 200 BCE to ca. 200 CE, a period when they were oppressed by foreign occupations, including the Greek kingdom of the Seleucids and then by the Romans. Knowledge of cosmic secrets and the imminent eschatological plans of God were thought to be revealed to apocalyptists through dreams and visions, some real, some fictional and some a combination of both. The apocalypses they wrote were primarily accounts of these visions, with the meaning made clear to the readers through use of the literary device of an "interpreting angel," who explained everything to the seer through a question-and-answer dialogue.

"Eschatology" has frequently been distinguished from "apocalyptic," and this distinction needs explanation. Eschatology is a term that began to be used in the 19th century as a label for that aspect of systematic theology which dealt with the future of the individual (death, resurrection, judgment, eternal life, heaven and hell), and topics relating to corporate or national eschatology, that is the future of the Jewish people (i.e., the coming of the Messiah, the great tribulation, the resurrection, the final judgment, the temporary Messianic kingdom, the re-crea-tion of the universe) or the Christian church (all of these topics were adopted, yet at the same time subordinated to the hope of the Parousia or Second Coming of Christ).

A distinction has often been made between "prophetic eschatology" and "apocalyptic eschatology," underscoring continuities as well as changes in Isra-elite-Jewish eschatological expectation. "Prophetic eschatology" is regarded as an optimistic perspective anticipating God's eventual restoration of the original

/. Defining Apocalyptic 5

pristine conditions of human history by acting through historical processes. This view is well represented by Isa 2:4b (NRSV): "They shall beat their swords into plowshares, and their spears into pruning hooks; nation shall not life up sword against nation, neither shall they learn war any more." Prophecy sees the future as arising from the present, while apocalyptic eschatology regards the future as breaking into the present; the former is essentially optimistic, while the latter is pessimistic. "Apocalyptic eschatology" is pessimistic about the fate of the right-eous in the present world order, and anticipates a cataclysmic divine intervention into the human world bringing history to an end, but thereafter a renewal of the world in which Edenic conditions will be restored.

Apocalypticism or Millenarian Movements

"Apocalypticism," or millennialism (a term derived from the thousand year reign of Christ described in Rev 20) is a form of collective religious behavior inspired by the belief that the world as we know it is about to end and drastic steps must be taken by an oppressed minority to prepare for an imminent catastrophe. Mil-lennial or millenarian movements in third world societies have been studied extensively by anthropologists and sociologists, and the results of these studies have made it possible to understand the structure, function and motivations of ancient millennial movements.7 Millenarian movements typically crystallize around a charismatic leader regarded as supernaturally endowed to lead his followers to accomplish group goals. The leaders of millenarian movements in ancient Palestine were typically labeled "prophets" and "messiahs" because they were thought by their followers (and themselves) to have been chosen by God and endowed with supernatural powers, like the prophets of old, to pave the way for the full realization of God's eschatological rule. Palestinian millenar-ian movements were "revitalistic movements," whose purpose was the revival of ancient Israelite religious and nationalistic ideals within an eschatological framework. Millennarian movements within first century Judaism were not uncommon, since the oppressive conditions of the Roman occupation provided a seedbed for religious revolt. Examples include the movement led by John the Baptist (who proclaimed the necessity of repentance in preparation for the im-minent arrival of the kingdom of God) and the revolts of Theudas reported in Acts 5:36 and Josephus {Antiquities 20.5.1), and the unnamed Egyptian (mentioned in Acts 21:38 and Josephus Antiquities 20.169-72 and Jewish War 2.261-63). A showcase example of an early Jewish millenarian movement is the Qumran Community, who lived in expectation of the near end of the world, and whose library, the Dead Sea Scrolls, contains many texts produced by the community

7 Bryan R. Wilson, Magic and the Millennium: A Sociological Study of Movements of Pro-test among Tribal and Third-World Peoples (New York: Harper & Row, 1973); Norman Cohn, The Pursuit of the Millennium (revised edition; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1970).


that testify to their preoccupation with the end of days. Apocalypses themselves, however, which present themselves as esoteric wisdom, do not appear to have had any direct connection with the millenarian movements roughly contemporaneous with them (Dan 7-12 may be an exception). This view is strengthened by the fact that, although the Qumran Community has an obvious apocalyptic orientation, no member of the community appears to have written an apocalypse.

2. The Origins of Apocalyptic

The origins of apocalypticism in Judaism are disputed. Many have argued for a continuity between prophecy and apocalyptic, suggesting that apocalyptic was a logical historical development of Old Testament prophecy, perhaps as a result of national disillusionment associated with the post-exilic period (beginning ca. 538 BCE, with the return of some exiled Judahites from Babylon narrated in Ezra 1-2). In the post-exilic period, the returned Judeans were subject to foreign nations (Persia, followed by the Greek Ptolemaic and Seleucid empires, and eventually by the Romans), and tensions existed also within the Jewish commu-nity both in the eastern diaspora (where a sizable Jewish community remained until the rise of Islam in the 7th cent. CE) and in Judah.

Toward the end of the last century it became increasingly evident that prophecy and apocalyptic exhibit both continuity and discontinuity. The sharp contrast often thought to exist between them can be moderated by recognizing the fact that prophecy was not a stable phenomenon and exhibits development and change throughout the history of Israel and then in the postexilic period in Judah. Some sections of later prophetic books, such as Zech 1-6 (where an inter-preting angel explains the meaning of visions to Zechariah), Isa 24-27, 56-66, Joel and Zach 9-14, have been aptly described as "proto-apocalyptic" works. A description of how proto-apocalyptic sections of the Old Testament served as a transition to Jewish apocalypses is convincingly presented by Old Testament scholar Paul D. Hanson.8

Others have argued that there was a fundamental break between prophecy and apocalyptic. The German scholar Gerhard von Rad (1901-1971), for example, rejected the view that the primary roots of apocalypticism were to be found in Israelite prophecy.9 Describing apocalypticism as consisting in a belief in cosmic dualism, radical transcendence of God, esotericism and gnosticism, he proposed that apocalypticism arose out of the wisdom literature of the Old Testament. Considerably less popular is the minority view that apocalypticism was essen-

8 Paul D. Hanson, The Dawn of Apocalyptic: The Historical and Sociological Roots of Jew-ish Apocalyptic Eschatology (revised edition; Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1979).

9 Gerhard von Rad, Wisdom and Apocalyptic (Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1972).

3. Was Jesus an Apocalyptist? 7

tially alien to Judaism and that it originated in Iran and had penetrated Jewish thought from the outside during the Hellenistic period (ca. 400-200 BCE).

3. Was Jesus an Apocalypt is t?

Toward the end of the 19th century, liberal Protestant Biblical scholars in Eu-rope and America tended to regard Jesus as a religious genius who taught such timeless truths as the universal fatherhood of God, the fact that all humankind were sisters and brothers, and the worth and potential of the individual. Wil-helm Hermann (1841-1905) and Adolf von Harnack (1851-1930) regarded Jesus' proclamation of the Kingdom of God as the rule of God in the hearts of humankind, while the great Albrecht Ritschl (1822-1889) and the social gospel movement he mentored saw it as the realization of an ideal society on earth. Albert Schweitzer (1875-1965), in a critical review of scores of 18th and 19th

century lives of Jesus, exposed the extent to which well-meaning liberal scholars had projected their own theological views back into their reconstructions of the historical Jesus.10 The liberal quest for the historical Jesus was carried out at a time when a negative attitude toward early Judaism as a legalistic and decadent religion was widely assumed, and Jewish apocalyptic literature was considered a particularly appalling development within Judaism. At the close of the 19th cen-tury, Johannes Weiss (1863-1914), a German Protestant New Testament scholar, took seriously the apocalyptic features of Jesus' proclamation of the imminent coming of the Kingdom of God, and wrote an influential monograph arguing that Jesus himself held an apocalyptic world view strikingly at odds with modern views." In Schweitzer's critique of lives of Jesus, written a few years after the appearance of Weiss' book, he criticized the liberal quest for the historical Jesus as a bankrupt enterprise. However, he understood Jesus as a kind of wild-eyed apocalyptist who willingly died in a last-ditch attempt to force God to inaugurate his kingdom. "The historical Jesus," concluded Schweitzer, "will be to our time a stranger and an enigma.'"2 Schweitzer's devastating critique coupled with the depiction of Jesus as an apocalyptic fanatic brought down the curtain on the writing of lives of Jesus on the Continent for nearly a generation.

Following the two world wars, interest in the historical Jesus picked up again in Germany, though interest had never really flagged in the United States and England. Scholars such as W. G. Kiimmel argued convincingly that, unlike the typical apocalyptic emphasis on the future, Jesus taught that the Kingdom of

10 Albert Schweitzer, The Quest of the Historical Jesus (New York: Macmillan, 1961; Ger-man original 1906).

11 Johannes Weiss, Jesus 'Proclamation of the Kingdom of God, translated by Richard Hiers and David L. Holland (Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1971; German original 1892).

12 Schweitzer, The Quest of the Historical Jesus, 399.


God was both present as well as future.13 Though some English scholars (notably C.H. Dodd) tended to emphasize the presence of the Kingdom of God in the teaching of Jesus to the virtual exclusion of the future,14 many if not most New Testament scholars in the 1960's and 1970's (some representative names include Joachim Jeremias, Norman Perrin and George Ladd) understood that Jesus saw a tension between present realization and future fulfillment of the Kingdom of God, making him far from a typical apocalyptist..

By the 1980's, the so-called Third Quest of the historical Jesus began to pick up steam.15 This concern with the historical Jesus by a motley collection of scholars with widely different perspectives, has tended to focus on the critical importance of understanding Jesus in light of his Jewish context, regarded much more positively than it had been during the 19th century. Scholars who are associ-ated with the Third Quest, such as John Meier, a professor of New Testament at the University of Notre Dame, tend to take the Jewish setting of eschatological message of Jesus very seriously, while at the same time recognizing that Jesus had his own very distinct message.16 At the same time that the Third Quest began to crystallize into a trend, the Jesus Seminar, a group of critical scholars led by Robert Funk became active in a distinctive research program intended to recover the historical Jesus. Members of the Jesus Seminar (which includes such influential scholars as Marcus J. Borg and John Dominic Crossan) discounted the apocalyptic elements of the teachings of Jesus as a later development in early Christianity that obscured the earlier more historical character of Jesus as a non-eschatological teacher of wisdom. At the beginning of the 21st century then, two very different approaches to understanding the mission and message of Jesus are in play: Jesus the apocalyptic prophet vs. Jesus the Jewish sage. Those who regard Jesus as an apocalyptic prophet tend to view his teachings from the standpoint of the eschatological material found in the Gospels, while those who consider Jesus as a Jewish sage tend to make the ethical and proverbial teachings of Jesus the key to understanding his message.

4. Paul the Apocalyptist

One of the debated issues in modern the modern study of Paul is the extent to which it is appropriate to characterize Pauline thought as "apocalyptic." While there is widespread agreement that Paul was influenced by apocalyptic eschatol-

13 W. G. Kümmel, Promise and Fulfilment: The Eschatological Message of Jesus (London: SCM Press, 1957).

14 C.H. Dodd, The Parables of the Kingdom (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1961). 15 The Third Quest is chronicled by Ben Witherington, The Jesus Quest: The Third Search

for the Jew of Nazareth (2nd edition; Downers Grove: InterVarsity Press, 1997). 16 John Paul Meier, A Marginal Jew: Rethinking the Historical Jesus (3 volumes and count-

ing; New York: Doubleday, 1991-2001).

4. Paul the Apocalyptist 9

ogy, the extent to which he modified apocalypticism in light of his faith in Christ is still debated. Rudolf Bultmann eliminated apocalyptic features from Paul's thought using what he called "critical theological interpretation" (Sachkritik). He argued, for example, that in 1 Cor 15:1-15, where Paul proposes a histori-cal argument for the resurrection of Jesus, he has violated his own theological standards by embracing a motif of apocalyptic myth that he elsewhere demy-thologizes.17 Following this same tack, Baumgarten suggested that Paul has demythologized apocalyptic traditions by consistently applying them to the present life of the community.18

The authors of Jewish apocalypses, though they typically concealed their identities behind pseudonyms, claimed to receive divine revelations through vi-sions and they therefore structured the apocalypses they wrote as series of vision narratives. While there is no evidence that Paul himself wrote an apocalypse, he does claim to have received revelatory visions and had ecstatic experiences.19 In Gal 1:12, in fact, he refers to his Damascus Road experience as an «jioxu/.w|>l; ("revelation") from Jesus Christ, and in 2 Cor 12:1 he speaks of "visions and revelations of the Lord," presumably describing his own experiences.

Again, though Paul probably did not write an apocalypse, he does include four relatively extensive apocalyptic scenarios (i. e., sequences of events that Paul expects to transpire in the eschaton) in his letters. Three of these scenarios center on the Parousia or Second Coming of Jesus (1 Thess 4:13-18; 2 Thess 1:5-12; 1 Cor 15:57-58). The fourth scenario, sometimes referred to as the "Pauline apocalypse," is found in 2 Thess 2:1-12, centering on the coming of the eschatological antagonist or Antichrist. Since 2 Thessalonians is widely considered to be pseudepigraphical, the two passages mentioned above found in that letter may reflect the apocalyptic eschatology of the Pauline school or circle rather than of Paul himself.

Like the Jewish apocalyptists, Paul holds a form of temporal dualism that contrasts the present evil age with the coming age of salvation (Gal 1:4; Rom 8:18; 1 Cor 1:26). Yet it is also apparent that Paul has considerably modified the sharp distinction usually made in apocalyptic thought between the present evil age and the age to come. Paul understood the death and resurrection of Jesus in the past as the cosmic eschatological event that separated "this age" (Rom 12:2; 1 Cor 1:20; 2:6) or "this present evil age" (Gal 1:4) from "the age to come." This means that though Paul regards himself as living in the present age, dominated by demonic powers, nevertheless because of the death and resurrection of Jesus

17 Rudolf Bultmann, Theology of the New Testament (2 vols.; New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1951-55) 1.295-96, 305.

18 Jörg Baumgarten, Paulus und die Apokalyptik (Neukirchen-Vluyn: Neukirchener Verlag, 1975).

19 Gal 1:11-17; 1 Cor 9:1; 15:8; see also Acts 9:1-9; 16:9; 18:9-10; 22:6-11, 17-21; 26:12-18; 27:23-24.


these evil powers have been defeated and are therefore doomed to pass away (1 Cor 2:6-7).

Paul's belief in the resurrection of Jesus the Messiah, convinced him that eschatological events had begun to take place within history, and that the resur-rection of Jesus was part of the traditional Jewish expectation of the resurrection of the righteous (1 Cor 15:20-23). For Paul, the present time is just a temporary period between the death and resurrection of Christ on the one hand, and his return in glory on the other, in which those who believe in the gospel will share in the salvific benefits of the age to come (Gal 1:4; 2 Cor 5:17). This temporary period is characterized by the eschatological gift of the Spirit of God, experi-enced as present within the Christian community as well as individual believers (Rom 8:9-11; 1 Cor 6:19; 12:4-11; 1 Thess 4:8). While Paul did not explicitly use the phrase "the age to come," in 2 Cor 5:17 and Gal 6:15 he does use the phrase "new creation," which has apocalyptic associations (see Isa 65:17; 66:22; Rev 21:1). Though the final consummation is still future for Paul, the new age was present for Christians because the Messiah had come.

5. Apocalypse Now and Then

The strange, even bizarre, world of apocalypses and apocalypticism seems light years away from the world that most of us inhabit. The two Biblical apocalypses, Daniel and Revelation, have been influential throughout the history of the church particularly during periods of social unrest, dislocation and war. The lavishly il-luminated commentary on Revelation compiled by Beatus of Liebana, Spain (8th

cent. CE), saw the Arab invasion of Spain as anticipated in Biblical prophecy, and the enormously influential philosophy of history of Joachim of Fiore (ca. 1132-1202 CE), based in part on the Revelation of John, was a response to con-flicts between the poor and the rich, the worldly and the spiritual, which tested the church of his day. More recently, the Revelation of John has had renewed influence when read by liberation theologians, with their fundamental concern for social justice. The works by Pablo Richard, Catherine and Justo González, and Jean-Pierre Ruiz, are just a few of many possible examples.20 In the apposite words of Catherine and Justo González:21

We are also part of a worldwide church that in many areas is living under circumstances similar to those of the first century. Injustice and idolatry are still rampant both in our

20 Pablo Richard, Apocalypse: A People's Commentary on the Book of Revelation (Mary-knoll: Orbis Books, 1995);Catherine Gunsalus González and Justo L. González, Revelation (Louisville: Westminster John Knox, 1997); Jean-Pierre Ruiz, "Biblical Interpretation from a US Hispanic American Perspective: A Reading of the Apocalpse," El Cuerpo de Cristo: The Hispanic Presence in the US Catholic Church, edited by Peter J. Cassarella and Raul Gomez (New York: Crossroad, 1998), 78-105.

21 González and González, Revelation, 3.

Index of Sources

Bible

Old Testament

Genesis 1:21 2 - 3 2:9-10 2:10-14 3:6-7 3:14-19 3:22-24 3:23 19:11 40-41

Exodus 3:14 3:14 [LXX] 14:21-29 17:14 19:10-15 20:16 23:19 27:20 29:1 32:27 34:22 34:27-28 36:4 43:22-23

Leviticus 1:3 4:3 5:15 15:16-18 19:12 19:18

162 31,33 331 31 32 34 32 32 116n, 179n 284, 285

265 263, 264 24 216n 91n 73 72 91n, 170n 72 216 72 127 220 72

72 72 72 91, 171 73 76

19:33-34 21:17-20 22:21 23:9-14

Numbers 1-3 10:35 ff. 24:17 28:26-27

Deuteronomy 1:17 4:2 5:26 5:31 6:2

9:4 10:19 16:9-12 18:15 18:18 23:9-14 25:13-14 30:3^1 31:19 31:21 32:1 32:39 33:2

Joshua 1:8 3:1-7 24:26

76 91n, 170n 72 72

96 365n 291,304 72

116, 179n 147 207, 268 315n 399 217n 76 72 315 315 70, 97 116, 179n 89n, 169n 127 127 222 265 365

399 24 216n

422 Index of Sources

Judges 14:7 303 5:4-5 144 16:1-2 303

18:12 139 1 Samuel 18:19 259 2:10 304n 20:35 259 2:35 304n 22:1 140 5:9 116, 179n 22:19 222 7 18 22:19-20 129 7:26 207 22:19-22 129, 234 9:15-16 311 22:19-23 328n 10:1 304 22:31 116n, 179n 10:1-8 303 10:9 304 2 Kings 12:3 304n 2:3 259 12:5 304n 2:5 259

16:1-3 303,311 2:7 259 16:9 304n 2:15 259 16:13 304 2:16 13 17:26 268 3:14—19 140 17:36 268 4:1-38 259 20:2 116b, 179n 9:1-6 303 21:4-5 70 11:12-20 304

21:5 97 18:13-19:37 160

24:6 304n, 305 1 Chronicles 24:10 304n, 305 1 Chronicles

26:9 304n 3:17-24 18

26:16 304n, 305 16:22 304n

30:2 116, 179n 25:1 344

30:19 116, 179n 25:3 344 116, 179n 25:6 344

2 Samuel 2 Chronicles 1:14 304n, 305 6:42 304n 1:16 305 20:14-18 344 7:7 70 20:18-19 297n 7:12-14 300, 305,314 21:12-15 224 11:9-13 97 24:20 344 11:11-12 70 36:23 218 19:21 304n 22:51 304n Ezra

1-2 6 1 Kings 1:2 218 1:32-48 304 4:7 218 5:17 90, 169 6 27 Nehemiah 7:10 90, 169 1:9 89n, 169 11:29-39 303 2:12 288 11:31 24n 6:7 303 11:35 24n 7:5 288

Index of Sources 423

Esther 80:4 159 3:13 218 80:7 316

81 344 Job 84:9 304n 1:6-12 129 85:9 ff. 344 2:1-6 129 89 18 13:16 222 89:6 159 31:1 222 89:20 ff. 344 31:31 222 89:38 304n 34:2 222 89:51 304n 34:16 222 95:13 278 41:1-34 162 96:13 365

97:9 278 Psalms 98:9 365 2 304 104:25-26 162 2:2 304n 105:15 304n, 305 2:7 303, 304n, 305,310 105:27-36 132 2:9 142, 208 106:47 22n, 89n, 169 3:8 365n 108 344 6:3^1 159 110 300n, 304, 344 8:6b [LXX i 5:7b] 316n 110:1 157, 300, 304n, 306, 12:6 365 312,313,314,315,316, 13:1-2 159 317,318 18:7-15 144 110:3 304n 18:50 304n 110:4 303, 304n 20 344 119:12 282 20:6 304n 119:18-19 283 21 344 119:8 283 27:4 327 119:27 283 28:8 304n 119:33-35 283 35:17 159 119:73 283 44:27 365n 131 344 46 143 132:10 304n 48 143 132:1 ff. 344 49:1 222 132:17 91, 170n, 304n 49:2 279 144:7 245 50 344 147:2 22n, 89n, 169 56:8 144 60 344 Proverbs 63:3 327 4:1 222 68:7-8 144 21:28 73 72 344 74:9-10 159 Isaiah 74:22 365n 2:4b 5 75 344 2:19-21 155 76 143 6 127 78:43-51 132 6:1-13 129, 179, 328n 79:5 159 6:3 265


6:9 214n 44:6-8 268 6:9-13 287 45:1 304n 7:10-12 140 44:28 70 8:1 216n 46:11 95n 8:6-7 245 47:1-15 247 8:19 413 47:5 247 11:1-9 19n 47:8 247 11:11-13 22n, 23 48:12 267, 362 11:12 89n, 169 49:1 222 11:15-16 24 49:5-6 89n, 169 13:8 155 49:6-7 22n, 23 17 143 49:16 29 17:4-5 138n 51:1-2 26 27-27 6 51:4 222 27:3 131 52:1 93, 172 27:12-13 22n, 89n, 169 54:11-12 89,169 28:17 245 54:11-14 26 28:23 222 56:1-8 22n, 89n, 169 29 143 56:3-8 93, 172 30:1 216n 6 6 ^ 6 6 30:8 127 58:1 131 30:20 278 59:20 279 30:26 34 60:3-7 22n, 23, 89n, 169 33:10 365 60:10-14 26 34:12 [LXX] 155 60:19 91 35:4 279 61:1 304 35:8 93, 172 63:1-6 138n 36:1-37:38 160 63:13 208 37:15-19 23 56-66 35 55-55 19, 20 65:6 144 40:1-8 328n 65:17 10, 34, 38 40:1-11 35 65:17-18 34 40:3 286 66:15-16 278 40:9-11 68 66:18-24 22n, 169 40:10-11 279 66:22 10, 34 40:11 70 66:24 351n 41:4 362 42:1 310 Jeremiah 42:2 95n 1 127 42:14-44:23 207, 268 1:1-2 124 43:1 23 1:4-10 179 43:5-6 22n 1:5 318 43:5-7 23 1:6 [LXX] 263 43:10 362 1:15 95n 43:14-21 22n 2:4 222,328n 43:16-17 24 3:2 70 43:19 145, 277 3:15 70 44:6 207, 267, 362 4:4-5 140


4:6 95n 50:8-10 140 4:10 [LXX] 263 51:3 245 6:1 140 51:6-10 140 6:22 95n 51:7 245, 246, 248 7:2 328n 51:13 247 8:4 214n 51:33 138 10:10 207, 268 51:45-48 140 10:21 70 51:54 247 13:27 70 51:52 247 14:13 [LXX] 263 51:53 247 19:3 328n 21:13 278 Lamentations 22:11 328n 4:20 304n 22:30 144 23:3 23 Ezekiel 23:3-8 22n 1-3 127 23:5-7 19n 1:1-3 124 23:8 23 1:1-3:11 179 23:18 328n 1:4-28 129 23:36 268 1:4-3:11 129 24:17-23 292n 1:26 317n 25:11-12 299n 2:8-3:3 132 25:15-16 246 3:14 139 25:18-19 246 11:17 16, 89n, 169 25:30-31 138n 11:17-20 22n 25:34-36 70 16:15-58 70 29 224 20:34 22n, 89n, 169 29:4-23 [LXX 36:4-23] 224 20:41—42 89n, 169 29:10 299n 23:1^19 70 29:10-14 22n 26:15-18 140 29:20 222 27:1-8 140 29:24-28 [LXX 36:24-28] 224n 27:26-36 140 29:24-32 224n 28 31 29:30-32 [LXX 36:30-32] 224n 28:11-19 31,32 30:2 [LXX 37:2] 216n 31 31 30:3 22n 31:8-9 31 30:8-9 19 34:11-16 22n, 23, 89n, 31:8 [LXX 38:8] 89n, 169 34:20-31 22n 31:10 [LXX 38:10] 89n, 169 34:23 70 31:10-11 22n, 23 34:23-24 19 32:37 [LXX 39:37] 89n, 169 36:24 22n, 89n, 169 32:37—41 22n 37:1-14 23 33:14-18 19 37:1-28 22n 36:2 [LXX 43:2] 216n 37:11-14 89n, 169 36:28 [LXX 43:28] 216n 37:21 23 39:17 [LXX] 263 37:21-23 22 42:7 245 37:21-28 89, 169 48:6-8 140 37:24-25 19

4 2 6 Index of Sources

38-39 144 7:10-13 207 38:7-16 94 7:13 21, 126, 204, 205, 306, 38:8-16 144 3 1 2 , 3 1 3 , 3 1 4 , 3 1 5 , 3 1 1 38:22 144 317 ,318 39:2 94 7:13-14 16, 19n, 129, 2 9 1 , 3 1 4 39:6 144 7:22-23 16 4 0 ^ 8 26, 27, 86, 88, 89, 90, 7:25 17

146, 154, 165, 166, 167, 7:26 17 168, 170, 173 7:27 17

40:1-43:12 26 8:1-12:3 80 40:2 139 8:13 159 40:5 89, 168 8:26 146 40:30-35 164 9:2 17,299n 42:15-20 89, 168 9:3 56n, 353n 43:1-5 279 9:17 17 43:7 70 9:20 17 44:9 93, 172 9:24 17 45:2 89, 168 9:24-26 299n 47:12 331 9:25 17 47:13-48:29 26 10:2-3 56n, 353 48:16-17 26n, 168 10:5 204, 205 48:30-35 16, 23 ,26 , 26n, 88, 89, 10:5-6 205

168, 169, 278 10:5-9 127 48:31 26n 10:6b 204 48:33-34 87, 167 10:16 204, 205 48:35 86, 165 10:18 205

11:44 95n Daniel 12:1-2 17 2 284 12:4 146 2:17^15 285 12:6 159 2:19 285 12:9 146 2:20-23 297n 12:11 17 2:22 285 2:28-30 285 Hosea 2:30 284 3:5 23 2:47 285 5:4 70 3:3-18 75 6:10 70 4 - 5 284 10:6 155 6:27 207, 268 11:10-11 22n, 89n, 169 7 17, 19, 205 ,234 7 -12 2, 6, 16, 80 Joel 7:1-8 274 2 143 7:1-28 8 2:1 ff. 365 7:6 317 2 :2-3 131 7:9 204 ,316 3:2 94 7:9-12 129 3:4 365 7:9-14 127, 206, 235 3:13 138 7:10 144, 205 4 143

Index of Sources 4 2 7

Amos Zechariah 1:1 124 6 - 6 6 1:2 144 1:14-17 35 3:7 328n 2:6-12 26 4:6-11 132 2:10 279 7:14 181 2:14 365n 7:16 222 ,328n 2:16 16 9:11 19n 3:1-7 328n

Micah 1:3 1:3—4 4:13 5:2-5 5:4 6:2

279 144 138n 19n 70 222

3:8 3:13 4 :1-14 4 :6-10 6:12 8:7-8 12-12 9:14

19 72 133,304 19 19 22n, 23 6 131

Nahum 3:18 70

10:6 10:6-12 12

23 22n 143

Habakkuk 2:2 3:3^1 3:13 3:16

216n 365n 304n 365n

12:1-9 12:3 12:7-8 12:7-13:1 12:10 12:12

94 160 18 19 18, 126 18

Zephaniah 1:8 1:15-16 3:8 3:14 3:20

144 131 144 23 22n, 23

13:2 13:5

394n 181n

Zephaniah 1:8 1:15-16 3:8 3:14 3:20

144 131 144 23 22n, 23

13:7 14 14:2 14:5

286 143 94 279, 365

Haggai 1:1 2:1 2 :20-23

19 19 19

Malachi 3:1 3:1-2

365 279

Haggai 1:1 2:1 2 :20-23

19 19 19

3:16

New Testament

144

Matthew 2:17 294 1:22 294 2:23 294 2:1 ff. 380 3:7-10 226 2:4 302n 3:12 138n 2:15 294 3:13-17 310


3:17 309 ,310 12:27-28 391 4:1-11 403 12:28 403 4:8 ff. 403n 12:29 391 ,394 4:14 294, 39 In 13:9 222n 4:24 385n, 390n 13:35 294 5:22 351n 13:42 351n 7:22 407 13:43 222n 8:1-4 385n 13:50 351n 8:3 394 13:58 397 8:5-13 385n 14:13-21 385n 8:10 397 14:19 396 8:13 396, 397 14:22-23 385n 8:14-15 385n 14:36 385n 8:15 394 15:21-28 385n 8:16 385n, 390n, 391n 15:22 387 8:17 294 15:24 70 8:19-20 71 15:28 397 8:23-27 385n 15:32-39 385n 8:28-34 385n 16:13 317 8:29 309n 16:16 302, 309 8:32 391 16:24-25 71 9 :1-8 385n 17:5 309 9:15 141 17:14-21 385n 9:18 394 17:16 385n 9:18-26 385n 17:18 392 9:20-22 385n 17:20 396 9:22 397 17:24-27 385n 9:25 394 19:12 69 9:27 387 19:17 75 9:27-34 385n 19:28 35n, 156, 157, 316n 9:32 391 19:28-30 129 9:32-34 385n, 392 19:29 69 9:37-38 138n 19:38 152 10:1 385n 20:28 198 10:37-38 69 20:30-31 387 10:38 71 21:4 294 11:15 222n 21:12-13 92n, 171n 11:18 404 21:18-22 385n, 415 11:25-27 297n 21:21-22 415 12:9-14 385n 22:1-14 69 12:17 294 22:23-33 69 12:22 391 22:36-40 76 12:22-23 385n, 394n 22:42 302n 12:22 fF. 392 22:44 300n 12:22-26 394 23:37 89n, 169n 12:23 387 24:2 92n, 171n 12:25-26 391 24:5 302n 12:27 394 24:23 302n


24:30-31 209,210 24:31-32 157 24:37-39 35 25:29 222n 25:31 152, 316n 25:31-32 156 25:31-16 129, 209 25:32 70 26:24 415 26:31-32 70 26:53 415 26:61 92n, 171n 26:63 302 26:64 209, 210, 300n, 312.

313 27:3-10 415 27:9 294 27:11-14 77 27:40 92n,171n 27:46 397n 27:63 402

Mark 1:1 301 1:9-11 310 1:11 309,310 1:23-27 385 1:24 309n, 404 1:25 392 1:26 391 1:29-31 385n, 392n, 396 1:31 394n 1:32-34 385n, 390n 1:32 ff. 391n 1:39 385n, 390n, 391n 1:40-45 385n 1:41 394n, 396 2:1-12 385n 2:11 396 2:20 141 3:1-6 385n 3:10-11 385n, 390n, 391n 3:11 309, 404 3:14-15 385n 3:19-27 391,394 3:19-30 405n 3:22 404 3:22-30 402

4:9 222n 4:11-12 59 4:23 222n 4:29 138n 4:35^11 385n 4:39 392n 5:1-20 385n 5:7 309n, 404 5:8 392 5:9 391 5:13 391 5:21-43 385n 5:23 394n 5:25-34 385n, 396, 398, 405 5:27-28 396 5:34 396, 397 5:41 394n, 396 6:2 394n 6:5 394n 6:5-6 397 6:7 385n 6:14-16 404 6:30-34 385n 6:41 396 6:45-52 385n 6:56 385n 7:16 222n 7:24-30 385n 7:31-36 385n, 398 7:31-37 399 7:32 394n 7:33-34 394n 7:34 395, 396, 399 8:1-10 385n 8:22 394n 8:22-26 385n, 396, 398, 399 8:23 394n 8:25 394n 8:29 302, 309 8:34-35 71 9:7 309 9:14-29 385n 9:17 391 9:18 385n 9:20 309 9:23-24 397 9:25 391,392 9:26 391


9:27 394n 9:28 385n 9:29 395 9:38 407 10:29 69 10:46-52 385n 1 0 : 4 7 ^ 8 387 10:52 397 11:12-14 385n, 415 11:15-19 92n, 171n 11:20-25 415 11:20-26 385n 11:22-25 415 11:23-24 396 12:18-27 69 12:28-31 76 12:35 302n 12:35-37 301,306 12:36 300n 13:2 92n,171n 13:26-27 209,210 13:27 89n, 169n 13:31 302n 14:21 415 14:27-28 70 14:36 397n 14:58 92n, 146, 171n 14:61 302 14:62 77, 152, 209,210, :

312 ,313 ,314 ,316 15:1-5 77 15:26 30 15:29 92n, 171n 15:32 302n, 305 15:34 397n 16:9 385n 16:17 407 16:17-18 385n 16:18 394n 16:19 300n

Luke 1:26-38 310 1:67-79 310 2:25-35 310 2:36-38 310 3:7-9 226 3:15 302n

3:17 138n 3:20 310 3:21-22 310 3:22 309,310 4:1-13 403 4:4-5 403n 4:18 310 4:29-30 385n 4:33-36 385n 4:34 309n 4:35 391,392 4:38-39 385n, 392n 4:40 394n 4:40-41 390n, 391n 4:41 302n, 309n, 392 5:1-11 385n 5:12-16 385n 5:13 394n 5:17-26 385n 5:35 141 6:6-11 385n 6:17-18 385n, 390n, 391n 7:9 397n 7:11-17 385n 7:14 394 7:21 391n 7:33 404 8:1 385n 8:2 391n 8:8 222n 8:15 222n 8:22-25 385n 8:26-39 385n 8:28 309n 8:29 392 8:30 391 8:33 391 8:40-56 385n 8:43^18 385n 8:48 397 8:54 394 9:1 385n 9:10-17 385n 9:16 396 9:20 302 9:23-24 71 9 : 2 7 ^ 3 385n 9:35 309


9:40 385n 21:24 160 9:42 392 22:22 415 9:49 407 22:28-30 129 9:51-56 415 22:67 302 9:57-58 71 22:69 300n, 312, 313, 314 10:2 138n 23:1-12 77 10:17 407 23:2 302n 10:17-20 385n 23:35 302n 10:21-22 297n 23:39 302n 11:14 391 24:26 302n 11:14—18 394 24:45 295 11:15 385n 24:46 302n, 307 11:17-18 391 11:19-20 394 John 11:20 403 1:1-2 142 11:21-22 391,394 1:14 142 11:19-20 391 1:17 301 11:21-22 394 1:20 302n 12:21 222n 1:25 302n 13:9 222n 1:29-34 310 13:10-17 385n, 390n 1:33 31 In 13:13 394 1:34 309, 31 In 13:32 390n, 391,394 1:41 305 14:1-6 385n, 396 1:47-51 385n 14:15 142 2:1-11 385n 14:15-24 69 2:18-22 92n, 171n 14:26-27 69 2:22 295 14:27 71 2:25 385n 14:35 222n 3:8 325 17:6 396 3:28 302n 17:11-19 385n 4:25 302n, 305 17:14 396 4:29 302n 17:19 397 4:46-54 385n 17:33 71 5:1-9 385n 18:13 395 5:8 396 18:29 69 6:1-15 385n 18:35^13 385n 6:11 396 18:38-39 387 6:16-21 385n 18:42 397 6:70-71 385n 19:10 70 7:12 402 19:43-44 143 7:20 403, 404 19:45^18 92n, 171n 7:26 302n 20:34-36 69 7:27 302n 20:41 302n 7:31 302n 20:42^13 300n 7:41 302n 21:4 222n 7:42 302n, 305 21:6 92n, 171n 7:47 402 21:20 143 8:41^17 73


8:48 404 2:32-36 300 8:48-53 403 2:33 300n 8:49 404 2:33-36 306 8:52 404 2:34 311 8:59 385n 2:34-35 300n 9:1—41 385n, 398 2:34-36 315 9:6-7 399 2:43 415 9:11—41 399 3:1 ff. 415 9:22 302 ,321n 3:6 407 9:31 395 3:13-16 409 10:2 70 3:15 199 10:11 70 ,198 3:16 407 10:12 70 3:18 302n, 3 - 7 10:14 70 3:20-21 307 10:20 404 3:21 35n 10:20-21 403 4:7 407 10:24 302n 4:10 199,407 13 385n 4:27 310 11:26-27 397n 4:30 407 ,415 11:27 195,302 4:36 296 11:41—42 395 5:5 415 11:43 396 5:9 415 12:16 253 ,295 5:10 415 12:26 71 5:12ff . 415 12:34 302n 5:15 399n 12:42 322n 5:30 199 13:36 71 5:31 300n 14:3 71 5:36 5 , 3 8 9 14:15 75 5:37 389 14:21 75 5:42 302 14:26 295 6:14 92n, 171n 15:10 75 7:37 315n 16:2 322n 7:48-50 146 16:12-15 295 7:55 300n, 315 16:33 73 7:55-56 3 1 2 - 1 7 , 3 1 8 17:3 301 7:56 300n, 314 ,315 18:19-24 77 8:5 302 18:33-38 77 9 312 ,318 20:28 311 9:1-9 9 20:31 195,302 9:20 312 21:1-11 385n 9:22 302,311 21:18-19 71 9:27 296

9:32 ff. 415 Acts 9:34 4 0 7 , 4 0 8 1:6 307 9:39 ff. 415 1:16-19 415 9:40 407n ,410 2:1-13 413 10:38 304 ,310 2:31 302n 10:39^10 199


10:42 206 7:7-25 75 10:44-46 413 7:8 75 12:20-23 106 7:12 75 12:22 112 8:9-11 10 13:1-3 181,296 8:15 397n, 413 13:6-12 415 ,416 8:18 9 13:15 296 8:26 413 13:28-29 199 8:34 300n, 311 13:33 300 9-11 297 14:8 fr. 415 9:5 300-1 15:32 296 10:6 217n 16:9 9n 10:9 311 16:16fr. 415 11:33-36 297 16:18 393n, 407 11:36 126 17:2-3 302 12:2 9 17:3 195, 302, 3 - 7 13:8-9 75 17:24 146 13:8-10 76 17:31 206 13:9-10 76 18:5 302 15:4 296 18:9-10 9n 15:9 411 18:28 302 16:5 72 19:2 399n 16:25 297 19:6 413 19:11-12 415 1 Corinthians 19:13 407 1:3 196, 265 19:39 254n 1:18-31 294 20:9-10 415 1:20 9 20:31 5 1:23-24 73 21:11 182,217, 326 1:26 9 22 312 ,318 2:6 9 22:6-11 9n 2:6-7 10 22:17-21 9n 2 :6-16 295, 297 26 312 ,318 4:4-5 206 26:12-18 9n 5:4 416 26:22-23 312 5:3-5 416 26:23-26 307 6:2-3 97n 27:23-24 9n 6:19 10 28:8-9 415 7:19 75

9:1 9 , 3 1 2 Romans 14-14 182 1:1 176 14-14 335 ,413 1:3-4 300 ,314 12:2 413 1:7 196 12:3 311 2:16 206 12:4-11 10 3:4 73 12:7 296 3:20 75 12:9 411 4:24 199 12:10 180, 296 ,411 7:7-11 75 12:28 413


12:28-29 185 1:12 9 13:1 413 1:15 318 14:1 296 1:16 312 14:3 296 2:20 198 14:6 343 3:5 411 14:13-19 413 4:6 397n, 413 14:15 343 4:26 68 14:26 343 5:4 76 14:27-28 296 6:7-9 138n 14:29 180, 296 6:16 416 14:29-32 181 6:17 407 14:29-33 259 14:37-38 222n, 325, 237 Ephesians 14:38 326n 1:2 265 15:1-15 9 1:20 300n, 311 15:3 307 2:6 300n 15:3—4 199 2:20 185 15:5-7 312 3:5 185,295 15:5-8 318 3:9-10 295 15:8 9,312 4:11 185 15:20-23 10 5:2 198 15:25 300n, 311 5.19 343 15:52 131 5:25 198 15:57-58 9 5:25-32 141 16:15 72 16:22 311,364,416-17 Philippians 16:25-26 295 1:1 176, 185

1:2 196, 265 2 Corinthians 1:9 294 1:2 196, 265 2:5-11 110, 342 3:14-18 295 2:9-11 300n 5:10 206 2:11 311 5:17 10, 35n 11:2 141 Colossians 12:1 9 1:15-17 200 12:1—4 146 1:15-20 110, 200 12:3^1 33n 1:18-20 200 12:4 59 1:26-27 295 12:7-10 411 3:1 300n, 311 12:12 411 3:16 343

4:7 256 Galatians 1:1-5 126 1 Thessalonians 1:3 196 1:7-10 210 1:4 9, 10, 196, 198 4:8 10 1:5 197 4:9 76 1:8-9 416-17 4:13-17 209,210 1:11-17 9 4:13-18 9, 182


4:16

2 Thessalonìans 1:2 1:5-12 1:7-10 2 :1-12 2 :3-12 2:8

2:13

1 Timothy 1:17 2:6 3:16

2 Timothy 1:9-10 4:1 4.8

Titus 1:1

1:2-3 1:22 2:13-14

Philemon 3

Hebrews 1:3 1:3-13 1:13 2:4 3:6 3:14 5:5 6:1

8:1

9:11 9:14 9:24 9:28 10:10 10:12-13 11:4 11:26

131

265 9 206 209 ,210 137 208 72

126 198 110, 236-37

295 206 339

176 295 73 198

196

110 300n 300n 411 301 301 301 301 300n 146, 301 72, 301 146, 301 301 301 300n 253 301

12:2 12:18 12:22 12:22-24 13:8 13:20 13:21

James 1:1 1:12 1:18 2:8 5:14 5:14-16

1 Peter 1:19 1:20 2:25 3:22 4:5 4:11 5:4

2 Peter 1:1

3:5-7 3:13

1 John 1:1

2:3 2:20 2:22 2:27 3:16 3:22 3:24 5:1 5:3

2 John

3 John

Jude 1

300n 131 68 129, 131 301 70 301

176 339 72 76 407 395 ,411

72 295 70 300n 206 126 339

176 35 35

142 75 295, 304 195,301 295, 304 198 75 75 195,301 75

185

185

176


Revelation 1:15-21 129 1 - 3 12, 149, 255, 367 1:16 106, 142, 218n, 221 1:1 80, 124, 125, 139, 150, 1:17 207, 262, 267, 268 ,418

176, 181, 195 ,241 ,250 , 1:17-18 206, 211, 218n, 268, 251 ,258 , 301 ,418 361

1:1-2 200 1:17-20 58, 206, 207 1:1-3 124, 191, 194, 195-96, 1:18 206, 207, 218n, 353,

251 ,256 , 259 367 ,419 1:1-3:22 67 1:19 127, 180,216 1:2 76, 77, 178, 196, 301 1:20 59, 178, 206, 255 1:3 51, 124, 125, 126, 178, 2 326

256 2 - 3 51, 124n, 128n, 145, 1:4 123, 125n, 126, 176, 186, 204, 205 ,212 -32 ,

218n, 251 ,254 , 255, 253 263 ,264 , 265, 266 ,418 2:1 181, 204, 215n, 218n,

1:4-5 125, 126, 191, 194, 219, 226, 326 196-97, 223, 264 2:1-4 219

1:4-6 148,214 2 :1-7 226 1:4-8 125, 262 2:1-3:22 127, 194 1:4-22:5 251 2:2 187, 220 1:5 77, 142, 195, 209, 218n, 2 :2-3 220

301 2:4 128n, 216, 220, 226 1:5-6 126, 197-98, 199, 203, 2 :4-6 128

206 ,211 2:5 188,216, 220, 221 ,226 , 1:5-8 194 279 1:6 126, 178 2 :5 -6 221 1:7 126, 147, 2 0 9 , 2 1 0 , 2 7 9 , 2:6 128n, 216, 219, 220

318 2:7 74, 213n, 221 ,222 , 223, 1:7-8 126 255, 256, 278 1:8 12,58, 126, 145,207, 2:8 77, 128n, 181,204, 207,

261 ,262 , 263 ,264 , 266, 215n, 218n, 262, 267, 268, 3 4 3 , 3 6 1 , 3 6 2 , 3 6 4 , 268, 326 4 1 8 , 4 1 9 2:8-11 226, 227

1:9 76, 77, 127, 176, 177, 2:9 128, 152 ,216 ,219 , 220 178, 190, 233 2:10 107, 215n, 221 ,255 ,

1:9-16 206 339 1:9-20 127, 179, 196, 204-7, 2:11 74, 213n, 221 ,222 , 223,

2 1 1 , 2 1 6 , 2 1 8 , 2 1 9 , 3 1 7 , 255, 256, 350n 318, 353 2:12 128n, 142, 181,204,

1:9-3:22 206 214n, 218n, 219, 326 1:11 127,216, 255 2:12-17 226 1:12-16 106, 194, 204, 205 ,312 , 2 :12-29 254, 255

317-18 2:13 66, 215n, 220, 255 1:12-20 242 2:13-15 219 1:13 205 2:14 128n, 216 1:13-14 2 0 7 , 3 1 7 2:14-15 182, 255 1:14 218n, 317 2:14-16 128 1:14-16 318 2:15 215n


2:16 128n, 142, 147, 216, 3:12 74, 146, 223, 256 221 ,279 , 366 ,418 3:13 213n, 221 ,255

2:17 74, 209, 213n, 221 ,222 , 3:14 128, 142,204, 209, 223, 255, 256 ,419 214n, 215n, 218n, 326

2 :17-18 221n 3:14-22 74, 226 2:18 123, 128n, 204, 205, 3:15 219, 220

215n, 218, 219, 326 3:15-16 188 2:18-29 226 3:15-19 128 2:19 220 3:16 221 2 :19-20 219 3:16-20 221 2:20 215n, 216, 220, 258, 3:19 221

259 3:21 74, 78, 129, 156, 157, 2 :20-22 128, 215n, 255 223, 235, 236, 256, 2 :20-23 182 300n 2:21 128n, 187, 221 3:22 213n, 221 ,255 2:22 221 4 198 2:22-23 259 4 - 5 12, 62, 102, 104, 200 2:22-25 221 4 - 1 6 12 2:23 128n, 213n, 220, 221n, 4 -21 367

255 4:1 177, 198, 258 2:24 128n, 215n, 216, 4:1-11 129, 198

220,255 4:1-6:17 128, 129, 131 2:24-25 188 4:1-8:1 198, 203 ,211 2:25 279 4:1-22:5 61, 102, 177, 180 2:26 74, 128n, 142, 223 4:1-22:9 261 2:26-27 222, 256 4:2-11 194, 198 2:29 213n, 221 ,255 4:3 62, 104 3 326 4:4 182 3:1 123, 128n, 204, 215n, 4:5 105, 123, 199

218 ,219 , 220, 326 4:6 104,418 3.1-5 326 4:7 129 3 :1-6 226 4:8 102, 104, 109, 110, 262, 3:2 188, 220, 221 263, 264 ,265 , 2 6 6 , 4 1 8 3:2^1 221 4:8-11 109 3:3 221 ,279 4:9 268 3:4 188 ,216 ,219 , 220 4:10 108, 110, 182, 268 3 :4-5 107 4:11 109, 117, 200, 277 3:5 74, 144, 222, 223, 256, 5 73, 198, 233-39

339 5:1 62, 104 3:6 213n, 221 ,255 , 326 5:1-5 234 3:7 128n, 204, 209 ,214n , 5 :1-7 198

215n,218n, 219, 326 5:1-14 129, 198-201 ,235 3:7-13 227 5:1-6:17 211 3:8 219, 220 5:1-8:1 202 3:9 152,216, 221 5:3 129 3:9-11 221 5:5 73, 74, 129, 182, 199, 3:11 107, 147, 279, 339, 366, 235

418 5 :5-6 9 7 , 1 9 9


5:6 73, 77, 102, 123, 129, 7:3 130, 2 5 8 , 4 1 9 182, 194, 199, 207 ,317 7:4 67, 68, 130, 173

5:6-14 130 7:4-8 67, 130, 137 5:7 196, 235 7:9 107, 177 5:7-14 199 7:9-10 110 5:8 108, 110, 182, 235, 7:9-12 109, 113, 116, 129, 194

337n 7:9-17 68, 102, 130, 131, 198, 5:8-13 198 202 5:8-14 109, 110 7:10 109, 202, 203, 345 5:9 71 ,73 , 78 7:10-17 96 5:9-10 97, 109, 199, 200, 203, 7:11 105, 108, 110, 182

206,211 7:12 109 5:10 178 7:12-14 245 5:11 110, 182, 235 7:13 107, 182 5:12 71, 109, 113, 199, 200, 7:13-17 59, 177, 178, 195

2 0 3 , 2 0 6 , 2 1 1 , 4 1 8 7:14 203 5:12-13 116 7:17 70, 77, 145, 203, 33 In 5:13 109, 110, 113, 129, 197 8:1 128, 130, 198, 201 ,211 5:14 182 8:2 123, 130, 131 6 :1-8 201 8:2-9:21 131 6:1-17 130, 198 8:2-11:19 66 6:1-8:1 66 8:3 102, 337n 6:3 201 8:3-5 102, 131 6:5 201 8:4 337n 6:6 156 8:6 123 6:7 201 8:8 123 6:8 353n 8:10 123 6:9 76, 77, 102, 177, 178, 8:12 123

201 8:13 123 6:9-11 130, 158, 159, 201 9:1 123,419 6:10 104, 110 9:4 419 6:11 107 9:6 177 6:12 201 9:7-11 194 6:12-16 159 9:13 123 6:12-17 66, 130, 202 9:14 123 6:15 155, 258 9:20-21 132, 367 6:15-16 155, 157 10:1 123 6:16 157 10:1-3 194 6:16-17 201 ,202 10:1-7 132 6:17 202 10:1-8 133 7 201 10:1-11 132 7:1 130, 177 10:1-17 130 7:1-8 130, 132, 198, 202 10:1-11:2 132 7 :1-9 96, 98 10:1-11:14 131 7:1-17 130, 2 0 1 , 2 0 2 - 3 10:3 123 7:2 419 10:4 59 7:2-3 130 10:6 132, 268, 277 7:2-14 97 10:7 185,250, 258


10:8-11 132,135 10:8-11:2 179, 180 10:9 220 10:11 132,253 11:1-2 132,135 11:1-3 132n, 133 11:1-14 132 11:2 132, 160 11:3 123, 132, 133,259 11:3-12 134 11:3-13 133, 135, 136, 137 11:4-6 133 11:4-13 132n 11:5 134 11:6 134 11:7 77, 123, 133 11:8 77, 123 11:8-10 133 11:10 133, 250, 259 11:11-13 133 11:14 418 11:14-18 136, 138 11:14-12:7 135 11:15 109,110, 195 ,301 ,307 ,

345 11:15-16 136 11:15-18 129, 131, 135 11:16 108, 110, 182 11:16-19 109 11:17 77, 262, 263, 265, 266 11:17-18 109, 279 11:18 103, 116n, 178, 179n,

182, 250, 258, 265 ,266 , 279, 337n

11:19 123 11:19-12:17 135, 136, 137 12 133, 136, 348 12:1 77, 136, 137 12:1-6 136, 150 12:1-17 136, 192 12:2 177 12:3 136, 137 12:4 123,177 12:5 142 12:7-9 136 12:7-12 136 12:9 143 12:10 195 ,301 ,307 , 345

12:10-12 109, 345 12:11 74, 77 12:13-17 136 12:14 123 12:17 74, 75, 76, 77, 136, 178 12:18 76 13 133, 137, 161, 192 13:1 135, 137,419 13:1-2 137 13:1-8 136 13:1-10 135, 136,137 13:1-18 137, 161 13:2 137 13:2-3 137 13:4-5 137 13:7 337n 13:8 71, 137, 144 13:9 221 13:9-10 177 13:10 337n 13:11-18 136, 137 13:13-15 367 13:16 116, 135n, 155, 179n,

258 13:18 192, 221 14 137 14:1 68, 137,359, 4 0 7 , 4 1 9 14:1-5 67-73, 77, 96, 97, 98,

129, 131, 137, 203 14:1-20 137 14:3 68 14:4 69, 7 0 , 7 1 , 9 7 , 203 14:4a 68 14:4b 70, 72 14:4-5 68, 178 14:5 7 1 , 7 7 14:6 138 14:6-7 130, 137 14:6-11 137 14:7 103, 277 14:8 130, 137, 138, 246 14:9 72, 138 14:9-11 130, 137, 351n 14:11 72 14:12 74, 75, 76, 77, 137, 178,

337n 14:13 127, 137, 182,216,

222n


14:14 137 17:4 197, 241 ,242 , 245 ,246 , 14:14-16 130, 248 14:14—20 137, 138 17:5 242, 248 14:15 102 17:6 77, 242, 248 14:17 102 17:6b—18 59, 178, 194 14:17-20 138 17:7-18 139, 242 14:18 220 17:8 144 14:18-20 130 17:8-17 242 14:19-20 138 17:9 242, 243, 247 15:1 130, 136, 138 17:12-14 95 15:1-16:21 66, 138 17:14 95, 98, 142, 209 15:2 72 17:15 123, 242, 247 15:2-3 110 17:16 123 15:2-4 68 17:17 28818:1 177 15:2-8 138 18:1-3 130, 140 15:3 25 18:1-24 140 15:3^1 109, 345 18:1-19:10 139, 140 15:5 177 18:2-3 246 15:5-8 194 18:4-7 140 15:7 268 18:4-8 66, 140 16:1-20 138 18:5 220n 16:1-21 131 18:8 103 16:4-7 335 18:8-11 140 16:5 110, 2 6 3 , 2 6 5 , 2 6 6 , 279 18:8-21 140 16:5-6 66 18:9-20 140 16:5-7 109, l lOn 18:14 220n 16:6 179,182 18:18 140 16:7 103 18:20 179, 250, 338n 16:12 95 18:21 140 16:12-16 95 ,98 , 160 18:21-24 140 16:14 95, 98, 123, 177 18:24 179, 182, 250, 338n 16:15 147, 256, 262, 279 19:1 109, 110, 116, 177 16:15-16 155 19:1-2 109, 345 16:16 95, 250, 337n 19:1-3 141 17 139, 140, 240-49 19:1—4 109, 140, 141 17-18 160, 242 19:1-8 129 17:1 123, 145, 242, 245, 247, 19:1-10 140

258 19:2 103, 123, 246 17:1-3 142 19:4 108, 116, 141, 183n 17:1-6 139,140 19:5 98, 109, 116, 141, 179n, 17:1-17 88 258 17:1-18 124,139 19:5-8 109, 140, 141 17:1-19:10 139, 142, 145 19:6 110, 118 17:1-19:19 258 19:6-8 109, 113, 116, 141 17:2 246 19:7 123, 141, 142 17:3 2 4 1 , 2 4 2 , 4 1 9 19:7-8 94 17:3-6 139, 194, 242 19:7-21 209

19:9 127, 141, 142, 177,216


19:9-10 139 21:5 51, 127, 180,216, 277 19:9-11 140, 141 21:5-8 1 2 , 4 6 , 6 4 , 65, 103, 145, 19:10 77, 142, 178, 258 261 ,266 , 277, 278 19:11 103, 142, 177, 208 21:6 207, 2 6 1 , 2 6 2 , 2 6 6 , 267, 19:11-14 142 268, 269, 277, 278, 325, 19:11-16 194, 207, 208 331n, 355, 361, 362, 19:11-21 95 ,98 , 142, 150, 192, 4 1 8 , 4 1 9

207-10 ,211 21:7 277 19:11-21:8 142, 145 21:8 277, 350, 367 19:12 208 21:9 88, 123, 141, 167, 258 19:13 142, 208 21:9-10 94, 145 19:15 98, 142, 206 21:9-16 164 19:16 142, 197, 208, 209 21:9-27 105, 144 19:17 142 21:9-22:5 139 19:17-18 130, 143 21:9-22:9 27, 85, 86, 88, 90, 93, 19:17-21 98, 142, 144, 207 139, 144, 145, 146, 164, 19:18 116, 155, 179n, 258 165, 167, 170, 241 ,258 , 19:19 98, 143 277 19:19-21 159, 160 21:9-22:11 124 19:20 143, 351n, 367 21:10 88, 139, 167, 258 19:21 98, 206 21:10-22:5 194 20 5 21:11 90, 169 20:1-2 419 21:12 8 8 , 1 6 8 , 1 7 3 , 277 20:1-3 130, 143 21:14 185 20:1-10 142, 143 21:15-21 88, 167 20:4 76, 77, 178, 195,301, 21:16 94, 250-60

307 21:18 90, 169 20 :4-6 129, 143,256 21:19-20 90, 169 20:6 143, 178, 195 ,301 ,307 , 21:22 91, 146, 170, 171

350n 21:22-23 91, 170n 20:7-10 95, 143, 144, 159, 160 21:22-27 146 20:8 95, 139 21:23 92, 106, 171 20 8 - 9 95, 98 21:27 92, 93, 171 20:9 70, 95, 97, 143 22 367 20:10 95, 351n 22:1 88, 125, 156, 157, 167, 20:11-13 135n 191,258, 331n 20:11-15 129, 142, 144 22:2 278 20:12 103, 116, 179n 22:3 156, 157, 2 5 8 , 4 1 9 20:13 103 22:4 419 20:13-14 353n 22:5 106 20:14 350 22:6 88, 179, 241 ,250 , 257, 21 89, 168, 169 258 ,418 21 1 10 22:6-20 149 21 1 - 3 277 22:6-21 214 21 1 - 4 145 22:7 125, 178, 257, 279, 366, 21 1 - 8 133, 144 418 21 2 141 22:8 176, 258 21 2 - 3 94 22:8-17 195


22:9 178,250,256,258,260 22:10 125,147,178,257 22:10-11 88 22:10-21 67, 146, 147 22:12 279,366,418 22:12-15 251n 22:13 12,145,207,261,262,

266, 267, 268, 269, 278, 325,355,361,362,418

22:14 278 22:15 92,171,367

22:16 132,178,181,250, 252n, 253, 254, 255, 256, 257, 258, 260

22:17 222n, 33In 22:18 51,125,178,257 22:18-19 64, 181,417n 22:18-20 147 22:19 148,178,257 22:20 190,364,366,418 22:21 148, 223, 337n

Early Christian Literature

Acts of Paul 25 71

Epistulae 147 51n

Acts of Thomas 82 22n

Apocalypse of Paul 31 351n 34 351n 36 351n

Apocalypse of Peter 6 313 23 [Akhmimic] 35In

Arnobius Adv. nat. 1.43 386n

Ascension of Isaiah 9:22 144 10:1-16 129

Athenagoras Legatio 9 325n

Augustine Conf. 6.3 51 8.12 51 10.3 51n

Barnabas 1:9 4:11 5:7 7:2 12:10 12:10 15:5 15:8

- 1 2

1 Clement 9-12 9:4 20:1-12 20:12 32:4 34:5-7 36:5 38:4 42:1 51 59-61 64:2

2 Clement 1:1 20:5

294 75 206 206 301 306 206 35n

416 35 417 126 126 417 300n 126 301 418 417 126

206 126


Clement of Alexandria Eclogae 25.1

Stromata 2.22 4.71-72

294n

269 294n

Clementine Homilies 2.22 315n

Clementine Recognitions 7.7 315n 3.47 315n

Didache 1:2 10:6 10:7 10-13 11:3-6 16:6 16:7-8

Epiphanius Panarion 1.1.1

76 364 338n 335 179 131 209

124

Epistle of Diognetus 7:6 206

Eusebius Ecclesiastical History

Gospel of Mary (BG 8502) 7.9-10 222n 8.10-11 222n

Hermas, Shepherd Visions l . l^ t 1.1.3 1.3.3 1.3.3^ 2.1.1 2 . 1 . 1 - 2 2.2.1 2.2.5 2.3.4 2.4.3 3 3.1.1-2 3.3.4 5

Mandates 7.7.5 10.1.3-6 11 11.9 12.3.4 12.6.3

Similitudes 5.1.5 5.3.3 6

44-45, 52 139 60 51 56n, 139, 353n 297n 56n, 353n 45 45 51, 181, 214n, 257 139 56n, 353n 60 52

75 59 189, 335 335 75 75

75 75 139

2.23.13 312n, 315n 8.2.1 339 3.17 66 9 139 3.39.5-7 187 5.1.10 71 Hippolytus 7.25.16 9.27.1-37

187 132 Refutatio

269

7.25.16 9.27.1-37

187 132 19.6 269

Preparation for the Gospel 3.16 359 Ignatius

5.7 359 Ephesians 5.8 359 1:3 184 5.11-13 359 2:1 184 5.12 359 14:1 294 5.13 359 18:2 301 11.6.36 (519d) 266, 363n

444

Magnesians 1:1 220 2:1 184

Philadelphians 7:1 7:3 9:1 11:1 11:2

Smyrnaeans 10:1 12:1 13:1

Trallians 1:1

Irenaeus

Adversus haereses 1.8.5 294n 2.4.6 409 2.49.3 410 3.25.5 269

Epideixis

97 410

Jerome Deuir.inl.9 187

Julius Africanus

Kestos 18 353

Justin

1 Apology 30 386n 61 410

2 Apology 6 408 6.6 410

182 217 184 184 184

184 184 184

184, 220

Index of Sources

Dialogue with Trypho 30.3 410 69.1 386n 76.6 410 85 408, 409 85.2 410 92.3 76 93.2 76 118.1 206 132.1 206 135 409

Ps.-Justin Cohortatio ad Graecos 8 325n 25 269

Lactantius Divine institutes 4 135n 4.15.1 386n 17.17 133, 134, 135n, 137 7.26.5-7 135n

Epitome 66.9 135n

Martyrdom of Perpetua and Felicitas 4 329 11:1-13:8 47n

Martyrdom of Polycarp 17:1 339 19:2 339

Odes of Solomon 1.1 340 3.8 340 3.10 326 3.10-11 222n, 326 4 333 5.3-4 328 5.4—9 323 5.12 340 5.14 340 6.1-2 324, 325 6.3 325


6 . 3 ^ 325 11.18-21 341 6.4 325 11.21 341 6.12 338 12.1-2 324, 328n 6.13 337, 338 12.2 331,336 6.18 331n 12.13 328n 7.6-21 336 13.1—4 340n 7.14 325 14.7 328n, 336, 338 7.16b-20 259, 337 14.7-8 335,336 7.17 338 15.3—4 324 7.18-19 327, 337 15.6 340n 7.19-21 340 15.10 340, 341 7.26 322n 16.2 336 8.1-11 335 16.5 324 8.2 336 16.9 328 8.8 328, 333 17.1 339 8:3-4 335 17.1-2 339 8.8-19 328, 333,335 17.5 325, 328n 8.8-21 333 17.6 333 8.10-21 333n 17.6-15 333 8.15-20 334 17.6-16 333 9.1 222n 17.8-15 334 9.1-5 325 17.11-14(15) 333n 9.3 339 17.17 339 9.6 337 18.1-3 340n 9.6-11 339 18.11-15 323 9.11 340 18.5 326 10 333n 20.1 337 10.1-3 324, 325, 326, 333 20.7 340 10.2 336, 340 20.7-8 336 10.4 339 20.7-9 341 10.4-6 326, 333 21.1—4 339 10.5-6 334 21.6-7 329 10.6 334 22.1-5 333n 11 330, 331,341 22.1-12 334 11.4 325 22.5 334 11.4-6 324 22.5-7 339 11.4—8 330 22.12 337 11.6 331 23.1 337 11.7 331n 23.4 322n 11.7-11 340 23.13-20 323 11.11 341 23.18 328n 11.12 341 23.18-22 342 11.13 341 23.22 339 11.16 331,341 24.1 339 11.16-17 329 24.7-12 323 11.17-18 331 25.5 323 11.17-24 331 26.2 338 11.18 331,341 26.3 336, 338


26.8 338 4.4-4 323 26.10 336 39.11 339 26.12 336,338 40.3 338 27.1-3 336 40.6 340 28.1-7 333 41 332, 333 28.5-6 323 41.1 333 28.6 340 41.1-7 332 28.6-7 340 41.3 339 28.8 333 41.3-4 332 28.8-18 333n 41.8-10 332, 333 28.8-19 333 41.11 332 28.9-20 333 41.15 339 28.17 334 42.3-20 333 29 342 42.4-26 333n 29.6 339, 342 42.5 334 29.7 342 42.6 324-5, 326, 333 29.8-10 342,342n 29.8-19 334 Origen 30.1 322n Comm. inJoh. 30.2 336, 338 13 294n 30.5 336 31.1 339 Contra Celsum 31.1-3 340n 1.6 386n, 407,410 31.2 328n 1.22 350, 409 31.6-13 333 1.24 409 31.7 340 1.24-25 396n 31.7-11 333n 1.28 350, 386n 31.13 334 1.38 350, 386n 31.8-13 334 1.68 350, 386n 33.6-11 333n 2.9 386n 33.8 328n 2.14 386n 33.11 323 2.48 386n 35.3 323 2.49 386n 35.7 336 3.24 408 36 129, 131 3.27 386n 36.1 325 3.75 411 36.1-2 314, 328, 329, 333 4.33-34 408, 409 36.2 338 4.34 409,410 36:3 313,333 5.45 409 36.3-8 329, 333 5.51 386n 37.1^1 335 5.57 386n 38 328n, 329, 330, 331, 6.15 269

336 6.22 356n 38.1-2 329 6.41 382 38.3 330, 340 6.77 386n 38.4 330, 336 7.4 382 38.6 340n 7.9 366n 38.7-11 330 7.9 ff. 413


7.77 8.60 8.61

386n 411 411

Horn, in Num. 13.5 403

Polycarp, Philippians 2:1 206 11:1 184 12:1 294-95

Sophia Jes. Chr. (CG III) 97.21-23 222n

98.22-23 105.10-12

222n 222n

Tertullian

Apologia 23.1 408

Theophilus

AdAutolycum 2.9 2.28 2.34

325n 413 76

Nag Hammadi Library

Acts of Philip 135 142

Apocryphon of John 2:11-15 58

Apocalypse of Paul 18:21 58

Gospel of Thomas 8 222n

21 222n 24 222n 53 69 63 222n 64 69 65 222n 73 138n 96 222n 104 141

Early Jewish Literature

Apocalypse of Abraham 9:1—4 58 21:4 162 21:7-29:2 139 29:17-20 97n 30:3-8 131

Apocalypse of Elijah 4:7-17 133n 4:19-15:7 133n

Apocalypse of Ezra 4:36 132

Apocalypse of Moses 22:1-29:6 129 22:3 131 37:5 33n

Apocalypse ofZephaniah 5.5 51n 9-12 131 12:1 132

Assumption of Moses 10:1 394n

Baruch 1:2-3 24


3:29^:4 284 75:1-8 297n 4:37 22n, 89n, 169n 71:1-72:6 30, 274 5:5 22n, 89n, 169n 73:1-74:4 30, 274

73:7-74:1 34 2 Baruch 77:6 25,35 4:1-7 163 77:17 24 4:3 30 77:17-19 224N 4:3-6 28-9 78:1 24 7:1 29 78:5-7 89n, 169 21:19 159 78:7 25,35 23:4-5 158, 159 87-87 25, 224N 26:1-30:5 21,30 80:2 29, 30 29-30 30 81:3 [MS c] 159 29:1-30:5 18,21 83:7 25 29:2 18 84:2 25,35 29:3 18 84:8 25 29:4 137, 161, 162 85:3-5 25 29:4—8 18 85:4 35 30:1 305 30:1-3 18 3 Baruch 31:4—5 29 Praef. 1-2 124 31:5-32:4 146 4:3 33 32:2—4 30, 3On 4:6 33 32:4 29 4:10 33 32:6 35 4:11-17 33 36:1-40:4 21,22, 30 4:15 33 39-40 17, 30 5:3 33 39:1-40:3 18 10:5 33 40:1-3 68, 157 40:2 16, 18, 26 4 Baruch 40:3 18, 29n 3:8-11 29n 44:7 35 44:8-9 29 Biblical Antiquities (Pseudo-Philo) 44:12 35 3:10 35n 49:3 35 16:3 35n 53:1-74:4 29, 274 28:6-10 315 53:1-76:5 21,22, 30 38:2 75 57:2 35 62:5 24 1 Enoch 63:3 24 1:1 124 64:5 24 36-36 14, 19 67:1-9 29 4:8-16:4 129 68:5-6 29, 30 9:4 154n 69:7-9 29 10:4-14 143 70:1-10 22 10:6 351n 74-74 30 10:7-9 35 70:9 305 14 27, 27n 71:1 18 14:9 27


14:10-14 27 62:1-6 129 14:15 154n 62:1-16 20 14:15-17 27 62:2 20, 157 14:18 27 62:2-3 155 17:4 331n 62:3 154n,155 18:13 154n 62:3-5 155 24:1-6 32 62:5 154n, 157,316 25:3 129 62:6 155 25:5-6 32 62:7 20 32:3-6 31 63:1 155 32:5-6 31 63:3-5 157 37-71 14, 19n, 20, 151, 155, 63:12 155

159, 162, 316n 64:1-68:1 292n 38:1-6 20 67:8 155 39:6-7 20 69:27 20, 157 39:6-40:10 130n 69:27-28 394n 45:1 20 69:27-29 20, 157 45:1—48 20 69:29 157,316 45:3 129, 156, 157 70:1 20 45:4-5 35 71:1 32 46:1 154n 71:5 32 46:3 20 71:5-13 27n 46:4-8 20 72-82 14, 19 47:1-4 158 72:1 34 47:3 157 83-90 14, 19 4 7 : 3 ^ 129, 154n 85-90 14, 19, 23 48:2-3 20 86:1 154n 48:9 154n 89:36 24 48:10 20, 305 89:50 24 51:1 154n, 156, 157 89:73 28 51:1-5 20 90:13-19 94 52:4 305 90:19 97 54:1-56:4 292n 90:28-29 146 54:2 20 90:29 28 54:4—6 394n 90:33 23, 89n, 169 55:4 20, 156, 157 90:37 19n 56:5-6 143 90:40 297n 56:5-7 94, 159, 160 91-98 225 67 89n, 169 104-104 43 ,52 60:2 157 91:3-10 226 60:7-11 137, 161 91:12 97n 60:8 33 91:16 34 ,35 60:23 33 91:22 28 60:24 137, 161, 162 104—104 14 61:8 20, 156, 157,316 93:1-3 124 61:8-13 20 93:1-10 + 61:12 33 91:11-18 14, 19 62:1 155 95:3 97


95:7 97 96:1 97 98:12 97 99:4 94 100:6 225

2 Enoch 1-38 61 3:14 35 5:1-10 [A] 33 8-9 [A] 33 8:1 [A& J] 33 8:3 [A& J] 33 9:1 [A& J] 33 10:1 [A & J] 33 10:2 351n 13:14 [A] 35 20:1 [A& J] 33 22:1 [J] 33 40:1 35 43:2 [A] 33

3 Enoch 1:6-12 129 3:1-3 58 7:1 129

Epistle of Jeremiah 224n

1 Esdras 2:3 218 2:25 [LXX 2:21] 218

Exodus Rabbah 3:14

Ezekiel Trag. Exogoge 68-82 68-89

4 Ezra 1 - 2

2:42-45 2:42-48 3:1-36 4:10-11

264

129 54

15 131 129 56n, 353 60

4:21 60 4:33 159 4:33-37 158, 159 4:35 159 4:35-36a 159 4:35-37 158 4:52 60 5:20-23 353n 5:20-30 56n 6:7 36 6:17-28 21 6:23 131 6:31-59 56n, 353n 6:34 36 6:49-52 137, 161 6:49-53 18 6:51 162 6:52 162 6:59 159 7:12-13 36 7:13 34 7:25^14 20 7:26 20, 28, 162, 163 7:28 305 7:29 22, 305, 307 7:31 35 7:50 36 7:75 35 7:112-13 36 7:152 34 8:1 36 8:52 28, 33, 162, 163 8:62 36 9:1-2 17 9:1-13 20,21 9:23-37 56n, 353n 9:26-10:59 28 10:5-24 28 10:25-27 28, 162, 163 10:27 28n 10:42 163 10:44 163 10:54 28n 11-12 17 11:36-46 17 12:31-34 20 12:32 17,21, 157, 305 12:34 17, 18,21

Index of Sources

13 21,24 7:20-29 226 13:3 21 11:14-12:21 293

21 17:15-16 293 13:5 21 23 43, 52, 82n 13:5-11 143 23:23 94 13:5-50 131 23:29 394n 13:10 206 23:30 97 13:10-11 98 24:19 331n 13:12 21 24:25 331n 13:12-13 24, 89n, 169 30:22 144 13:25 21 36:3-11 226 13:25-50 20, 21, 97n 36:10 144 13:32 21,305 13:33-34 94 Judith 13:33-36 68 2:5 218 13:33-38 43 13:34-35 21 Ladder of Jacob 13:36 28, 163 6:13 162 13:37 305 13:37-38 28, 206 1 Maccabees 13:39—47 89n, 169 1:60-63 75 13:39-50 21,28 13:44 24 2 Maccabees 13:46-48 24 1:27-29 22n, 23, 89n, 13:48^19 18 2:4-8 29n 13:50-51 56n, 353n 2:7 22n, 23, 89n, 13:51 21 2:18 22n, 169 13:57-58 297n 7:1-3 75 14 127 14:5-6 216n 3 Maccabees 14:22-48 216n 1:23 75 15-16 15 7:23 126

5 Ezra 4 Maccabees 2:42^18 68 1:11 74

5:16-17 75 Fragmentary Targum 5:29 75 Exodus 12:42 70 6:10 74

6:18 75 Jubilees 6:22 159 1:1-6 292 7:4b 74

1:5-7 127 7:8 75

1:15-17 22n, 89n, 169 9:1-2 75

1:26-29 292 9:6 74 1:29 35n 9:30 74 4:23-24 33n 11:20 74

4:26 35n 16:14 74 17:15 74


18:24

Mishnah Abot 5.8

Mid. 2.3

Sanhédrin 3.3

126

132

169

89n, 169

Paraleipomena Ieremiou 3:2 132 4:1 132 6:15-7:4 224a 7:24-35 224a

19:20 21:6 23:27 24:1-33 24:23 36:11 39:1-11 39:6-7 43:16-17 48:10

Talmud Bavli b. Berakot 28b

b. Hag. 14a

284n 284n 284n 284 284 22n, 89n, 169 283 283 144 22n, 23, 89n, 169

322n

316n

Pirqe de-Rabbi Eliezer 34 351n

Psalms of Solomon 8:8-13 11 17 17:23 17:28-31 17:50

93, 172 22n, 89n, 169n 70 305 22n, 89n, 169n 22n, 89n

Sepher ha-Razim 1 129

Shemoneh Esreh 10 22n, 89n, 169

Sibylline Oracles 2.171 2.241^14 3.657-58 3.663-68 4.174-75

Sirach 1:11-30 6:32-37 15:1 16:18-19

24 313 143 94 131

284n 284n 284n 144

b. Sanh. 18a 38b 43a

b. Sot. 48b

362n 316n 387n

282

Talmud Yerushalmi y. Ta'an. 68d 303

Targum of Deuteronomy 33:6 351n

Targum of Isaiah 24:14 351n 24:23 68 31:4 68 45:6 350n, 351n 65:15 351n

Targum of Jeremiah 51.39 351n 51.57 351n

Targum Onqelos Deuteronomy 32:12 35n


Targum Pseudo-Jonathan 18:2-9 305 Deuteronomy 18:12 394n

32:39 264 Testament of Moses

Targum Yer. 3:4-9 24

3.8 295n 4:9 24

8.4 295n 11.20 295n Testament of Reuben 16.17 295n 6:5-12 305

Testament of Abraham Testament of Solomon 10-15 52 6:6 60

Testament of Benjamin Tobit 127,216n 7:1-4 132 12:20 127,216n

9:2 22n, 89n, 169 13:5 22n, 89n, 169

10:11 22n, 89n, 169 13:13 89n, 169 10:11 22n, 89n, 169 13:16 89, 169

Testament of Dan 13:16-18 26 5:8 131 14:4-5 22n

14:6-7 89n, 169

Testament of Joseph 14:15 126 19:4 22n, 89n, 169 19:4 22n, 89n, 169

Vitae prophetarum Testament of Judah 2:11-18 29n

23:5 394n 24:4-6 157 Wisdom of Solomon

6:3 220

Testament of Levi 6:18 284

2-5 52 11:1-19:9 132 18:15-16 209

Dead Sea Scrolls

Damascus Document = CD lQpHab 2:12 305 2:7-10 286 5:6-8 93, 172 2:8 288 6:1 305 5:8-12 287n 12:1-2 91n, 170n 7:1-5 286 19:5-17 286 8:1-3 75 19:10-11 305 12:1-10 287n 19:34 331n 20:1 305 lQHodayot 20:22-23 90, 169 1.21 284

2.13 288


2.17-18 284 5.4-7 90, 170 3.18 394n 8.4-10 90, 170 3.32-36 144 8.13-15 286 4.27-29 288 8.15 288,289 5.8-10 288 9.3-6 90, 170 7.16 331n 9.10-11 305 7.27 288 9.13 288,289 10.5-7 284n 11.4-5 284n lQSa 11.9-10 284n 2.3-11 91n, 170n 11.16-17 284n 12-13 3-5 12.11-14 284n 12.32-34 284n IQapGen 13.18-19 284n 20.28-29 392,395 14.8 288 1Q32 83,85n, 163n 18.10-11 284n 18.19 284 2Q24 = 2QNew Jerusalem 18.19-21 284 85n, 163n

Frag. 1 3 88n, 167n lQIscf 6.2-10 287 4QLXXLevb 363

1QM War Scroll 4QpPsa° 1.1-7 95, 97 4.27 288 1.2-3 89n, 169 1.3 97 4Q174 = 4QFlorilegium 1.7-8 89n, 169 1-2 i 14 285 1.10 96 1.3-4 93n, 172n 1.13-16 94 1.10-13 305 2.10-14 95 3.5 95n 4Q176 = 4QTanhumin 3.11 97 8.3 93, 172 5.1-2 96 7.3-6 70 4Q213 = 4QTLevi" 7.4 97 82 7.4-5 9 In, 170n 7.6 96 4Q214 = 4QTLevibar 11:7-8 305 82 14:10 394n 15.1 95 4Q232 3 15.2 95 16.1 95 4Q246 83, 87n, 166n 19.1 96

4Q385 = 4QPseudo-Ezekiela

IQS 84 1.9 288 4.9 73 4Q386 = 4QPseudo-Ezekielb

4.19-21 394n 84


4Q387 84

4Q388 = 4QPseudo-Ezekield

84

4Q391 = 4QpapPseudo-Ezekiele

84

Frag. 1 ii 15 88n Frag. I ii 20 88n Frag. 1 iii 20 167n, 169

4Q555 = 4QNewJerusalemb

83, 85n, 163n 1 3 88n

4Q394-98 = 4QMMTB 34-35 95n

4Q504 = 4QWords of the Luminaries" 89n

Frags. 1-2 vi 10-13 169

4Q543 = 4QVsions of Amran 84



5Q15 = 5 QNew Jerusalem 85n, 87, 163n, 166-67

Frag 1 i 2 88n, 167n Frag. 1 i 2 -5 164 Frag. 1 i 15 88n Frag. 1 ii 6 88, 167n Frag. I i i 6 -7 169

11Q18 = llQNewJerusalem 83, 85n, 163n

Frag. 16 6 88n, 167n

11 QMelchisedek 12 285 17 285 18 305




4Q552 83

4Q553 83

4Q554 = 4QNewJerusalem" 83, 85n, 87, 88, 163n, 165, 167, 168

Frag. 1 i 9—ii 11 2 6 , 8 9 , 1 6 9 , 2 7 8 Frag, l i 9 -22 165 Frag. 1 i 12—ii 9 88 Frag. 1 ii 15 167n

llQTemple = 11Q19 = 11QV 89

18:14-16 23, 89n, 169 36:11 90, 169 39:3 90, 169 39:11-16 164 39:12-13 27, 87, 88, 89, 167, 168,

169, 278 40:11-13 164 40:11-14 27, 87, 88, 89, 167, 168,

169, 278 41:15 90, 169 43:3-18 93n 45:7-12 91 46:16-18 91, 171 47:3-6 92, 172 47:3-18 172 47:7-12 171 47:7-18 91, 170


Josephus

Antiquities 20.102 389 2.275-76 409 20.167-68 390 3.179-87 106 20.169-72 5 4.46 365 20.196-72 390 6.56 290n 8.42-49 409 Contra Apionem 8.25 393n 1.37 290n 8.280 269,362n 2.190 266,362 8.346 290n 8.350 263 Jewish Wars 9.99-101 224 2.117-18 389 11.26 218 2.120-21 70 11.133 24 2.259 390 14.304-323 107 2.261-63 5,390 16.162-65 228n 3.351-54 289 18.1-10 389 3.354 297n 18.85-87 389 3.400-2 303 19.280-84 230 5.201 89, 169 19.343^46 106,112 5.205 169 20.90 365 5.207-8 89, 169 20.97-98 389 6.312-23 290n

Philo of Alexandria

Apology 11.14-17 70

De prem. et poen. 70 351n

Legatio ad Gaium 353 117

Praem. 94-97 162-72

89n, 169 22n, 89n, 169

Legum allegoriae 1.50 72

Quod Deus 110 263

De migr. Abr. 190-91 325n

Qu is rer. div. 266 325n

Mosis 1.75 263

Somn. 1.231 263

1.37 2.40 2.50-52 2.280-81

292n 292n 15 315

De specialibus legibus 1.66-67 146

1.37 2.40 2.50-52 2.280-81

292n 292n 15 315 4.48-51

4.52 325n 181

Plant. 93 269, 362

Vit. cont. 11 332


Greek and Latin Sources

Achilles Tatius Leucippe and Clitophon 2.2-2 244 3.6-7 244 3.8 244

Ad Herennium 1.12-13 53n

Aelius Aristides Orationes 44.44 107 48,2 127,216n

Aphthonius Progymnasmata 12 244

Apollodorus Bibliotheca 3.12.6 358n

Apollonius Rhodius Argonautica 67.67-67 3-213—48 3.248-52 3.477-78 3.528-30

244 244 359 359 359

Appian Bella civilian 4.2.8 218,229 4.2.11 218 5.7 llOn 146 110

Apuleius Metamorphoses 11.5 355n

Aristotle Rhetorica

1409A-B 52n

Arrian Anabasis Alexandri 3.3-4 308 7.23 17 Asclepius 14.17-18 264 134.25-26 263

Athenaeus Deipnosophistae 6.253df 111

Callimachus Aetia

1.1.21-22 127,216n

Imagines 6 249

Cebes Tabula 2.1 249 5.1-3 248

Cicero Académica priora 2.16.51 127,216n

De inventione 1.21 53n

De leg. 2.18 107

De oratione 3.10.37 177n

De república 6 329n


Corpus Hermeticum 1.2 58 1.31-32 297n 1.32 331n 13 55 13.13 55 13.22 55

Demetrius of Phaleron On Style 2.71

Demosthenes Orationes 54.39

Dio Cassius 28.8 30.1 45.6.5 51.20.1 53.30.61 59.24.3—4 59.24.5 59.26.5 59.26.8 59.28.5 61.20-2-4 63.5.2 63.8.3 63.15.2 63.18.3 67.4.3 67.13.4 73.23.2 79.10.1-2

267, 364

356n

118n 118n 108n 111 108n 108 109, 112 118n 118n 118 112 108 112 112 112 108n 117 127, 216n 216n

Diogenes (Epistolographi Graeci, ed. Hercher) Epistulae 15 219n 17 219n 20 219n

Dionysius Antiochenus (Epistolographi Graeci, ed. Hercher) Epistulae 39 219n 65 219n

Dionysius of Halicarnassus Roman Antiquities

Dio Chrysostom Orationes 18.18 55 45.1 117

7.72.9

Empedocles Fragmenta 14(21)

Ennius Annales 5

Euripides Bacchae 1

Hecuba 1

Ion 1

Orestes 1628

Troades 1

217n

264

216n

366n

366n

366n

366n

366n

Diodorus Siculus 4.45.2-3 359 4.66 72 17.49.2-51 308 17.66 105

Fronto Ep. Ad M. Antionium, De eloquentia 1.5 228n


Heraclitus Frag 112 (ed. Kahn) 217n

Hermogenes Progymnasmata

Hymn to Hestia 24 365

10

Herodian 8.7.2

Herodotus 1.48 1.69 3.40 3.122 4.71 5.24 7.150 8.140 9.21

Hesiod Theogony 34 404-52 412-15

244

107

51n 217 217, 230n 217, 230n 72 217 217 217 217

362n 54 354n

Works and Days 109-201 274

Ps.-Hippocrates (Epistolographi Graeci, ed. Hercher) Epistulae 8 218n

Historia Alexandri Magni (ed. Kroll) 1.40.2 218

Homeric Hymns Hymn to Demeter 24-24 51-59 438

356n 356n 356n

Iamblichus De mysteriis 7.4-5

Iliad 1.207 18.478-608 19.101-5

Isocrates Archidamus 96

396n, 413

366n 243 328n

72

Epistulae (Epistolographi Graeci, ed. Hercher) 2.2 219n 2.1 219n 5.2 219n

Johannes Lydus De mensibus 4.73

Livy 37.46.4 38.37.4 39.7.1 45.44

Lucan Saturnalia 10

Lucian Alexander 13 36 43

Calumniae 4-5

248

107n 107n 17n 108

217

396n, 413 181,257 60

245


Cataplus 7

Dial. mort. 1.3 6.1 6 .1 -6 13.3

Hercules 4

Hist, conscr. 55

Icaromenippus 13

Menippus 6 6ff. 9 10-10 22

356n

356n 358n 358n 358n

249

53n

58

360 360 360n 360 360

De mercede conductis 42 245

De mort. 350n

Nav. 15

Philopseudes 9 23-24 29

356

396n 360 408

Verae historiae 90 2.11 169

Macrobius Saturnalia 1.20.16-17 1.23.14-16

343n, 344n 231

Martial 5.8.1 7.34.8

117 117

Menander Rhetor 2.17 216

Nicolaus Progymnasmata 12 244

Nonnus Dionysiaca 25.380-567

Odyssey I.22-95 1.200 ff. 2.1-256 7.84-132 11 II.14 11.21 11.47 12.22 15.173-78

Praef. 43 1.2 1.7 1.9 I.89 9.11 II.4 11.21 12.14 12.238 13.88 13.603 14.12 27.11 33.8 34.1 35.7 36.13 40.8

244

102 181 102 244 353 353 353 360n 350n 328n

Orphic Hymns 355

366n 354ns 269 366n 366 366n 366n 366n 366n 366 366 366 366n 366n 366n 366n 366n 366n 366n

Index of Sources

Ovid

Ars amatorius 3.119 103

Metamorphoses 1.175-76 103

Palatine Anthology

Garland of Philip 36.2 217n

Papyri Graecae Magicae 1.1—42 352 1.89-90 366 1.148 359n 1.163 366n 1.173-77 352 1.296-325 365 II.2 366n 11.16 363n 111.46 359n III .46-47 359n III.51 366n 111.63 393 III. 123-24 366 III. 129 366n III.276 352 III .415-16 403 III.458 363n III.470ff. 403 III.481 366n III.536 357 III.564 366n III.573 ff. 363n 111.582 363n III.661 267 IV 359 IV.86 393 IV.204 ff. 363n IV.236-37 366 IV.289 393 IV.333 408 IV.340-41 358n IV.411 362n IV.475-829 360 IV.487-8 267, 363 IV.520 363

IV.521 363 IV.528 362n, 363 IV.710-11 403 IV. 845 359n IV.962-3 363n IV.992 362n IV.992-3 363 IV.993 362n IV. 1034-5 363n IV. 1040-41 363n IV. 1043^14 363n IV. 1125 362 IV. 1171 366n IV. 1182-83 363 IV.1220ff. 363n IV. 1224 362n IV. 1230 ff. 409 IV. 1243 393 IV. 1244 393 IV. 1245 366, 393 IV. 1254 393n IV. 1403 357 IV. 1465 358n IV. 1467-68 359 IV.1560ff. 363n IV. 1593 366 IV. 1605 366n IV.1914 408 IV. 1924 366 IV. 1950 408 IV.2037 366 IV.2098 366 IV.2118 359n IV.2264 359n IV.2278 359n IV.2293 357n IV.2332 357n IV.2335 357n IV.2351 362n IV.2395 357n IV.2441-2621 359 IV.2441-2890 359 IV.2525 359n IV.2545 359n IV.2609 359n IV.2609-10 359n IV.2610 359n IV.2611 356


IV.2622 359n VII.476 362n IV.2632 359n VII.540-77 352 IV.2640 359n VII.669 359n IV.2662-2784 359 VII.720 362n IV.2664-5 359n VII.780-85 357n IV.2692 359n VII.785 357n IV.2711 359n VII.866 359n IV.2713 359n VII.891 361 IV.2722 357 VII.896 359 IV.2730 359n VII.898 361 IV.2749-50 359 VII.961 366n IV.2785 359n VII.962 366n IV.2815 359n VII.963 366n IV.2821 359n VII.964 366n IV.2836-7 269, 355, 362 VII.965 366n IV.2837 269 XII.287-8 409 IV.2880 359n XIII.20 359n IV.2957 359n XIII.39 267, 362 IV.2985 359n XIII.207 363 IV.3007-86 393,418 XIII.603-11 361 IV.3008 if. 410 XIII.779-80 363n IV.3013 393 XIII.811 363 IV.3024 419 XIII.815-16 409 IV.3037-38 393 XIII.849-59 362n IV.3041 393 XIII.931 362n IV.3044 393 XIII.975-6 409 IV.3209-54 352 XIII.977-78 363n IV.3238-9 363 XIII. 1020 364 V.125 393 XIII. 1020-21 363n V.130 393 XIII. 1045 364 V.133 393 XIII. 1047 363n V.158 393 XVI 350n V.164 393 XX 350n V.249 366n XXI.11-12 267 V.363 362n, 363 XXI. 11-14 362 V.367 362n, 363 XXIII 353 VI.14 366 XXXIV 383 VI.28-9 363n XXXVI. 188 359n VII. 109-16 352 XL 372n VII.220 363 XLIV 362n VII.242 393 LII.4 359n VII.248^19 366 LVII 350n VII.307 ff. 363n LVII.6 408 VII.319-34 352 LXII.9-10 359n VII.329 ff. 366 LXII.25 366n VII.335^7 352 LXX 357, 360 VII.348-58 352 LXX.4 359n VII.375 363 LXX.5 360


LXX.23 L X X I . 3 ^ LXXII LXXXV XCIII.5 XCIV.l CXVII CXXII

Pausanias

2.2.2 2.30.2 3.14.9 5.20.3 10.12.10

359n 364 350n 350 359n 359n 350n 350n

127,216n 356n 356 353n, 358n 263, 343n

Ps.-Phalaris (Epistolographi Graeci, ed. Hercher)

Epistulae 17.1 219n 45 219n 56 219n 84 219n

Philostratus

Vita Apollonii 4.44 181

Vitae sophistarum 2.30 4.20 523 590

Plato

Alcibiades 2.149b

Apologia 22c 41a

Gorgias 524a

103 393n 382 382

217n

343 358n

358n

Leges 4.715e 4.716a 5.745bff. 5.771b 12.956a

Phaedo 4.60e-61b

Republic 10.617E

Timaeus 37e

263, 269, 362n 266 105 105 107

127, 216n

49

263

Pliny

Historia naturales 4.12.69 233 15.15 70 33.16.54 107n

Pliny the Younger

Epistulae 2.13.8 3.5.4 3.13.1

Pan. 2.7 33.4 78.2 88.4 88.7 88.8-9

118n 127,216n 118n

118n 117 117 118n 118n 118n

Plutarch

Aemilius Paulus 34.5 107n

Alexander 27.2 27.5-11 37.7

308 308 105

Ion 534d 343

Ant. 24 11 On


Brutus 3.3 51

De sera numinis vindictis 563Bff. 49

De def. orac. 39(431d-432f) 325n

Demosthenes 41.4-5 106

De facie 920b 379 942f 350n

De genio Socratis 22 60 589F-592E 48

De gloria Ath. 347A-B 50

De Iside et Osiride 354c 263

Lysander

3.3 110

Marcellus

14.7 227

Pericles 12.2 247 De Pythiae oraculis 402a 72

Quaestiones convivales 7.6.3 356n

Quaestiones Graecae 99-99 72

Quaestiones Romanae 61 248

Septem sapientium conv. 151b 218

De supersititione 165f-166a 379n

Theseus 16.2 72

Polybius 2.56.1-16 53n 30.16 108

Porphyry Abst. 2.16

Propertius 3.3

358

127, 216n

Ps.-Pythagoras (Epistolographi Graeci, ed. Hercher) Epistulae 4.1 219n 5.1 219n

Quintilian Institutio oratoria 3.3.1 220n 3.8.7 177n 3.8.48 177n 11.1.1-93 177n

Q. Curtius Rufus 4.25-30 308

Quintus Smyrnaeus Posthomerica 6.471-92 244

Res gestae divi Augusti 10 111 34 114

Sappho Frag. 1.5 Frag. 1.25

365 365


Scholia Aristophanem In Plutum 94 355n

Scholia in Lucianem Vit. Auct. 8 356n

Scholia in Theocritum

361n Idyll 2.12

Servius Comm. In Verg. Aen. 6.35 354n 2.351 248

Ps.-Socrates (Epistolographi Graeci, ed. Hercher) Epistulae 12 219n

25 31.2

Vespasian 5.5 7

Tacitus Annals 12.51 14.15 15.44

Historia 1.15.1 4.81 5.13

106n 106

290n 395n

106 112 3

114 395n 290n

Ps.-Thaïes (Epistolographi Graeci, ed. Hercher) Epistulae 1 219n

Sophocles Trachiniae 183 761

Strabo 14.1-34 14.2.25 14.648 14.674 17.1.43

Suetonius Caligula 14 22.1 22.2

Domitian 4 13.2

Nero 20.3

72 72

308 356n, 357n llOn llOn 308

114 118 118

108n 117

112n

Theognis 1.3^1

Theon Progymnasmata 1 11

362n

244 244

Theophrastus Characters 16.7

Thucydides 1.129.3 3.85

Vergil Aeneid 4.5111 6.35 6.247 6.264-67

358

229 72

354n 360 360 360


Papyri and Inscriptions

Corpus Inscriptionem Graecarum III, 933, no. 6298

358n

P. Köln Inv. T. 1.10-11 358n

P. Oxyrynchus 8.160-70 216n 412 353 3019 103n 3020 103n

Egyptian Literature

Book of the Dead 42.42^12 35 In 24.4 35 In

1.1 15.15 175.20

350n 35On, 35In 350n, 351n

Index of Authors

Aarne, A. 378n Aberle, D. F. 371n Abt, A. 378n Abramowski, R. 333n Achtemeier, P.J. 261, 388n, 405, 406 Adler, A. 217n, 356n Ahlström, G. 179n Aland, B. 253 Aland, K. 253 Albright, W. F. 17n Alexander, P. 57n, 352n Alfoldi, A. 100, 108n, 111, 112n Allo, E.-B. 253n Althaus, P. 413n Altman, A. 56n, 352n Amidon, P.R. 124n Andersen, F. I. 15n, 33, 35 Andresen, C. 410n Applebaum, S. 390n Attridge, H. W. 52n, 253n, 329n, 351n Audollent, A. M. H. 356, 357n, 358n,

359n, 36In, 362n, 378n Auerbach, E. 193 Aune, D.E. 2, 12, 27n, 56n, 81n, 95n,

96n, 99n, Hin , 122n, 124n, 128n, 132n, 146n, 152n, 153n, 158n, 188, 213n, 214n, 222n, 223n, 226n, 233n, 239n, 250n, 25In, 259n, 280n, 289n, 295n, 296n, 297n, 302n, 307n, 309n, 311n, 315n, 316n, 318n, 32In, 322n, 323n, 324n, 340n, 34In, 348n, 349n, 352n, 363n, 366n, 381n, 388n, 394n

Avenarius, G. 53n Avi-Yonah, M. 94n Avray, P. 280n

Baillet, M. 85n, 163n Balogh, G. 50n, 5In Barb, A.A. 369,381n

Bardke, H. 323n Bardy, G. 408n Barr, J. 271 Barrett, C.K. 303n, 321n, 388n, 394n,

395n, 403n Barton, J. 28In Bartsch, S. 140n Barthélémy, D. 85n Bauckham, R. 96n, 97, 153n, 158n, 159,

197 Bauer, W. 184n, 253, 323n, 416n Bauernfeind, O. 368, 404, 405n Baumgärtel, F. 326n Baumgarten, J. 9In, 170n Beale, G.K. 234 Beare, F.W. 399n Beasley-Murray, G. R. 187n, 235, 236,

252n Beatus of Liebana 10 Beauvery, R. 139n Becker, H.S. 376n, 407 Becker, J. 18n Beckwith, I.T. 251n Behm, J. 235, 394n, 412n Benner, M. 228, 229n Berger, A. 227n Berger, K. 15n, 212n, 224n, 225, 326n,

387n Berger, R. 214n Bergman, J. 298n, 350n Bernard, J.H. 322n, 333n Betz, H.D. 48^19, 64, 110n„ 347n, 351,

353n, 357, 360, 365n, 368n, 379n, 394n, 406n, 41 In, 417n

Betz, O. 28In Beyer, K. 85n, 163n Beyerlin, W. 224n Bietenhard, H. 330n, 408n Billerbeck, P. 386n, 387n, 393n, 395

468 Index of Authors

Bissoli, G. 24n, 28n Black, M. 14n, 35n, 152n, 157, 225n Blau, L. 363n, 380n, 386n Blenkinsopp, J. 179n, 289n, 303n Bloch, René 282n, 283n, 287n, 291 Bloch, Raymond 374n Blumenthal, E. 358n Böcher, O. 391n, 394n, 396n, 397n, 410n B0e, S. 144n Bogaert, P. 15n, 2In, 24n, 25n, 29n, 151,

153 Boll, F. 37, 362n Boman, T. 271,273 Bonner, C. 378n, 391, 394n, 395n, 397n,

412 Bonnet, H. 238 Borg, M. 8 Borgen, P. 283n Boring, M.E. 235n, 250n, 295n Bornkamm, G. 104n, 184n Boskoff, A. 176 Bourne, F.C. 228n, 23In Bourret, M. 41 On Bousset, W. 104, 187n, 215n, 233, 234,

25In, 253n, 354n, 371n, 407n, 416n, 419n

Bowden, J. 380n Bowker, J. W. 292n Box, G.H. 15n Braaten, C. 386n Brandon, S.G.F. 372n Braun, H. 79 Bremmer, J. 31 Brin, G. 293n Brockman, C. T. 368n Brooke, G.J. 27n, 82n, 86n, 89n, 28In,

287n,289n Broshi, M. 87n, 89n, 166, 168 Brown, P. 49, 369, 384n Brown, R.E. 30In, 32In Brownlee, W. 280, 286n, 287n Brox, N. 368, 369, 382n Bruce, F.F. 285n, 317n Brueggemann, W. 16n Brun, L. 414n,415 Brunt, A. 308 Brunwand, J. H. 378n Buchanan, G.W. 235n

Buchsel, F. 391n Budge, E. A. W. 350n Bultmann, R. 327, 333n, 386n, 387n,

395n, 397n, 400 Buresch, K. 343 Burkert, W. 357n, 379n Burkitt, F.C. 322n

Cabrai, F. 362n Cadbury, H. J. 314n,397n Cahnman, W. J. 176n Caird, G. B. 235n, 255, 256n Callan, T. 300n,314n Carmignac, J. 286n, 43, 62, 298n, 323n,

382n Case, S.J. 303n, 306n, 394n Casey, R. 322n Casson, L. 186 Cassuto, U. 31 Castagnoli, F. 139n Cerfaux, L. 54n, 106n, 280n, 295n Chadwick, H. 322n Charles, R.H. 15n, 153, 154,, 187n,

214n, 215n, 233, 251n, 25, 254n3n Charlesworth, J.H. 2, 15, 19n, 20n, 57n,

91n, 94n, 141n, 163, 322n, 323n, 324n, 325n, 327n, 33In, 336n, 339n, 352n

Charlesworth, M. P. 115n Chilton, B. 3 In Chyutin, M. 26n, 85, 87n, 165n, 166n,

167n Clinard, M. B. 375n Cohn, N. 5 Cole, S. 376n Coleman-Norton, P. R. 228n, 23In Collins, J.J. 17n, 19n, 21n, 29n, 41^13,

48, 52, 54n, 61n, 62, 63n, 65, 81n, 82n, 83n, 84n, 15In, 175n, 177n, 294n, 298n, 347n

Collins, M.F. 29n, 390n Conybeare, F. C. 386n, 408n Conzelmann, H. 237n, 416n Coppens, J. 395n Coser, L.A. 376n Cothenet, É. 296n Court, J. M. 184n Crenshaw, J.L. 181n, 310n Cross, F.M. 40, 83n,329n

Index of Authors 469

Crossan, J. D. 8 Cullmann, O. 101, 270, 271, 274, 323,

387n Currie, S.D. 413n Cuss, D. 112n, 116n Cutten, G.B. 413n

Dahl, N. A. 301, 306n, 316n Daniel, R. 377n Daniélou, J. 341n Dassmann, E. 107n Daumas, F. 298 Dautzenberg, G. 182n, 282n, 296, 320n Davies, P. R. 96n, 286n Davies, W.D. 16n, 283n, 38In Davis, F.J. 375n Davis, M. 380n Davis, N.J. 375n Dégh, L. 124n Deichgräber, R. 109n, llOn, 237n, 332n,

344n Deißmann, A. 116, 223n, 368, 396n,

399n, 407n, 408n, 416, 417n de Jong, K. H. E. 374n de Jonge, M. 82n, 153n, 30In, 305n,

306n, 388n Delatte, A. 378n Delcor, M. 363n, 382n Delling, G. 109n, 344n, 379n, 380n, 382n Delobel, J. 214n Denzin, N.K. 376n Derchain, P. 378n Deubner, F. 36In De Vries, J. 373 Dexler 357n de Zwaan, J. 322n, 323 Dibelius, M. 237n, 396n Dieterich, A. 36In, 365n, 368, 372n,

396n, 397n, 408n Dietzel, A. 412n Dijkstra, M. 223n, 224n Dimant, D. 81n, 82n, 83, 84, 87n, 166n,

286n Dittenberger, W. 230n Dombkowski Hopkins, D. 288n Dodd, C.H. 8, 294n Dodds, E. R. 371n, 412n Doeve, J. W. 323

Dölger, F.J. 41 On Döpp, H.-M. 29n Dornier, P. 237n Dornseif, F. 412n, 419 Dörrie, H. 178n, 330n Dörries, H. 178n330n Doty, W. G. 39 ,43 ,55 Douglas, J. 376n Douglas, M. 369, 375, 384n Dubrow, H. 53n Duhaime, J. 94n Duling, D. 300n, 305n, 314, 387n Dunn, J.D.G. 92n, 171n, 317n, 387n,

397n Dürkheim, E. 374,375

Eckstein, F. 378n Eddy, S.K. 348n Edgar, C.C. 11 In Ego, B. 28n Ehrenberg, V. l l l n , 227n Ehrman, B.D. 121 Eitrem, S. 371n, 377n, 378n, 380n, 390n,

392n, 393n, 395n, 396n, 400, 403n, 407n, 410, 412n, 413n, 414n, 415n, 417n, 418n, 419n

Elbogen, I. 344n Elgvin, T. 82n Eliade, M. 384n,413n Ellermeier, F. 224n Elliger, K. 284n, 285n Elliott, J.K. 2n Elliott, S.M. 98n Ellis, E. E. 280n, 294n, 296, 297n, 320n Ellis, J.M. 52n Emerton, J.A. 86n, 284n, 285n, 322n Endres, J.C. 292n Engemann, J. 369 Erikson, K.T. 375n Evans, C. A. 287n Evans-Pritchard, E. E. 370-71 Exler, F. J. 215n

Fairman, H.W. 237n Farneil, L.R. 356n, 361n Faulkner, R. O. 350n Fehling, D. 217n, 218n Fekkes, J. 93n, 172


Feldman, L.H. 289n, 290n, 348n Fensham, C.F. 95n Ferguson, J. 372n Festugiére, A.-J. 372, 374, 378n, 393n,

413n, 414n Finkel, A. 284n Finkelstein, L. 283n Finley, M. 50, 99n Fishbane, M. 29In Fisher, L. 387n Fitzmyer, J. 87n, 304n, 31 In, 316n, 392 Flint, P. 27n Flusser, D. 91, 135n, 170n, 347n, 380n,

395n Foerster, W. 24n Fontenrose, J. 343n, 414n Ford, J. M. 79 Fornara, C.W. 50n Fossum, J. 315n Fowler, A. 213 Fox, R.L. 308n Francke, P.R. 355n Frankfort, H. 237n Frazer, J. G. 348n, 374n, 408n Frei, H. 193,210 Fridh, Á. 220n, 228 Fridrichsen, A. 386n, 392n, 394n, 397,

403n, 404—5 Friebel, K.G. 287n Friedrich, G. 180n, 250n, 320n Fuller, R.H. 300n, 312n, 316n, 386n,

387n, 394n Funk, R. 8

Gager, J. 176n, 388n Ganschinietz, R. 363n García-Martínez, F. 27n, 79n, 85n, 86,

87, 90n, 9In, 92n, 93n, 163n, 164, 166, 167, 169n, 170n, 172, 288n

Gärtner, B. 90n, 94n, 169n Gaston, L. 296n Genette, G. 177n, 240 Georgi, D. 292n, 406n Gerhard, G. A. 218 Gibbons, D.C. 375n, 376n Giblin, C.H. 96, 145n, 258n Giesen, H. 79, 92n, 165n Gießen, A. 127n, 234

Ginsburg, H. L. 162,280 Glasson, T.F. 14n Godwin, J. 359n Goffman, E. 384n Goldin, J. 382n González,C. 10 González, J. 10 Goode, W. J. 372-73,377 Goodenough, E.R. 54n, 372n, 378n,

380n, 382n, 397n Granfield, P. 322n Grant, R.M. 315, 322n, 386n, 388n Green, W.S. 27n, 86n, 165n, 401n Greenfield, J. C. 82n Greer, R. 285n, 29In, 293n, 299n Grelot, P. 32, 299n Grese, W. C. 55n Griffith, F.L. 35In, 377n Griffith, H. 57n Griffiths, J. G. 355n, 378n Groningen, B.A. van 49n Grottanelli, C. 307n Grudem, W.A. 250n, 296n Gruenwald, I. 57n, 84n, 327n, 369 Gundel, H.G. 358n, 380 Gunkel, H. 414n Grundmann, W. 398, 399n Gundry, R.H. 93n, 141n, 145n Gunkel, H. 234 Güttgemanns, E. 52n

Habel, N. 179n Hadas, M. 406n Hadorn, D.W. 234n, 254n Haenchen, E. 315 Hagen, H. 354n Hägg, T. 54n Hahn, F. 14n, 219n, 387n Hahnhart, R. 16n Haines, C. P. 228n Haines-Eitzen, K. 12In Hall, W. 296n, 297 Halliday, W.R. 393n Halpern, B. 304n, 31 On Halpern-Amaru, B. 16n Hamerton-Kelly, R. G. 27n, 28n Hani, J. 350n


Hanson, P.D. 6, 14n, 40n, 8In, 175n, 324n

Hanson, J.S. 61, 177n, 303n, 305n, 329n

Harlow, D.C. 15n,28n, 33n Harnack, A. von 7, 408n, 41 In, 412 Harnack, T. 10In Harrington, D. 87n, 92n, 17In, 175n Harrington, W. J. 235n Harris, J. R. 322n, 332n, 333n, 339n,

342n Harris, M. 37In Harrisville, R. 386n Hartke, W. 115n Hartman, L. 42, 48, 143, 223, 25In Hawthorne, G. F. 295n Hay, D.M. 300n, 306, 316n Hayes, J. H. 18n, 300n Head, B.V. 356n, 357n Heckenbach, J. 356n, 357n Heitmüller, W. 368, 383n, 407n, 409,

410n, 416n Helck, W. 238n Hellholm, D. 2, 39n, 40, 42, 43-46, 52n,

64n, 65, 80n, 128n, 212n, 25In, 298n, 348n, 350n, 352n, 420

Hendrickson, G. L. 51 n Hengel, M. 282n, 290n, 291, 347n, 380n,

382n, 388n, 389n Henrichs, A. 351n, 368, 369, 377n Hercher, R. 218n, 219n Herford, R.T. 386n Hermann, W. 7 Herrmann, S. 358n Herter, H. 378n Herzig, O. 378n Higgins, A.J .B. 314, 316n Hill, D. 179n, 250, 320n, 323n, 327n,

333n, 343 Himmelfarb, M. 27n Hindley, J.C. 160 Hirsch, E. 52n Hirschfeld, O. 113n Hobbins, J.F. 35n Hock, R. F. 176n Hoffmann, Y. 181 Hollander, H.W. 82n

Holtz, T. 221n,222n,234n, 236,239, 353n, 362n

Hooke, S.H. 238n Hopfner, T. 56n, 352n, 353n, 358n, 366n,

374n, 377, 379, 383n, 396n, 404, 409n, 413, 415n, 418n

Hopkins, K. 116n, 117 Hoppe, L. J. 26n Horgan, M. P. 286n, 287n, 288n Horsley, G.H.R. 227, 358n Horsley, R.A. 289n, 303n, 305n Hort, F. J. A. 215, 254n Howe, W. W. 105 Hubert, H. 378n Huffmon, H. B. 224n Hull, J. M. 369, 380n, 382, 391n, 393n,

405-6, 414n, 418 Hunt, A. S. 11 In Hyatt, J.P. 38In

Imhoof-Blumer, F. 355n Immerwahr, H.R. 50n, 53n Ingelaere, C. 289n, 290n Instinsky, H.U. 115 Isenberg, S. R. 384n, 388n, 389n, 390n Isser, S. 384n

Jacob, B. 408n Janzen, W. 16n Jellicoe, S. 291n Jenkins, J. 11 Jenni, E. 36n Jeremias, A. 234 Jeremias, G. 219n Jeremias, Joachim 8, 236-37, 295n,

354n, 394n Jeremias, Jörg 144n Joachim of Fiore 10 Johnson, A.C. 228n, 23In Johnson, A. R. 344 Johnson, S.E. 394n Joly, R. 419 Jones, A.H.M. 227n Jones, J. F. 375n, 376n Jordan, D.R. 378n Jörns, K.-P. 109n, 110, 344n, 345n Jourjon, M. 298n Jucci, E. 287n


Judge, E. A. 227n, 256n Juel, D. 294n Jungmann, J. A. 322n

Kaibel, G. 358n Kapelrud, A. S. 344n Karrer, M. 125, 223n, 224, 251n Käsemann, E. 176n, 326n, 413n Kavanagh, M.A. 147 Keck, L. 305n Kee, H.C. 387n, 388n, 392n, 400 Kees, H. 35In Keet, C.C. 332n Keilbach, W. 412n Kelly, J. N. D. 237n Kennedy, G. 177n,213n Kent, R. G. 218 Kenyon, F. 363n Kerenyi, K. 54 Kern, O. 230n, 357n Kiddle, M. 25 In KievjA. 398n Kiley, M. 256n Kim, S. 306, 312n Kim, T. H. 287n Kingsbury, E. C. 329n Kingsbury, J. D. 306 Kipp, T. 227n Kirby, J.T. 212n, 223n, 227n Kirchschläger, W. 394n Kirftl, W. 355n Klijn, A. F. J. 22n, 29n, 30n, 322n Klauser, T 107n, 358n Klausner, T. 386n, 397n Klinzing, G. 90n, 170n Knibb, M. 14n, 151, 152n, 155n, 156,

288n Knight, D. A. 293n Knox, B.M.W. 51n Koehler, W. 357n, 358n Koester, H. 406n Kohl 357n Kolenkow,A.B. 384n Koops, M.A. 354n, 357n Koskenniemi, H. 218n Koster, W.J.W. 355n Kraeling, C.H. 404,408 Kraft, H. 233, 235, 326n, 338n, 344

Kraft, R.A. 286n, 382n Kramer, W. 307n Krappe, A.H. 378n Kraus, H.-J. 303n, 304n Kraus, T. 355n, 356, 357n, 358n Krauss, J. 386n Kreitzer, L. J. 30n Kristeva, J. 240 Kroeber, A. L. 384n Kroll, J. 344n, 354n Kropp, A.M. 377n, 397n Kugel, J. L. 285n, 29In, 293n, 299n Kuhn, K.G. 364n Kuhn, H.-W. 219 Kümmel, W.G. 7 Kunkel, W. 227n Kvanvig, H.S. 80n, 150

LaCocque, A. 316n Ladd, G. 8 LaHaye, T. 11 Lähnemann, J. 227n Lambergits, S. 95n Lambrecht, J. 178, 223n, 251n, 301n,

320n Lane, W. L. 398 Lange, A. 28n Langevin, P.E. 364n Larfeld, W. 227n Lattke, M. 325n Laughlin, G. 193n Laughlin, T. C. 252n Laumonier, E. 355n, 356n Lebram, J.C.H. 64, 128n Leclercq, H. 362n Le Déaut, R. 283n, 292n Lee, J.A.L. 128n Leipoldt, J. 414n, 416 Leivestad, R. 94n, 316n Lemert, E.M. 375n, 376n Lemke, W. 40 Lentzen-Deis, F. 359n Leschhorn, W. 355n Lévi-Strauss, C. 384n Lewis, D. 230n Lewis, I.M. 63 Licht, J. 86,166 Lichtenberger, H. 28n


Lieberman, S. 38In Liebeschuetz, J. H.W.G. 113n, 115n, 117,

118n Lietzmann, H. 413n Lifschitz, B. 380n Lilje, H. 227n Lindars, B. 294n, 300n, 314, 316n Lindbeck, G. 190n Lindblom, J. 227, 326n Lindsey, H. 11 Loader, G. 316n Lobeck, C.A. 355n Lohmeyer, E. 187, 215n, 233, 25In,

362n, 398n Lohse, E. 234, 251n, 354n, 395n Long, B.O. 329n L'Orange, H.P. 105n Lösch, S. 106n, 112n Louw, J.P. 218n, 219n, 252n, 253n, 254n Lövestam, E. 387n Lowe, J. E. 378n Lücke, Friedrich 2, 80n, 150n Lührmann, D. 295n Lull, D.J. 289n Lust, J. 317n Luttikhuizen, G.P. 31,32

MacCormack, S. 101, 107n, 115n, 117n MacMullen, R. 101 n, 11 On, 3 79n Maier, J. 56n, 89n, 168n Malherbe, A. 176n, 186n, 219n Malina, B.J. 80, 15In, 272-74 Manson, W. 306n Margalioth, M. 369 Marsh, J. 271 Marshall, I. H. 380n Martin, R. P. 101 Martyn, J.L. 305n, 32In, 322n, 324n Marx, A. 97 Marxsen, W. 312n Mason, H.J. 229n Mattingly, H. 114n Matza, D. 375n Mauss, M. 374,375 McCartney, E. S. 5In McCasland, S.V. 386n, 387n, 405 McCown, C.C. 387n McDonald, M.F. 134n

McGaughy, L. C. 39n McKelvey, R.I. 90n, 93n, 169n McKinney, R. 35n McNamara, M. 264, 351n Meeks, W.A. 256n, 324n Meier, J.P. 8 Meiggs, R. 230n Mendels, D. 16n Merkelbach, R. 54 Merton, R.K. 376n, 379 Meyer, E. 389n Michl, J. 363n Middleton, J. 375n Milgrom, J. 9In, 17In Milik, J.T. 26n, 35n, 82n, 85n, 163n, 164,

225n, 288 Millar, F. lOOn, 103n, 107n, 229n Miller, M. 18n Miller, P.D., Jr. 40 Millian, G. 354n Minear, P.S. 252n Mingana, A. 322n, 332n, 333n, 339n,

342n Mink, H.-A. 293n Momigliano, A. 271, 369 Mommsen, T. 108n Morenz, S. 350n, 358n, 395n Moret, A. 237-38 Morgan, M. A. 129, 357n Moulton, J.H. 354n Mounce, R.H. 235, 25In Mowinckel, S. 344 Müller, H.P. 284n Müller, U.B. 186n, 187n, 212n, 225, 226,

234, 25In, 320n, 326n Murphy, F.J. 25n, 29, 30n, 31n Mussies, G. 123n, 133n, 252n Musurillo, H. 47n, 103n Myers, J. 151 Mylonas, G.E. 356n

Neusner, J. 284n, 382n, 384n, 390n, 409n Newsom, C. 27n Nida, E.A. 218n, 219n, 252n, 253n, 254n Nickelsburg, G.W.E. 286n Nikolainen, A. T. 257n

4 7 4 Index of Authors

Nilsson, M.P. 181n, 350n, 371, 372, 374, 378n, 380n, 381n, 382n, 383n, 393n

Nisbet, R.S. 376n Nock, A. D. 350n, 356n, 358n, 372, 377n,

380n, 381n Noort, E. 31, 224n Norden, E. 52n, 237, 238

O'Callaghan, J. 377n Oehler, K. 114 Oepke, A. 397n Ogilvie, R .M. 135n Onasch, A. 358n Orlinsky, H. 28In , 292 O'Rourke, J. 11 On, 344n Osborne, E.F. 41 On Otto, E. 238 Otto, W. 378n Owen, D.E . 384n

Panagopoulos, J. 256n, 296n, 320n, 335n, 343n

Parassoglou, G. M. 377n, 378n Pardee, D. 225n Perels, O. 395n Parker, D .C. 121n Parry, D.W. 82n, 83n Patte, D. 282n Pax, E. 365n Pearson, B.A. 85n Pedersen, J. 271 Pennington, A. 15n, 33, 35 Pernveden, L. 419 Perrin, N. 8, 314, 386n, 387n, 394n Perry, B. 53n Pesch, R. 315n, 388n Peterson, E. lOln, 109n, 189n, 419, 420 Petzge, G. 407n Pötzer, F. 372 Pharr, C. 113n Pietersma, A. 133n Pilch, J.J. 152n Pilhofer, P. 28n Philonenki, M. 54n Places, E. des 343 Pradel, F. 378n Preisendanz, K. 351n, 368, 377, 378n,

412n

Preisigke, F. 368, 397n, 398, 405 Priest, J. 141n Prigent, P. 252n, 253 Proulx, I. 377n Prümm, K. 372, 374n, 382n, 383n, 414n Puech, E. 83

Quecke, H. 377n

Rabe, H. 356n Rabinowitz, I. 287n Rad, G. von 6, 288n Raible, W. 52n Ramsey, W.M. 186,223 Reardon, B.P. 54n Reichelt, H. 86, 165n Reiling, J. 320n, 335n, 419, 420 Reitzenstein, R. 55, 362n, 368, 416n Rhoads, D.M. 389n Richard, P. 10 Richards, K .H. 25 In Richardson, N. J. 356n Ricks, S .D. 82n, 83n Rist, M. 409n Ritschl, A. 7 Robert, A. 283n Roberts, C .H. 363n Roberts, J .J . M. 19n Robinson, J .M. 391n, 406n Rohde, E. 355n, 392n Röhr, J. 374n, 398 Roloff, J. 238-39, 252n, 387n, 399n Roscher, W.H. 356n, 358n, 361n Rosengren, K. E. 371n Rowland, C. 40n, 57n, 62n Rudberg, G. 217n, 227 Rudolph, K. 323n Ruecher, A. 358n Ruiz, J.-P. 10, 292n Russell, D. A. 216n

Sacks, K. 53n Samain, P. 402^1 Samuel, D.H. 358n Sanders, E.P. 42, 43n, 48, 54n, 89n, 92n,

169n, 171n, 380n Sanders, J. A. 409n Sandmel, S. 31 On, 323


Sandnes, K.O. 295n Sänger, D. 54n Satake, A. 179n, 183, 184n, 25 In, 253n,

254n Sato, M. 259 Schalit, A. 303n Scheff, T. J. 376n Schermann, T. 409n, 416 Schiffman, L. 27n, 8In, 82n, 86n, 87n,

165n, 166n Schmauch, W. 394n Schmid, J. 123n, 215n, 253n, 254n Schmithals, W. 395n Schneemelcher, W. 2 Schneider, O. 343 Schoedel, W. 184 Scholem, G. 57n, 352n Schramm, T. 392n Schroeder, D. 368 Schulz, S. 364n Schur, E.M. 376n Schürer, E. 283n, 303n, 304n, 382n Schüssler Fiorenza, E. 178n, 180n, 182n,

183, 184, 188, 250n, 25In, 320n, 382n, 417n

Schwartz, D. 9In, 170n Schweitzer, A. 7 Schweizer, E. 300n, 305n, 388n Scroggs, R. 175n Segal, A.F. 35In Seibert, J. 308n Seitz, O.J.F. 316n Sekki, A. E. 28In Selwyn, E. G. 296n Seters, J. van 53n Shea, W. H. 212n Shepherd, M.H. 101 Sheppard, G.T. 284n Sherk, R.K. 228n Sherwin-White, A.N. 11 On, 228n Silberman, L.H. 284n, 285n Sim, U. 86, 165n Simon, M. 382n Sittig, E. 356n Sjöberg, E. 160n Skeat, T.C. 224n Skehan, P. W. 363n Slamovic, E. 289n

Smallwood, E.M. 228n, 230n Smith, D. M. Jr. 32In Smith, J.Z. 84-85, 299n, 348n, 375, 376,

381n, 383n, 402, 404, 409n Smith, K.F. 356n Smith, M. 56n, 57n, 80n, 151n, 347n,

35In, 352n, 368, 369, 372n, 380n, 385n, 400n, 406, 407, 411, 412n

Sourvinou-Inwood, C. 33n Soury, G. 350n Sparks, H.F.D. 15n Spengel, L. 115n Spicq, C. 237n Spiegelberg, W. 298n Stanford, W.B. 50n, 362n Stanton, G. 152n Starky, J. 85n, 163n Stauffer, E. 227n, 387n, 394n Stearns, J. B. 216n Ste Croix, G. E. M. de 99n Stegemann, H. 27n, 82n, 86n, 165n,

219n, 363n Stegemann, V. 377n Stendahl, K. 79, 294n Stivers, R. 375n Stone, M. 18n, 20n, 21n, 24n, 28n, 36n,

40, 82n, 83n, 151, 153n, 159, 163, 286n

Strack, H. L. 386n, 387n, 393n, 395 Strand, K. A. 212n Strauss, D. 396n Strugnell, J. 288 Stuart, M. 252n Stübe, R. 417n Stuhlmacher, P. 295n Stylow, A. U. 355n Suhl, A. 406n Suter, D.W. 292n Sutherland, C.H.V. 101 Sweet, J.P.M. 235 Swete, H.B. 154, 215n, 233, 251n, 252n,

255 Swinburne, R. 383 Sykritis, J. 417n Szorenyi, A. 285n

Talbert, C.H. 31 On Tarn, W. W. 322


Taylor, L.R. 108n, 110, 117n Theisohn, J. 157n Theissen, G. 400n Therborn, G. 13n Thiering, B.E. 287n Thilo, G.C. 354n Thomas, K. 373, 395n, 398n Thomas, R. L. 11 n Thompson, H. 351n, 377n Thompson, L. 57n Thompson, Leonard L. 3, 11 In, 345 Thompson, S. 378n Thüsing, W. 93n Tiede, D. 396n, 406 Tigchelaar, E.J.C. 32, 164 Tiller, P. 19, 23n, 28n Tillich, P. 58 Tischendorf, C. 214n Tödt, H.E. 314, 316n Tondriau, J. 106n Tov, E. 291n Trachtenberg, J. 381, 382n, 384n, 408n,

409,410 Trebolle Barrera, J. 79n, 85n, 90n, 9In,

164n, 170n Trotter, T. F. 387n, 406n Tucker, G.M. 293n Turner, E. G. 224n Turner, V. 374n, 375n, 398n Tuttle, G.A. 284n

Ulrich, E. 82n Urbach, E.E. 284n

Vaillant, A. 15n, 35 Van den Broek 343n Van den Hout, M. 218n VanderKam, J. 14n, 19n, 20n, 27n, 79n,

82n, 152n Van der Leeuw, G. 299n Van der Loos, H. 386n, 388n Van der Woude, A. S. 225, 286n Vanni, U. 125n, 147, 25In, 252n, 254n Van Unnik, W.C. 234, 239n, 305n, 306n,

325n, 355n, 362 Vaux, R. de 85n, 304n Väzony, A. 124n Vegas Montaner, L. 85n, 164n

Vermes, G. 69n, 85n, 87n, 163n, 284n, 285n, 286n, 287, 400, 401

Versnel, H. S. 365n Vieillefond, J.-R. 353n Violet, B. 153 Vogels, H.J. 254n Vrijof, H. 323n

Waardenburg, J. 323n Wachholder, B.Z. 86,166 Wagner, R.-L. 383n Wälkens, M. 360n Walker, W.O. 300,316 Waszink, J.H. 378n Wax, M. and R. 37In Weber, M. 414 Weinel, H. 412n Weinreich, O. 360n, 366n, 395n, 399,

415n Weinstock, S. 108n, l l l n , 112n, 117n,

118n Weiß, J. 7, 418n Weiß, B. 214n, 25In, 254n, 256n Weisman, Z. 31 On Wells, J. 105 Weltin, E.G. 410-11 Wenger, L. 378n West, M.L. 354n Westcott, B. F. 214, 215n, 254n Westermann, C. 34 Wetter, G.P. 403n, 407n White, J.L. 215n, 256n Wifstrand, A. 117n,220n Wilamowitz-Moellendorf, U. 37In Wiles, G. 416 Willett, T. W. 13n Wills, L. 293n Wilson,A.M. 293n Wilson, B.R. 5, 309n, 388n, 389 Wilson, N.G. 16n Wilson, R. McL. 2 Wilson, R.R. 324n Windisch, H. 303n, 394n Winter, E.H. 375n Winter, P. 387n Winterbottom, M. 228n Wise, M. 27n, 86n, 93n, 165n, 166, 168n,

172n

Index of Authors All

Witherington, B. 8 Wolff, H.W. 326n, 328n Wortmann, D. 358n, 362n, 377n, 378n,

393,419 Wrede, W. 397n Wright, A. G. 287 Wünsch, R. 353n, 378n

Yadin, Y. 86n, 91n, 165n, 166n, 293n Yarbro Collins, A. 3,47n, 94n, 95n, 136,

189n, 250n, 252n, 253, 257n, 347n, 348n

Zahn, T. 256 Zandee, J. 350n Ziegler, J. 317n, 355n Zimmerli, W. 16n Zobel, H.-J. 289n

Index of Subjects

Abba 397n, 413 Acclamations 109n, 111 Adscriptio 214-16 Adventus 100 Age to come 9-10 Akiba, Rabbi 303-4 Alexander the Great 308 Alpha and Omega 145,261,266-67,

361-64 Anabaptist rebellion of 1535 11 Anaphoric definite article 122 Angelic epiphany 130 Angelic speech 130—31, 132n Angelus interpres 4, 6, 87-88, 124, 139,

142, 162-67, 330 Anguipede 360 Anthological style 283, 292 Antichrist 4, 9, 11, Antiochus IV Epiphanes 4, 17, 137 Antiphonal singing 110 Apocalypses 151 - Content of 62 - Function of 3^1, 62-64 - Literary form of 2-3, 41^4-9 Apocalypse of Abraham 2 Apocalypse of John - Author of 176-82 - Congregations addressed 182-86 - Genre of 39-65 - Hymns in 109 - Source criticism of 153-54 - Title of 80, 195-96 Apocalypse of Paul 2 -3 Apocalypse of Peter 2 - 3 Apocalyptic - Definition of 1-2, 14, - Origins of 6 -7 Apocalyptic Eschatology 40, 276 - Definition of 4-5 , 80-81

Apocalyptic imagery 81 Apocalypticism 5 Apocalyptic scenarios 9 Apollo-Helios 358,360 Apollonius of Tyana 406-7 Apotheosis 117 Applewhite, Marshall 11 Archaism 217 Aretalogy 402-7 Argumentum e consensus omnium 114 Artapanus 132 Ascension of Isaiah 2

2 Baruch 2, 15, 3 Baruch 15 Beginning and the end 269 Behemoth 21, 137, 161-62 Birkat ham-minim 322n, 324 BuGparaklese 226

Call narratives 179-80 Celibacy 68-70 ,96-97 Charismatic exegesis 280-99 - definition of 280-82 - and divine inspiration 281-82 Charismatic leader 5 Chastity 68 Chiasmus 53 Christian liturgy 101 Chris tos 300 Commands of God 74—77 Command to write 216 Commission formula 214n Community prophets 186-87 Congregational prophecy 334-42 Constitutiones 227-28 Copyists, ancient 120-21 Cosmic antipathy 374 Cosmic sympathy 374

Index of Subjects 479

Cult prophets 344 Curse 414 Curse tablets 349,414

David redivivus 19 Dead Sea Scrolls 5 DeaRoma 240-49 Decalogue 74-77 Decius 3 Deereta 227 Defixionum tabellae 349, 358n, 359 Derveni papyrus 269 Descents from heaven 359 Descriptive discourse 190,194 Deviance theory 376, 384 Discipleship 66-78 Dispositio 214,220-21 Dominus et deus 99 Domitian 3 ,66 ,99 , 152 Doxology 109 ,126 ,197-98 ,200-1 Dreizeitenformel 125 Dualism 9

Edictum, edicta 221 Egyptian mortuary literature 350 Ekphrasis 1 3 9 ^ 0 , 2 4 3 ^ 5 Elijah cycle 139 1 Enoch 2 2 Enoch 2, 14 Enthronement ritual 233-39 Ephesia grammata 412 Erotapokrisis 48, 58 Eschatological antagonist 137 Eschatology - Definition of 4—5 Exodus 24 Ex opera operato 410-11 Exorcisms 385 4 Ezra 15 5 Ezra 15 6 Ezra 15

Faith 397-98 First and the Last 207, 267-69 Firstfruits 71-73 Folklore motifs 400,404

Gates of Hades 358,360 Genre criticism 39—40 Gigantomachy 355 Glossolalia 412-14 God 12 Great tribulation 203

Hanina ben Dosa 401 Healing stories 385 Heavenly ascents 359 Heaven's Gate community 11 Heilspredigt 226 Hekalot literature 57 Hekate 354-61 - Hekate trimorphis 357 Hekate-Persephone 360 Hellenistic kingship ideology 111 Heracleon 294n Hermekate 359n Herod Agrippa I 106 Himmelsreise 329 Hippodamus 167 Holy war 96-98 Host genres 53 Hymns, Greco-Roman 110-11

Imperial court ceremonial 99-119 Inaugural vision 179-80 Incantation bowls 409 Inelusio 53, 139, 142 Inclusive genres 53 Interpreting angel (see Angeles interpres) Interpretatio Graeca 308 Interpretatio magica 358 Intertextuality 120^49, 240-41 - Definition of 120-21 Isis 355 Itinerant prophets 186-87

Jerusalem 26-31 Jesus - and magic 385^101 - as apocalyptist 7-8, - as prophet 8 - name of 407-11 - resurrection of 10, Jesus Seminar 8 Jewish holy man tradition 401

480 Index of Subjects

Jezebel 186-89 John as prophet 178 Joseph and Aseneth 54 Josephus 289-91,303 - view of prophecy 290 Joshua ben Perahiah 409 Jubilees 82n Julius Caesar - Deification of 117 Jupiter Optimus Maximus 102-3,118

Kingship ideology 307 Kingdom of God 7-8,388 Koresh, D. 11

Lake of fire 350 Lamb 70-71, 198-203 Lectors 255-56 Lekanomanteia 352 Leviathan 21, 137, 161-62 Levitical singers 344 Lictors 108 Liturgical dialogue 125-26, 147 Liturgical invocations 365 Living water 33 In Lychnomanteia 352

Magic 348-50,370-420 - Magic and religion 372-74 - Nature and function of 370-77 Magical divination 56n Magical letters 417 Magical papyri 56, 349-50 Magical revelation (see Revelatory magic) Mandata 227 Maranatha 364 Marduk myth 234 Marriage supper of the Lamb 141^13 Martyrdom of Perpetua and Felici-

tas 47 48 Master story 191-94,210 Materia magica 349 Merkavah mysticism 56-57,129,352 Messenger formula 326 Messiah 4, 70, 9In, 198-201 - ambiguities of term 304—7 - as cosmic judge 19 - Davidic 18-19

- missing in early apocalypses Messianic age 34 Messianic banquet 141—42 Messianic kingdom 4 Messianic prophet 388-89 Messianic woes 8 Millenarian movements 5-6, 389 Mithras Liturgy 360 Mixtum compositum 40,213,229 Mount Zion 21 Mystery (raz) 284 Mythos 48^19

Narratio 53n, 214, 219-20 Narrative discourse 191-94 Nature miracles 385n Nero 106 Netherworld mythology 49 Nettles, B.L. 11 New cosmology 33 New Jerusalem 26-31, 85-90, 91-92,

144-45, 162-73 Nicolaitans 186-89 Nine-and-one-half tribes 22-26 Novels, Greek 54 Numerus iustorum 158-59

Odes of Solomon 320-46 Old Testament allusions 122 Oneiromanteia 352 Oracle of Zeus at Dodona 263-64,343 Oracles of Hystaspes 135 Oracle of Zeus-Ammon 308 Oracle singers 343 Oracular dialogue 57 Orthodoxy and heterodoxy 323

Palindrome 397n, 413 Parables 58-59 Paradise tradition 341 Paraphrastic translation 282-83 Paratactic style 53 Parousia 209-10 Passivum divinum 295 Perfectumpropheticum 338, 342 Periodic style 52-53 Persecution 3 Pesharim 285-89

Index of Subjects 481

- continuous pesharim 285 - isolated pesharim 285, 294 - literary pattern of 287 - thematic pesharim 285 Phialomanteia 352 Prayer, magical 414—18 Proclamation formula 221-22 Proclamations 128 Prophecy 5 - Early Christian 300-319,320-46 Prophetic eschatology 4 Prophetic hymn 343-45 Prophetic letters 223-25 Prophets - Christian 257-58 ,296-98 - Israelite 257-58 Proskynesis 108 Prophetic book 125 Prophets 186-89 Prostration 108 Proto-Apocalyptic 6, 14 Pseudepigraphy 9, 127 Ptolemaeus 294n Punitive miracles 415 Pythagoras 407 Pythia 414

Q (Sayings Souce) 259 Quest for the historical Jesus 7 - 8 Qumran community 5

Reading aloud 50-51 Realistic narrative 193, 211 Realized eschatology 1 ,324,345 Religionsgeschichtliche Schule 370 Rescripta 227-28 Restoration 13-38 - concepts of 276 - in Apocalypse of John 275-78 - of creation 34-36, 38 - of Israel 22-26 ,37 - of Jerusalem 37 - of kingship 18-22,36-37 - of the land 16-18,36 - of Paradise 31-34 ,37-38 - of Temple 37 Reveal/conceal motif 59, 63 Revelation schema 295-96

Revelatory magic 55-58, 347-67 Revitalistic movements 5 Rewritten scripture 283, 293 Ring composition 53 Ritual purity 69, 90-94, 169-73 Roma 248 Roman emperor 103 Ruler cult 106

Second death 350n Selene-Hekate 361 Self-predications 262 Sentences of holy law 326n Sep her ha-Razim 57 Septuagint 291-92 Seven hills (of Rome) 139 Seven rules of Hillel 281 Seven vowels 267, 362-64 Shaman 413 Shepherd 70 Shepherd of Hennas 3 , 4 4 - 4 6 , 5 1 Sibylline Oracles 2 ,418-20 Siegesruf 202 Simon bar Kosiba 303 Sociological method 175-76 Social-historical method 175-76 Son of David 387 Son of God 306 Son of man 19, 20n, 306, 316 Symbolic action 140 Syncretism 380-81

Tabulae execrationum 378,414 Tade legei formula 214,217-18 Teacher of Righteousness 286n, 287 Temple 26-31 ,94-97 Temporary messianic kingdom 20 Ten tribes 22-26 Tetragrammaton 267 Theocracy 19 Theologia crucis 73 Theologia gloriae 13 Therapeutic touch 395 2 Thessalonians 9 Theudas 5 - 13 rules of Ishmael 281 - 32 rules of R. Eliezer ben Jose Ha-

Gelili 281

482 Index of Subjects

Three-tiered universe 129 Throne visions 128-9,131 Time 270-75 Title 124 Torah 25 ,74-77 Trajan 152, 160 Tree of life 31-34 Trivia 356 Twelve 104-5 Twenty four 108 Twenty-four elders 104—5

Unction of king 304

Vanni, U. 125 Vespasian 139, 242-43, 303 Vision reports 61 Voces magicae 396,412-14

War, eschatological 94-98 Water of life 33 In

Zealot prophecy 290-91 Zeus 365 Zion 68 Zodiac 106

Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament Alphabetical Index of the First and Second Series

Ädna, Jostein: Jesu Stellung zum Tempel. 2000. Volume U/119.

Ädna, Jostein (Ed.): The Formation of the Early Church. 2005. Volume 183.

- and Kvalbein, Hans (Ed.): The Mission of the Early Church to Jews and Gentiles. 2000. Volume 127.

Alkier, Stefan: Wunder und Wirklichkeit in den Briefen des Apostels Paulus. 2001. Volume 134.

Anderson, Paul N.: The Christology of the Fourth Gospel. 1996. Volume 11/78.

Appold, Mark L.: The Oneness Motif in the Fourth Gospel. 1976. Volume 11/1.

Arnold, Clinton E.: The Colossian Syncretism. 1995. Volume 11/77.

Ascough, Richard S.: Paul 's Macedonian Associations. 2003. Volume 11/161.

Asiedu-Peprah, Martin: Johannine Sabbath Conflicts As Juridical Controversy. 2001. Volume 11/132.

Aune, David E.: Apocalypticism, Prophecy and Magic in Early Christianity. 2006. Volume 199.

Avemarie, Friedrich: Die Tauferzählungen der Apostelgeschichte. 2002. Volume 139.

Avemarie, Friedrich and Hermann Lichtenberger (Ed.): Auferstehung -Ressurection. 2001. Volume 135.

- Bund und Tora. 1996. Volume 92. Baarlink, Heinrich: Verkündigtes Heil. 2004.

Volume 168. Bachmann, Michael: Sünder oder Übertreter.

1992. Volume 59. Bachmann, Michael (Ed.): Lutherische

und Neue Paulusperspektive. 2005. Volume 182.

Back, Frances: Verwandlung durch Offenba-rung bei Paulus. 2002. Volume 11/153.

Baker, William R.: Personal Speech-Ethics in the Epistle of James. 1995. Volume 11/68.

Bakke, OddMagne: 'Concord and Peace ' . 2001. Volume II/143.

Baldwin, Matthew C.: Whose Acts of Peter? 2005. Volume 11/196.

Balla, Peter: Challenges to New Testament Theology. 1997. Volume 11/95.

- The Child-Parent Relationship in the New Testament and its Environment . 2003. Volume 155.

Bammel, Ernst: Judaica. Volume I 1986. Volume 37.

- Volume II 1997. Volume 91. Bash, Anthony: Ambassadors for Christ. 1997.

Volume 11/92. Bauernfeind, Otto: Kommentar und Studien

zur Apostelgeschichte. 1980. Volume 22. Baum, Armin Daniel: Pseudepigraphie und

literarische Fälschung im frühen Christen-tum. 2001. Volume 11/138.

Bayer, Hans Friedrich: Jesus' Predictions of Vindication and Resurrection. 1986. Volume 11/20.

Becker, Eve-Marie: Das Markus-Evangelium im Rahmen antiker Historiographie. 2006. Volume 194.

Becker, Eve-Marie and Peter Pilhofer (Ed.): Biographie und Persönlichkeit des Paulus. 2005. Volume 187.

Becker, Michael: Wunder und Wundertäter im früh-rabbinischen Judentum. 2002. Volume 11/144.

Becker, Michael and Markus Ohler (Ed.): Apokalyptik als Herausforderung neutestamentl icher Theologie. 2006. Volume 11/214.

Bell, Richard H. : The Irrevocable Call of God. 2005. Volume 184.

- No One Seeks for God. 1998. Volume 106. - Provoked to Jealousy. 1994. Volume 11/63. Bennema, Cornells: The Power of Saving

Wisdom. 2002. Volume 11/148. Bergman, Jan: see Kieffer, René Bergmeier, Roland: Das Gesetz im Römerbrief

und andere Studien zum Neuen Testament. 2000. Volume 121.

Betz, Otto: Jesus, der Messias Israels. 1987. Volume 42.

- Jesus, der Herr der Kirche. 1990. Volume 52. Beyschlag, Karlmann: Simon Magus und die

christliche Gnosis. 1974. Volume 16. Bittner, Wolf gang J. : Jesu Zeichen im Johan-

nesevangelium. 1987. Volume 11/26. Bjerkelund, CarlJ.: Tauta Egeneto. 1987.

Volume 40. Blackburn, Barry Lee: Theios Ane- r and the

Markan Miracle Traditions. 1991. Volume 11/40.

Bock, Darreil L.: Blasphemy and Exaltation in Judaism and the Final Examination of Je-sus. 1998. Volume U/106.

Bockmuehl, Markus N.A.: Revelation and Mystery in Ancient Judaism and Pauline Christianity. 1990. Volume 11/36.


B0e, Sverre: Gog and Magog. 2001. Volume II/135.

Böhlig, Alexander: Gnosis und Synkretismus. Volume 1 1989. Volume 47-Volume 2 1989. Volume 48.

Böhm, Martina: Samarien und die Samaritai bei Lukas. 1999. Volume II/1U.

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Classen, Carl Joachim: Rhetorical Criticsm of the New Testament. 2000. Volume 128.

Colpe, Carsten: Iranier - Aramäer - Hebräer -Hellenen. 2003. Volume 154.

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Dahl, Nils Alstrup: Studies in Ephesians. 2000. Volume 131.

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Dickson, John P: Mission-Commitment in Ancient Judaism and in the Pauline Communit ies . 2003. Volume 11/159.

Dietzfelbinger, Christian: Der Abschied des Kommenden. 1997. Volume 95.

Dimitrov, IvanZ., James D.G. Dunn, Ulrich Luz and Karl-Wilhelm Niebuhr (Ed.): Das Alte Testament als christliche Bibel in or-thodoxer und westlicher Sicht. 2004. Volume 174.

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Hernández Jr„ Juan: Scribal Habits and Theological Influence in the Apocalypse. 2006. Volume 11/218.

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Köhn, Andreas: Der Neutestamentier Ernst Lohmeyer. 2004. Volume 11/180.

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Lau, Andrew: Manifest in Flesh. 1996. Volume II/86.

Lawrence, Louise: An Ethnography of the Gospel of Matthew. 2003. Volume II/165.

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McDowell, Markus: Prayers of Jewish Women. 2006. Volume 11/211.

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Roskovec, Jan: see Pokorny, Petr.


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Tolmie, D. Francois: Persuading the Galatians. 2005. Volume 11/190.

Tomson, Peter J. and Doris Lambers-Petry (Ed.): The Image of the Judaeo-Christians in Ancient Jewish and Christian Literature. 2003. Volume 158.

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Treloar, Geoffrey R.: Lightfootthe Historian. 1998. Volume 11/103.

Tsuji, Manabu: Glaube zwischen Vollkommen-heit und Verweltlichung. 1997. Volume 11/93.

Twelftree, Graham H.: Jesus the Exorcist. 1993. Volume 11/54.

Urban, Christina: Das Menschenbild nach dem Johannesevangelium. 2001. Volume 11/137.

Visotzky, Burton L.: Fathers of the World. 1995. Volume 80.

Vollenweider, Samuel: Horizonte neutesta-mentlicher Christologie. 2002. Volume 144.

Vos, Johan S.: Die Kunst der Argumentation bei Paulus. 2002. Volume 149.

Wagener, Ulrike: Die Ordnung des „Hauses Gottes". 1994. Volume 11/65.

Wahlen, Clinton: Jesus and the Impurity of Spirits in the Synoptic Gospels. 2004. Volume 11/185.

Walker, Donald D.: Paul's Offer of Leniency (2 Cor 10:1). 2002. Volume 11/152.

Walter, Nikolaus: Praeparatio Evangélica. Ed. von Wolfgang Kraus und Florian Wilk. 1997. Volume 98.

Wander, Bernd: Gottesfürchtige und Sympa-thisanten. 1998. Volume 104.

Watts, Rikki: Isaiah's New Exodus and Mark. 1997. Volume U/88.

Wedderburn, A.J.M.: Baptism and Resurrection. 1987. Volume 44.

Wegner, Uwe: Der Hauptmann von Kafarnaum. 1985. Volume 11/14.

Weissenrieder, Annette: Images of Illness in the Gospel of Luke. 2003. Volume 11/164.

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2004. Volume 173. Wisdom, Jeffrey: Blessing for the Nations and

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2005. Volume 11/2001. Wright, Archie T.: The Origin of Evil Spirits.

2005. Volume 11/198. Wucherpfennig, Ansgar: Heracleon

Philologus. 2002. Volume 142. Yeung, Maureen: Faith in Jesus and Paul.

2002. Volume 11/147. Zimmermann, Alfred E.: Die urchristlichen

Lehrer. 1984,21988. Volume 11/12. Zimmermann, Johannes: Messianische Texte

ausQumran. 1998. Volume 11/104. Zimmermann, Ruben: Christologie der Bilder

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hältnis. 2001. Volume 11/122. Zumstein, Jean: see Dettwiler, Andreas Zwiep, Arie W.: Judas and the Choice of

Matthias. 2004. Volume U/187.

For a complete catalogue please write to the publisher Mohr Siebeck • P.O. Box 2030 • D-72010 Tubingen/Germany

Up-to-date information on the internet at www.mohr.de

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