Shale Gas
Grundlagen, Vorkommen und Produktion
8. Master Class Course Conference "Renewable Energies" Hochschule für nachhaltige Entwicklung Eberswalde (FH)
4. Dezember 2013
Dr. Ingo Kapp
Deutsche GeoForschungsZentrum
GFZ Potsdam
Primärenergierohstoffe
Fossile Rohstoffe
- Steinkohle
- Braunkohle
- Kohlenwasserstoffe
Erdgas Erdöl Gashydrate
Sonnenlicht
- Photovoltaik
- Photothermische Energie
- Bio-Rohstoffe
Wind
Wasser
Erdwärme
Konventionelle Lagestätten
Unkonventionelle Lagerstätten
- Kohleflözgas
- Schiefergas (Shale Gas)
- Tight Gas (in dichtem Sandstein)
Genese und Zersetzung von
Kohlenwasserstoffen-Komponentengruppen
(primäres und sekundäres Gas, leichtes und
schweres Öl) unter experimentellen
Bedingungen
Wichtige Fallentypen von Erdöl- und Erdgaslagerstätten
grün: Erdöl, rot: Erdgas, Salz
(Quelle: WEG)
Kohlenwasserstoff-Muttergestein
Öl l
l
l
l
l
Kohleflözgas
Konventionelles
assoziiertes Gas
Deckschicht
Tight Gas
Erdoberfläche
Gas Shale
Sandstein
Konventionelle
Gaslagerstätte
Nach: U.S. Energy Information Administration, U.S. Geological Survey
First productive shale gas well was drilled in 1821 in the
Appalachian Basin, followed by tens of thousands of wells in various
shale formations in US.
First fluids for hydraulic fracturing were nitrogen gas or nitrogen
foams.
Fracturing fluids are used in the fracking process in two ways:
to assist in opening up the fracture and
to transport the proppant (sand) along the length of the
fracture.
Key technology: Hydraulic Fracturing
Injection of a Fluid under high pressure
Generation and stimulation of artificial connections between the
isolated pores and microcracks
Rise of the gas permeability.
History
Starting in the late 1940s in US:
Use of hydraulic fracturing to increase production from conventional
oil and gas wells
Hydraulic fracturing technology is routinely for reservoir stimulation
Combination in connection with innovations in drilling technology:
Controlled horizontal drilling (downhole drilling motors and telemetry
equipment)
Fracking fluid: Slickwater - water with a limited amount of sand,
friction reducers and chemical additives to improve the efficiency of
hydraulic frackturing
Since 2000: Shale Gas Boom in US
History
Konventionelle
Gasbohrung Konventionelle
Gasbohrung
Unkonventionelle
Gasbohrung
im Schiefer werden durch hohe Drücke
künstliche Klüfte erzeugt
Horizontalbohrung
Mischung aus Wasser,
Sand und chemischen
Zusätzen
Gasfluss aus den
künstlichen Klüften
Sandkörner halten
die Klüfte offen
Technologie der Förderung von Schiefergas - Was ist Fracking?
Europäische Sedimentbecken
GASH - Shale Gas in Europa Geologische Forschung zu Schieferlagerstätten Auswertung der US-Erfahrungen
Forschung Institut Français du Pétrole(FR) TNO (NL) GFZ (DE) Universitäten Newcastle (UK) RWTH Aachen University FU Berlin, Clausthal, Leipzig (all DE) VU Amsterdam (NL)
Geologische Dienste
Beteiligt
GASH - Shale Gas in Europa Ziele Wo gibt es in Europa Schieferformationen? Wie haben sie sich gebildet? Welche Eigenschaften besitzen sie?
Ergebnisse neue Erkundungsmethoden Geologische Datenbank
Forschungsprojekte
Geologische/Petrophysikalische Charakterisierung
Organische Bestandteile in Schieferformationen
Reservoire-Eigenschaften der Schieferformationen
Mechanische und hydraulische Eigenschaften
Fluiddurchlässigkeit
Seismische Charakterisierung von Schieferlagerstätten
Fossile Kohlenwasserstoffe aus unkonventionellen Lagerstätten
Die Geoforschung und technische Innovationen der letzten 20 Jahre ermöglichen die weltweite Erschließung neuer, sog. „unkonventioneller“ Erdgasressourcen: z.B. Shale Gas
0 500 1000 1500 2000
Canada
Mexico
US
South America
Europe
Africa
Asia
Australia
bekannte konventionelle Erdgasreserven
Technisch erschließbare Shale Gas Ressourcen (vorl.
Prognose)
in tcf
Die globale Bedeutung von Shale Gas
Dipl.-Ing. Helmut Schneble; M.Eng. LA Katja Weinem Dipl.-Geograph Ingo Niethammer
aus InfoDialog Fracking – Themenkreis Landschaft – Berlin, 06./07. März 2012 Umweltplanung Bullemann Schnebele GmbH
Dipl.-Ing. Helmut Schneble; M.Eng. LA Katja Weinem Dipl.-Geograph Ingo Niethammer
aus InfoDialog Fracking – Themenkreis Landschaft – Berlin, 06./07. März 2012 Umweltplanung Bullemann Schnebele GmbH
Dipl.-Ing. Helmut Schneble; M.Eng. LA Katja Weinem Dipl.-Geograph Ingo Niethammer
aus InfoDialog Fracking – Themenkreis Landschaft – Berlin, 06./07. März 2012 Umweltplanung Bullemann Schnebele GMBH
Zulassung von Erkundungs- und Förderaktiviäten: Betriebsplan - Besorgnisgrundsatz!!
Grundwasserschutz
Bodenschutz
Landschaftsschutz, Stadtentwicklung
Ökologie, Artenschutz
Schallschutz, Emissionsschutz
Wasserverfügbarkeit
Abwassermanagement
… und weitere jeweils spezifische Anliegen
Zur Zeit kein hydraulic fracturing (aber hydraulic fracturing schon über 300 x seit
1961 Jahren in Kohle, tight gas und Schiefergaslagerstätten)
Umfassende Prüfung:
Deutschland
UBA: Stellungnahme (u.a. rechtl. Rahmenbedingungen, Forschungsbedarf, Dez.
2011)
Exxon Dialog-Prozess (wiss. Risiko-Bewertung, April 2012)
BMU: „Umweltauswirkungen von Fracking bei der Aufsuchung und Gewinnung
von Erdgas aus unkonventionellen Lagerstätten“ (Mai 2012)
NRW: „Gutachten mit Risikostudie zur Exploration und Gewinnung von Erdgas
aus unkonventionellen Lagerstätten in Nordrhein-Westfalen und deren
Auswirkungen auf den Naturhaushalt insbesondere die öffentliche
Trinkwasserversorgung“ (Juni 2012)
http://dialog-erdgasundfrac.de/http://dialog-erdgasundfrac.de/http://dialog-erdgasundfrac.de/http://dialog-erdgasundfrac.de/http://dialog-erdgasundfrac.de/http://dialog-erdgasundfrac.de/
Bisherige Einschätzungen des Expertenkreises:
• Mit Fracking sind Risiken und Umweltbeeinträchtigungen verbunden […].
• Viele dieser Risiken bestehen auch bei einer Erdgasgewinnung aus
konventionellen Lagerstätten.
• v.a. die (technischen) Risiken bei Transport, Lagerung sowie im Bohrloch können das
Grundwasser kontaminieren;
• aus tiefen geologischen Schichten können nur in bestimmten ungünstigen Situationen
Schadstoffe aufsteigen;
• über den Aufstieg von Methan weiß man zu wenig: brennende Wasserhähne gibt es
auch ohne Fracking, aber ob und in welchem Maße dieses Phänomen verstärkt wird,
ist unbekannt.
• es werden zunehmend weniger umweltgefährdende Fracking-Fluide eingesetzt
• die Belastung des Lagerstättenwassers kann erheblich sein und ist zu beachten;
Environmental aspects of shale gas production
Natural Gas: Important feedstock for energy production
is the cleanest burning fossil fuel (in comparison to hard coal, lignite, oil)
but: All fossils produce CO2!!
Replacing all fossils by renewable techniques (Time horizon: 30/40 years)
Two types of natural gas resources
Conventional - Most of actual gas production
- Spacious sandstone deposits
Unconventional - Gas Shales, Tight Gas, Gas Hydrates
- Deposits in other regions
- Concentrated in a few regions
- Foreseeable depletion of deposits
- Difficult to developed
+
-
-
Assessment of unconventional gas exploitation
Economy Climate
Public
Acceptance
Environ-ment
• Temporal changes of framework conditions
(politics, technology etc.)
• Special regional features
(history of oil and gas production, prior experience
with industrial projects)
• Transparency of decision making processes
• Scientifically well-founded risk assessment
Surface and groundwater pollution
Water demand for fracking
Application of water additives (Slickwater Fracking)
(insufficient) waste water treatment / handling
Land use and traffic (tracks), extensive seismic studies
Air pollution
Main Reasons
Lack of experiences with the widespread use of this technology,
Inadequate governmental inspections and supervision of the
management of these projects
Insufficient state regulations for environmental and health safety.
Environmental Problems
Minimization of environmental impact of shale gas projects
The main environmental issues under investigations are:
Risk for Shallow Groundwater
Potential Soil and/or Groundwater Impacts
Surface Impacts /Footprint
Water Management
Public Acceptance of Operations
Traffic Risks / Health and Safety
Emissions
Waste Management
Induced Seismicity
Environmental permitting
Overall Environmental Management
Environmental Management System for Shale Gas Projects
Environmental issue Mitigation or Management Programs
Risk for Shallow
Groundwater
detailed studies of groundwater risks on the basis of US-experiences -
actual studies in Germany (BMU, NRW), Poland, EU …
Disclosure of fracking fluid composition
Detailed geotechnical and hydrological studies of subsurface structures
Integrity testing of wells
Monitoring of groundwater quality in the vicinity of fracking operations
Environmental issue Mitigation or Management Programs
Potential Soil and/or
Groundwater Impacts
detailed monitoring - Baseline investigation prior to starting the operation,
during and after operations
monitoring parameter should include:
soil,
groundwater,
methane emission from the groundwater (that may be naturally
occurring)
air, noise
wastewater, waste
Application of prudent containments and spill prevention procedures
Environmental management plan including detailed documentation and
sharing data with steakholders
Environmental issue Mitigation or Management Programs
Surface Impacts /Footprint
Reduction of the number of well pads by installing multiple wells on a single
well pad
Reduction of visual impacts by strategically operations with respect to
natural barriers
Reduction of Flaring Operations
Land use reduction efforts
Land reclamation programs (reseeding and erosion control)
Shale Gas Plays in Texas (Google Map) Flow Back Dishes in Texas Multiple well on a single well pad
Image of a completed well pad with 10 wells (computer generated)
Environmental issue Mitigation or Management Programs
Water Management Carefully manage existing fresh water resources and try to avoid water
resource competition with the local community
Develop a water management plan
Detailed quantity monitoring and full documentation prior to starting the
operation (baseline investigation), during and after active exploitation
Shale gas water management schematic: Schlumberger
Environmental issue Mitigation or Management Programs
Public Acceptance of
Operations!!
This is also called:
The Risk of Losing Social
License to operate
Proactively provide detailed information to the public and stakeholders who
are directly involved
Proactive engagement of NGO`s
Information sharing of operators
Develop a community engagement plan, a community investment plan and a
community health, safety, and security management plan
Transparency of all activities!!
Gasland: Burning Water Tap Gas flame from natural gas seep at Chestnut Ridge
County Park, Eternal Flame Falls, Erie County, New York.
Environmental issue Mitigation or Management Programs
Traffic Risks / Health and Safety
Implement and monitor a detailed health and safety program for all operations
Work with the local communities regarding traffic activities to reduce impact
Frackwater truck accident Franciscan University of Steubenville
Workers siphon water from a Steubenville city reservoir
Environmental issue Mitigation or Management Programs
Emissions Implement detailed monitoring program for emission control
air, wastewater, waste, noise, greenhouse gas
Sharing monitoring data with agencies and stakeholders involved
Thermal mass flowmeter is used for off-gas monitoring in a
wastewater treatment facility
Environmental issue Mitigation or Management Programs
Waste Management Develop a detailed Waste Management Plan (WMP) for all wastes streams and
all fields of activities
Carefully select and audit contractors to avoid waste issues
Monitoring compliance with the WMP
Work with local communities regarding storage and transport of waste to offsite
facilities
Environmental issue Mitigation or Management Programs
Environmental permitting Try to exceed the minimum requirements of existing environmental regulations
and be prepared for regulatory changes
for example – perform Environmental Impact Assessment even if there are not
legally required
Actively help the regulators get access to background information
Environmental Impact Assessment
Environmental issue Mitigation or Management Programs
Overall Environmental
Management
Implementation of a detailed Environmental Plan based on environmental
regulatory reviews, baseline data, and environmental impact assessment
Compliance Monitoring including documentation
Gas Production and the Environment:
The Process is
'Challenging but Manageable'
SHIP a balanced perspective of science
Shale Gas Information Platform environmental aspects of shale gas exploration and production
Platform for experts and discussion - Basic Information - Knowledge Base - Discussion - News from Science SHIP will contribute to a matter-of-fact based discussion on potential environmental risks related to shale gas exploration and production and will identify research and development directions to follow in order to secure environment-friendly operating practices BLOG; eBook-Publication
http://www.shale-gas-information-platform.org/http://www.shale-gas-information-platform.org/http://www.shale-gas-information-platform.org/http://www.shale-gas-information-platform.org/http://www.shale-gas-information-platform.org/http://www.shale-gas-information-platform.org/http://www.shale-gas-information-platform.org/
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