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Comparative study andexperimental investigation of Mesua
Ferrea,Jatropha Curcus and
Pongamia Pinnata Methyl Esters asBiodiesel in C.I engine
ME!"#$$%
&nder the guidance of
'r. Pradip (ingfa
)ssociate Professor
*u+mitted+y
ana Pompi
M-/-FE-#0
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Contents
Introduction
1hat is +iodiesel2
1hy do 3e need +iodiesel2
)dvantages of +iodiesel
'isadvantages of +iodieselFeedstoc4 for +iodiesel Production
Properties of +iodiesel
(iterature 5evie3
6+7ective of Pro7ect
Plan of Pro7ect
Conclusion
5eferences
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Introduction
Today, Automobile industries are focusing
on global warming and saving non-
renewable sources.
Bio diesel is one of the best solution of
above mentioned problems.
Since it is a renewable energy, produceless emission and it is successfully
implemented on existing systems .
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What is biodiesel?
Biodiesel is an low-emissions, highlubricating alternative diesel fuel, is
made from renewable biological sources
such as vegetable oil and animal fats
Biodiesel is defined as the mono-alkyl
esters of fatty acids derived from a
renewable feedstock such as vegetable oils
or animal fatsChemically biodiesel is fatty acid methylesters (FAME)
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Why do we need biodiesel?
Fossil fuels due to non!rene3a+lenature, pro7ected to +e exhaustedin the near future.
Energy demand rapid increase3ith signi8cant 3orld3idepopulation gro3th.
Environmental pollutionincreasing due to exhaustemissions from engines fueled
3ith petrol!diesel
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Advantages of biodiesel
It reduces the country9s dependence onimported petroleum
It is rene3a+le and contri+utes less to
glo+al 3arming than petroleum fuel It provides good engine performance
and can +e used 3ithout enginemodi8cation
It provides a mar4et for excessproduction of vegeta+le oils and animalfats, thus enhancing rural economies
It is +iodegrada+le and nontoxic
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Disadvantages of biodiesel
• Its storage for long period is notsuita+le for engine operation.
• It +ecomes gel in cold 3eather.
• It has 3ater content.
• It has higher :6x emissions.
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Feedstock for biodieselproduction
Plant origin
Edible Oils: Apricot, Coconut, Coffee, Corn , Olive/pomace,
Soybean, Sunflower, Palm, Peanut, Pumpkin seed, Rapeseed,
Rice bran, Sesame .
Non edible Oils: Ethiopian mustard, Hemp, Hingan,
Jatropha,Jojoba,Karanja,Koroch,Luganda,Mahua,Milkweed,Mo
ringa,Nahar,Neem, Polonga,Poon,Rozelle, Rubber
Animal origin
Beef Tallow, Duck tallow, Fish oil, Poultry fat,
Lard
Other sources
Algae, Bacteria, Fungi, Microalgae
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Properties of biodiesel
Kinematic viscosity It measures the resistance to flow due to internal
friction. High values of kinematic viscosity give rise to
poor fuel atomization, incomplete combustion, and
carbon deposition on the injectors. Therefore, thebiodiesel viscosity must be low.
Flash point
Flash point of a fuel indicates the minimum
temperature at which the fuel will ignite (flash) on
application of an ignition source under specifiedconditions. The flash point of biodiesel is higher than
the petro-diesel, which is safe for transport purpose.
High values of flash point decreases the risk of fire.
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Properties of biodiesel
Cetane number Cetane number is a prime indicator of fuel ignition
quality of diesel engines. Higher is the cetane number
better it is in its ignition properties. Biodiesel has
higher cetane number than conventional diesel fuel,
which results in higher combustion efficiency.
Acid number and Free Fatty Acid value
Acid number is a measure of acids in the fuel. . A high
acid value will damage fuel pumps and fuel filters. It is
a measure of free fatty acid in biodiesel. Excessive freefatty acid in the fuel can be corrosive and may be a
symptom of water in the fuel or poor production or
subjected to oxidative degradation.
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Properties of biodiesel
Iodine value Iodine value is a measure of the unsaturation in fats and
oils. The limitation of unsaturated fatty acids is necessary
due to the fact that heating higher unsaturated fatty acids
results in polymerization of glycerides. This can lead to the
formation of deposits or deterioration of the lubricatingproperty.
Density Density is a key fuel property, which directly affects the
engine performance characteristic.It affects the mass offuel injected into the combustion chamber and thus, the air-
fuel ratio. This is because fuel injection pumps meter fuel by
volume not by mass and a denser fuel contains a greater
mass in the same volume. Thus, the changes in the fuel
density will influence engine output power due to a differentmass of fuel injected.
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Properties of biodiesel
Cloud point and Pour point Cloud point is the temperature at which is the fuel starts
to form crystals, with further decrease in temperature
these crystals increase in size and quantity until the fuel
gels and does not move again. The pour point is the lowest
temperature at which the oil specimen will flow. Both
points must be sufficiently low, because if the biodiesel is
frozen, the motor will not start.
Lubricity
Biodiesel's have higher lubricity than the petroleumdiesel which means that an engine run on biodiesel will
be less prone to wear and will last longer.
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Litrature review
1. Bibha Boro et al. Reviews various sources for biodiesel production,
properties, and use of biodiesel by blending as substitute
of the diesel fuel.
2. Alemayehu Gashaw et al.
Review paper describes the fuel properties of biodiesel,
production process (transesterification) and the most
important variables that influence the transesterification
reaction.
3. Kshipra Gautam et al Studied the physical characterization and comparison of
biodiesel produced from edible and non-edible oils of
Madhuca indica(mahua),Pongamia pinnata(karanja), and
Sesamum indicum(til) plant oilseeds.
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Litrature review
4. K. Sureshkumar et al. This paper obtained results of performance and emission
analyses carried out in an unmodified diesel engine fueled
with Pongamia Pinnata methyl ester (PPME) and its blends
with diesel.5. K. Pramanik et al.
The main aim of the paper was investigation to reduce the
viscosity of jatropha curcas oil close to that of
conventional fuel to make it suitable for use in a C.I.
engine and to evaluate the performance of the engine withthe modified oils.
6. A.S. Ramadhas et al.
In this review paper, they studied the production and
characterization of vegetable oil as well as the experimental
work carried out in various countries in this field.
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Litrature review
7. Gaurav Dwivedi et al. In this paper the aim was to do a comprehensive review of
engine performance and emissions using biodiesel from
different feedstocks and to compare that with the diesel.
8. Shashi Kumar Jain et al.
This paper reviews the technical sustainability of biodiesel
and its blends with diesel in C.I. engines. They obtained animproved knowledge of the potential to reduce regulated
emissions from the use of biodiesel and its blends with petro-
diesel
9. S.V. Kale et al.
In this paper ,a study was carried out to investigate the
combustion, performance and emission characteristics of
Pongamia oil methyl ester with diesel fuel on a single-
cylinder, four-stroke, direct injection and water cooled diesel
engine.
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Litrature review
10. B. Tesfa et al. Experimental investigation has been carried out on the
combustion and performance characteristics of a CI
engine running with biodiesel under steady state
operating conditions11. M.P.Sudesh Kumar et al.
This paper reviews the utilization of various
vegetable derived biodiesel blends in a diesel
engine as alternate fuels and also the performance,
combustion characteristics and exhaust emissions of adiesel engine fuelled with various biodiesel blended
fuels.
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Obective of the proect
Production of biodiesels from three feedstocks;Mesua ferrea, Jatropha curcus & Pongamia
pinnata
Evaluation of performance and emissioncharacteristics of C.I engine fueled with biodiesel
blends
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Plan of proect
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!onclusion
Biodiesel which can be used as an alternativediesel fuel is made from renewable biological
sources such as vegetable oil and animal fats. It
is biodegradable, non-toxic and possesses lowemission profiles. Therefore, we have chosen
three seeds i.e. Jatropha curcus, Pongamia
pinnata and Messua Ferrea as our feedstock for
production of biodiesel and blends. This three
feedstock can be found easily in North-East of
India.
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"eferences
;. *uresh4umar , 5. Performance andexhaust emission characteristics of a CI engine fueled 3ithPongamia pinnata methyl ester PPME% and its +lends 3ithdiesel>5ene3 a+le energy ?? ,0##",00$/@0?#0.
;. Pramani4, AProperties and use of 7atropha curcas oil anddiesel fuel +lends in compression ignition engine> 5ene3a+le
Energy 0" 0##?% 0?$@0/".).*. 5amadhas , *. Jayara7, C. Muraleedharan, A&se of
vegeta+le oils as I.C. engine fuels)revie3> 5ene3a+le Energy 0$ 0##/% 0@/0
F.;. Forson , E.;. 6duro, E. Dammond!'on4o, APerformanceof 7atropha oil +lends in a diesel engine> 5ene3a+le Energy 0$
0##/% ?@/.).*. 5amadhas, C. Muraleedharan, *. Jayara7 , APerformance
and emission evaluation of a diesel engine fueled 3ith methylesters of ru++er seed oil> 5ene3a+le Energy ?# 0##% "$@"##
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"eference
*an7ay Patil, 'r. M.M.)4arte, AEGect of In7ection Pressure onCI Engine Performance Fuelled 3ith Biodiesel and its +lends>Internatio nal Journal o f *cienti8c H Engineering5esearch,
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