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Prof. Dr. Reinhold Leinfelder
Haus der Zukunft (Berlin) gGmbH i.Gr. Anthropocene Working Group, Freie Universität Berlin
Rachel Carson Center for Environment and Society, Munich
Images: Jaqueline Pulsack, UdK
Wow! Just see This. Earth is rising. How beautiful!
Let me see....!........!!!!!!!!!!
This shows the frailty of our Earth. We have to protect it
The Blue Marble
© Reinhold Leinfelder, for Open Forum Anthropocene Working Group, The Anthropocene Project. A Report, HKW 17. Oct 2014, Berlin
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Martyna Zalatyte, University of the Arts Berlin , (In: A. Hamann, H. Wagenbreth, H. Trischler, R. Leinfelder, 2014
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Wyn Tiedmers, University of the Arts Berlin , (in: A. Hamann, H. Wagenbreth, H. Trischler, R. Leinfelder, 2014)
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– Oceans are being used since onset of humankind – but: new quality since industrialisation
– Oceans at risk: by direct use and indirect impact (e.g. climate change)
– New options for use and access cause additional pressure
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© Reinhold Leinfelder, for Open Forum Anthropocene Working Group, The Anthropocene Project. A Report, HKW 17. Oct 2014, Berlin
Use of the Oceans
The Ocean as source and infrastructure
• Food from the sea: fisheries and aquaculture
• Energy from the sea: from fossil to renewable
• Resources from the sea • Marine ecosystem services, e.g. genetic
resources • Traffic: Shipping and trade
from: Hamann et al 2014a
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© Reinhold Leinfelder, for Open Forum Anthropocene Working Group, The Anthropocene Project. A Report, HKW 17. Oct 2014, Berlin
Use of the Oceans
The Ocean as sinkhole
• Food from the sea: fisheries and aquaculture
• Energy from the sea: from fossil to renewable
• Resources from the sea • Marine ecosystem services, e.g. genetic
resources • Traffic: Shipping and trade • Oceans as a dump and sink for waste
of all kind
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from: Hamann et al 2014a
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© Reinhold Leinfelder, for Open Forum Anthropocene Working Group, The Anthropocene Project. A Report, HKW 17. Oct 2014, Berlin
Use of the Oceans
Threats to the Oceans
The ocean as „patient“
• Warming • Sea-level rise • CO2-input and acidification • Dead zones • Pollution (nutrients, toxic substances, plastic),
oil spills • Overfishing • Ecosystem destruction,
loss of biodiversity (e.g. coral reefs)
• Attention to interactions – synergistic impacts The oceans have arrived in the anthropocene…
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© Reinhold Leinfelder, for Open Forum Anthropocene Working Group, The Anthropocene Project. A Report, HKW 17. Oct 2014, Berlin
Status and trends of fish stocks worldwide
Sources: Pauly, 2013; World Bank and FAO, 2009
• Massive ecological damage • Economically unsound: US$ billions are lost • Far from sustainability
Year
Num
ber o
f sto
cks
[%]
Rebuilding
Developing
Exploited
Overexploited
Collapsed
10090807060504030201001950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
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© Reinhold Leinfelder, for Open Forum Anthropocene Working Group, The Anthropocene Project. A Report, HKW 17. Oct 2014, Berlin
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Anthropocene - Plastic and Coral Reefs
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Source: Plastics Europe 2013
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© Reinhold Leinfelder, for Open Forum Anthropocene Working Group, The Anthropocene Project. A Report, HKW 17. Oct 2014, Berlin
Left: clastic plastiglomerate on Kamilo Beach, Hawaii (from Corcoran et al. 2014)
Up: Yesenia Thibault-Picazo, CRAFT IN THE ANTHROPOCENE - objects and scenarios
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Source: Rockström et al., Nature, 24. Sept. 2009
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Change of Land Use
Phosphorous- Cycle
Nitrogen Cycle
Ocean acidification
Climate Change
Chemical Pollution
Biodiversity Loss
Atmosph. Aerosols
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
Global Freshwater
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© Reinhold Leinfelder, for Open Forum Anthropocene Working Group, The Anthropocene Project. A Report, HKW 17. Oct 2014, Berlin
Living with risks and likelihoods: The tipping point problem
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Spatial scarcity is not solely a technical problem but also depends on the social context it operates
Principle of the freedom of the Seas mare liberum & res commis (Hugo Grotius,1608) shifted to a mare ordinarium situation
Provided by Bela Buck, AWI
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Acidification
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e.g. „Jurassic reef“ characteristics in Bocas del Toro, Panama
increased sedimentation and eutrophication to study ‘atavistic’ structures
anthropogenic impacts result in low or medium complex reefs
similarity of Porites thickets to Jurassic reef thickets
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Use of the Oceans
Threats to the Oceans
Analysis of Ocean Governance
Guiding Principles
Three guiding principles for future ocean use in the Anthropocene
1. Precautionary principle (e.g. Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro 1992)
2. Systemic approach - Ecosystem approach, incl. land/sea interactions - Earth system interactions: CO2, pH - Marine ecosystems and society
3. Oceans as common heritage of mankind
Use of the Oceans
Threats to the Oceans
Analysis of Ocean Governance
Guiding Principles
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Source: WBGU, 2013
Status Quo
Glo
bal
Regi
onal
Natio
nal
Base
line
max. 350 nmThe Areae
Extended continental shelfd
EEZb High seasc
12 nm max. 200 nm
Coastal-state sovereign rights and national jurisdiction for resource management
Virtually unlimited sovereignty
UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) incl. implementing agreements (FSA, etc.)
International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS)
International Seabed Authority Responsible for the mineralresources of the Area
Continental ShelfCommission
The Area as acommon heritage of mankind
Regional Fisheries Management Organizations (RFMOs): Fisheries management on the high seas including some straddling and highly migratory fish stocks
Regional cooperation between the coastal states, e.g. in the UNEP Regional Seas Programme
Contracting states of UNCLOS
Contracting states of the FSA Limited accountability obligations vis-à-vis RFMOs, sustainable management of straddling and highly migratory fish stocks
Mostly coastal-state sovereign rights and national jurisdiction
Scope of the common heritage of mankind
Territorialseaa
Glo
bal
Regi
onal
Natio
nal
Base
line
max. 350 nmThe Areae
Extended continental shelfd
EEZb High seasc
12 nm max. 200 nm
Coastal-state sovereign rights and national jurisdiction for resource management
Virtually unlimited sovereignty
UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) incl. implementing agreements (FSA, etc.)
International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS)
International Seabed Authority Responsible for the mineralresources of the Area
Continental ShelfCommission
The Area as acommon heritage of mankind
Regional Fisheries Management Organizations (RFMOs): Fisheries management on the high seas including some straddling and highly migratory fish stocks
Regional cooperation between the coastal states, e.g. in the UNEP Regional Seas Programme
Contracting states of UNCLOS
Contracting states of the FSA Limited accountability obligations vis-à-vis RFMOs, sustainable management of straddling and highly migratory fish stocks
Mostly coastal-state sovereign rights and national jurisdiction
Scope of the common heritage of mankind
Territorialseaa
d*#'AFGHW`(&(-%'2-,'!"#$%'G-B#,%$%"#'(%')*#'+%)*,-.-"#%#T'd*#'c$,(%#'K#,()$Y#'
National stewardship functionAccountability obligations vis-à-vis WOOSustainable management of all resources Sustainable management of straddling and highly migratory fish stocks together with RMMOs
Accountability obligations vis-à-vis RMMOs Sustainable management of all resources
Virtually unlimited sovereignty Monitoring and reporting obligations
The oceans as the common heritage of mankind
Regional cooperation with coastal states Regional treaties, UNEP Regional Seas Programme
Marine conservation Sustainable management of resources (except mineral resources of the Area) Access to legal remedies/rights of action (ITLOS)
Regional Marine Management Organizations (RMMOs) Regional stewardship function, accountability obligations vis-à-vis WOO Sustainable management of straddling and highly migratory fish stocks together with coastal states
World Oceans Organization (WOO) Global stewardship function for marine conservation and sustainable management of all resources Integrates the International Seabed Authority and Continental Shelf Commission If coastal states or RMMOs fail to meet their remit: access to legal remedies/rights of action (ITLOS)
Reformed UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS): integrates the implementing agreements (FSA, etc.)
Int. Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS): extensive responsibility, rights of sanction vis-à-vis coastal states and RMMOs
Contracting states of the reformed UNCLOS
The Areae
12 nm
Territorialseaa
max. 350 nm
max. 200 nm
Glo
bal
Regi
onal
Natio
nal
High seasc
Extended continental shelfd
EEZb
Base
line
Mostly coastal-state sovereign rights and
national jurisdiction Integration area of the common heritage of mankind principle and coastal-state sovereign rights and national jurisdiction
Scope of the common heritage of mankind principle
National stewardship functionAccountability obligations vis-à-vis WOOSustainable management of all resources Sustainable management of straddling and highly migratory fish stocks together with RMMOs
Accountability obligations vis-à-vis RMMOs Sustainable management of all resources
Virtually unlimited sovereignty Monitoring and reporting obligations
The oceans as the common heritage of mankind
Regional cooperation with coastal states Regional treaties, UNEP Regional Seas Programme
Marine conservation Sustainable management of resources (except mineral resources of the Area) Access to legal remedies/rights of action (ITLOS)
Regional Marine Management Organizations (RMMOs) Regional stewardship function, accountability obligations vis-à-vis WOO Sustainable management of straddling and highly migratory fish stocks together with coastal states
World Oceans Organization (WOO) Global stewardship function for marine conservation and sustainable management of all resources Integrates the International Seabed Authority and Continental Shelf Commission If coastal states or RMMOs fail to meet their remit: access to legal remedies/rights of action (ITLOS)
Reformed UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS): integrates the implementing agreements (FSA, etc.)
Int. Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS): extensive responsibility, rights of sanction vis-à-vis coastal states and RMMOs
Contracting states of the reformed UNCLOS
The Areae
12 nm
Territorialseaa
max. 350 nm
max. 200 nm
Glo
bal
Regi
onal
Natio
nal
High seasc
Extended continental shelfd
EEZb
Base
line
Mostly coastal-state sovereign rights and
national jurisdiction Integration area of the common heritage of mankind principle and coastal-state sovereign rights and national jurisdiction
Scope of the common heritage of mankind principle
Future
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© Reinhold Leinfelder, for Open Forum Anthropocene Working Group, The Anthropocene Project. A Report, HKW 17. Oct 2014, Berlin
3-%"4:&(-%&'• Oceans have reached the Anthropocene
• Oceans are under anthropogenic influence since long, but the Great Acceleration (1950) does change sediment characteristics:
• Decrease in biodiversity, homogenisation trend and lateral shifts in biotic patterns, reduction of coral reef complexity and numbers, increase in anoxic sediments
• Sediments with different geochemical signals, high amounts of anthropogenic particles (plastic, glass, industrial particles)
• Starvation of siliciclastic and calciclastic shallow-water sands (owing to damming of rivers and excavations of marine sands), non-natural, non-predictable sediment patters.
• BAU: total collapse of coral reefs, extinction phase of other organisms, no calcareous sediments, spreading out of anoxic sediments and plasticlastics
• Mitigation/Adaptation: Human-aided, adapted reef types, continuation of calcareous sediments, Human-aided beach bars, mangrove shoals, islands, lower rates of plasticlastics. CE'
© Reinhold Leinfelder, for Open Forum Anthropocene Working Group, The Anthropocene Project. A Report, HKW 17. Oct 2014, Berlin
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