Immanuel Kant

Zumewigen FriedenEin philosophischer Entwurf

Präsentation © Christina Wibisono

C O N T E N T S

FIRST SECTION

SECOND SECTION

FIRST SUPPLEMENT

SECOND SUPPLEMENT

APPENDIX I.

APPENDIX II.

containing the preliminary articles of perpetual peace between states.

containing the definitive articles of perpetual peace between states.

concerning guarantee of perpetual peace.

a secret article for perpetual peace.

on the disagreement between morals and politics with the reference to perpetual peace.

concerning the harmony of politics with morals according to the trans-cendental idea of public right.

Bagaimanakah bentuk pemerintahan menurut Immanuel Kant dalam bukunya

»Zum ewigen Frieden. Ein philosophischer Entwurf«?

ERSTER DEFINITIVARTIKEL ZUM EWIGEN FRIEDENFIRST DEFINITE ARTICLE OF PERPETUAL PEACE

»Die bürgerliche Verfassung in jedem Staate soll republikanisch sein.«

»The civil constitution of each state shall be republican.«

. . . upon which the lawful legislation of every nation must be based, is republican.

. . . a government where the subject is not a citizen holding a vote (i.e. in a constitution which is not republican), the plunging into war is the least serious thing in the world. For the ruler is not a citizen, but the owner of the state, and does not lose a whit by the war, . . .

SECOND SECTION, p120.

SECOND SECTION, p123.

It is a constitution, in the first place, founded in accordance with the principle of the freedom of the members of society as human beings; secondly, in accordance with the principle of the dependence of all, as subjects, on a common legislation;and thirdly, in accordance with the law of equality of the members as citizens.

.

SECOND SECTION, p120-121.

And the only question for us now is, whether it is also the one constitution which can lead to perpetual peace.

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SECOND SECTION, p121.

Mengapa bisa berubah dari demokrasi ke despotism?

The form of states (civitas) according to Kant

1. The form of sovereignty (forma imperii)

SECOND SECTION, p123.

autocracy or the sovereignty of a monarcharistocracy or the sovereignty of the nobilitydemocracy or the sovereignty of the people

2. The form of the government (forma regiminis)

republicdespotic

Republicanism is the political principle of severing the executive power of the government from the legislature.

Despotism is that principle in pursuance of which state arbitrarily puts into effect laws which it has itself made: consequently this is identical with the private will of the ruler.

SECOND SECTION, p125.

SECOND SECTION, p125.

. . . democracy, in the proper sense of the word, is of neces-sity despotism, because it establishes an executive power, since all decree regarding – and if need be, against – any individual who dissents from them.

SECOND SECTION, p125.

Every form of government which is not representative in fact is really no true constitution at all, because a law-giver may no more be, in one and the same person, the administrator of his own will, . . .

And although the other two constitutions, autocracy and aristocracy, are always defective in so far as they leave the way open for such a form of government, yet there is at least always a possibility in these cases, . . .

SECOND SECTION, p125.

SECOND SECTION, p126.

And although the other two constitutions, autocracy and aristocracy, are always defective in so far as they leave the way open for such a form of government, yet there is at least always a possibility in these cases, . . .

The democratic constitution on the other hand, makes this impossible, because under such a government everyone wishes to be master.

SECOND SECTION, p126.

SECOND SECTION, p126.

. . . zum ewigen Frieden