14

ronald reigani amerikis rigiT me-40, erTi-erTi yvelaze warmatebu-

li prezidentia (1981-1989 ww).

ronald reigani prezidentia, romelic sZulda sabWoTa kavSiris

mTavrobas. sworedac rom sZulda, radgan misma politikam daasamara

sabWoTa kavSiri. igi didad arc amerikel memarcxeneebs uyvarT. reiganma

daxura socialuri programebi da gazarda Tavdacvis biujetio, – Civian

isini. Tumca, gulis siRrmeSi albaT is ufro ar moswonT, rom respub-

likelma reiganma gacilebiT mets miaRwia, vidre civi omis dros moR-

vawe demokratma prezidentebma, romlebmac, bevri cdis miuxedavad, ko-

munizms veraferi daakles. reiganis mowinaaRmdegeebi amboben, reigani

inteleqtuali ar iyoo, wignebs ar kiTxulobdao, xSirad saerTod ar

ainteresebda misi mTavroba riTi iyo dakavebulio...

miuxedavad yvelafrisa, reigani amerikaSi mainc Zalian bevrs uyvars,

magram kidev ufro metad uyvarT igi aRmosavleT evropasa da yofili

sabWoTa kavSiris qveynebSi (ruseTis garda), iq, sadac misi wyalobiT gan-

Tavisufldnen.

vin iyo es kaci, romelmac amdens miaRwia da mainc amdeni kritikosi

hyavs?

reigani —

prezidenti

samudamod

Tornike SaraSeniZe

gamoCenili adamianebi

15

ronald reigani ufros Zmasa da mSoblebTan erTad, 1913

kadri filmidan `knut rokne – namdvili amerikeli~, 1940

reigani - prezidenti samudamod

bavSvobidan kinomde

ronald reigani daibada 1911 wels amerikis Stat ilinoisis patara

qalaqSi. misi ojaxi Zalian Raribi iyo, xSirad deda patara ronalds

yasabTan agzavnida da abarebda RviZli eTxova „katisaTvis“. im dros

amerikaSi RviZls TiTqmis aravin Wamda da ronalds mas ufasod aZlevd-

nen katisaTvis, romelic sinamdvileSi ar arsebobda, ubralod, dedas ar

undoda vinmes gaego, rom igi ojaxs RviZls aWmevda (xorcs ki xelmokle

ojaxi iSviaTad yidulobda). ronaldis mama, jek reigani, mudam Sromob-

da, rom mravalSviliani ojaxi rogorme gamoekveba da Tan sakuTar al-

koholizms ebrZoda. igi ZiriTadad komivoiaJerobiT iyo dakavebuli

(bevrs mogzaurobda da sxvadasxva saqonels yidda). Sesabamisad, bevr

adamianTan uwevda urTierToba, ramac, rogorc Cans, ambebis moyolisa

da adamianebis gacinebis niWi ganuviTara. es niWi ronaldsac gamohy-

va da mamis gavleniT igi amaSi kargadac gaiwafa. momavalSi politikos

reiganis erT-erTi udidesi upiratesoba swored es iyo: mas SeeZlo erTi

xumrobiT, erTi anegdotis moyoliT miemxro auditoria da debatebic

moego. roca prezidenti gaxda, igi anegdotebs sabWoTa kavSirze yvebo-

da da amiT mTel msoflios aCvenebda, rom komunisturi imperia arc ise

saSiSi iyo, rogorc es maSin bevrs eCveneboda.

ronaldi bavSvobidan

TamaSobda amerikul fex-

burTsa da beisbols.

beisbolis TamaSi Zalian

uWirda, ris gamoc se-

riozuli kompleqsic

Camouyalibda. mizezi

sruliad SemTxveviT

gairkva erT dRes, roca

ronaldma ubralod saT-

amaSod moirgo dedis saT-

vale da aRmoaCina, rom

saSinlad axlomxedveli

yofila. Turme, mozardo-

bamde amerikis momavali

prezidenti naxevrad si-

brmaveSi izrdeboda imi-

tom, rom mis gaWirvebul

ojaxs arasdros ufiqria

igi profilaqtikisTvis

Tvalis eqimTan mieyvana.

16

axalgazrda reiganma male daZlia sakuTari

kompleqsebi: igi ufro gaTamamda adamianebTan

urTierTobisas. mas irCevdnen gundis kapitnad,

studentTa gaerTianebis prezidentad. roca

wamoizarda, maSvelad daiwyo muSaoba da uamravi

adamianis sicocxlec ixsna. momavali preziden-

ti verc didma depresiam SeaSina: igi, rogorc

mamamisi, bevrs moZraobda da karg samsaxurs

eZebda. erTi periodi mSeneblobaze muSaobda,

Semdeg ufro Sesaferis saqmianobas mihyo xeli –

sportuli komentatori gaxda. male mas sakuTar-

ma xmam da artistulma niWma kinoSic gauxsna gza.

1937 wels reigani namdvil msaxiobad iqca. aqedan

daiwyo misi kariera kinoSi.

kinodan politikamde

ramdenime filmi, ZiriTadad e.w. be-katego-

riis, anu mcirebiujetiani da arc ise maRali

xarisxis – ase midioda Tavidan reiganis kari-

era holivudSi. 1942 wels igi warmatebul film-

Si gadaiRes da gaCnda imedi, rom male namdvili

did depresiad msoflio istoriaSi iwodeba msof-lio masStabis ekonomikuri krizisi, globaluri ekonomikuri vardna, romelic 1929 wlidan daiwyo aSS-Si, mraval qveyanaSi gavrcelda da daaxloebiT 10 weli gagrZelda. am dros gakotrda uamravi banki, umuSevrobam rekordul maCvenebels miaRwia, ekono-mikis zrdis yvela parametri – mTliani Sida produq-ti, industriuli warmoeba, fasebi aqciaTa bazarze – mkveTrad daeca. am vardnam piks 1933 wels miaRwia da ekonomikuri zrdis mTavari indikatorebi mxolod meore msoflio omis Semdeg daubrunda 1929 wlis dones.

termini `didi depresia~ gulisxmobs ara mxolod ekonomikur movlenas, igi aseve gansazRvravs erT mTlian kulturul da politikur periods.

ekonomistebi, istorikosebi da politikuri mecnier-ebi didi depresiis mraval mizezs asaxeleben, magram saerTo mosazrebiT amis mTavari mizezi ZiriTadad mTavrobis mier monetaruli politikis araswori marTva gaxda.

gamoCenili adamianebi

17

varskvlavi gaxdeboda, magram swored am dros gaiwvies

frontze. SeiaraRebuli Zalebidan dabrunebis Semdeg

reigani kinomsaxiobTa gildiis prezidentad airCies

da aq ukve gamoCnda reigani-politikosi. man holivud-

Si daundobeli brZola gamoucxada komunizms. meo-

re msoflio omis Semdeg komunizmma amerikis mraval

sferoSi SeaRwia, gansakuTrebiT ki kinoSi, sadac liber-

alebi moRvaweobdnen (marqsizm-leninizmis ideebiT maTi

cduneba ki sakmaod ioli iyo). reigans komunizmis Tao-

baze iluziebi arasdros hqonia. „komunistebi is xalxia,

vinc marqss da lenins kiTxulobs, antikomunistebi ki is

xalxia, visac marqsi da lenini sworad esmis“, – Tqva man

erTxel.

holivudSi gaicno reiganma Tavisi orive coli. meore

cols, nensis, swored komunizmTan brZolis wyalobiT

Sexvda. roca reigani prezidenti gaxda, nensi amerikis

yvela drois erT-erT gamorCeul pirvel ledid iqca.

kino reiganisaTvis kidev erTi ramis gamo iyo mniSvnelovani. igi Se-

vida holivuduri filmebis, vesternebis, personaJebis rolSi da male

samyarosac ise Sexeda, rogorc vesterns. misTvis samyaroc, ase Tu

ise, or nawilad gaiyo – kargad da cudad, keTilad da borotad. iyo ra

bavSvobidan religiuri, borotebasTan (magaliTad, komunizmTan) brZo-

la reigans upirveles valdebulebad miaCnda. amave dros, gamovlili

hqonda ra gaWirveba da didi depresia, mas uyvarda keTili da ubralo

adamianebi, maT endoboda da yovelTvis gverdSi edga. albaT, aman ganap-

reigani - prezidenti samudamod

18

iroba misi mmarTvelobis stilic. igi Tana-

mdebobebs wesier adamianebs abarebda, maT

davalebebs aZlevda da Semdeg TiTqmis yve-

lafers andobda.

male cxadi gaxda, rom reiganis ora-

toruli niWisa da qarizmisaTvis holivu-

di saukeTeso adgili ar iyo. momavali

prezidenti sul ufro metad erTveboda

politikaSi da sul ufro metad ixrebo-

da respublikelebisaken. miuxedavad imi-

sa, rom reigani lamis bavSvobidan uWerda

mxars demokratebs, axla igi rwmundebo-

da, rom mis faseulobebsa da miswrafebebs

respublikuri partia ufro pasuxobda:

reigans miaCnda, rom saWiro iyo mTavrobisa da biurokratiis SezRud-

va da moqalaqeebisaTvis meti gasaqanis micema, mas miaCnda, rom civ omSi

amerikas sabWoTa kavSirisagan safrTxe emuqreboda da am safrTxisgan

qveyanas ufro metad respublikelebi daicavdnen.

60-iani wlebidan moyolebuli reigani politikaSi aqtiurad CaerTo.

1966 wels ki igi kaliforniis gubernatorad airCies.

prezidenti

ronald da nensi reiganebi SvilebTan erTad

gamoCenili adamianebi

19

reiganis politikam – dabali gadasaxadebi, naklebi socialu-

ri programebi da meti gasaqani kerZo iniciativas – kaliforniaSi

gaamarTla. igi ori vadis ganmavlobaSi xelmZRvanelobda amerikis

am umdidres Stats, 1976 wels ki ukve saprezidento kampaniaSi Caer-

To. aq igi respublikelTa meore kandidatTan, moqmed prezident

jerald fordTan damarcxda praimeriSi. samagierod, 1980 wels man

jer praimeriSi gaimarjva, Semdeg ki sakmaod iolad sZlia demokrat-

Ta kandidats, prezident jimi karters.

1980 weli amerikisaTvis erT-erTi urTulesi weli iyo. qveyanas

jer kidev mwared axsovda vietnamSi gancdili marcxi, roca man meo-

re marcxi ganicada – 1979 wels iranSi moxda islamisturi revolu-

cia da amerikis saelCos TanamSromlebi mZevlad aiyvanes. amasobaSi

ki sabWoTa kavSiri (romlis SeiaraRebuli Zalebi da politikuri

gavlena sul ufro da ufro Zlierdeboda) avRaneTSi SeiWra. ameri-

kaSi arc ise cota adamiani fiqrobda, rom civ omSi SeiZleboda gae-

marjva sabWoTa kavSirs.

reigans sTavazobdnen gaegrZelebina winamorbedebis kursi: Car-

Tuliyo sabWoTa kavSirTan molaparakebebSi, moewera xeli maTTan

axal SeTanxmebaze birTvuli SeiaraRebis Semcirebis Taobaze...

mokled, sabWoTa kavSiri mieRo, rogorc realoba, romlisTvisac

angariSi unda gaewia. magram reigani sul sxvagvarad fiqrobda. igi

ronald da nensi reiganebi, 1981

reigani - prezidenti samudamod

20

acnobierebda faqts, rom bolo periodSi sabWo-

Ta kavSiris SeiaraReba Zalian gaZlierda. amitom

gadawyvita, moskovTan seriozuli molaparake-

bebi mxolod maSin wamoewyo, roca saTanadod

mixedavda amerikis SeiaraRebas, radgan amis Sem-

deg komunistebTan molaparakebebSi gacilebiT

Zlieri poziciebi eqneboda. man ori saintereso

nabiji gadadga: Seamcira gadasaxadebi, magram amave dros gazarda samxe-

dro danaxarji. Sedegad, amerikis saxelmwifo biujetSi didi deficiti

gaCnda, magram prezidenti amaze ar nerviulobda: „deficiti ukve imde-

nad didia, rom sakuTar Tavs mixedavs“, – xumrobda igi.

samagierod, gadasaxadebis SemcirebiT reiganma ekonomika waaxal-

isa, Tavdacvis biujetis zrdiT ki sabWoTa kavSiri gamoiwvia. reigani

arc ise nakiTxi adamiani iyo, magram bevri nakiTxisgan gansxvavebiT, man

erTi martivi WeSmariteba dainaxa: sabWoTa ekonomika amerikuls bevrad

CamorCeboda. amerikas SeeZlo Tavdacvis biujeti mkveTrad gaezarda da

SeiaraRebaSi sabWoTa kavSirisaTvis gadaeswro. sabWoTa kavSiri, rom ar

CamorCenoda, iZulebuli gaxdeboda Tavadac gaezarda samxedro biuje-

ti, magram misi ekonomika aseT dawolas veRar gauZlebda. ukve 1981 wels

reiganma sabWoTa kavSirs poloneTSi demokratiuli moZraobis CaxSobis

gamo ekonomikuri sanqciebi daado.

moskovSi dabneulebi da SeSinebulebi adevnebdnen Tval-yurs ax-

ali prezidentis nabijebs. igi sabWoTa kavSirs xan borotebis imperias

uwodebda, xanac masze xumrobda da xalxs siciliT klavda. gansakuTre-

biT dasamaxsovrebeli iyo aseTi anegdoti: „sabWoTa moqalaqe manqanis

sayidlad rigSi Caewera. mas eubnebian: mobrZandiT aT weliwadSi. ki ba-

tono, – pasuxobs moqalaqe, – magram diliT Tu saRamos? aTi wlis Semdeg

amas ra mniSvneloba aqvs? - ekiTxebian mas. iciT, – pasuxobs moqalaqe, –

ronald reigani da mixail gorba-Covi, 1987

gamoCenili adamianebi

21

aT weliwadSi diliT santeqnikosi unda movides“.

erTxel radiointerviuSi reiganma uecrad Tqva: „es wuTia kanon-

gareSed gamovacxade sabWoTa kavSiri, dabombvas viwyebT xuT wuTSi“.

rTuli misaxvedri ar aris, ra reaqcia mohyveboda amas „kanongareSed“

gamocxadebul qveyanaSi.

mTavari isaa, rom reiganis sityvebs saqmec mosdevda. man ara mxolod

gazarda SeiaraRebaze danaxarji, aramed aseve daartya sabWoTa kavSiris

Semosavlis mTavar wyaros – navTobs. misi mTavroba arabul saxelmwi-

foebs gaurigda da daagdebina fasi navTobze, ramac sabWoTa ekonomikas

gamousworebeli dartyma miayena. amas isic daemata, rom gadaberebul da

realobas mowyvetil sabWoTa xelmZRvanelobas Tavzari dasca reiganis

fantastikurma proeqtma, e.w. varskvlavurma omebma. es proeqti gulisx-

mobda amerikis mier sabWoTa birTvuli iaraRis kosmosidan ganadgure-

bas. proeqtze bevri fuli ixarjeboda, magram mas didi Sedegi ar mohy-

olia, garda erTisa – moskovSi misi warmatebis daijeres da SeeSindaT.

amerikaSi ki am dros piriqiT xdeboda. moqalaqeebma kvlavac irw-

munes sakuTari qveynis sistemisa da demokratiis, maT momavlis rwmena

daubrundaT da sabWoTa kavSiris SiSic gauqraT.

1985 wels sabWoTa kavSirs xelmZRvanelad SedarebiT axalgazrda da

saRad moazrovne mixeil gorbaCovi moevlina. man daniSvnisTanave ga-

iazra, ra sirTuleebis winaSe idga misi qveyana da viTarebidan gamosvla

scada. saWiro iyo amerikasTan urTierTobebis dalageba da gamalebu-

ronald reigani da margaret tetCeri

reigani - prezidenti samudamod

22

li SeiaraRebis SeCereba (romelsac sabWoTa kavSiri ukve gakotrebamde

mihyavda). gorbaCovma am mimarTulebiT mTeli rigi nabijebic gadadga,

liberaluri gancxadebebi gaakeTa da dasavleTSi zogierTi politiko-

sis gulic moigo, magram reiganis gulis mogeba ase advili ar iyo: igi

sabWoTa kavSirisgan ara mxolod gancxadebas, aramed saqmesac moiTx-

ovda. gorbaCovic iZulebuli iyo daeTmo. man aRmosavleT evropidan

gaitana sabWoTa balistikuri raketebi, cixeebidan gaaTavisufla ko-

munistur reJimTan mebrZoli disidentebi, Seasusta politikuri kon-

troli, dauSva alternatiuli azri (iqamde sabWoTa kavSirSi erTader-

Ti WeSmaritebis wyaro marqsizm-leninizmi iyo). gorbaCovi imedovnebda,

rom amgvari qmedebebiT sabWoTa kavSirs gadaarCenda, magram sabolood

piriqiT moxda: komunizmi qvemoTken mieqaneboda, aRmosavleT evro-

pas moskovi sul ufro da ufro Znelad akontrolebda, male ki TviTon

sabWoTa kavSirSic daiwyo saprotesto gamosvlebi – litvaSi, latvia-

Si, estoneTsa da saqarTveloSi damoukideblobas moiTxovdnen. ukve

ruseTSic xvdebodnen, rom komunizmma Tavisi dro moWama da arc Tavad

ruseTs moutana sikeTe.

amerikuli aviamzidi `ronald reigani~

gamoCenili adamianebi

23

msoflio istoria albaT sxvagvarad

warimarTeboda, rom ara reigani, romelic

prezidentad arCevis Semdeg xSirad imeo-

rebda, rom amerikas ar hqonda moraluri

ufleba mietovebina komunistur reJimSi

mcxovrebi erebi.

reiganis meore saprezidento vadis gasv-

lis Semdeg sul male, 1989 wels, aRmosavleT

evropa sabWoTa okupaciisa da politikuri

kontrolisgan gaTavisuflda, 1991 wels ki

Tavad sabWoTa kavSiric sabolood daingra.

civi omi dasavleTis gamarjvebiT dasrul-

da daaxloebiT 10 wlis Semdeg im droidan,

roca bevrs egona, rom civ omSi komunizmi

imarjvebda.

dRes ruseTi sabWoTa kavSiris aRdgenas

cdilobs. es mcdeloba ganwirulia, magram

amas, samwuxarod, bevri msxverplic axlavs.

amitomac xSirad gaigonebT: „netav ras iza-

mda axla reigani“, „axla rom reigani yo-

filiyo prezidenti...“ albaT, bevri adamiani

iqneboda Tanaxma, rom reigani samudamod

yofiliyo amerikis prezidenti.

reiganebis wyvili maikl jeqsonTan erTad, 1984

reigani - prezidenti samudamod