4.77

Die Kurve ist vollständig glatt und den Lichtkurven von W Herculis und R Trianguli sehr ähnlich. Von den leichten Verzögerungen vor den Maxima 2418598. 9689 und 2426002 ist in der mittleren Kurve keine Spur mehr zu bemerken. Merkwürdig ist das stark abweichende. durch viele Schätzungen aber gut verbiirgte Minimum 2420370 (S = 11 m .7).

Die Streuung in der Nähe von 70d erreicht die Werte:

m M Mittel im aufsteigenden Aste: 0.376 0.368 0.372 im absteigenden Aste: 0.295 0.330 0.312

--Mittel: 0.335 0.349

Die Streuung ist wieder grösser beim Maximum. und grösser im auf~ steigenden Aste. Das Verhältnis der Streuungen Om .372 und Om .312 ist 1.19. das Verhältnis der Geschwindigkeiten des Lichtwechsels bei Auf~ und Abstieg 1.12.

Zusammenfassung.

Aus 736 in den Jahren 1905 bis 1931 (2416845 bis 2426765) ange~ steilten Beobachtungen von S Bootis sind die folgenden Elemente des Lichtwechsels abgeleitet worden:

Minimum: 2421759d ~ + 273d E + 25d sin 10° (E - 2);

Maximum: 2421888 ~ v= 13m .26 v= 8 .68

Amplitude = 4 .58. M-m

woraus -p-=0.473.

Die mittlere Lichtkurve hat einen volkommen glatten Verlauf.

Utrecht. April 1932.

Chemistry. - Osmosis in systems, cansisting of water and tartaric acid. 111. By F. A . H . SCHREINEMAKERS and J. P . WERR E.

(Communlcated at the meeting of April 30. 1932).

Introduction.

If in the osmotic system

L(W+X) IL'(W+X) (1)

in which X represents the tartaric acid , we bring a membrane of cellophane. it will belong to type I (fig . I) as we have seen in the first communic-

478

ation 1) ; the water namely diffuses during the entire osmosis ~ no matter what composition the liquids may have. (We assumed here that the right­side liquid always has a greater X-amount than the left-side liquid.)

I

W I

" : ,...... Xl I ;' : " _----I. I "" .... --~~

I a- __ ~-- - ''1 " __ ... _--t-- I : ",

W~--~a--~/~f~--~'X

Fig. 1.

IE in system (1) we bring a membrane of pig·s bladder, it will belong to type He (fig. 2) as we have seen in the second communication 2). Until now we have considered as a special case only the systems :

inv (Water) [L' (W + X) . (2)

We found that the direction in which the water diffuses, depends upon the concentration the variabIe liquid L' has at the beginning of the osmosis ; namely

when, at the beginning of the osmosis the variabIe liquid has a smaller X-amount than liquid s (fig. 2), th en during the entire osmosis the water will diffuse.- 01< namely from the solution towards the pure water ;

when at the beginning of the osmosis the variabIe liquid has a greater X -amount than liquid s (fig . 2) , the water will first diffuse ~ and later

on .- 0 1< •

m/

rrC

f' , , ... ...

I ... ... X ...

f Fig. 2.

We now shall consider a few more cases of system (1) . Systems in whieh the right-side liquid is invariant. Type He fig. 2.

I) These Proceedings 35, 12 (1932). 2) These Proceedings 35, 162 (1932).

479

As a special case of system (1) . in which we place a membrane of pig's bladder. we take the system

L (beg. Water) I invL' (W + X) . (3)

in which the right-side liquid is in some way kept invariant during the entire osmosis. On the left side of the membrane is a variabIe liquid L. consisting at the beginning of the osmosis of pure water. As the direction in which the water diffuses in this system (3) . depends upon the concen­tration of the invariant liquid L'. we shall distinguish three cases.

10 • When the invariant liquid of system (3) is situated between the points Wand 111 (fig. 2). we represent this by :

L (beg. Water) I inv L' (Wm) (4)

H. in order to concentrate our thoughts . we assume that the invariant liquid is represented in fig. 2 e.g. by point a. th en its W -point will be represented by a'.

The variabIe liquid . consisting of pure water at the beginning of the lJsmosis. moves towards point a during the osmosis ; so its W-point is situated on curve W'a' between W' and a'. From this it appears that during the entire osmosis the right-side liquid has a higher W -point than the left side liquid . so that the wa ter diffuses _ 0" during the entire osmosis. So for system (4) during the entire osmosis the D.T.

-X -o .. W . (4a)

obtains. in which the water runs through the membrane incongruently and negatively.

In order to elucidate th is by an example. we take a system . in which thc invariant liquid contains

94 .259 % of W + 5.741 % of tartaric acid.

We represent this system by

L (beg . Water) I inv L' (5.741 Ofo X). (5)

The data on this system are found in table E, which has been arranged in the same way as the tables of the preceding communication .

From this it appears among ot her things that the X -amount of the variabIe liquid . which consisted of pure water at the begirining of the osmosis . had increased aftel' 16 hours to 0.634 % ; aftel' 407 hours this X-amount had increased to 5.692 % and had. therefore. almost approached that of the invariant liquid.

It appears from the arrows in table E that during the entire osmosis the tartaric acid and the water have diffused according to the D .T. (4a). As the two substances run in the same direction. the diffusing mixture here is a really existing liquid . so that it is represented by a point between W and X (fig . 2) .

480

T ABLE E . System 5.

I I oio X of the Diffused % X of the

NO. t var. Iiq. L gr. X

I gr. W invar. Iiq. L'

. 1 I 0 0 I

5.741 I

~ ~o •

2 16 0.634 2.570 1.369

3 32 1. 261 2.420 1.035 I

4 53 1. 957 2.653 0.882 I

5 79 2.760 3.037 0 .803 I 6 105 3.418 2.461 0 .593

I 7 H6 4.257 1. 751 0 .304 , 8 266 5.013 1.123 0 . 181 I

9 407 I

5.692 0.394 0. 135 I

It appears from the diffused quantities of X and W that this diffusing mixture has a greater X -amount than the invariant liquid, so that it is situated in fig. 2 between this invariant liquid and point X. As the variabIe liquid takes in this mixture, the quantity of this liquid increases continuously during the osmosis. [Comp. for this diffusing mixture the two preceding communications also.]

2°. When the invariant liquid of system (3) is situated between the points mand s, we represent this by

L (beg. Water) I inv L' (m s) (6)

To concentrate our thoughts , we imagine the invariant liquid represented by point b ; we draw the horizontal line a'b' through the W-point b' of this liquid.

During the osmosis the variabIe liquid moves from W towards b ; as long as th is variabIe liquid is still situated on the left side of point a and its W-point consequently on W'a' , the variabIe liquid has a lower W-point than the invariant liquid ; so the water diffuses ~ 0 ... Consequently in system (6) the osmosis begins with the D.T.

(6a)

At the moment the variabIe liquid arrives in point a, the W-point of the one liquid is situated as high as that of the other; at this moment the osmosis will then proceed according to the D.T.

~X -o .. W .

in which no water flows through the membrane.

(6b)

481

As soon as the variabIe liquid has arrived to the right of point a. and its W -point. therefore. on curve a'm'b' above line a'b', the variabIe liquid will have a higher W -point than the invariant liquid; now the water will diffuse ~. So the osmosis will proceed until the end according to the D .T .

-x ~W. (6c)

It appears fr om the D.T.'s (6a) , (6b) and (6c) : in system (6) the water will first diffuse _ 0" during some time and

afterwards until the end of the osmosis ~; in the moment the direction of the water-movement converts. no water flows through the membrane.

In order to elucidate this by an example, we take a system in which the invariant liquid contains

87.855 % of W + 12.145 % of tartaric acid

we represent this system by

L (beg. Water) I inv L' (12.145 % X) (7)

The data on this system are found in table F. From this it appears among other things that the X-amount of the variabIe liquid had increased after

T ABLE F. System (7).

-:r~T .;. X o' ,he Diffused OIo X of the

NO. t var. Iiq. L gr. X I gr. W in var. Iiq. L'

1 I

0 0 12 . 115

I - _0. 2 12 0. 1147 3.380 0.365

3 24 1.634 2.985 0.032

- ~

4 45 2.877 4 .664 0 .539

5 73 4.269 5.232 0 .850

6 116 5.986 6.484 1.820

7 186 7.946 7 . ~60 3.097

8 335 I 10.190 8.570 4.590

9 790 I

11.1111 6.202 3.736

12 hours from 0 % to 0.847 % and after 790 hours to 11.811 %. It appears from the arrows that the water first flows _0" through the membrane for some time and afterwards ~ and that no water will diffuse when the variabIe liquid contains -I- 2 % of tartaric acid.

During the first part of the osmosis (namely wh en the water diffuses _0 .) the diffusing 'mixture is situated between Wand X; it appears from

482

the diffused quantities of X and W that this mixture is situated between the invariant liquid and point X.

In the second part of the osmosis (namely when the water diffuses -')) more X continuously flows towards the left than water towards the right; then the diffusing mixture will be situated to the right of point X . At the moment that no water diffuses and consequently only the substance X flows through the membrane. this diffusing mixture is situated in point X.

3°. When the invariant liquid of system (3) is situated between the points s and q (fig . 2). we represent it by :

L (beg . Water) I inv L' (s q) (8)

It appears from fig. 2 that during the en ti re osmosis the variabie liquid now has a higher W -point than the invariant liquid; consequently during the entire osmosis the subs,tances diffuse according to the D.T.

-x ~W. (8a)

We now first consider a system in which the invariant liquid is saturated with solid tartaric acid ; this liquid . which has been represented in fig . 2 by point q. contains

± 42.5 % of Wand 57.5 % of tartaric acid.

The data 1) on this system. which we represent by

L (beg . Water) I inv L' (57.5 % X) . (9)

are found in table G. From this it appears that the X-amount of the variabie liquid had increased af ter 9 hours to 2.067 % and af ter 719 hours to 53.59 %.

It appears from the determinations Nos 1 to 12 that more water diffuses towards the right than X towards the left ; consequently in fig . 2 the diffusing mixture is situa ted on the left side of point W. The following determinations. however. no longer give regular results. but yet they seem to indicate that more X now diffuses than wa ter ; the diffusing mixture would be situated now to the right of point X.

Also in two other systems (9) Mr. H . H . SCHR EIN EMACHERS found irre­gularities of an other na'ture in the movement of the substance X . wh en the X-amount of the variabie liquid had increased past 50 %. The deter­mination of the osmosis in these concentrated solutions is very difficult. however. and the prolonged action of these concentrated solutions of tartaric acid will at the same time probably influence the nature of the bladder. Only an accurate and repeated examination will perhaps enable us to determine what factors play a part here; we shall then refer to this later on.

We now take one more system in which the invariant liquid contains

70.64 % of W + 29.36 % of tartaric acid.

I) The osmosis in this system has been determined by Dr. H . H. SCHREINEMACHERS.

483

TABLE G. System (9) .

Ofo X of the Diffused Ofo X of the NO. t

var. liq. L gr. X I

gr . W invar. liq. L '

1 0 0 ± 57.5

+- .... 2 9 2 .067 6.666 13.508

3 13 2.908 2.562 5.250

4 18 3.941 2.966 6.206

5 23 5.094 3.119 6.665

6 31 7.084 5.015 10 .769

7 55 13.472 13.898 32 .811

8 78 19.214 10 .HO 25.981

9 108 25.880 10 .670 28.152

10 152 34 .780 9.91)0 30.661

11 220 39.610 1O.liO 34.534

12 319 43.330 6 .970 23.884

13 462 49.010 21. 720 19.746

14 504 50 .040 3.000 4 .515

15 600 52.080 7.610 7. 118

16 719 53.590 I

7.020 4 .064

From the determinations 1) of th is system, which we now represent by

L (beg. Water) I inv L' (29.36 % X) . (10)

it appears that here also the D.T. (8a) obtains during the entire osmosis. As in this system more water continuously diffused towards the right than X towards the ldt. the diffusing mixture is situated during the entire osmosis to the ldt of point W .

It appears from these considerations and examples that the direct ion in which the water will move during the osmosis in the osmotic system

L (beg. Water) I inv. L' (W + X) (11)

depends upon the amount of tartaric acid of the invariant liquid ; we distinguish three cases :

10. w hen the invariant liquid is situated between Wand m (fig. 2) the

water will during the entire osmosis diffuse +- 0 ...

1) J. P. WERRE I. c. pg. 36 table IX.

484

20. wh en the invariant liquid is situated between mand s (fig. 2) the

water will first diffuse -0" and afterwards to the end of the osmosis ~. 30. wh en the invariant liquid is situated between s and q (fig. 2). the

water will diffuse during the entire osmosis -?

Systems in which two variabie liquids.

When we take an osmotic system

L(W + X) I L' (W + X). (12)

in which the two liquids are variabie, liquid L in fig. 2 wilJ move towards the right during the osmosis and liquid L' towards the left. This osmosis goes on until both liquids get the same composition e.

In this system the substance X always diffuses ~ no matter what con­cer,trations the two liquids may have. With respect to the water, however, we can distinguish four cases; as they may be easily deduced, however, with the aid of the previous considerations, we shall only indicate them briefly.

A. When the two liqllids are situated between the points Wand m (fig. 2), the water dif fllses dllring the entire osmosis _ 0 ...

B. When the two liqllids are situated between the points mand q. the water diffuses during the entire osmosis -?

C. When liqllid L is situated , between Wand mand liquid L' between mand q, the direction of the W-diffusion depends on

1°. the W-amount of the liquids at the beginning of the osmosis; wh en namely at the beg inning of the osmosis liqllid L as a higher (lower) W­point than liquid L', the water diffuses at the beg inning of the osmosis -?

(_0 "). 20 . the ratio of the quantities of the liquids at the beginning of the

osmosis. This ratio namely defines the place of point e (not drawn in fig . 2) where the two liqllids get the same composition. When this point e is sitllated to the left (right) of m, the water moves towards the end of the

osmosis - 0" (-).

So we may distingllish four cases ; namely, the water diffuses 1°. during the en ti re osmosis _ 0 ..

20. during the entire osmosis -?

30. first _ 0" and later on -?

10. first -? and later on _ 0 ".

In th ree systems 1) the case mentioned sub 3 was found experimentally ; the water namely first diffllsed _ 0" and afterwards -?; in two other systems :!) the water diffused , however , first -? and aftenvards _ 0" and consequently the case mentioned sub 1 occurred.

I) J. p, WERRE I. c. Tables I. 11 and III ; pgs. 30 and 31. 2) J. P . WERRE I. c. Tables IV and V; pgs. 31 and 32.

485

By the support of the "Bataafsch Genootschap der Proefondervindelijke Wijsbegeerte te Rotterdam" we are enabled to examine the systems 5. 7 and 9 (tables E. F and G). for which we express our thanks to this .. Genootschap".

Leiden. Lab. of Inorganic Chemistry.

Botany. - Die Grundzahl der Tulpenblüte in ihrer Abhängigkeit van der Temperatur. 1. Von A. H. BLAAUW. IDA LUYTEN und ANNIE M. HARTSEMA. (Meded. N0. 33 van het Laboratorium voor Planten­physiologisch Onderzoek. Wageningen. Holland.)

(Communicated at the meeting of April 30. 1932)

Als wir in 1922 und 1924 den Einfluss verschiedener Temperaturen während der Blütenbildung an der Tulpensorte Pride of Haarlem studier­ten . steIlte sich heraus. dass die Anzahl der Blütenteile urn so grösser ist. je niedriger die Temperatur. worin die Anlage stattgefunden hat. Die Blütenanlage kann innerhalb sehr weiten Grenzen vor sich gehen. so dass in 9° sowohl wie in 28° C. ganz ordentliche Blumen gebildet werden. Bei näherer Betrachtung stellt sich dann ab er heraus. dass bei dieser Varietät in 28° C. ganz allgemein die Grundzahl 6-6-3 gebildet wird. mit nur wenigen Ausnahmen . dass aber unterhalb 20° diese monocotyle Grundzahl fast ganz ausgeschaltet wird. Die Blütenkreise zei gen dann - und das fängt auch schon in 25~0-23°-20° C. an - zahlreiche Kombinationen. unter denen ab er ganz bestimmte bevorzugt sind. Zahlreich sind besonders die rein vierzähligen Blumen (8-8-4) in 17° c.. und weiter die Kombi­nationen 7-7-3 und 7-7-4 in 17° bis 25~0 c.. und 9-9-4 in 9° C. Die Erhöhung der normalen Zahl findet nicht in dem einen Kreis auf Kosten eines anderen statt. ab er tri tt durch die ganze Blume hin in derselben Weise auf. Es trat in den zahlreichen Versuchspflanzen nach ganz ver­schiedenen Temperaturbehandlungen nie die echte Füllungserscheinung auf 1). obwohl die Anzahl der BIütenteile von der Temperatur durchaus abhängig ist und im Mittel van 15.9 ( ± 0.37) in 28° C. bis 21.59 (± 0.58) in 9° C. heranstieg . S. Literatur Meded. Lab. v. Plantenphysiol. Onderz. Nn . 16-19 :!).

Es drang sich nun weiter besonders die Frage auf. ob diese Abhängig­keit von der Temperatur in gleicher Weise bei andren Tulpensorten ange-

1) K. ORTLEPP. Monographic der Füllungserscheinungen bei Tulpenblüten . Leipzig 1915. 2) R. MULDER en I. LUYTEN . De periodieke ontwikkeling van de Darwintulp. Verhand.

Kon. Akad . v. Wet. XXVI NO. 3 1928. Med. 16 . A . H. BLAAUW en M. C. VERSLUYS. De gevolgen van de Temperatuurbehandeling in den zomer voor de Darwintulp. Vers I. Kon. Ak. v. Wet. XXXIV 1925. Med. 17. I. LUYTEN. G. JOUSTRA en A. H . BLAAUW. Idem 2e stuk. Kon . Ak. v. Wet. XXXIV 1925. Med. 18. R. MULDER en A. H. BLAAUW. Idem 3e stuk. Kon. Ak. v. Wet. XXXIV 1925. Med . 19.