KHSMS US OJSV $ OJSV $ IG GT IX HSLG7J 1J8LX KannangaraLec29.pdf · i\khsms us ojsv $ ojsv $ ig gt...

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epidTg; NgUiu

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rkj;JtKk; xg;GuTk;fyhepjp RNdj;jpuh fUz huj;d

,yq;ifapd; tpQ;Qhdf; fy;tpf;fhd Kjy; Nguhrpupau;

2018 xf;Nlhgu; 15

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rkj;JtKk; xg;GuTk;

fyhepjp RNdj;uh fUzhuj;d

(,yq;ifapd; tpQ;Qhdf; fy;tp njhlu;ghd Kjy; Nguhrpupau;)

2018 xf;Nlhgu; 15

Ma;T kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jpj; JiwNjrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

kfufk,yq;ifwww.nie.lk

fyhepjp rp. lg;spA. lg;spA. fd;dq;fu

mtu;fspd; epidTg; NgUiu - 29

rkj;JtKk; xg;GuTk;

Kjw; gjpg;G - 2018

© Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

ntspaPL : mr;rfk; Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk; kfufk ,yq;if www.nie.lk Tel: 011 7601601

1

rkj;JtKk; xg;GuTk;

,e;j epidTg; NgUiuf;fhf Njrpa fy;tp epWtfj;jpd;

tshfj;jpw;F tUif je;j NghJ> ,e;j epWtfj;jpd; KjyhtJ

gzpg;ghsu; ehafkhf gjtp tfpj;j B. V. ngNuuh mtu;fspd;

jiyikapd; fPo; ehd; vdJ gzpapidg; nghWg;Ngw;w me;j

Kjy; ehs; vd;Dila epidTf;F te;jJ. nraw;wpl;l

mjpfhupahf ,q;F te;jNghJ Ma;Tfs; gpuptpd; gzpg;ghsuhf

mg;NghJ flikahw;wpa fyhepjp [p. gP. Fztu;jd mtu;

fsplj;jpy; gzpahw;wpNdd;. mg;NghJ mtu; tUle;NjhWk;

fd;dq;fu epidTg; NgUiu epfo;j;Jtjw;fhd vz;zf;fUtpid

nfhz;bUe;jhu;. ,k;kfj;jhd gzpapid mtu; mkuh gPup];

mk;ikahUf;F xg;gilj;jpUe;jhu;. mk;ikahu; jhk; Xa;T

ngWk; tiu ,e;epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lj;ij caupa mu;g;gzpg;NghL

ntw;wpfukhf nraw;gLj;jpdhu;. ,e;j epidTg; NgUiuf;fhf

vd;id mioj;jijapl;L jw;Nghija gzpg;ghsu; ehafkhf

jpfOk; fyhepjp [ae;jp FzNrfu mtu;fSf;F vdJ

ed;wpfisj; njuptpj;Jf; nfhs;fpd;Nwd;.

,d;W ,lk;ngWk; ,e;j epidTg; NgUiuahdJ> ,ytrf;

fy;tpapd; je;ij vdg; Nghw;wg;gLfpd;w Nkd;ik jq;fpa fyhepjp

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gw;wpajhFk;. mtu; njd; khfhzj;jpd; gygpl;ba gpuNjrj;jpy;

ud;njhk;Ng vDk; fpuhkj;jpy; 1884 Mk; Mz;L xf;Nlhgu;

khjk; 13Mk; jpfjp mtjupj;jhu;. ud;njhk;Ng nt];ypad;

kp\dup ghlrhiyapy; ,tu; jdJ ghlrhiyf; fy;tpia

Muk;gpj;jhu;. mg;ghlrhiyapd; guprspg;G tpohnthd;wpw;fhf

gpujk tpUe;jpduhf tUif je;jtu; fhyp wpr;kz;l; fy;Y}

upapd; mjpguhfg; gjtp tfpj;j N[. vr;. nlwy; (J. H. Darrel) ghjpupahu; Mthu;. mtu; fd;dq;fu vDk; khztu; ngw;Wf;

2

nfhz;l gupRfisg; ghu;j;Jtpl;L mg;gupRfisr; Rke;J

nry;tjw;F ,k;khztUf;F tz;bnahd;W Njitg;gLk; vdf;

Fwpg;gpl;lhu;. nlwy; ghjpupahupd; mwpTiufisg; ngw;w fd;dq;fu

wpr;kz;l; fy;Y}upapy; fy;tpiaj; njhlu;tjw;fhd Gyikg;

guprpy; guPl;irf;Fj; Njhw;wpdhu;. mjprpwe;j ghlrhiyahd

wpr;kz;l; fy;Y}upapy; fw;gjw;fhd tha;g;Gk; tpLjp trjpAk;

vJtpj fl;lzKkpd;wp ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; ghf;fpak; mtUf;F

fpilf;fg; ngw;wJ. ,j;jifa ghlrhiyfshdJ efu;g;Gwq;fspy;

mikag; ngw;wpUe;jJld; mtw;wpy; fy;tp fw;gjw;fhd tha;g;Gk;

nry;tKk;> fy;tpawpTKila ngw;Nwhu;fspd; gps;isfSf;F

tiuaWf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. me;jg; ghlrhiyfspd; jiyikj;Jtg;

gjtp gpupj;jhdpag; gy;fiyf;fofq;fspy; gl;lk; ngw;w

fpwp];jtu;fSf;Nf cupj;jhdJ (De Silva - 1969). mf;fhyj;jpy;

,Ue;j ghlrhiyfs; Mq;fpy nkhop %ykhd ghlrhiyfs;

vdTk; RNjr nkhop %ykhd ghlrhiyfs; vdTk; ,Utifahf

tifg;gLj;jg;gl;bUe;jd. gpupntdhf; fy;tp epiyaq;fs; RNjr

ghlrhiyfs; vDk; tiff;Fl;gl;bUe;jJ.

cU 1. wpr;kz;l; tpj;jpahyaj;jpd; Kfg;Gj; Njhw;wk;

fd;dq;futpd; jpwikfs; fzpj ghlj;Jld; epd;W

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fhw;ge;jhl;lk; kw;Wk; tpthjf; FOf;fspy; mq;fj;Jtj;jpidAk;

ngw;wpUe;j ,tu; ebg;Gj; jpwidAk; ntspg;gLj;jp te;jhu;.

ghlrhiyapd; nraw;ghLfspy; kfj;jhd gq;fspg;gpid toq;fp

3

te;j fd;dq;futpw;F> jkf;F mUfpYs;s ghlrhiyfspy; gapYk;

khztu;fSf;F jhd; mDgtpf;Fk; ,e;j trjpfs; vJTNk ,y;iy

vd;gJ mbf;fb kdij tUj;jpf; nfhz;bUe;jJ. epue;jukhd

fl;llk; xd;wpy;yhj mg;ghlrhiyf; fl;llq;fspd; Rtu;fs; kz;>

jbfshy; Mf;fg;gl;l Rtu;fshy; fl;lg;gl;bUe;jJld; mjd;

$iu Xiyfspdhy; Ntag;gl;bUe;jJ.

cU 2. trjpfsw;w ghlrhiy

nts;is epw Nkw;rl;ilAk; ePy epwf; fhw;rl;ilAk;

fWg;G epwj;jpyhd ghjzpAk; nfhz;l rPUilapy; fhzg;gl;l

wpr;kz;l; ghlrhiyapd; gps;isfisg; Nghd;W trjp Fiwe;j

ghlrhiyg; gps;isfSf;Fr; rPUilnahd;W ,Uf;ftpy;iy.

mtu;fspy; ngUk;ghyhNdhu; fhYf;F nrUg;Gfspd;wp ele;Nj

ghlrhiyf;F tUif je;jdu;.

cU 3. wpr;kz;l; fy;Y}up khztu;fs;

rfy trjpfSk; epiwe;j tFg;giwfisf; nfhz;l

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xU NkirAk; fjpiuAk; ,Ue;jJ. Mdhy; trjpfsw;w

4

gpd;jq;fpa ghlrhiyfspy; fy;tp fw;w khztu;fSf;Fk; fw;gpj;j

Mrpupau;fSf;Fk; ,Ug;gjw;F fjpiufSk; ,Uf;ftpy;iy.

ngUk;ghYk; mtu;fs; tpupg;nghd;iw tpupj;J jiuapy;; mku;e;Nj

fw;wy; eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhz;ldu;. tpisahLtjw;fhd

ikjhdk; mtu;fSf;F ,Uf;ftpy;iy. ,g;gpur;rpidfs;

fd;dq;futpd; kdjpy; njhlu;r;rpahf vOe;jd.

cU 4. trjpfSld; $ba fw;wy; eltbf;iffs;

cU 5. trjpfsw;w fw;wy; eltbf;iffs;

jdJ ghlrhiyf; fy;tpapid ntw;wpfukhf epiwT

nra;j fd;dq;fuTf;F jhk; fw;w ghlrhiyapNyNa fzpj

Mrpupauhf gzpGupAk; tha;g;Gf; fpl;baJ. mg;ghlrhiyapy;

gzpahw;wpf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;NghNj nkhul;Lt Nty;]; fy;Y}up

5

apYk;> nfhOk;G nt];yp fy;Y}upapYk; Mrpupauhff; flik

Gupe;jhu;. ,f;fhyg;gFjpapy; rl;lf;fy;tpiaj; njhlu;e;j

,tu;> 1910,y; rl;lj;juzpahfr; rj;jpag;gpukhzk; nra;J

nfhz;L fhyp ePjpkd;wpy; gzpahw;wpdhu;. gpd;du; ,yq;if

murpaYf;Fs; gpuNtrpj;j fd;dq;fu mtu;fSf;F 1924Mk;

Mz;by; rl;lthf;ff; fofj;jpw;F gpuNtrpg;gjw;fhd tha;g;G

fpl;baJ. 1931,y; gpupj;jhdpa fhydpj;Jt Ml;rpahsu;

fshy; ,yq;ifau;fSf;F ru;trd thf;Fupik toq;fg;

gl;ljd; tpisthf nlhd%u; murpayikg;gpd; fPo; fd;dq;fu

mtu;fs; murf;fofj;jpw;F kf;fs; thf;Ffshy; njupT

nra;ag;gl;lhu;. me;j ahg;gpd;gb muRf;fofj;jpy; epiwNtw;Wj;

jiytu; gjtp cl;gl NkYk; VO jiyikg; gjtpfs;

fhzg;gl;ld. mjpy; fy;tpaikr;ru; gjtpAk; xd;whFk;.

mjd;gb ,yq;ifapd; KjyhtJ fy;tpaikr;ruhf fd;dq;fu

mtu;fs; epakdk; ngw;whu;. 1942,y; ,yq;ifg; gy;fiyf;

fofj;jpy; Kjy; jlitahf ,lk;ngw;w guprspg;G itgtj;jpy;

mg;Nghija JizNte;juhf ,Ue;j Nkd;ik jq;fpa Nru;

INth n[dpq;]; (Sir Ivo Jennings) mtu;fshy; jpU. fd;dq;fu

mtu;fs; fy;tpj; Jiwf;fhw;wpa kfj;jhd Nritapidg; Nghw;wp

nfsut fyhepjpg; gl;lk; toq;fg;gl;lJ. fd;dq;fu mtu;fs;

1937 njhlf;fk; 1946 tiu fy;tp epu;thff; FOtpd; epiwNtw;Wj;

jiytuhfr; Nritahw;wpdhu;. 1944,y; Kd;itf;fg;gl;l fy;tp

kWrPuikg;ig vjpu;j;J ru;trd thf;Fupikahy; njupT nra;ag;

gl;l muRf;fof cWg;gpdu;fs; rpyu; thf;fspj;jpUe;jhYk; ngUk;

ghd;ikahNdhupd; fuNfhrj;jpd; kj;jpapy; mJ epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ.

md;iwa jpdk; ,ytrf; fy;tpr; rl;lj;ij mtjhdpg;gjw;fhf

tUif je;jpUe;j ,e;jpag; gpujpepjpahd vk;. v];. mNd

(M. S. Aney) mtu;fs;> fyhepjp fd;dq;futplk; te;J> ~~,e;jpad;

vd;w tifapy; ,t;tpytrf; fy;tpj; jpl;lj;jpid ,e;jpahtpy;

ehd; Kd;itj;jpUe;jhy; vd;idf; flTSf;Fr; rkkhf

6

Nghw;wpapUg;ghu;fs;|| vd;W $wpdhu;. me;j tifapy; ,yq;ifapy;

vy;yhg; gps;isfSf;Fk; ,ytrf; fy;tpia toq;Fk; jpl;lk;

1945 xf;Nlhgu; 1Mk; jpfjpapy; ,Ue;J nraw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

1937 njhlf;fk; 1946 tiuahd fhyj;Js; fy;tpj;Jiwapy;

Fwpg;gplj;jf;f epiykhw;wq;fs;; Vw;gl;ld. mitahtd:

² ghyu; tFg;G Kjy; gy;fiyf;fofk; tiuapyhd ,ytrf;

fy;tp

² Muk;gg; gpupTfspy; jha;nkhop %yk; fy;tpia fw;gpj;jy;

² %d;whk; juj;jpy; ,Ue;Nj vy;yhg; ghlrhiyfspYk;

Mq;fpy nkhopapidf; fw;gpj;jy;

² gps;isapd; jiy> ,jak;> iffs; (Head, Heart, Hands) vd;w 3H vz;zf;fUtpw;Nfw;g ghlj;jpl;lj;ij tpUj;jp

nra;jy;

md;W Nkd;ik jq;fpa fd;dq;fu mtu;fshy; Kd;itf;fg;

gl;l 1939Mk; Mz;L 31Mk; ,yf;ff; fy;tpr; rl;l%yk; ,d;W

tiu eilKiwapy; cs;sJ. rpWrpW khw;wq;fis Nkw;nfhs;t

jw;fhd vj;jdq;fs; Nkw;nfhz;bUe;jhYk; ,r;rl;l %yj;jpy;

Fwpg;gplj;jf;f khw;wq;fs; ,d;Wtiu ,lk;ngwtpy;iy.

,t;Tiu apy; ehd; Nkd;ik jq;fpa fd;dq;fu mtu;fspd;

fy;tpf;fhd gq;fspg;G kw;Wk; ~rkj;JtKk; xg;GuTk;| vd;w

fUg;nghUs;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L vdJ fUj;Jf;fis

Kd;itf;fpd;Nwd;.

rkj;Jtj;ijAk; xg;GuitAk; gw;wp egu;fs; ntt;NtW

tifapy; nghUs; tpsf;fkspj;Js;sdu;. Jacob and Holsinger (2008, P. 4) vd;Nghupd; $w;Wg;gb rkj;Jtk; (Equality) vd;gJ msTf;Nfw;gNth> jhf;fj;jpw;Nfw;gNth> ngWkhdj;jpw;Nfw;gNth>

gjtp epiyfSf;Nfw;gNth ghFghL fhl;lhJ rkkhf kjpj;jy;

MFk;.

7

xg;GuT (Equity) vd;gJ ePjp> Neu;ik> gf;frhu;gpd;ik

Nghd;w tplaq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L> fy;tpj;Jiwapy;

Vida fl;likg;Gf;fSf;Fk;> fy;tpj;Jiwapy; gy;NtW

tifapy; gutyile;jpUf;Fk; gpupTfSf;Fk; Vw;w tifapy;

r%f ePjpapd; kPJ fupridf; nfhz;L tsq;fisg; gy;tifapy;

gfpu;e;jspj;jyhFk;.

xg;Gutpw;Nfw;g tsq;fisg; gfpu;e;jspf;Fk; NghJ mJ

Neu;ikahfTk; ePjpahdjhfTk; ,lk;ngw Ntz;Lk;. mt;thW

tsq;fisf; fPo;epiyf; fl;likg;GfSf;Fg; gfpu;e;jspg;gjw;fhfg;

nghJthd jPu;khdk; xd;W Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;. vt;thwhapDk;

mj;jPu;khdq;fs; njhlu;gpy; r%fj;jpy; ,Ue;J gy;NtW

fUj;Jf;fs; Njhw;wk; ngwf;$Lk;.

XXIV MtJ mku;tpd; mwpf;ifapy;> rkj;JtKk;

xg;GuTk; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk; tpjk;

1943 Mk; Mz;L XXIV MtJ mku;twpf;ifapy; fy;tpapy;

xg;GuT gw;wpa fUj;Jf;fs; tpN\lkhf ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;bUe;jJ.

mt;twpf;ifapy; xg;GuT vDk; vz;zf;fUg; gw;wp tpupthd

fz;Nzhl;lj;jpy; tpgupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mJ jw;fhy

r%fj;jpw;F nghUe;jf;$ba J}uNehf;Fg; gz;Gfisf;

nfhz;Ls;sik Fwpg;gplj;jf;f mk;rkhFk;. ,t;twpf;ifapy;

%d;whtJ mj;jpahaj;jpy; fy;tpapd; tpNrlkhd ,yf;Ffs;

Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd. mit>

1. cstpUj;jp vDk; kd xOf;fk;

2. elj;ijfSld; $ba gz;ghL

3. nraw;wpwd; Nghd;wthW mike;jpUe;jd.

Nkw;Fwpj;j %d;W tpN\l Nehf;fq;fspdJk;

tptupg;Gf;F Vw;g> rkj;Jt vz;zf;fUitg; NghyNt

xg;GuT kPJk; ftdj;ij nrYj;JtJ mtrpakhFk; vd;gJ

czu;j;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. cstpUj;jp njhlu;gpy; fye;JiuahLk;

8

NghJ mwpf;ifapy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s fPo;tUk; fUj;Jf;fs;

jw;fhyr; re;ju;g;gq;fSf;Fk; nghUe;Jfpd;w gpur;rpidfshff;

fhzg;gLfpd;wik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.

Muk;gg;gpupTfspNyNa guPl;iria ikag;gLj;jpa

fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwapd; fhuzkhf Vw;glf;$ba

ghjfkhd tpisTfis tpsq;fpf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

,r;re;ju;g;gj;jpy; ehk; mjpf ftdk; nrYj;JtJ

ghlrhiyapd; midj;J khztu;fSf;Fk; nghUe;J

fpd;w fy;tpf; nfhs;if njhlu;gpyhFk;. gy;NtW

Ma;Tfs; kw;Wk; gupNrhjidfSf;F Vw;g cstpUj;jp

iag; NghyNt iftpidg; gapw;rpAk; Vw;gl Ntz;Lk;

vd;gij gy gupNrhjidfSk; Ma;T KbTfSk;

Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd. Fwpg;ghf Muk;gg; gUtj;jpy;

vOj;jwpit khj;jpuk; tpUj;jp nra;Ak; ghlq;fis

Gfl;l epidg;gjhy; rkkw;wJk; G+uzkw;wJkhd

mgptpUj;jp ,lk;ngwf; fhuzkhf mikAk; (12Mk;

gf;fk;> 14MtJ ge;jp).

iftpidg; gapw;rpfshd (Manual Training) jr;RNtiy>

cNyhfNtiy> Njhl;lNtiyfs;> rikaw;fiy kw;Wk;

NtW tifahd tPl;Lg; gzpfs; vd;gd rkepiyahd

cstpUj;jpf;F topfhl;Lfpd;wd (12Mk; gf;fk;>

15MtJ ge;jp).

iftpidg; ghlq;fis mLj;J gy;NtW fiyfs;

kw;Wk; rq;fPjk; Nghd;wtw;iw tpN\lkhff; Fwpg;gplf;

fhuzk; mit cau; fyhrhug; ngWkhdq;fisf;

nfhz;bUg;gjpdhYk;> gps;isfs; jkJ fUj;ij

ntspg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd gy;NtW topfis Vw;gLj;Jk;

El;gKiwahf mike;jpUg;gjpdhYkhFk;. vdpDk;

rq;fPjj;ij gy jlitfs; kddk; nra;J guPl;irapy;

xg;Gtpg;gJ cs;shu;e;j ntspg;ghlhf mikahJ.

9

mjdhy; cs;shu;e;j czu;Tfs; nraypof;fr; nra;

fpd;wd vdyhk;. mJ Xu; csg;gapw;rpay;y. ve;jtpj

,uridAk; ,y;yhj> ,ae;jpukakhd nraw;ghlhFk;

(12Mk; gf;fk;> 16MtJ ge;jp).

,e;j Nkw;Nfhs;fSf;Nfw;g Vl;Lf; fy;tpf;F khj;jpuk;

tiuaWf;fg;gl;Ls;s eilKiwg; ghlj;jpl;lj;jpd; rkkw;w

epiyAk;> guPl;iria ikag;gLj;jpa gapw;rp epfo;r;rpfspd; ,ae;jpu

kakhd jd;ikAk; khztdpd; rkepiyahd mgptpUj;jpf;Fj;

jilahf ,Uf;Fk; tpjj;ij eilKiwr; #o;epiyfSf;F Vw;g

gFg;gha;T nra;J mjw;fhd jPu;Tfis ,dq;fz;L nfhs;tJ

Kf;fpakhFk;.

rkj;Jtk; (Equality) njhlu;ghd vz;zf;fUtpdhy; ntspg;

gLj;jg;gLtJ Fiwe;jg;gl;r juhjuk; (Minimum Standards) xd;iw mile;J nfhs;tJ njhlu;gpyhFk;. midtUf;Fk;

Muk;gf; fy;tpiag; ngw;Wf; nfhLj;jy;> ,ilepiyf; fy;tpia

toq;Fjy; md;Nwy; midtUf;Fk; vOj;jwptpid toq;Fjy;

Nghd;w 2015Mk; Mz;Lf;F Kd;djhd kpy;Nydpa mgptpUj;jp

,yf;Ffis (Millennium Development goals MDGS) fy;tpapy; rkj;Jtj;jpw;fhd cjhuzkhff; Fwpg;gplyhk;. vdpDk;

me;j ,yf;fpid Nehf;fpg; gazpf;Fk;NghJ Fwpj;j egiur;

rpj;jpaile;Js;shu;> rpj;jpailatpy;iy vdg; ghFg;gLj;Jtjpy;

mePjp epyTfpd;wJ. rpj;jpapid jdpegu; miltpid khj;jpuk;

nfhz;L mstpLtjdhy; gps;isia jpwikahdtu;> jpwik

aw;wtu; vd ,uz;L Kiwfspy; NtWgLj;jg;gLfpd;whu;. ,jd;

NghJ rpj;jpaile;Js;sik> rpj;jpailahik vDk; Rl;bapid

toq;Ftjpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpa ghy;epiy> ,dk;> nry;tk;>

tjpAk; gpuNjrk; Nghd;w fhuzpfs; fUj;jpy; nfhs;shJ

tplg;gl;Ls;sd. ,t;thwhd Gwf;fhuzpfis mbg;gilahff;

nfhz;L fy;tpapd; ,yf;fpid mile;J nfhs;tjw;fhd

Mw;wy;> mjw;Nfw;g fy;tpf; nfhs;iffis cUthf;Fjy;

10

Nghd;wd xg;GuTf; nfhs;ifapD}lhf vjpu;g;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

,e;j mbg;gilapy; ghlrhiyf; fy;tpiaAk; cau; fy;tpiaAk;

njhlUk; khztu;fSf;F ,ilapyhd tpfpjhrhuj;ijAk;>

Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd;du; mt;tpfpjhrhuj;jpy; Vw;gl;l tsu;r;rpapidAk;

,dq;fz;L mtu;fSila ,dk;> tjpAk; khtl;lk; kw;Wk; r%f

nghUshjhug; gpd;dzp Mfpatw;iwAk; mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L

kPz;Lk; gFg;gha;T nra;tJ mtrpakhFk;. me;j tifapy;

2030Mk; Mz;L kw;Wk; 2050Mk; Mz;lhFk; NghJ fy;tpapd;

Nghf;fpw;Nfw;g vjpu;fhyj; jpl;lj;jpid Kiwahfj; jahupg;gJ

fhyj;jpd; NjitahFk;. gy;fiyf;fof mDkjp njhlu;gpy;

jw;NghJ eilKiwapy; cs;s xg;GuTf; nfhs;ifahd khtl;l

mDkjpg;gq;F Kiw 1970 njhlf;fk; 1980 tiuahd jrhg;jj;jpd;

gpd; vt;thwhd nry;thf;fpidr; nrYj;jpAs;sJ vd;gij

tpQ;Qhd uPjpahfg; gFg;gha;T nra;J mjpy; Nkw;nfhs;s

Ntz;ba khw;wq;fisg; gupe;Jiug;gJ mj;jpahtrpakhFk;.

UNESCO – UIS (2018) ,w;F Vw;g fy;tpapy; xg;Gutpid

mstpLtjw;F 05 Kiwfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

1. jpwik - Meritocracy

2. Fiwe;jgl;r juhjuk; - Minimum Standarts

3. gf;fr;rhu;gpd;ik - Impartiality

4. rkj;Jtkhd jd;ik - Equality of Condition

5. gfpu;tpy; rkj;Jtk; - Equality of Redistributions

2000Mk; Mz;by; ,yq;ifapy; mwpKfQ; nra;ag;gl;l

juTs;sPl;Lr; nraw;wpl;lkhdJ (tsq;fs; gw;whf;FiwahftpUf;Fk;

Vo;ikahd fpuhkg;Gwg; ghlrhiyfSf;F trjpaspg;gjw;fhf)

fy;tpapy; xg;Gutpid mjpfupg;gjw;fhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l

Kaw;rpahf vLj;Jf;fhl;l KbAk;. xg;GuT vDk; nrhy;iy

Neubahfg; gad;gLj;jpapUf;fhtpl;lhYk; fy;tpj;Jiwapy;

11

xg;Gutpid Vw;gLj;j Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;ba gbKiwfs;

njhlu;ghd fUj;Jf;fSf;$lhf mt;twpf;if tsk; ngw;wJ.

rkj;Jtk; kw;Wk; xg;GuT vDk; vz;zf;fUf;fs; njhlu;ghd

vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs; gpd;tUkhW fye;Jiuahlg;gLfpd;wJ.

,uz;lhtJ mj;jpahaj;jpy; cs;s fUj;Jf;fspd;gb

~~[dehafk; vDk; mk;rj;jpw;F Kjyhtjhfj; Njitg;gLtJ

Fiwe;jgl;r Nju;tpidAila fy;tpahFk;. mjw;Fk; mg;ghy;

Njitg;gLtJ rkdhd fy;tp tha;g;Gf;fs; MFk;||. (9Mk;

gf;fk;> 3Mk; ge;jp) ,t;twpf;ifapy; fhzg;gl;l Gfo;kpf;f

$w;whf ~~[dehaf tho;f;iff; Nfhyj;jpw;F epfuhff; fy;tp

mgptpUj;jpapd; kPJ ehk; fl;Lg;ghLfis tpjpf;fkhl;Nlhk;||

(9MtJ gf;fk; 4Mk; ge;jp) vDk; $w;wpid vLj;Jf;fhl;lyhk;.

,jw;Nfw;g mJ [dehaf r%fk; xd;wpw;Fj; Njitahd rkj;Jt

vz;zf;fUtpidAk; xg;GuT vDk; vz;zf;fUtpidAk;

nray;epiyg;gLj;Jk; Njitapid kiwKfkhf vLj;Jf;

fhl;Lfpd;wJ.

~~vkJ gy;tifikapid ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;w Gs;sp

tpguq;fisf; Nfhbl;Lf; fhl;Ltjd; Nehf;fk;

kiyehl;L kf;fspdJk;> K];ypk;fspdJk; tpN\lj;

Njitfis ehk; Fwpg;gpl;Lf; $WtJ> ,df;FOntd;w

mbg;gilapy; mtu;fSila Njitfis Kd;itg;g

jw;F my;y. xU ehL vd;w tifapy; fhzg;gLk;

tsq;fis VidNahUld; rkkhf gfpu;e;J nfhs;t

jw;fhd re;ju;g;gj;ij mtu;fSf;Fk; toq;FtjhFk;||.

(10MtJ gf;fk;> 6MtJ ge;jp)

,f;$w;wpid Mokhf tptupf;Fk; NghJ mJ xg;GuT

vDk; vz;zf;fUtpd; Njitia Fwpg;ghf czu;j;Jfpd;wJ.

Fiwthd Mw;wYila FOnthd;wpd; kPJ tpN\l ftdj;ij

nrYj;j Ntz;bajd; Njitapid vLj;jpak;GtjdhyhFk;.

12

,duPjpahd gpur;rpidfis (Communal Problems) ntspg;gLj;jf; fhuzk; ehk; ,dthjj;jpid tpUk;G

tjdhyd;W> tuyhw;wpy; ele;j jw;nrayhd rpy

epfo;Tfs; fhuzkhf xU rpy kf;fs; FOf;fspd;

cWg;gpdu;fSf;F rkj;Jtj;jpw;Fupa tplaq;fs;

njhlu;gpy; Nfs;tpnaOg;g KbahjpUg;gjdhy; vkJ

fl;lha ,yf;F Njrj;jpd; xw;Wik njhlu;ghd czu;

tpidg; ghJfhg;gjhFk;. ahNjDnkhU tpN\lkhd

FOtpdupd; tpuf;jpapd; fhuzkhf Jd;GWthu;fshapd;

mtu;fSld; rhu;e;j VidNahUk; ,dthjg; ghu;it

apyd;wp xl;Lnkhj;jr; r%ff; Nfhzj;jpy; rpe;jpf;f

KbahJ NghAs;sJ. vkJ Kaw;rpahdJ rkdw;wj;

jd;ikapid ePf;FtjD}lhfj; Njrpa xw;Wikapid

NkYk; tpUj;jp nra;tjhFk;. (10Mk; gf;fk;> 8MtJ

ge;jp)

Nkw;gb $w;wpD}lhf rkdpd;ikia ePf;Ftjw;fhf md;W

Nkw;nfhz;l Kaw;rp njspthfpd;wJ. mjpypUe;J Njhw;wk;

ngWk; xg;GuT vDk; vz;zf;fU Rje;jpuj;jpw;F gpw;gl;l fhy

,yq;iff;Fg; nghUe;Jk;. ,J njhlu;ghd rpwe;jnjhU rhd;whf

miktJ gy;fiyf;fof gpuNtrk; njhlu;ghd khtl;lj;

njupT Kiwapy; fle;j fhyq;fspy; vOe;j gpur;rpidfSk;>

eilKiwapy; vOe;Js;s rpf;fy;fisAk; Fwpg;gplyhk;. khtl;l

uPjpapy; epyTfpd;w Vw;wj;jho;Tfs; ePq;Fk; tiu jw;fhypfkhf

Kd;itf;fg;gl Ntz;ba gbKiwahdJ> KiwahdNjhu;

Ma;tpd;wp njhlu;e;Jk; Kd;ndLj;Jr; nry;tjpdhy; rkj;Jt

vz;zf;fUtpw;F Vw;gl;LtUk; ghjpg;G kw;Wk; fy;tpapy; xg;GuT

vz;zf;fUtpy; Vw;gl;Ls;s khw;wq;fs; gw;wpAk; kPsTk;

Muha;e;J khw;Wf; fy;tpf; nfhs;iffis cUthf;f Ntz;ba

NjitAk; epyTfpd;wJ.

13

~~[dehafj;jpw;F mbg;gilahf mikAk; nghWik vDk;

%yj;jj;Jtj;jpw;F vk;khy; ,irthf;fkila ,aYkhapd;>

vkJ fyhrhuj;jpd; gy;tifikf;F kpf Kf;fpakhdNjhu; ,lk;

fpilf;fg; ngWk;.|| (10Mk; gf;fk;> 8MtJ ge;jp) xg;Gutpw;F

Vw;g jPu;khdq;fis Nkw;nfhs;Sk; NghJ [dehafj;jpd;

mbg;gilahd nghWikAld; nraw;gLtjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

,q;F czu;j;jg;gLfpd;wJ. (khtl;l mDkjpg;gq;F Kiwapdhy;

fpspnehr;rp> kd;dhu;> Ky;iyj;jPT Mfpa khtl;lq;fSf;F

Vw;gl;l ed;ikiag; gw;wp fyhepjp gpNukjhr clfk mtu;fSf;F

ed;wpfisj; njuptpj;Jf; nfhz;l jkpo;g; gpujpepjpfs; mjid

cj;jpNahfg+u;tkhf gfpuq;fg;gLj;jhik ,j;jj;Jtj;ij ftdp

ahJ tpl;ljw;fhdNjhu; vLj;Jf;fhl;lhFk;.)

KjyhtJ mj;jpahaj;jpy; ,uz;lhtJ ge;jpapy; Fwpg;gplg;

gl;bUg;gijg; Nghd;W Mrpupa rq;fq;fsplkpUe;Jk;> ghlrhiy

Kfhikahsu;fsplkpUe;Jk;> nghJ kf;fsplk; ,Ue;Jk; fUj;Jf;

fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;nfd jahupf;fg;gl;l tpdhf;nfhj;jpYk;

(149MtJ gf;fj;jpy;> 01MtJ cggpuptpy;) xg;GuT vDk; gjk;

Neubahf gad;gLj;jg;glhtpl;lhYk; mjw;fPlhd vz;zf;fUf;fs;

mlq;fpa tpdhf;fs; tpdtg;gl;bUe;jd. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf:-

² midj;Jg; ghlrhiyfSk; muRilikahf;fg;gl Ntz;Lkh?

epu;tfpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lkh? mur rhu;gw;w ghlrhiyfs;

murpdhy; ve;jstpw;F epu;tfpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;? muR rhuhj

ghlrhiyfSf;F nghJ epjpapypUe;J ed;nfhil toq;f

Ntz;Lkh? mt;thwhapd; ve;jstpw;F?

² jw;NghJ epyTk; Mq;fpy nkhop %y kw;Wk; jha;nkhop %y

ghlrhiy tifg;gLj;jy; njhlu;e;Jk; fhzg;gl Ntz;Lkh?

vjpu;fhyj;jpy; mit tifg;gLj;j Ntz;baJ fw;gpf;Fk;

nkhop %yj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lh? fiyj;jpl;lj;

jpw;Nfw;gth?

² Muk;gg; ghlrhiyfs;> gpe;jpa Muk;gg; ghlrhiyfspypUe;J

NtWgLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lkh? Muk;gg; gps;isfSf;fhd

14

jdpahd ghlrhiyfs; fhzg;gl Ntz;Lkh? gpe;jpa

Muk;gg; ghlrhiyfshdit xNu tifahff; fhzg;gl

Ntz;Lkh? my;yJ gy;NtW tifapy; mit fhzg;gl

Ntz;Lkh?

² midtUf;Fk; gpe;jpa Muk;gf; fy;tpia toq;FtJ

njhlu;ghf ePq;fs; cld;gLfpd;wPu;fsh? my;yJ gpe;jpa

Muk;gf; fy;tp tiuaiw nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lkh? tiuaWf;f

Ntz;Lkhapd; mjw;fhd mbg;gil ahJ?

md;W fyhepjp fd;dq;fu mtu;fshy; Nfl;fg;gl;l Nfs;tpfs;

,d;iwa fy;tp kWrPuikg;Gfspd; NghJ tpthjj;jpw;Fupa

tplaq;fshf khwpAs;sd. Mrpupau;fSf;F cupa Nfs;tpfSk;

mt;tpdhf;nfhj;jpy; mlq;fpAs;sd.

² Mrpupau; xUtupd; Cjpak; jPu;khdpf;fg;gLtJ mtu;

flikahw;Wk; ghlrhiyapd; tifapd; mbg;gilapyh?

ghlrhiyapy; mtu; Vw;Fk; gjtpapd; mbg;gilapyh?

mtupd; jFjpapd; mbg;gilapyh?

² jug;gLj;jg;gl;l gjtpfSf;F Vw;g Mrpupau; NritAk;

fy;tpr; Nritahf khw;wpaikf;fg;gl Ntz;Lkh?

,t;tpdhf;fSs; ju;f;fuPjpahd jPu;T fhzg;gl;bUg;gpDk;>

ghlrhiyf; fy;tpapy; rkj;Jtj;ijg; Nghd;W xg;Gutpw;Fk;

rthyhf mikAk; fhuzpfs; rpy ,d;Dk; vQ;rpapUf;fpd;wd.

cjhuzkhf> midtUf;Fk; Njitahd Muk;gf; fy;tpf;F

gpw;gl;l fy;tpapid toq;FtJ> nfhs;if uPjpahf Vw;Wf;

nfhz;bUe;jhYk; khztu;fspd; Nju;r;rpfSf;F Vw;g Muk;gf;

fy;tpf;F gpd;duhd fy;tpahdJ xOq;fika Ntz;ba

KiwahdJ ,Jtiu tpthjj;jpw;Fupa tplakhf cs;sJ.

Mrpupaj; njhopYk; xU Nritahfj; jug;gLj;jg;gl;bUe;jhYk;

njhopy; thz;ikapid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l NritahfTk;>

15

fy;tp epu;thfr; NritAld; Mrpupaj; njhopy; njhlu;Gw

Ntz;ba tpjj;jpid xg;GuTf; nfhs;iff;F Vw;g Mokhd

gFg;gha;tpw;Fl;gLj;jp> jw;nghOJ epyTfpd;w gpur;rpidfSf;Fj;

jPu;T fhz Ntz;ba Njit Vw;gl;Ls;sJ. cjhuzkhfg;

gy;fiyf;fof gl;ljhupfs; Nghl;bg; guPl;ir vDk; vspikahd

epajpapD}lhf epu;thf mjpfhupfshf Nju;e;njLj;J fw;gpj;jypy;

10> 20 tUlq;fs; mDgtkpf;f Mrpupau;fis Nkw;ghu;it

nra;tjpy; <LgLj;Jk; jw;Nghija Nghf;fhdJ fy;tpapy;

xg;GuTf; nfhs;iff;F vjpuhd vz;zf;fUthFk;.

“%yhjhuq;fspd; fUj;Jg;gb fy;tpahdJ njupe;j

tplaj;jpypUe;J njupahj tplaj;jpw;F nry;tjhf

mika Ntz;Lk;. mjd;gb ghlrhiyahdJ mjd;

maw;#oypd; G+NfhsuPjpahd kw;Wk; nghUshjhu

uPjpahd fhuzpfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L

fw;gpj;jiy Muk;gpf;f Ntz;Lk;. vdNt ghlrhiy

nahd;wpy; fw;gpj;jyhdJ nfhOk;G> aho;g;ghzk;>

fPo;ehl;L fpuhkg;Gw ghlrhiy> Njhl;lg;Gwg; ghlrhiy

vd NtWgl KbAk; vd;gJ njspthfpwJ. MapDk;

,f;fhuzpfshy; fw;gpj;jypy; juk; vt;tifapYk;

NtWglf; $lhJ. fw;gpf;Fk; tplaq;fspYk; ghupa

khw;wq;fs; Vw;gl KbahJ. khw;wkila Ntz;baJ

fw;gpj;jy; KiwahFk;. cjhuzkhff; fpuhkg;Gw

ghlrhiy xd;wpy; Njhl;l NtiyfSf;Ff; fhl;Lk;

<Lghl;bid efu;g;Gw ghlrhiyfspy; ntspg;gLj;j

Ntz;ba Njit ,y;iy. ,t;NtWghLfs; fy;tpia

tho;f;ifNahL njhlu;Gg;gLj;Jtjw;fhfNt Njitg;

gLfpd;wJ”. (14Mk; gf;fk;> 22MtJ ge;jp)

,f;$w;wpypUe;Jk; rkj;JtKk; xg;GuTk; ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;

Ls;sJ. Fwpg;ghf Muk;gg;gpuptpy; fw;gpj;jypYk;> ghlj;jpl;lj;jpYk;

,lk;ngw Ntz;ba nfhs;if uPjpahd khw;wq;fis Nkw;Fwpj;j

mbg;gilapy; fUj;jpw; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. 1905 %d;whtJ

16

$l;lj;njhlu; mwpf;ifapy; jho;j;jg;gl;l gps;isfspd; fy;tpj;

njhlu;gpYk;> ehd;fhtJ $l;lj;njhlupy; Njhl;lg;Gw gps;is

fspd; fy;tpj; njhlu;gpYk; jPu;khdq;fs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld.

(17MtJ gf;fk;> 33MtJ ge;jp) ,J xg;GuTf; nfhs;ifAld;

njhlu;GilajhFk;.

Ie;jhtJ mj;jpahaj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpd;w eilKiwapy;

epyTk; gpujhd FiwghLfs; ehd;Fk; (50 - 57MtJ ge;jpfs;)

Vida FiwghLfs; vl;ilAk; (58MtJ ge;jp) gw;wp

tptupf;Fk; NghJk; rkj;Jtk; kw;Wk; xg;GuTf;Fupa gpur;rpidfs;

tptupf;fg;gl;Ls;sd vd;gJ njspthfpwJ. gpujhd ehd;F

FiwghLfshtd:-

1. fw;gpf;Fk; nkhopf;Nfw;g ,UKiwfisf; nfhz;l

fy;tp epyTfpd;wik.

2. Fwpg;gpl;l msitAk; tpl xNu khjpupahd fy;tp

epyTfpd;wik.

3. fy;tpf;fhd rktha;g;Gfs; ,d;ik.

4. fl;lhaf; fy;tpahdJ vjpu;g;ghu;f;Fkstpw;F fl;lhag;

gLj;jg;glhik.

rkkhd tha;g;Gfs; epythik vDk; rkj;Jtj;Jld;

njhlu;Gila vz;zf;fUnthd;W Gwk;ghff; fhl;lg;gl;bUg;gJ

Nghd;W Vida %d;W tplaq;fspYk; rkj;Jtj;jpw;Fupa

fhuzpfisg; Nghd;Nw xg;Gutpw;Nfw;w tplaq;fisAk;

nraw;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;bajd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.

cjhuzkhf ,uz;lhtJ fhuzpahd Excessive Uniformity vDk;

mjPj rPu;jd;ik nfhz;l fy;tp epyTfpd;wikahy; ntspg;gLtJ>

Muk;gf;fy;tpahdJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fsT xNu rPuhdjhf fhzg;

gl;lhYk; ,ilepiyf; fy;tpahdJ khztu;fspd; Mw;wy;>

mtu;fSila <LghL kw;Wk; ehl;bd; NjitfSf;F Vw;gg;

gy;tifg;gLj;JtJ mtrpakhFk;.

17

Vida FiwghLfshtd@

1. tpisahl;L ikjhdk;> fl;llq;fs; Fwpg;ghf nraw;ghL

fSf;fhd cgfuzq;fs; NghJkhdsT ,d;ik.

2. guPl;irfs; %yk; fiyj;jpl;lk; %o;fbf;fg;gly;.

3. Fwpg;ghf ,ilepiyg; ghlrhiyfspd; ghlj;jpl;lk;

FWfpajhftpUj;jy;.

4. ntspthupg; guPl;irfspd; nghUj;jg;ghlw;wj; jd;ik.

5. rpq;fs - jkpo; nkhop %ykhd ghlE}y;fspd; juk;

Fiwthff; fhzg;gly;.

6. tpopg;Gyd;> nrtpg;Gyd; FiwghLila gpd;jq;fpa

gps;isfSf;F NghjpasT trjpapd;ik.

7. tsu;e;Njhu; fy;tpf;Fg; Nghjpa xOq;fpd;ik.

8. Muk;gf;fy;tpapd; ,Wjpapy; Fwpg;gpl;lsT rjtPjkhd

khztu;fs; tpyfpr; nry;yy;.

,j;jifa gy gpur;rpidfSf;fhd fhuzk; NghjpasT

epjp tskpd;ikahFk;. mjd;gb Vida gpur;rpidfSf;F jPu;T

fhZk; NghJ xg;GuTf; nfhs;iff;F Vw;g jPu;khdq;fis

Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;ba Njit mf;fhyj;jpy; epytpaJ. vdpDk;

jw;fhyj;jpy; fy;tpj;Jiwf;F NghJkhdsT epjp xJf;fg;gl;L

xg;GuTf; nfhs;ifapd;gb mit Fwpj;j epjpf; nfhs;iff;F

Vw;g khfhzq;fSf;F ,ilapy; gfpu;e;jspf;fg;gl;lhYk;

ghlrhiyfSf;fpilapyhd Vw;wj;jho;Tfis ePf;Fk; tifapy;

gad;gLj;JtJ njhlu;gpy; FiwghLfs; epyTfpd;wd.

MwhtJ mj;jpahaj;jpy; fy;tp epu;thfj;jpd; fPo; fhzg;gL

fpd;w rkj;Jtj;jpw;Fupa tplaq;fs;.

² fy;tpapy; mur epu;thfk; vd;gJ jdpahd murhq;fj;jpd;

epu;thfk; khj;jpukd;W> kjg;gpupTg; ghlrhiyfSk;

18

Fwpj;jNjhu; mur epu;thfj;jpw;Fl;gl Ntz;Lk;. mjD}

lhd nraw;wpwid cWjpg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. (62MtJ

ge;jp)

,jd;gb ,yq;ifapy; jw;NghJs;s ru;tNjr ghlrhiyfs;

njhlu;gpYk; xg;Gutpid cWjpg;gLj;j mur epu;thfk; nghWg;

ghjy; mtrpak;.

² fy;tpapy; rkj;Jtk; vd;gJ vy;yhg; gps;isfSf;Fk;

rkdhd fy;tpapidg; ngw;Wf; nfhLg;gjw;Fs;s

rktha;g;gd;W. mjd; fUj;J me;je;j egu;fSf;Fupa

fy;tpapidg; ngw;Wf; nfhLg;gjhFk;. (63MtJ ge;jp)

,jd;gb jw;NghJ ,yq;ifapy; Muk;gf;fy;tpf;F gpd;duhd

fy;tp> egu;fspd; NjitfSf;Fg; nghUj;jg;ghLilajhfTk;>

gy;tifikg;gLj;j Ntz;ba NjitAk; epyTfpd;wJ.

tFg;giwf; fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; jdpahs; gy;tifikf;F Vw;g

xOq;fikf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

cU 6. Mrpupa khztu; xUtuhy; tiuag;gl;l kuG

uPjpahd tFg;giw xd;wpd; cUtg;glk;.

19

,q;Fs;s midtUk; fy;tp fw;wpUg;gjhd kuG uPjpahd

tFg;giwfspyhFk;. fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghl;bd; NghJ

ngUk;ghYk; khztu;fsplk; tFg;giwnahd;iw tiue;J

fhl;Lk;gb $wpdhy;> mtu;fspy; 90%w;Fk; mjpfkhNdhu;

toikahd kuG uPjpahd tFg;giwapid tiue;J fhl;Lfpd;wdu;.

Mrpupa khztu;fspd; fw;gpj;jy; Nkw;ghu;itapYk; fhzf;

fpilg;gJ mt;thwhd tFg;giwfshFk;.

cU 07. Mrpupau; ika tFg;giw

Mrpupau; ika - khztu; ika fw;gpj;jy; mZFKiwj;

njhlu;gpy; vkJ ehl;by; gy;NtW fUj;juq;Ffs;> tpupTiufs;>

nrayku;Tfs; kw;Wk; ghlnewpfspy; ngUthupahf fye;Jiu

ahb ,Ue;jhYk;> gapw;rpapid epiwT nra;Jtpl;L tUk; Gjpa

Mrpupau;fSk;> Mrpupau; ikaf; fy;tpapidNa nraw;gLj;J

fpd;wdu;. khztu; ika fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiwapid kpfTk;

mupjhfNt fhzf; fpilf;fpd;wJ. ,jpypUe;J vkf;Fg; Gyg;gLtJ

ahnjdpy;> njhlu;r;rpahd kjpg;gPlhdJ khztu;fSf;F

khj;jpuky;y Mrpupau;fSf;Fk; mtrpak; vd;gjhFk;.

nraw;ghl;Lld; $ba nrayku;TfSlhf Mrpupau;fspd; Mw;wiy

tpUj;jp nra;a KbAk;. (Karunarathna, 2008) mNefkhd

Nritf;fhy fUj;juq;Ffs;> tpupTiu Kiwapy; ,lk;ngWtjhy;

mjpypUe;J Gjpa fUj;Jf;fisNah> mDgtq;fisNah

ngw;Wf; nfhs;s KbahJ vd;gJ ngUk;ghyhd Mrpupau;fspd;

20

fUj;jhFk;. ahuhtJ xUtu; vd;Dila ,e;jf; $w;wpid

Vw;Wf;nfhs;shJ Nghfyhk;. Mdhy; ehd; ,t;thW $WtJ

Xupuz;L egu;fspd; eyid fUj;jpw; nfhz;ly;y. nghJthff;

fhzf;fpilf;fpd;w ,j;jifa gpur;rpidfis mbg;gilahff;

nfhz;lhFk;. Mrpupau; - khztu;fSf;fpilapyhd gpizg;G

mjpfupf;Fk; NghJ fw;wypy; khztu;fs; fhl;Lk; Mu;tKk;

<LghLk; mjpfupf;Fk;.

xU khztu; kw;iwa khztUf;F rkkhdtu; my;y.

tPl;Lr;#oy;> r%fr;#oy;> Mu;tk;> <LghL> mwpTkl;lk;

MSf;fhs; NtWgLk;. `thu;l; fhl;du; (Howard Gardner, 1983) Kd;itj;j gd;Kf Ez;kjp Nfhl;ghl;bd;gb ,J kpfTk;

njspthfpd;wJ.

cU 8. khztu; ika tFg;giw

VohtJ mj;jpahaj;jpy;> ghlrhiyfisj; jug;gLj;jy;>

tifg;gLj;jy; kw;Wk; xOq;fikg;Gj; njhlu;ghd fhuzpfis

Kd;itf;Fk; NghJ ntspg;gLj;Jk; fUj;Jf;fs; gpd;tUkhW

fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

,q;F xUtif kw;WnkhU tifapYk; ghu;f;f kpf

rpwg;ghdnjDk; fUj;jpid ntspg;gLj;jtpy;iy.

vkJ Ntiyj;jpl;lj;jpd; fPo; ghlrhiy tiffs;

%d;Wk; xg;GuT epiyikapd; fPo; (Parity of Status) Nehf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,jw;fhf ghlrhiyapd;

21

xOq;fikg;G> cgfuzq;fs; kw;Wk; gzpf;FOtpdu;

rkkhd Vw;Gilikapd; (Standarts) fPo; toq;Fjy;

mtrpakhFk; (89MtJ ge;jp).

cU 9. fhl;dupd; Ez;kjpf; Nfhl;ghL

,d;W ghlrhiyfs; njhlu;gpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;

tifg;gLj;jYf;F Vw;g ghlrhiyfspd; tiffs; ehd;Fk;

gpd;tUkhW:-

1 AB tif - cau;ju tpQ;Qhdg; ghlj;JiwAldhd

ghlrhiyfs;

1 C tif - cau;ju fiy> tzpfg; gpupTfisf; nfhz;l

ghlrhiyfs;

2MtJ tif - f.ngh.j rhjhuz juk; tiuapyhd

tFg;Gfs; fhzg;gLk; ghlrhiyfs;

3MtJ tif - juk; 1 - 5 tiuapyhd tFg;Gfs; fhzg;gLk;

ghlrhiyfs;

22

cU 10. ghlrhiy tifg;gLj;jYf;F Vw;g Mrpupau; - khztu;fspd;

rjtPjk;> Kjyhk; juj;jpw;F cs;thq;fg;gLjy; kw;Wk;

Mrpupau; - khztu; tPjhrhuk;.

%yk;:- Annual Census Report - 2017, Policy planning and performance Review Division MoE (2018)

10MtJ cUtpy; 2017Mk; Mz;L ,WjpahFk; NghJ

fhzg;gl;l ghlrhiyfspd; vz;zpf;if> khztu;fspd;

vz;zpf;if> Mrpupau;fspd; vz;zpf;if Kjyhk; juj;jpw;F

Nru;j;Jf; nfhs;sg;gLNthu; kw;Wk; Mrpupa khztu;fs;

tpfpjhrhukhff; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jpy; mjpfkhd ghlrhiyfs;

cs;slq;FtJ 3MtJ tifapyhFk;. ,tw;Ws; Ie;jhk; juk;

tiuapyhd tFg;Gf;fs; khj;jpuk; fhzg;gLfpd;wikahy;

Mrpupau;fspdJk; khztu;fspdJk; vz;zpf;if Fiwthff;

fhzg;gLfpd;wik epahakhdjhapDk; Mrpupau; - khztu;

tpfpjhrhuj;jpy; cs;s Fiwapidf; fz;L nfhs;shjpUg;gJ

ftiyf;Fupa tplakhFk;.

khfhz kl;lj;jpy; Nehf;Fk; NghJ fw;gpj;jy; nkhop %ykhd

ghlrhiyfSf;F ,ilapy; rkj;Jtkw;w epiy (cU 12)

fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. Fwpg;ghf tlf;F> fpof;F khfhzq;fspy;

rpq;fsk; kw;Wk; Mq;fpy nkhopapy; fy;tpf; fw;Fk; khztu;fspd;

vz;zpf;if kpfTk; FiwthFk;. ghlrhiy tifg;gLj;jYf;F

Schools

Perc

enta

ge

Students Teachers Grade 1admissions

Student teacherratio

4540353025201510

50

1AB 1C Type 2 Type 3

23

Vw;g Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l gFg;gha;tpd;gb %d;W nkhopfspYk;

fw;ff;$ba trjpapidf; nfhz;l ghlrhiyfspd; vz;zpf;if

558 MFk;. mjpy; 437 ghlrhiyfs; 1AB ghlrhiyfs;

MFk;. 1AB ghlrhiyfspy; fytd; ghlrhiyfs; 801 ck;>

92 Mz;fs; ghlrhiyfSk;> 136 ngz;fs; ghlrhiyfSk;

fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

ml;ltiz 1. fw;gpf;Fk; nkhop %yj;jpd;gb ghlrhiyapd; guk;gy; 2017

fw;gpf;Fk; nkhop %yj;ij njupT nra;tJ njhlu;gpy; gy;NtW

rpf;fy;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. khztu;fspd; mbg;gilapy; nkhop

%yj;ij njupT nra;jYk;> mg;ghlrhiyfspy; khztu;fspd;

vz;zpf;if gw;wpAk; cU 11 ,y; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. vy;yh

%yk;:- Annual Census Report – 2017, Policy Planning and Performance Review Division, MoE (2018)

SabaragamuwaUva

North CentralNorth Western

EasternNorthernSouthern

CentralWestern

Prov

ince

- 200,000 400,000 600,000

No of students

800,000 1,000,000 1,200,000

TamilSinhala English

cU 11. khfhz kw;Wk; fw;Fk; nkhop %yj;jpw;Nfw;g

khztu;fspd; vz;zpf;if

%yk;:- Annual Census Report – 2017, Policy planning and performance Review Division MoE (2018)

24

khfhzq;fspYk; Mq;fpy nkhop %yk; fw;Nghupd; msT

kpff; FiwthfTk;> ehl;bYs;s 194 ghlrhiyfSf;Fk;

rktha;g;Gf;fis (rkj;Jtk;) toq;FtJ fbdkhd fhupak;

vd;gJ ,jD}lhf njspthfpd;wJ. vdpDk; rkkpd;ikapid

,optsthf;fp gps;isfspd; mgptpUj;jpf;fhf xg;GuTf; nfhs;if

apid gpd;gw;WtJ fl;lhaj; NjitahFk;.

kj;jpa ghlrhiyfs;

ghlrhiyf; fhyj;jpy; ,Ue;j Vw;wj;jho;TfSf;F

,ilapyhd ,ilntspapid Fiwg;gjw;F my;yJ jPu;Tf;

fhz;gjw;F Kd;itf;fg;gl;l rpe;jidapd; tpisthf

fd;dq;fu mtu;fshy; kj;jpa ghlrhiyfs; vDk; vz;zf;fU

Kd;itf;fg;gl;lJ. ,J fd;dq;fu tpN\l fy;tpf; FOtpd;

mwpf;ifapy; ,ytrf; fy;tpia cWjpg;gLj;Jtjpy; Kf;fpakhd

Xu; vz;zf;fUthf vz;ZfpNwd;.

mDuhjg;Gu fhyj;jpYk; ,ytrf; fy;tpAld; $baNjhu;

fy;tpKiw ,Ue;Js;sJ. mit jha;nkhopg; ghlrhiyfshFk;.

16Mk; E}w;whz;by; ,Ue;J FbNaw;wthj Ml;rpf; fhzg;gl;ljhy;

,j;jifa jha;nkhopg; ghlrhiyfs; fUj;jpw; nfhs;shJ

tplg;gl;ld. mg;Nghija murpd; rfy nraw;ghLfSk; Mq;fpy

nkhop %yk; ,lk; ngw;wikahy; ngw;Nwhu; mjpf gzj;ij

nrytpl;Lg; gps;isfSf;F fy;tp fw;gpf;f mf;fiwf; fhl;bdu;.

cau; fy;tpapid Mq;fpy nkhopapy; my;yJ NtnwhU

Nkiyj;Nja nkhopapy; fw;f Ntz;bapUe;jJ. Mq;fpyg;

ghlrhiyfspy; fw;Fk; tha;g;G gzk; gilj;j> fy;tpawpTila

ngw;Nwhu;fspd; gps;isfSf;F khj;jpuk; kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;bUe;jJ.

nlhd%u; rPu;j;jpUj;jj;jpd; fPo; Ml;rp ,lk;ngw;w fhyf;fl;lj;jpy;

fy;tpaikr;ruhf jpU. fd;dq;fu mtu;fs; gzpahw;wpdhu;.

mtu; ,e;j rkkpd;ikj; njhlu;ghf gpd;tUkhW fUj;J

ntspapl;bUe;jhu;.

25

Fwpj;j xU tifg; ghlrhiy kw;nwhU ghlrhiyapYk;

rpwe;j ghlrhiy vdf; fUjf;$lhJ vd;gij tpsq;fpf;

nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. 16 tajpy; ghlrhiyia tpl;L

ntspNaWk; gps;isia vOJtpidQu; njhopYf;F

,l;Lr; nry;Yk; Vl;Lf; fy;tpahdJ mtiu Xu;

cw;gj;jpahsuhf khw;wpaikf;Fk; njhopw; fy;tpf;Nfh>

tptrhag; gz;izapy; %is ciog;Gld; gzpGupAk;

tptrhaf;fy;tpf;Nfh topg;gLj;jf;$ba kpfTk; cau;

jukhdJk;> tpUk;gj;jf;fJkhdjhf ,y;iy (15MtJ

gf;fk;> 24MtJ ge;jp).

jha;nkhopg; ghlrhiyfspy; fy;tp fw;Fk; gps;isfSf;F

Vw;gLk; khw;whd;jha; kdg;ghd;ikia ,y;yhnjhopg;gjw;fhd

Kaw;rpahy; midj;J Nju;jy; gpupTfspd; kj;jpapYk;

kj;jpa ghlrhiynahd;iw Muk;gpg;gjw;fhd eltbf;iffs;

Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld. ,g;ngauhdJ> ntWkNd Gtpapay;

uPjpahd mu;j;jj;jpy; khj;jpukpd;wp gy;NtW tifahd fy;tp

trjpfis xNu ghlrhiyapy; ngw;Wf; nfhLj;jy; vDk;

fUj;jpy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. mJ fy;tp epiwNtw;W epu;thff;

FOtpdhy; ed;F tpsq;fpf; nfhz;L Nkw;nfhz;l jPu;khdkhFk;.

,J fy;tpj; Jiwapid jdpj;J Vl;Lf; fy;tpf; Nfhyj;jpy;

,Ue;J tpLtpj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;F Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l epahakhd

Kaw;rpahFk; (32Mk; gf;fk;> 71MtJ ge;jp).

,jD}lhf rkj;Jtj;ij mile;J nfhs;tjw;fhd jil

fis ePf;Fk; nraw;ghL ,lk; ngWtjdhy; ,J Xu; xg;GuTf;

nfhs;ifahFk;. gpuNjrj;jpd; kj;jpapy; mike;Js;s kj;jpa

ghlrhiyapd; fjTfs;> maw;#oypy; cs;s trjpfsw;w

ghlrhiyfspy; Muk;gf; fy;tpia epiwT nra;Ak; jpwikahd

khztu;fs; jkJ fy;tpia njhlu;e;J Kd;ndLg;gjw;fhf

jpwe;Jtplg;gl;bUe;jJld; mtu;fSf;fhd Gyikg;guprpy; Kiw

nahd;Wk; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. xt;nthU kj;jpa ghlrhiyiaAk;

26

#oTs;s Muk;gg; ghlrhiyfspy; ,Ue;J tUk; 40 khztu;

fSf;F ,ytrf; fy;tpapidAk;> tpLjp trjpfisAk; ngw;Wf;

nfhs;Sk; tha;g;G fpilf;fg; ngw;wJ.

cU 12. kj;jpa ghlrhiyfs; vz;zf;fU

vkJ ehl;by; epyTfpd;w Ie;jhk; ju Gyikg; guprpy;

guPl;irahdJ ,j;jifa cd;djkhd rpe;jidapypUe;J

tpyfpr; nrd;Ws;sJ. mJ nghUshjhu trjpaw;w jpwikahd

khztu;fs; njhlu;e;Jk; fy;tpia toq;Ftij tplTk;

Ie;jhk; ju khztu;fSf;F gpurpj;jp ngw;w ghlrhiyfspy;

tha;g;gpidg; ngw;Wf; nfhLg;gij Nehf;fhff; nfhz;Ls;sJ.

vdNtjhd; Ie;jhk; ju khztu;fSf;F mjpfsthd

Rikapid Rkj;jp Gyikg; guprpy; guPl;iria rpj;jpailar;

nra;tjw;F Mrpupau;fSk;> ngw;Nwhu;fSk; Kaw;rpf;fpd;wdu;.

Rkjpghy (1968) Fwpg;gpl;ljd;gb kj;jpa ghlrhiyfs; Mq;fpyf;

fy;tpia fpuhkj;jpw;F nfhz;L tUtjw;F Jiz epd;wJ

khj;jpukpd;wp> Vio khztu;fSf;F czT> tpLjp trjpfs;

Nghd;wtw;iw ngw;Wf; nfhLj;jjd; %yk; mtu;fs; r%fj;jpy;

cau; epiyfSf;F nry;tjw;Fk; cWJizahf ,Ue;jJ.

1880,y; rpwg;ghd xU #oypy; Muk;gkhd kj;Jfk ghlrhiy>

1941,y; Kd;itf;fg;gl;l fd;dq;fu fy;tpr; rPu;jpUj;jjpw;F Vw;g

PS = Primary School

Central School

27

rp. lg;spA. lg;spA fd;dq;fu kj;jpa ghlrhiy vdg;

ngauplg;gl;lJ. mjpy; KjyhtJ mjpguhf gjtpNaw;wtu;

[p. b. FyJq;f mtu;fshthu;.

cU 13. rp. lg;spA. lg;spA fd;dq;fu kj;jpa tpj;jpahyak; (md;iwa epiyAk;> jw;Nghija epiyAk;)

njhlu;e;J mg;gjtpapid KiwNa jpU. vr;. vy;. tpky#upa

mtu;fSk;> N[. V. [a#upa mtu;fSk; tfpj;jdu;. ,jpy; N[. V.

[a#upa mtu;fs; ,yq;ifg; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; Nguhrpupauhf

gjtpAau;tpidg; ngw;Wf; fy;tpj;Jiwf;F kfj;jhd Nritapid

toq;fpdhu;. Njrpa fy;tp epWtfj;jpd; fd;dq;fu epidTg;

NgUiuapid epfo;j;jpa KjyhtJ fy;tpkhDk; ,tuhthu;.

1941,y; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l kj;jpa ghlrhiyfs; 1947 MFk;

NghJ 54 Mf mjpfupj;jd. Mq;fpyg; ghlrhiyfSf;Fk;

jkpo; ghlrhiyfSf;Fk; ,ilapy; epytpa ,ilntspiaf;

Fiwj;J Mq;fpy nkhop %yk; fw;gpj;jiy Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F

28

,g;ghlrhiyfSf;F ,aYkhf ,Ue;jJ. fd;dq;fu mtu;fspd;

vjpu;ghu;g;G kj;jpa ghlrhiyfis nfhOk;G Nwhay; fy;Y}upf;F

epfuhd ghlrhiyfshf khw;wpaikg;gjhFk;. ngUk;ghyhd

kj;jpa ghlrhiyfspd; khjpupaikg;G 14Mk;> 15Mk; cUf;fspy;

fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ Nghd;W mike;jpUe;jd.

cU 14. tyy kj;jpa fy;Y}up

cU 15. Nguhnjdpa kj;jpa fy;Y}up

mjprpwe;j ghlrhiyfspd; gps;isfSf;F fpilf;fpd;w

rYiffs; kj;jpa ghlrhiyfspd; gps;isfSf;Fk; toq;Ftjd;

%yk; rkj;Jtj;ij mile;J nfhs;tjw;fhd jilfis

,y;yhnjhopf;f Ntz;ba Njit fd;dq;fu mtu;fSf;F

,Ue;jJ. Mjyhy; kj;jpa ghlrhiyfspd; juj;jpd; kPJ tpN\l

ftdk; nrYj;jg;gl;lJ. kj;jpa ghlrhiyfis Nkw;ghu;it

29

nra;tjw;fhf mjpfhup xUtUk; epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;. mtu; khtl;l

ghlrhiy gupNrhjfu;fspd; cjtpAld;> ghlrhiy xOq;fikg;G>

ghlj;jpl;lk;> fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiw njhlu;ghf

,ilawhJ fz;fhzpj;jhu;. 1943 Mdp khjj;jpd; gpd; mJtiu

epytpte;j yz;ld; nkl;wpfpA+Ny\d; (London Metriculation) kw;Wk; Nfk;gpup[; rpNu\;l Nrhjid (Cambridge Senior Examination) vd;gjw;F gjpyhf rpNu\;l ghlrhiyr; rhd;wpjo; (Senior School Certificate) (47MtJ gf;fk;> 11MtJ ge;jp) Kd;nkhopag;gl;lJ.

(47MtJ gf;fk;> 11MtJ ge;jp) 1946Mk; Mz;lhFk; NghJ

14 kj;jpa ghlrhiyfspy; ,Ue;J 121 khztu;fs; rpNu\;l

ghlrhiyfs; rhd;wpjOf;fhfj; Njhd;wpdu;. mjpy; 61 khztu;fs;

rpj;jpaile;jJld; 9 khztu;fs; Mq;fpyg; ghlk; njhlu;ghd

mjpAau; rpj;jpapidg; ngw;wdu;. kj;jpa ghlrhiyfs;

Muk;gpf;fg;gl;L Xuhz;bNyNa ,j;jifa ngWNgw;wpidg;

ngw;Wf; nfhz;likahdJ kpfr; rpwg;ghd tplakhFk;.

,izg;ghl tpjhd nraw;ghLfSf;fhf tpN\l ftdk;

nrYj;jg;gl;lJ. Njrpa eldk;> rq;fPjk; kw;Wk; tpisahl;L

Nghd;wd ghlj;jpl;lj;jpDs; Nru;f;fg;gl;ld. ,g;ghlrhiyfspd;

Mz;> ngz; khztu;fs; ,UghyhUk; Rje;jpuj;jpd nfhz;lhl;l

epfo;Tfspd; NghJ fiyak;rq;fSld; $ba nraw;ghLfspy;

gq;Nfw;wdu;. ehlshtpa uPjpapy; eilngWk; rhuzu; ,af;fg;

Nghl;bfspd; NghJ Fspahgpl;ba kj;jpa ghlrhiy ntw;wpg;

ngw;wikahdJ kj;jpa ghlrhiyfs; mile;j ntw;wpahFk;.

jpajyhitapy; gapw;rp Kfhk;fspy; ,lk;ngw;w Nghl;bfspy;

gy jlit kj;jpa ghlrhiyfspd; ,isQu; gilazp

Kjyhkplj;ij ngw;wJ. kj;jpa ghlrhiyfspd; xg;GuTf;

nfhs;ifapd; fhuzkhf rkj;Jtj;ij mz;kpf;ff; $bajhf

,Ue;jJld; ngw;Nwhupd; Mu;tKk; mjpfupj;jJ. ngUk;ghyhd

ngw;Nwhu;fs; ciog;igAk; nghUl;fisAk;> gzj;ijAk;

toq;fp kj;jpa ghlrhiyfspd; tsu;r;rpf;F gq;fspg;G nra;jdu;

(De Silva, 1969). B rpy;th fy;tpg; gzpg;ghsuhf 1957,y; ,Ue;J

30

1964 tiu nrayhw;wpa fyhepjp vg;. v];. rpy;th mtu;fs; kj;jpa

ghlrhiyfs; njhlu;gpy; ftdk; nrYj;jpa NghJ ~~,J vkJ

gps;isfspd; ghlrhiyahFk;|| vd ngUk;ghyhd ngw;Nwhu;fs;

$wpapUe;jdu;. 1980 jrhg;jq;fspy; fy;tpg; gzpg;ghsuhf

gzpahw;wpa jpU. &grpq;` mtu;fSk; ~~ ,J vdJ gps;is

apd; ghlrhiyahFk;|| vDk; Ntiyj;jpl;lj;jpd; %yk; ghlrhiy

fspd; mgptpUj;jpf;fhf ,f;fUj;jpid gad;gLj;jpf; nfhz;lhu;.

gy;fiyf;foff; fy;tp

kj;jpa ghlrhiyfs; Clhff; fpuhkg;Gw khztu;fSf;F

,ilepiyf; fy;tpapidg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;fhd top

Vw;gl;ljhy; gy;fiyf;fofq;fSf;Fg; gpuNtrpf;Fk; khztu;fspy;

Jupj tsu;r;rp Vw;gl;lJ. ,ytrf; fy;tpapid ngw;Wf; nfhLj;j

gpd;dUk; $l cau; fy;tp kw;Wk; cau; gjtpfSf;F Mq;fpyg;

ghlrhiyfspYk; kj;jpa ghlrhiyfspYk; Mq;fpy nkhop

%yk; fy;tp fw;w 7% khNdhu; khj;jpuNk jFjp ngw;wpUe;jdu;.

1957,y; rpNu\;l ghlrhiyr; rhd;wpjo; guPl;irf;fhf rpq;fsj;

jkpo; %yKk; Njhw;Wtjw;F tha;g;G fpl;baJ. 1959,y; rpq;fsk;

kw;Wk; jkpo; nkhop %yk; Njhw;Wtjw;F mDkjp fpilf;fg;

ngw;wJld; gy;fiyf;fof fy;tpAk; Mq;fpy nkhopf;F Gwk;ghf

rpq;fsk;> jkpo; %yKk; ,lk;ngw;wd. 1958,y; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l

tpj;Nahja> tpj;jpahyq;fhu gy;fiyf;fofq;fs; KOikahfj;

Njrpa nkhopapNyNa fy;tpia Nkw;nfhz;ld. Mq;fpy

nkhopapy; fw;gpj;jiy Nkw;nfhs;sf; $lhJ vDk; fUj;jpid

fyhepjp fd;dq;fu mtu;fs; Kd;itf;ftpy;iy. mtu; Mq;fpy

nkhopapid mwpe;jpUj;jy; Nghw;Wjw;Fupa tplak; vd;gNjhL>

%d;whk; juj;jpy; ,Ue;J Mq;fpyg; ghlj;ij fl;lhag; ghlkhf;Fk;

gbAk; gupe;Jiuj;jhu;. rpyu; fyhepjp fd;dq;fu Mq;fpy

nkhopapid fw;ff;$lhJ vDk; rpe;jidia nfhz;bUe;jhu;

vDk; jtwhd fUj;jpid ntspg;gLj;jpapUe;jikahdJ

ftiyf;Fupa tplakhFk;. gpw;fhyj;jpy; Mq;fpy nkhopapid

fw;gpg;gjw;fhd jpwikahd Mrpupau;fis epakpg;gjpy; rpf;fy;fs;

Vw;gl;ld.

31

Muk;gf; fhyq;fspy; mjhtJ 1942 - 1966 tiu gy;fiyf;

fofq;fspy; fiy> tzpf> tpQ;Qhd> itj;jpa / gy;itj;jpa

kw;Wk; tptrha gPlq;fs; khj;jpuNk fhzg;gl;ld.

cU 17. ghlj;JiwfSf;Nfw;g gy;fiyf;fofg; gpuNtrk;

%yk;:- Constructed using UGC, University admissions accademic year 2012/2013.

17

01020304050607080

1942 1947 1952 1957 1962 1965 1966

Arts Science Agri/Vet Medicine/De stry Engineering Others

cU 16. 1942 - 1966 tiu gy;fiyf;fof gPlq;fspy; Nru;e;j khztu;fspd; tPjk;

%yk;:- Constructed using Malalasekara Centenuary volume (1969)

ArtsScience

ManagementEngineering

MedicineComputer Science/IT

Agriculture

Para-medical studiesCommerce

Indegenious medicineLaw

Architecture & Quantity Surveying

Veterinary MedicineFashion design/Transport & ...

Dental Science

0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.025.0 30.0 35.0

32

gy;NtW ghlj;Jiwfs; gpw;fhyj;jpy; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;ld.

gy;fiyf;fofq;fspd; vz;zpf;if mjpfupj;jJld; gPlq;fspd;

vz;zpf;ifAk; mjpfupj;jd. gy;fiyf;fof khdpaq;fs;

Mizf;FOtpd; juTfSf;F Vw;g 2012 / 2013 Mz;lhFk;NghJ

gy;fiyf;fof gpuNtrk; fzprkhd msT mjpfupj;jJld;

mtu;fs; gy;NtW Jiwfisj; njupT nra;tjw;fhd tha;g;G

fpl;baJ (cU 17,y; ,J fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ).

2016 Mk; Mz;by; gy;NtW gPlq;fspy; gl;lj;jpidg; ngw;Wf;

nfhz;ltu;fspd; vz;zpf;if 19MtJ cUtpy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ

(vk;Gy;njdpa> 2016). mjd;gb fiyj;Jiwapy; mjpfsthd

gl;ljhupfs; cUthdJld; (16 000)> Vida gPlq;fspy; gl;lk;

ngw;Nwhupd; vz;zpf;if 50% ,Yk; Fiwthd njhifahFk;.

cU 18. ghlnewpfSf;Nfw;g gl;lj;jpid epiwT nra;j khztu;fspd; vz;zpf;if

Degree Programs and Graduated 2016(Total Graduates 30,819)

Veterinary Science B.V. Sc.

Dental Surgery B. D. S.

Architecture & Quantity Surveying...

Indigenous Medicine

Law L.L.B.

Paramedical Studies

Agriculture B. Sc.

Computer Science/IT/ICT/MIT

Medicine M.B.B.S.

Engineering B.Sc. (Eng.)

Science B.Sc. (k)

Commerce & Mgt. Studies

Arts & Oriental Studies

0 5000

0.2%, 73

0.2%, 75

3.7%, 1143

4.9%, 1514

9.6%, 2948

19%, 5733

52%, 16000

0.7%, 208

0.7%, 219

1.3%, 403

1.8%, 545

2.9%, 899

3.4%, 1059

10000 15000 20000

33

,d;iwa epiyapy; ghlq;fs; njhlu;ghd fzpg;G kw;Wk;

kjpg;gPLfSf;F Vw;gNt ghlnewpfs; njupT nra;ag;gLfpd;wd.

ehl;by; rfy ,lq;fspYk; ghlrhiyfs; guk;gpapUe;jhYk;

Mrpupau;fs; fy;tpkhzpg; gl;lk; my;yJ fy;tp KJkhzp>

gl;lj;jpidg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;F fy;tpapay; gPlq;fs; my;yJ

Jiwfs; rpy gy;fiyf;fofq;fspy; khj;jpuNk fhzg;gLfpd;wd

(IPS, 2017). vy;yhg; gy;fiyf;fofq;fspYk; fy;tpj; Jiw

my;yJ gPlk; ,lk;ngWkhapd; vjpu;fhy re;jjpapdiu cUthf;Fk;

Mrpupau;fSf;F ngUe;JizahftpUf;Fk;.

ngz;fSf;fhd fy;tp

fd;dq;fu tpN\l FO mwpf;ifapy; 321MtJ ge;jpapy;

~~ngz; gps;isfspd; fy;tp|| vDk; jiyg;gpd; fPo; ngz;fspd;

fy;tp njhlu;ghd fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itj;Js;shu;. fy;tpj;

Jiwapd; ngz; gps;isfspdJk; Mz; gps;isfspdJk;

cly; uPjpahd khw;wq;fs; kw;Wk; vjpu;fhyj;jpy; <Lglf;$ba

njhopw;Jiwfs; njhlu;gpy; mjPj ftdk; nrYj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.

fy;tpapd; Nehf;fk; ngz; gps;isfspdNjh> Mz; gps;is

fspdNjh cstpUj;jpahFk;. ngz; gps;isapd; kdkhdJ>

Mz; gps;isfspd; kdijtpl khWgl;ljhFk;. mJ mtu;fs;

thOk; #oypd; mbg;gilapy; ,lk;ngWfpwJ. Mz; gps;isfs;

nghk;ikfSld; tpisahLjy; my;yJ ngz; gps;isfs;

Fj;Jr; rz;il tpisahl;bd; kPJ Mu;tk; fhl;Ljy; vd;gJ

thOk; #oYf;F Vw;g ,lk;ngWfpd;wJ. ghlrhiyf; fy;tp

tPl;by; mtu; ngWk; mDgtq;fSf;F gpd;dzpahf mike;jhYk;

ngz; gps;isfSf;F tPl;bypUe;J ngw;W nfhs;Sk; fy;tp

tiuaiwf;Fl;gl;lJ.

,f;FO mwpf;ifapd;gb Mz;fs;> ngz;fs; ,UrhuhUf;Fk;

cly;> cs tpUj;jpia Vw;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;fpwJ.

34

vkJ kdjpy; ,Ug;gJ [dehaf uPjpahd r%fkhFk;.

mjpy; midj;J kdpju;fSk; rkkhdtu;fs; vd

fUjg;gLtu;. vdpDk; vy;yh kdpju;fSk; vy;yh

topfspYk; rkkhdtu;fs; my;y. jpwd;fs;> clypay;

gz;Gfs;> Ez;zwpthw;wy; kw;Wk; xOf;f gz;GfSf;F

Vw;g rkkw;wtu;fs; Mtu;. vdpDk; kdpju;fSf;fpilapy;

rkj;Jtj;ij tplTk; jdpegu;fSf;fpilapy; fhzg;gLk;

NtWghLfis ngWkjp Fiwe;jitahf fUj

Ntz;Lk;. [dehaf r%fj;jpy; kl;LNk ,j;jifa

rkj;Jtk; Kf;fpakhdjhf fUjg;gLfpwJ. Mjyhy;

midtiuAk; ehl;bd; mgptpUj;jpapy; gq;Fgw;wr;

nra;tJ mtrpakhFk;. Mifahy; [dehaf

r%fk; xd;wpd; gpujhd ,yf;F vy;yh Mz;>

ngz; gps;isfSf;Fk; cly;> cs tpUj;jpapid

cau;j;Jtjw;F cjtp nra;tjhFk;. (11Mk; gf;fk;>

12MtJ ge;jp)

,J rkj;Jtj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpid ntspg;gLj;Jk;

$w;whFk;.

ngz; gps;isfs; rpwe;j fy;tpawptpid ngw;wpUg;gjd;

Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ahnjdpy; mtu;fs; vjpu;fhy re;jjp

apdupd; jha;khu;fshf ,Ug;gjhFk;. mjw;fhd elj;ij

iaf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;Fk;> gz;ghl;bid tpUj;jp

nra;tjw;Fk; ghlrhiyapypUe;Jk;> tPl;bypUe;Jk;

Vw;gLj;jg;gLk; jhf;fq;fs; xd;Wld; xd;W nghUe;jpr;

nry;y Ntz;Lk;. (13Mk; gf;fk;> 19MtJ ge;jp)

,f;$w;W ,Utopfspy; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWfpd;wJ. Kjypy;

ngz; gps;isfspd; fy;tpapid cWjpg;gLj;JtjhdJ xg;GuTf;

35

nfhs;ifapid Vw;Wf; nfhz;likahff; fUj KbAk;. mjd;

tpisthfj; jw;NghJ ,yq;ifapy; ngz;fspd; fy;tpawpT

tpUj;jpapy; tsu;r;rpg; Nghf;fpidf; Fwpg;gplyhk;. vdpDk;

gy;fiyf;fof Nju;thsu;fspd; milTf;F Vw;g KjyhtJ>

,uz;lhtJ juj;jpy; rpj;jpaile;jpUg;gtu;fs; ngz;fshtu;.

rhjhuz rpj;jpapid mjpfkhf ngw;wpUe;jtu;fs; Mz;fshtu;

(cU 19) ,jd; %yk; ntspg;gLtJ xg;GuT ,UrhuhUf;Fk;

,ilapy; epyttpy;iy vd;gjhFk;.

cU 19. miltpw;Nfw;g Mz;> ngz; gl;ljhupfspd; rjtPjk;

%yk;:- Ramanayaka et al (2012)

,uz;lhtjhf tPl;Lr; #oYf;F ,ilapyhd njhlu;gpid

Nfhbl;Lf; fhl;l Ntz;baJ jw;fhy epiyikfSf;F

Vw;g kpfTk; mtrpakhd tplakhFk;. jw;fhyg; ghlrhiy

fyhrhuj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpd;w vjpu;kiwahd kdg;ghq;fpw;F

Vw;g tPl;Lr; #oy; gps;isapd; mwpT tpUj;jpf;Fj; jilahf

,Uf;Fk; gpujhd fhuzp mtu;fis kl;le;jl;LtjhFk;. ,J

xg;GuTf; nfhs;iff;F Neu;khwhd xU tplakhFk;. rpwpa

ghlrhiyfSf;F nry;Yk; khztu;fis ,ayhj khztu;fs;

vd tQ;rpf;Fk; xU Nghf;fpidf; fhzf;$bajhfTs;sJ.

ngw;Nwhu;fs; efu;g;Gw ghlrhiyfis Nehf;fpr; nry;tjw;Fk;

mz;ikapy; nry;te;ju;fshfpa ngw;Nwhu;fs; ru;tNjr

01020304050

Grades

Perc

enta

ge

1stClass

2ndClass

(Upper)

2ndClass

(Lower)

GeneralFemale

Male

36

ghlrhiyfspy; Mq;fpy nkhop %yk; fy;tpapid Nehf;fpr;

nry;tjw;F ,e;epiy fhuzkhfpAs;sJ. Nkw;Fwpj;j fhuzp

Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWtJ Vnddpy;> mjD}lhf xg;Gutpid

vLj;Jf; fhl;LtNjhL> vjpu;fhyj;jpy; xg;GuTf; nfhs;if rhu;e;j

gpur;rpidfs; Vw;glhjthW nfhs;iffis tFf;f Ntz;Lk;

vDk; fUj;jpid ntspg;gLj;jpapUg;gjdhy; MFk;.

Njrj;jpd; jiytpjpapid jPu;khdpj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;fhd

,yf;fhff; nfhz;l Njrpa fy;tp Kiwnahd;wpidf;

fl;bnaOg;Gtij ehk; Muk;gpg;Nghk;. ehk; ,e;j ehl;by;

xNu Njrpa ,dj;jtu;fshf tho epidf;fpd;Nwhkh?

mg;gbahdhy; mjid ehq;fs; ghlrhiyfspy;

,Ue;Nj Muk;gpg;Nghk;. ehk; Njrpa uPjpahd

fy;tpia cUthf;FNthkhapd; mJ epr;rakhf

rkak; rhu;e;jjhf Ntz;Lk;. mikg;gpy; mJ Njrpak;

rhu;e;jjhf Ntz;Lk;. mjw;fhd Kd;khjpupapid vkJ

Guhjd fhy tuyhw;wpy; ,Ue;J ehk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s

Ntz;Lk;. mJ ePjp kw;Wk; rkj;Jtk; vDk;

mbg;gilapid nfhz;lika Ntz;Lk;. mj;Jld;

mJ Njrpa Ml;rpAld; ,lk;ngw Ntz;Lk;. ehl;bd;

rfy gps;isfSf;Fk; fy;tp ngWtjw;fhd re;ju;g;gk;

fhzg;gl Ntz;Lk; (`d;rhl;> 1994> gf;fk; 946).

mDuhjGu fhyj;jpy; ,lk;ngw;w fy;tp KiwikapYk;

ngz;fs; fy;tp ngWtJ njhlu;gpy; vt;tpjf; fl;Lg;ghLk;

,Uf;ftpy;iy. Mz;fspd; fy;tpf;fhd MuhikfSk;

gpupntdhf;fSk;> ngz;fspd; fy;tpf;fhfg; gpf;Fzp MuhikfSk;

fhzg;gl;ljhf Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. fy;tpia ntt;Ntwhf

gapd;whYk; mtu;fSf;fpilapy; Vw;wj;jho;T fhzg;gltpy;iy

vd;gJ mtu;fs; xd;whf ,Ue;J rka mDl;lhdq;fspy; <Lgl;ljd;

%yk; njupa tUfpwJ (ve;jfk> 1992). vdpDk; fhydpj;Jt

Ml;rpapd; fPo; Mq;fpyg; ghlrhiyfs; cUntLj;jNjhL

37

jha;nkhop ghlrhiyfs; tPo;r;rpaile;J nrd;wikAk;> Fiw

kjpg;gPl;Lf;Fl;gl;lijAk; fhzf;$bajhf ,Ue;jJ. ,e;epiy

ngz;fisg; ngupJk; ghjpj;j tplakhftpUe;jJ. mg;NghJ

ghlrhiyf;Fr; nrd;w ngz;fspd; vz;zpf;if kpfTk; Fiwthf

,Ue;jJld;> mtu;fspd; vOj;jwpTk; Fiwe;J tpl;lJ. 1901,y;

nkhj;j ngz;fspd; rdj;njhifapy; 8.3% ,w;Nf vOj;jwpT

fhzg;gl;lJ. midj;J kf;fisAk; rkkhff; fUjpa

fd;dq;fu ngz;fis ,d;dy;fSf;Fl;gLj;jpa rkkpd;ikia

,y;yhnjhopg;gJ fl;lhankdf; fUjpdhu;. ngz;fSf;F

,iof;fg;gl;l mePjp njhlu;gpy; fyhepjp fd;dq;fu gpd;tUkhW

Fwpg;gpl;bUe;jhu;.

,e;j ehl;Lg; ngz;fis mbikfshfTk;> rlq;

fshfTk; fzpf;fg;gl;lik ahtUk; mwpe;j tplak;.

,e;j [dehaf Afj;jpy; fhy Xl;lj;Jld; Kd;nry;y

Ntz;ba Njit vkf;Fs;sJ. ngz;fSf;Fr;

rkkhd epiyapy; ,Ue;Jk; Nghl;bapl mtu;fis

mbikg;gLj;jpdhy;> cw;gj;jpapd; jd;ik vt;thwhf

mikaf;$Lk;? vjpu;fhy re;jjpapdiu fUj;jpw; nfhz;L

midtiuAk; rkkhff; fUjp nraw;gLtjw;fhd

eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; (`d;rhl;

1947> gf;fk; 4244).

~~rkkpd;ikia ePf;Ftjw;fhf ngz;fis tYT+l;LtJ

(Empowerment) Kf;fpakhdjhFk;|| vd 2015,y; ];nuhk;fpA];l;

(Stromquist) Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sNjhL Ra cjtpf; FOf;fis (Self help groups) gad;gLj;jpajpdhy; vOj;jwptpid mjpfupj;Jf;

nfhs;sf;$bajhf ,Ue;jJ vd;gij Nfh]; (Ghosh) 2015,y; ntspapl;lhu;.

UNESCO - UIS epWtdj;jpy; ghy;epiy rkj;Jtkpd;ik

(Gender inequality)iaf; fhl;Ltjw;F ,yj;jpudpay; Mtzk;

xd;iwj; jahupj;jhu;. ,J ngz; gps;isfSk; ngz;fSk;

38

tsu;r;rpAWk; tpjj;jpidf; fhl;Lk; mNj Neuk; fw;wypy;

vjpu;Nehf;Fk; jilfisAk; tpgupf;fpd;wJ. fle;j ,uz;L

Mz;Lfspy; Nkw;nfhz;l Kaw;rp> Vw;gl;l tsu;r;rpapd;

mbg;gilapy; Mz;fis tpl mjpfkhd ngz;fs; ghlrhiyf;

fy;tpia tpl;L tpyfpAs;sdu;. UNESCO - UIS juTfspd;gb> 6 - 10 taJf;Fl;gl;l gj;J kpy;ypad; msthd ngz; gps;isfs;

ghlrhiy tFg;giwnahd;wpw;F nrd;wjpy;iy. vdpDk; ghlrhiy

apy; NrUk; midj;J khztu;fSk; gy;NtW jilfSf;F

kj;jpapYk; jkJ fy;tpia epiwT nra;fpd;wdu;. Ngz;jF

mgptpUj;jp ,yf;Ffspy; 4.5 rjtPjkhdit Mz;- ngz;

Vw;wj;jho;Tfis ,y;yhnjhopf;fpd;w fy;tpapd; gy;NtW gjtp

epiyfSf;F nry;tjw;fhd rktha;g;Gf;fis cUthf;FtijNa

Nehf;fhff; nfhz;Ls;sJ.

gy;NtW mtyq;fSf;F Kfq;nfhLj;J nfhz;bUe;j

ngz;fSf;F fd;dq;fu rPu;j;jpUj;jjpD}lhf ed;ikfs;

fpilf;fg; ngw;wJ. 1931,y; ghlrhiyf;Fr; nrd;w ngz;fs;

36.4 rjtPjkhf ,Ue;jdu;. ,e;epiy gbg;gbahf tsu;r;rpaile;j

tPjk; fPo;tUk; ml;ltiz 2,y; fhl;lg;gLfpd;wJ. jw;Nghija

epiyik ,ijtplTk; khw;wkile;Js;sJ.

ml;ltiz 2 : ghlrhiy nrd;w ngz; gps;isfspd; vz;zpf;ifapd;

rjtPjk;

tUlk; 1931 1947 1963 1970 1979 1983ngz;fs;

rjtPjk; 36.4 43 46 48 49.26 49.68

,ytrf; fy;tp mwpKfj;Jld; fpuhkg;Gwj;jpYs;s ngz;fs;

khj;jpukpd;wp vy;yh ngz; gps;isfSf;Fk; fy;tp fw;gjw;fhd

re;ju;g;gq;fs; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;ld. ngz;fSf;fhd tUlkhd 1975

,y; ngz;fSf;F Vw;gl;l Vw;wj;jho;tpid ed;F tpsq;fpf;

nfhs;sf;$bajhf ,Ue;jJ.

39

ngz;fSf;fhd njhopy; tha;g;Gfs; Mz;fis tpl

,U klq;fhFk;. cs;ehl;L> ntspehl;L njhopw; re;ijfspy;

ngz;fSf;F Fiwe;jsthd rk;gsNk toq;fg;gl;lJ. njhopy;fis

njupT nra;Ak; NghJ Mz;> ngz; ,UghyhUf;Fk; ,ilapy;

Ntw;Wik epytf; fhuzk; rpWtajpy; ,Ue;Nj nry;thf;Fr;

nrYj;jp tUfpd;w Vw;wj; jho;thFk; vDk; fUj;jpid fu;]p

kw;Wk; FOtpdu; (Kersey atalog, 2018) 507 gps;isfisf; nfhz;L

(256 ngz; gps;isfs;> 251 Mz; gps;isfs;) Nkw;nfhz;l

Ma;tpD}lhf vLj;Jf; fhl;bdu;. gy;NtW Jiwfs; njhlu;gpy;

ngz;fis <u;j;Jf; nfhz;ljpy; fy;tpj;JiwAk;> ghlrhiyAk;

fzprkhd msT nry;thf;F nrYj;Jfpd;wJ. MfNt rkkhd

tha;g;Gf;fis cUthf;FtjpYk;> jukhd STEM fy;tpapid

toq;FtjD}lhfTk; ngz;fis tYT+l;l KbAk; (UNESCO, 2017).

cyfpw;F KjyhtJ ngz; gpujkiu mspj;j ,yq;ifapy;

,d;Wk; Mz; - ngz; rkj;Jtkpd;ik fhzg;gLfpd;wJ

([atu;jd> 2015> kJuhty> 2015). xU ngz;iz> xU jhia

tPl;by; rkhjhdj;ij Ngzpf; nfhz;L ehshe;jk; nraw;ghLfis

ntw;wpfukhf epiwNtw;WtJ mtUila flikahFk; vd;gij

vkJ r%fk; ,d;Wk; Vw;Wf; nfhz;bUf;fpwJ. jkf;F mePjp

,lk; ngWfpd;wJ vd;gij tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tJ Kf;fpakhd

tplakhFk;. gy;fiyf;fof ngz;fSf;fhd mnkupf;fr; rq;fk;

(American Association of University women, AAUW) mnkupf;ff;

gy;fiyf;fofq;fspy; gl;lg;gpd; fy;tpia njhlUk; ngz;fSf;F

tUle;NjhWk; fy;tpf;fhd rpwg;G tpUjpid AAUW toq;fp

tUfpwJ. me;j tpUjpidg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;fhf 1990 ,y;

thrpq;lDf;F nrd;wNghJ mq;F ciuahw;wpa Vidatu;fspd;

ciuia Nfl;lJk; vd;Ds; Njhd;wpaJ ,yq;ifapy; vkf;F

fpilf;fNtz;ba rYiffs; fpilf;ftpy;iy vd;gJjhd;.

vdpDk; Mz;fs; ghlrhiyahd fhyp k`pe;j fy;Y}upapy;

khztp vd;w tifapy; ehd; ghFghl;Lf;F cl;gltpy;iy

ngz;fSf;fhd rk cupikapid toq;FtJ nghWg;Gs;s

gzpahFk;.

40

tpQ;Qhdf;fy;tp

,yq;ifapd; jw;Nghija #o;epiyapy; fzpj kw;Wk;

tpQ;Qhdg; ghlq;fis ikag;gLj;jpa ghlj;jpl;lKk; guPl;ir

KiwAk; gpur;rpidahff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. vdpDk; $l;Lf; FOtpd;

mwpf;ifapy; fy;tpapd; cs;slf;fk; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLifapy;

ghl cs;slf;fj;jpd; gpupTfs; (Section) xOq;Fg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s

tpjj;jpw;F Vw;g> fy;tpapd; Fwpf;Nfhspid gue;j Nfhzj;jpy;

Muha;Js;sik njspthfpd;wJ.

² jdpg;gl;l kw;Wk; nghJr; Rfhjhuk;

² iftpidg; gapw;rp

² ,ir kw;Wk; fiy

² nkhopAk; fiyAk;

² fzpjk;

² ,aw;ifrhu; fw;ifAk; ,aw;if tpQ;QhdKk;

² tuyhW kw;Wk; Gtpapay;

² FbAupik

fiyj;jpl;lj; jpl;lkhdJ mwpit kl;Lk; ikakhff;

nfhs;shJ nraw;ghL kw;Wk; mDgtq;fspd; Clhf tpUj;jp

nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk; vd $l;L mwpf;ifapy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.

NkYk; guPl;irapid ikakhff; nfhs;sf; $lhJ (47Mk;

gf;fk;> 13Mk; ge;jp) vd;fpwJ. me;je;j #o;epiyfSf;F Vw;g

,r;nraw;ghLfs; khztu;fspd; mDgtq;fis ntspf;fhl;Lk;

tifapy; xOq;fikf;fg;gl Ntz;baNjhL ,J xg;GuTf;

nfhs;iff;F Vw;GilajhFk;. 1948,y; Rje;jpuj;ijg; ngw;Wf;

nfhz;ljd; gpd;du; ,yq;ifapd; fy;tp fl;likg;gpy; gy;NtW

khw;wq;fs; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. ,yq;ifapd; ifj;njhopy;

kw;Wk; tptrha tpUj;jpf;fhf tpQ;Qhd njhopy;El;gj; jpwdpd;

Njit Fwpj;J gy;NtW epWtdq;fshy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l

Ma;Tfspd; %yk; ftdk; nrYj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ (Wanasinghe, 1981). ,jd;gb cau;fy;tpapy; khj;jpukd;wp ghlrhiyf;

fy;tpapYk; ,j;jpwd;fspd; tpUj;jp mj;jpahtrpakhdJ vd;gJ

njspTgLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.

41

Mq;fpy nkhop %ykhd Jizg; gs;spfspNyNa tpQ;Qhd

fy;tpahdJ Nghjpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,yrtf; fy;tp cUthf;fg;gl;ljd;

gpd;du; kj;jpa fy;Y}upfs; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;likahy; fpuhk

kl;lj;jpy; cs;s tiuaWf;fg;gl;l vz;zpf;ifapyhd khztu;

fSf;F tpQ;Qhdf; fy;tpapidg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; tha;g;G

fpl;baJ. ,f;nfhs;isahdJ rkj;Jtj;ij ,yf;fhff; nfhz;l

xg;GuTf; nfhs;ifahFk;.

ehd; rhjhuzju tFg;gpy; ,Uf;Fk;NghJ vy;yh

ghlrhiyfspYk; tpQ;Qhdj;ijf; fw;gjw;fhd tha;g;Gf;

fhzg;gltpy;iy. NkYk; rhjhuzj; juj;jpy; tpQ;Qhdj;jpidf;

fw;gjw;fhd jifikapidg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s jtizg;

guPl;irfSf;F Nkyjpfkhf 8Me; juj;jpd; ,Wjpapy; guPl;ir

nahd;Wk; eilngWk;. ehDk; ghlrhiyapy; eilngw;w

,t;thwhdnjhU guPl;irapy; rpj;jpaile;J rhjhuz juj;jpy;

tpQ;Qhdj;ijf; fw;Nwd;. mg;NghJ cau;juj;jpy; tpQ;Qhdj;

Jiwapidf; fw;gjw;fhd tha;g;G kpfr; rpy ghlrhiyfspy;

khj;jpuNk fpilj;jJ. ngz;fs; ghlrhiyapy; fw;w khztu;fs;

ngUk;ghYk; Mz;fs; ghlrhiyf;F my;yJ kj;jpa

fy;Y}upfSf;Fr; nrd;Nw tpQ;Qhdf; fy;tpapidf; fw;wdu;.

,jd; %yk; ngz; gps;isfSf;F fw;gjpy; fhzg;gl;l

rkj;Jtkpd;ikfs; ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

1956,y; fy;tp mikr;rpdhy; vLf;fg;gl;l nfhs;isj;

jPu;khdq;fs; gpw;fhy tpQ;Qhdf; fy;tpapd; tsu;r;rpf;Ff;

fhuzkhfpaJ. mf;nfhs;ifj; jPu;khdq;fs; tUkhW:

² 11 - 14 taJ khztu;fSf;F nghJ tpQ;Qhdk;

Nghjpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

² f.ngh.j. rhjhuz ju kl;lj;jpy; tpQ;Qhdj;ijf;

fw;gpf;Fk; ghlrhiyfspd; vz;zpf;ifia mjpfupj;jy;.

² Fiwe;j nghUshjhu kl;lj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; khztu;fspd;

tpQ;Qhdf; fy;tpapid Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhf Gyikg;

guprpy; Kiw xd;wpid Muk;gpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

42

cyf tq;fpapdhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Ma;nthd;wpd;

ngWNgwhf 1957Mk; Mz;L Kjy; ,yq;ifapy; tpQ;Qhdf;

fy;tpapd; tpUj;jpf;fhf And];Nfh cjtp fpilj;jjd; gpd;du;

gp. N[. gP. my]pd; jiyikapyhd FOnthd;W murpdhy;

epakpf;fg;gl;lJ. lg;s;A. Mu;. fpshu;f; mtu;fs; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sgb

gad;kpf;f r%fj;jpw;F rpwe;j njhopy;El;g mbj;jsk; xd;wpw;fhf

tpQ;Qhdf; fy;tpia gue;j Nehf;fj;Jld; mgptpUj;jpr; nra;tjw;F

gpujhd fhuzpfs; ,uz;L ftdj;jpy; nfhs;sg;gl;ld.

1. tpQ;Qhdj;ijf; fw;gpf;Fk; gue;j Nehf;fk; njhlu;ghd

mwpT> njspT kw;Wk; czu;T Fiwe;jgl;rk;

Mrpupauplk; fhzg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.

2. tpQ;Qhdj;ij Nghjpf;Fk; rupahd Kiwapid

guPl;irapd; %yk; J}z;Ljy; Ntz;Lk; vd;gdNt

mitahFk;.

,r;nraw;wpl;lj;jpw;F Vw;g 6> 7 kw;Wk; 8Me; juq;fspy;

nghJ tpQ;QhdKk; 9> 10 kw;Wk; 11Me; juq;fspy; capupay;>

,urhadtpay; kw;Wk; ngsjpftpay; 12 kw;Wk; 13Me; juq;fspy;

(cau;juk;) jhtutpay;> ,urhadtpay;> tpyq;fpay; kw;Wk;

ngsjpftpay; Nghd;wd fw;gpf;fj; jPu;khdpf;fg;gl;ld. ,jdhy;

mjw;Fj; Njitahd MNyhrid nraw;ghL kw;Wk; guPl;irfs;

jpl;lkplg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. ghuk;gupa tpQ;Qhd fw;wy; kw;Wk;

Nrhjid Kiwfs; khw;wpaikf;fg;glTk; Ntz;Lk;. ghlrhiy

ikaf; fzpg;gPl;bid rupahd Kiwapy; Nkw;nfhz;L

khztu;fspd; gytPdq;fSf;F mt;tr; re;ju;g;gq;fspy; gupfhuk;

toq;Fjy; %yk; mtw;iw gyq;fshf khw;wpf; nfhs;s KbAk;

(Sedere et al, 2014; Karunaratne, 2012).

1950 jrhg;jq;fspy; gPdghy my]; mtu;fspd; gq;fspg;

NghL ghlrhiy tpQ;Qhdf; $lq;fSf;fhf tsq;fs; gfpu;e;

jspf;fg;gl;lNjhL ,yq;ifapd; tpQ;Qhdf; fy;tp Kiwahf

43

Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jd;NghJ 158 ghlrhiyfSf;F ~~,U js

Ma;T $lq;fSk;|| NkYk; 158 ghlrhiyfSf;F ~~xU js Ma;T

$lKk;|| epu;khzpf;f eltbf;if vLf;fg;gl;lJ. 1972 ,y; ghupa

fy;tp kWrPuikg;nghd;W Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,jd; %yk; tpQ;Qhdf;

fy;tpapy; ghupa khw;wnkhd;W Vw;gl;lJ. ,jd; fhuzkhf

~~midtUf;Fk; tpQ;Qhd mwptpid toq;Fjy;|| fhzg;gl;lJ.

,d;W 6 - 11Mk; juq;fs; tiu rfy khztu;fSk; tpQ;Qhdk;

fw;fpd;wdu;. ,J kfpo;r;rpfukhd tplankhd;whtNjhL ,J

rkj;Jtj;jpid mz;kpj;jJs;sikiaAk; fhl;Lfpd;wJ. ,jd;gb

mLj;j re;jjpapdu; ehshe;j tho;f;ifapy; Kfq;nfhLf;Fk;

rthy;fSf;F ntw;wpfukhf Kfq;nfhLg;gjw;fhd mDgtq;

fis toq;f vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gl;lJ. ,jw;fhf fdp\;l ,ilepiy

kl;lj; juq;fSf;Fk; ,ize;j ghlkhf tpQ;Qhdk; mwpKfg;

gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. jw;Nghija epiyapy; tpQ;Qhdf; fy;tp

trjpfs; rhu;e;J gpuNjr ,ilntsp fhzg;gl;lg;NghJk;

fiy kw;Wk; tzpfg; gpupTfspy; fy;tpapidj; njhlUk;

khztu;fisg; Nghd;Nw mJ fpilf;fhj ngUk;ghyhd

khztu;fSf;F ehshe;j tho;f;iff;Fj; Njitahd tpQ;Qhdf;

fy;tp fpilf;ftpy;iy. tiuaWf;fg;gl;l njhifapdUf;Nf

fpilj;j tpQ;Qhdf; fy;tp cau; fy;tprhu; ,ay;gpidf;

nfhz;lNjhL jpwd;fs; kw;Wk; kdg;ghq;F tpUj;jpw;F ,J

kpfTk; Fiwe;jstpNyNa gq;fspj;Js;sJ. ,jdhy; tpQ;Qhdg;

ghlnewp kPs kWrPuikf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jd;gb Muk;gg; gpupTfspy;

,ize;j ghlkhf msj;jy; kw;Wk; mtjhdpf;Fk; jpwd;fis

tsu;g;gjw;Fk; fdp\;l ,ilepiyg; gpupTfspy; ,ize;j

tpQ;Qhdj;ijf; fw;gjw;Fk; rpNu\;l ,ilepiyj; juq;fspy;

capupay;> ,urhadtpay; kw;Wk; ngsjpf tpQ;Qhdj;ijf;

fw;gpg;gjw;Fk; eltbf;if vLf;fg;gl;lJ. ,g;Gjpa ghlj;jpl;lq;fs;

1972,y; ,Ue;J xt;nthU tUlKk; Kiwahf Nky;Nehf;fp

nraw;gl;lJ.

uztPu (1976) Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sgb ,g;Gjpa ghlj;jpl;lj;ij

#oNyhL njhlu;GgLj;jTk; ehshe;j tho;f;if mDgtq;fisg;

ngw;Wf;nfhLg;gjw;Fk; jpl;lkplg;gl;Ls;sNjhL ,jpy; ,ize;j

44

jd;ik ntspg;gl;Ls;sJ vd;whu;. mg;Nghija epiyapy; 600

ghlrhiyfs; tiu tpQ;Qhd Ma;T$l trjpfs; fhzg;gl;lNjhL

NkYk; 5 000 ghlrhiyfSf;F ,t;trjpfis toq;f Ntz;b

apUe;jJ. 1971 kw;Wk; 1972 Mk; Mz;Lfspy; 3 766 ghlrhiyfSf;F

kpfTk; Kf;fpakhd cgfuzj; njhFjpfs; toq;fg;gl;Ls;s

NjhL 1 500 ghlrhiyfSf;F VNjDk; cgfuzq;fs; toq;fg;gl

Kbe;jJ. tpQ;Qhdf; fy;tp mt;NtisapYk; rkj;Jtkw;w

epiyapy; fhzg;gl;lik ,jd; %yk; njspthfpd;wJ. 1985Mk;

Mz;L Kjy; ghlrhiy khztu;fSf;F ,ytr ghlE}y;

ngw;Wf; nfhLf;fg;gl;likAk; tpQ;Qhd fy;tpf;Fj; Jizahf

mike;jJ. ,JnthU rkj;Jtf; nfhs;ifahFk;.

1990 jrhg;gjq;fspd; Kd;diug; gFjpapy; tpQ;Qhdj;ij

Nghjpf;Fk; mZFKiwapy; khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;j Kaw;rp

nra;ag;gl;lJ. ,jd;gb tFg;giw fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiw

ghuk;gupa Mrpupau; ika mZFKiwfs; khztu; ika

mZFKiwahf khw;wkile;jJ (ngNuuh> 2010). tpQ;Qhdf;

fy;tpapid tpupTgLj;Jk; Njitapid tpsq;fpf; nfhz;ljd;

gpd;du; 2003 Mk; Mz;L Njrpa fy;tp Mizf;FOtpdhy; cau;ju

tFg;Gfs; fhzg;gLk; vy;yh ghlrhiyfSf;Fk; tpQ;Qhd

kw;Wk; fzpjg; ghlj;Jiwfis Mug;gpg;gjw;fhd gupe;Jiu

nra;ag;gl;lJ. vt;thwhapDk; 2003-2013 Mfpa fhyq;fspy;

262 ghlrhiyfspy; khj;jpuNk cau;ju tpQ;Qhdg;gpupTfs;

Muk;gpf;fg;gl;ld. ,it ngUk;ghYk; efuq;fspNyNa

cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,jpy; 1/5 gq;fpw;F Nky; khfhzj;jpy;

cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. 2018 Mk; Mz;lhFk;NghJ 10 194 ghlrhiy

fspy; 1 017 ghlrhiyfspy; khj;jpuNk tpQ;Qhdg; gpuT fhzg;gL

fpd;wJ. fiyj;Jiw khztu;fspd; vz;zpf;if tpQ;Qhdj;Jiw

khztu;fspd; vz;zpf;ifapd; ,U klq;fhFk;.

45

mz;ikapy; cUthf;fg;gl;l njhopy;El;gg; ghlq;fisf;

fw;gJk; tpthjj;jpw;Fupa gpur;rpidfSld; $ba epiyapy;

fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. cU 21,y; ,yq;ifapd; khtl;lq;fspd;

jukhd fy;tpapidg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk;NghJ khdpl kw;Wk;

ngsjpf tsq;fspd; fhzg;gLk; Vw;wj;jho;T fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

njhopy;El;g Ma;T$lk; kw;Wk; jfty; njhopy;El;g Mrpupau;fs;

tpfpjhrhuj;jpw;F Vw;g gpupf;fg;gltpy;iy.

Arts

Commerce

3504

3730

1910

868

0 1000 2000 3000 4000

School with classes uptograde 5

School with classes uptoO-Level

School with A-LevelArts/Commerce Streams

School with A LeelScience Stream. Science

0 100,000 200,000 300,000

A-Level StudentsNumber of Schools

cU 20. f.ngh.j cau;ju tpQ;Qhdf; fy;tpf;fhd re;ju;g;gq;fSk; khztu; vz;zpf;ifAk;

%yk;:- Jayawardena (2015). Constructed using Sri Lanka Education, 2013.

cU 21. ,ilepiyg; ghlrhiyfspd; tpQ;Qhd Ma;T$lq;fSk;

jfty; njhopy;El;g ghlj;Jf;fhd Mrpupau;fSk;

%yk;:- Madurawela (2015). Constructed using ministry of Education School census data, 2011.

46

fzpdpfis toq;FtjpYk; Vw;wj;jho;T fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

Cth> fpof;F> tlkj;jpa khfhzq;fspy; fzpdpfs; cs;s

ghlrhiyfs; 50% tiu fhzg;gLtNjhL Nky;khfzj;jpy;

70% ghlrhiyfs; fzpdp trjpfSld; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,e;j

,ilntspfis Fiwg;gJ murhq;fj;jpd; nghWg;ghFk;.

vt;tifahd kWrPuikg;Gfs; kw;Wk; khw;wq;fis

Vw;gLj;jpdhYk; ,d;wstpYk; tpQ;Qhd kw;Wk; fzpj fw;gpj;jy;>

fw;wy; kw;Wk; fzpg;gPL vd;gtw;wpy; Gjpa fw;wy; kw;Wk; fzpg;gPl;L

Kiwfs; gad;gLj;jg;gltpy;iy. 2030 epiyNgz; mgptpUj;jp

,yf;Ffis mile;Jnfhs;s 21Mk; E}w;whz;bd; jpwd;fis

Kd;dpiyg;gLj;jp ,d;Ws;s khztu;fSf;F fw;gpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

tpQ;Qhd kw;Wk; fzpjj;ij fw;Fk; ngUk;ghyhd khztu;fs;

tpQ;Qhd> fzpjj;ij fbdkhd ghlnkhd;whff; fUjf; fhuzk;

,t;ntz;zf;fUf;fs; md;whl tho;f;ifNahL ,ize;j

tifapy; njhlu;GgLj;jg;glhikapdhNyNa MFk;. jhk; fw;Fk;

tplak; jkJ tho;f;ifNahL njhlu;GgLk; tpjj;ij mwpe;J

nfhs;tjd; %yk; khztu;fSf;F G+uzkhd mu;j;jKs;s

0

Western

Percentage

Computer Available Computer Not Available

Prov

ince

Central

Northern

Eastern

North Western

North Central

Uva

Sabaragamuwa

Southern

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

cU 22. khfhzq;fSf;Nfw;g fzpdp trjpfisf; nfhz;Ls;s> nfhz;buhj rjtPjk;

%yk;:- MoE (2018). Annual Census Report - 2017, Policy Planning and Perfermance Review Division

47

fw;wiyg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s KbAk;. khztu;fSf;F rthyhd

gpur;rpidfisj; jPu;g;gjw;F tha;g;G toq;fp Mf;fG+u;t jpwd;

kw;Wk; ju;f;f rpe;jidia cUthf;f KbAk; (Karunaratne et ai. 2009 a). Kuz;ghLfisj; jPu;g;gjpy; FOthf nraw;gLk;NghJ

,j;jpwd; NkYk; tpUj;jpailAk; (Karunaratne et al., 2009 b).

tpQ;Qhdf; fy;tpf;fhf STEM fy;tp Kiw cyfpy;

ngUk;ghyhd ehLfspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jd;NghJ

tpQ;Qhdk;> njhopy;El;gtpay;> nghwpapay; kw;Wk; fzpjk;

vd;gtw;iw ,ize;j ghlq;fshf khw;wp khztu;fspd;

vz;zf;fU tYg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jd; %yk; mu;j;jKs;s

fw;wy; xd;iw ngw;Wf;nfhs;s KbAk; (cU 23). ,e;j ,izg;G

ghlrhiy> r%fk;> Njrk; kw;Wk; cyf fpuhkk; tiu gue;J

nry;tjhy; vjpu;fhyj;jpy; khztu;fs; jkJ jpwikfis

ntspf;fhl;b ntw;wpfukhd tho;f;ifapid nfhz;L nry;y

KbAk;.

,r;nraw;ghl;bd;NghJ jpwd;fs; ehd;F (4Cs) tpUj;jpailtJ

mjhtJ ju;f;f rpe;jid (Critical thinking), njhlu;ghly; jpwd; (Communication Skill)> xj;Jiof;Fk; jpwd; (Collaborative Skills) kw;Wk; Mf;fj;jpwd; (Creativity Skills) vd;gd ,q;F Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. ,jdhy; STEM fy;tpapidg; ngw;wtu;

cU 23. vz;zf;fUNthU ,ize;j ghlq;fs;

SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY

MATHEMATICS ENGINEERING

STEM

48

Mf;fj;jpwd; kpf;ftuhf ,Ug;gNjhL nghJtpy; vy;yh tplaq;fs;

njhlu;ghfTk; mwptpidg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;thu;. ,jdhy; mtu; / mts; gy;NtW njhopy; Jiwfspy; <Lgl KbAk;.

ePu; vDk; vz;zf;fUtpy; mjd; ngsjpf kw;Wk;

,urhadg; gz;Gfisf; fw;gNjhL kl;Lg;gLj;jhky; tpQ;Qhd>

njhopy;El;gtpay;> nghwpapay; kw;Wk; fzpj tplaq;fSld;

njhlu;GgLj;jp kpfTk; gaDs;s tifapy; fw;ff;$ba

Kiwapid cU 24 fhl;Lfpd;wJ. STEM fy;tpahdJ ehd;F

ghlq;fSf;F khj;jpuk; kl;Lg;gLj;jg;glhky; eldk;> ghly;> ,ir>

fiyapid Nru;j;J ePu; njhlu;gpy; mu;j;jKs;s fw;wy; xd;iw

Nkw;nfhs;s KbAk; vd;fpwJ. ,jdhy; STEM mZFKiwia

rpyu; STEAM vd milahsg;gLj;Jfpd;wdu;. STEM fy;tpapid

ngWk;NghJ tpQ;Qhdf; fy;tp mwpT kl;Lkd;wp rthy;fSf;F

Kfq;nfhLj;J Kuz;ghLfisj; jPu;j;jy; kw;Wk; jPu;khdk;

vLj;jy; njhlu;gpYk;> cyfk; njhlu;gpy; njspTld; ,Uf;f

Ntz;Lk; vd;gJk; gz;nghd;whf khwptpLk;.

cU 24. STEM fw;iff;F Vw;g ePu; gw;wpa vz;zf;fU

49

epiyNgz; mgptpUj;jp

And];Nfh epWtdj;jpdhy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s

kpy;Nydpa mgptpUj;jp ,yf;Ffs; (Millenium Development Goals, MDG) 2015 cld; epiwtile;jJld; epiyNgz;

mgptpUj;jp ,yf;Ffs; (Sustainable Development Goals. SDG) mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. epiyNgz; mgptpUj;jp ,yf;Ffs; 17

,y; ehd;fhtJ ,yf;fhdJ jukhd fy;tpapid toq;Ftjpy;

fupridf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. G+uzj;Jtkpf;f kdpjd; vd;gJ

epiyNgz; mgptpUj;jp ,yf;Ffspd; capu; Nghd;wnjhU

vz;zf;fUthFk;. epiyNgz; mgptpUj;jp ,yf;fpd; 4.5,y;

Mz; - ngz; rkepiyapy; fhzg;gLk; Vw;wj;jho;Tfis ,y;yh

njhopj;J fy;tpapd; vy;yh kl;lq;fspYk; Eiotjw;fhd

rkkhd tha;g;gpid Vw;gLj;JtNj vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

,jNdhbize;j tifapy; tpNrl Njitapd; fhuzkhfNth

my;yJ goq;Fbapdu; vd;gjhNyh (cjhuzk;: ,yq;ifapd;

NtLt kf;fs;) ghjpg;Gf;Fs;shff; $batu;fs;> Mgj;jhd

epiyapy; cs;s rpwhu;fs; gj;jhapuk; NgUf;fhd njhopw;fy;tp

njhlu;gpYk; ,jd;NghJ ftdk; nrYj;jg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.

rkj;Jtk; vDk; vz;zf;fU cs;slf;fy; (Inclusive) vDk; vz;zf;fUtpid ikakhff; nfhz;L gFg;gha;T

nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. cyf Nghf;fpw;F Vw;g tpspk;gpYs;s kf;fs;

FOf;fspd; (Marginalized Groups) fy;tp njhlu;gpy; cyfk;

kw;Wk; Njrpa jfty; fl;likg;gpw;Fs; cs;slf;fg;glhj

re;ju;g;gq;fSk; cz;L. tpNrl NjitAila KjpNahu;>

Kuz;ghLfshy; mdhjuthf;fg;gl;ltu;fs;> ,uhZt rpg;gha;fs;>

rpWtu; njhopyhsu;fs; kw;Wk; ,lk;ngaUk; kf;fs; FO

vd;gd tpspk;gpYs;s kf;fs; FOtpy; mlq;Fk;. ,yq;ifapd;

#o;epiyf;F Vw;g Mz; - ngz; rkj;Jtj;Jld; njhlu;Gila

gy;NtW gpur;rpidfs; jPu;f;fg;gl;bUe;jhYk; (rpy K];ypk;

kf;fs; gpuptpdiuj; jtpu;j;J) nghJthd FiwghLfs; NghyNt

50

Kg;gjhz;L fhy Aj;jj;jpdhy; mq;ftPdu;fshd rpg;gha;fs;>

rpWtu; gilapduhf gzpahw;wpa jkpo; rpWtu;fSk;> murpay;

rjpf;fhf mioj;Jr; nry;yg;gLk; rpWtu;fSk;> ,lk;ngaUk;

kf;fs; FOtpd; gps;isfs; njhlu;gpy; Kiwahd jfty;

Mtzq;fs;> fy;tpf; Fwpf;Nfhs;fs; ClhfTk;> fy;tpapy;

xg;Guit Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhfTk; vLf;fg;gl Ntz;ba

eltbf;iffis tpsq;fp nfhs;Sk; Nehf;fpy; mikatpy;iy

(Karunaratne, 2014). ,jdhy; 2030 Mk; Mz;L MFk;NghJ

epiyNgz; mgptpUj;jp ,yf;Ffis mile;Jnfhs;s

xj;Jiog;G toq;Fk; tifapy; And];Nfhtpd; Gs;sptpgu

epWtdk; (UNESCO Institute of Statistics: UIS) khjpupf;F Vw;g

,yq;ifapYk; epiyNgz; mgptpUj;jpf;Fk; fy;tp xg;GuTf;Fk;

Njitahd Gs;sptpguq;fisj; jpul;LjYk; mtw;iw fy;tpf;

nfhs;iffis eilKiwg;gLj;Jk;NghJk; Fwpg;gpl;l khw;W

nfhs;iffis jPu;khdpf;Fk;NghJk; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.

And];Nfhtpd; Gs;sptpgu epWtdj;jpd; Nehf;fKk; ,yq;ifapd;

#o;epiyf;F Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. ,e;Nehf;fj;jpw;F Vw;g fy;tp

mikr;Rk; Njrpa fy;tp epWtfKk; nraw;glNtz;baJ

mtrpakhFk;. mtw;wpy; rpy gpd;tUkhW:

² tho;ehs; KOtJk; mt;tt; egu;fspd; epahaj;jd;ik

apid ghJfhf;Fk; tifapy; topfhl;ly; xd;iw

cUthf;Fjy;.

² fy;tpapd; epahaj;jd;ikia mstpLtjw;F nghUj;jkhd

fl;likg;nghd;iw cUthf;Ftjw;fhd Ma;nthd;wpy;

<Lgly;.

² Ma;T kw;Wk; nfhs;iffis mile;J nfhs;tjw;F

tYthdJk;> Fwpj;j jfty;fis Njrpa kw;Wk;

ru;tNjr kl;lj;jpw;F gutr; nra;jy;.

51

vy;yh gps;isfSf;Fk; epiyNgz; mgptpUj;jpapid

mile;J nfhs;tjw;Fj; Njitahd mwpT kw;Wk; jpwd;

fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gijNa epiyNgz;

mgptpUj;jpapd; 4.7 vDk; Nehf;fj;jpD}L vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpwJ.

mjhtJ epiyahd mgptpUj;jp> epiyahd tho;f;iff;

Nfhyk;> Mz; - ngz; rkj;Jtk;> kdpj cupikfs;> rkhjhdk;

kw;Wk; Kuz;ghLfs; mw;w fyhrhuk;> g+Nfhs gpuir kw;Wk;

gy;tifikia Nghw;Wjy; vd;gdNt mitahFk;.

rkhjhdk; kw;Wk; epiyNgz; mgptpUj;jp njhlu;ghd

kfhj;kh fhe;jp epWtdk; (MGIEP) epiyNgz; mgptpUj;jp

,yf;Fj; njhlu;gpy; Mrpa ehLfs; 22,y; Nkw;nfhz;l Ma;tpy;

14 tiffspd; fPo; fy;tpf; nfhs;if> Njrpa ghlj;jpl;l fl;likg;G

kw;Wk; fiyj;jpl;lk; njhlu;gpy; jfty;fis Nrfupj;jJ. fy;tpf;

nfhs;ifj; njhlu;ghd tifg;ghLfisNa 26Mk; tiuglk;

fhl;Lfpd;wJ. (1997Mk; Mz;L fy;tp kWrPuikg;G kw;Wk; 2013

Mk; Mz;L fy;tp kWrPuikg;G vd;gd fy;tpf; nfhs;ifapy;

ftdk; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ)

cU 25. Njrpa fy;tpf; nfhs;ifapd; ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;l tiffs;

vdpDk; Njrpa ghlj;jpl;lf; fl;likg;gpidg; ghu;f;Fk;NghJ

VO tiffs; kl;LNk ftdj;jpy; nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sJ.

52

cU 26. Njrpa ghlj;jpl;lj;jpy; ntspj;njupe;j tiffs;

Njrpa fy;tpf; nfhs;if> Njrpa ghlj;jpl;lf; fl;likg;G>

tplak; njhlu;gpy; Nrfupf;fg;gl;l jfty; #oy;> nghUshjhu

kw;Wk; r%fk; njhlu;ghd epiyNgz; mgptpUj;jp Nghd;w

gpujhd jiyg;Gf;fs; %d;wpd; fPo; xOq;Fg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s

Kiwikia cU 27 fhl;Lfpd;wJ.

cU 27. gpujhd jiyg;Gfs; %d;wpy; fy;tpf; nfhs;if> ghlj;jpl;lf; fl;likT kw;Wk; tpla cs;slf;fk; mlq;fpAs;s tpjk;

,j;jiyg;Gfs; %d;wpYk; r%fk; njhlu;ghd jiyg;Gfs;

njhlu;ghf $Ljy; ftdk; nrYj;jg;gl;Ls;sikNa njspth

53

fpd;wJ (cU 27). mj;jiyg;Gfspy; Njrpa ghlj;jpl;lkply;

tiuapy; fy;tpf; nfhs;iff;Fk; tplaj;jpw;Fk; mg;ghy;

Fiwe;j mtjhdNk nrYj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jid #oy; kw;Wk;

nghUshjhu jiyg;Gfspd; fPo; fhzf; fplf;fpd;wJ. ,yq;ifapd;

fiyj;jpl;lk; kw;Wk; ghlE}y;fspYk; epiyNgz; mgptpUj;jp

njhlu;ghd mtjhdk; kw;Wk; cyfyhtpa gpuir vd;gd kpfTk;

Fiwe;j mstpNyNa Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ (Karunaratne, 2017). Njrpa ghlj;jpl;l rl;lfj;ij tYg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;gNj ,jd;

%yk; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. fy;tpf; nfhs;ifapd; tiffs;

14,y; ngUk;ghyhdit Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUg;gpDk; (cU 25) Njrpa

fiyj;jpl;l rl;lfj;jpYk; (cU 26) fiyj;jpl;lj;jpYk; mit

xt;nthd;Wk; Fwpg;gplg;glhikf;fhd fhuzq;fisj; Njbawpjy;

Ntz;Lk;. fy;tpf; nfhs;if Nghd;Nw fiyj;jpl;l rl;lfk;> tpla

cs;slf;fk; Nghd;w vy;yh mq;fq;fspYk; mgptpUj;jpnahd;W

Vw;glhky; epiyNgz; mgptpUj;jp ,yf;fpid mile;J

nfhs;tJ fbdkhFk;. mf;fy;tpapd; juTg; gFg;gha;T gy;NtW

fz;Lgpbg;Gfis ntspf;nfhz;L te;Js;sNjhL ,e;ehLfspd;

fiyj;jpl;lk; rkhjhdk;> epiyNgz; mgptpUj;jp kw;Wk;

cyfshtpa gpuir vd;gd njhlu;gpy; kpfTk; Fiwe;jstpNyNa

Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sJ vd;gJ gpujhd fz;Lgpbg;ghf mike;Js;sJ

(UNESCO – MGIEP, 2017).

21Mk; E}w;whz;by; epiyahd ,Ug;gpidg; ngw;Wf;

nfhs;tNj ,d;W vkJ ehl;bd; NjitahFk;. fiyj;jpl;lj;ij

jahupf;Fk;NghJ ,q;F vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gl;l fw;ww;NgWfs;

vjpu;fhyj;jpy; rpwe;j gpuirahf ehl;Lf;Fk; cyfpw;Fk; Nrit

nra;Ak; ,yf;fpid itj;jpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,d;W cyfpy;

mgptpUj;jpaile;j ehLfs; gy 21Mk; E}w;whz;bd; fw;wy;

rl;lfj;jpw;F Vw;g fy;tp fl;likg;gpid mwpTf;F mg;ghy; jpwd;

tpUj;jpapy; cs;s gyd;fSf;F Vw;gNt xOq;fikj;Js;sd.

fyhepjp Nrju 2016Mk; Mz;L eilngw;w fd;dq;fu epidTg;

NgUiuapy; ,jid kpfTk; rpwg;ghf vLj;Jf;fhl;bAs;shu;.

54

Nguhrpupau; fhNyh nghd;Nrfh (2009) kw;Wk; fyhepjp [P. gp.

Fztu;jd (2012) fd;dq;futpd; rPuikg;Gfisg; nghopg;ghf;fp

kWrPuikg;Gfis ntw;wpfukhf eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjpy; ehq;fs;

Njhy;tpaile;Js;Nshk; vd Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sdu;. ehDk; mjid

cWjpg;gLj;Jfpd;Nwd;.

,t;Tiuf;fhf mioj;jikapl;L ehd; kPz;LnkhU Kiw

jw;Nghija gzpg;ghsu; ehafkhf flikahw;Wk; fyhepjp

[ae;jp FzNrfu mtu;fSf;Fk;> ,t;Tiuf;Fj; Njitahd

jfty;fis toq;fpa Ma;Tg; gpuptpd; Xa;Tepiy gzpg;ghsUk;>

Ma;T kw;Wk; jpl;lkply; gPlj;jpd; cjtp gzpg;ghsu; ehafKkhf

flik Gupe;j fyhepjp nfhl;tpd; nfhbJtf;F mtu;fSf;Fk;

vdJ kdkhu;e;j ed;wpfisj; njuptpj;Jf; nfhs;fpd;Nwd;. Ma;T

kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jpj; Jiwapd; jw;Nghija gzpg;ghsu; fyhepjp.

b. nfg;gl;bnfhl kw;Wk; mjd; FOtpdUf;Fk; ,izg;ghf;fk;

nra;j rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu; rpuhdp G];gkhyh mtu;fSf;Fk;

rpq;fs nkhopapy; jahupf;fg;gl;l mwpf;ifapid Mq;fpy

nkhopf;F nkhopngau;g;gjpy; xj;Jiog;G toq;fpa Ma;T

kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jpj; Jiwapd; Xa;Tepiy gpujhd nraw;wpl;l

mjpfhup vk;. V. gP. Kdrpq;` mtu;fSf;Fk; mjidj; jkpopy;

nkhopngau;j;j Mrpupau; Nritapy; cs;s gP. v];. Nkhfd;

mtu;fSf;Fk; vdJ ed;wpfisj; njuptpj;Jf; nfhs;fpd;w

mNjNtis ,t;tpupTiuia ntspaPnlhd;whfg; ngw;Wj;

jUtjw;fhf cjtpGupe;j mr;rf ntspaPl;Lj; Jiwapd; gjpw;

gzpg;ghsu; lg;spA. vk;. A. tpN[#upa mtu;fSf;Fk; fzpdp

kag;gLj;jpa nry;tp. fkyNtzp fe;ijahTf;Fk; jpUkjp.

V. b. mD\h juq;fzpf;Fk; vdJ ed;wpfisj; njuptpj;Jf;

nfhs;fpd;Nwd;.

55

crhj;JizE}y;fs;

we|.u" tï' ^1992&' ksoyia wOHdmkh iy ldka;dj' iS' ví' ví'

lkakka.r ksoyia wOHdmkfha jxY l;dj' ms' 31-32' fld<U(

wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j'

iqu;smd," fla' tÉ' tï' ^1969&' Y%S ,xldfõ wOHdmk b;sydih

1796-1965' fld<U( wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j'

De Silva, S. F. (1969). Dr. C W W Kannangara- His contribution to the education of the people. In Education in Ceylon – A centenary volume, Part II, Chapter 54, p.621-628. Ministry of Education and Cultural Affairs, Colombo: Government Press.

Embuldeniya, C. (2018). Education budget forum 2019. Paper presented at the National Human Resources Development Council. Ministry of National Policies and Economic Affairs.

Fonseka, C. (2009). Reforming Education: Finishing the Unfinished Task. Kannangara Memorial Lecture, 20. Maharagama: National Institute of Education.

Gardner, H. (1983). Frames of mind: The theory of multiple intelligences.

Ghosh, R. (2015). Women’s empowerment and education: Panchayats and women’s self-help groups in India. Policy Futures in Education, 13(3).

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Gunawardena, G. B. (2012). Kannangara vision: Challenge in Reforming Education. Kannangara Memorial Lecture, 23. Maharagama: National Institute of Education.

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Jacob, W. J. and Hoisinger, D. B. (2008). “Inequality in education: A critical analysis” In D. B. Hoisinger and W.J. Jacob (eds.) Inequality in education: Comparative and international perspectives, pp. 1-34, Hong Kong: Springer. Retrieved from http://sociologia.davidjustino.com/content/2012/05/HOLSINGER2008 inequality-in-education-pdf

Jayawardena, P. (2015). Sri Lanka needs equal access to science education. Retrieved from www.ips.lk/talking economics/2012/13

Karunaratne, S. (2017). Human Rights : Enhancing Equal Citizenship Rights in Education (Sri Lanka). Paper presented at Palai des Nations Geneva Centre for Human Rights Advancement and Global Dialogue, Switzerland

Karunaratne, S. (2014). Implementation of learning to live together in Sri Lanka. In UNESCO (2014) Learning to live together: Education policies and realities in the Asia-Pacific. (Contribution of Sri Lanka) UNESCO Bangkok Office. ISBN 978-92-9223-472-0

Karunaratne, S. (2012). Implementation of school-based assessment (SBA) in grades 7-11 science classrooms. Research Series 2011, Sri Lanka, Colombo: National Education Commission.

Karunaratne, S., Parker, J., Lundeberg, M., Eberhardt, J., & Koehler, M. (2009a). Multiple paths chosen by teachers in a Professional Development (PD) project based on Problem-Based Learning (PBL) and teacher research. Proceedings of the Intercultural Education (IAIE) conference held in Athens, Greece.

Karunaratne, S., Vitharana, P., Mahagamage, P, Irani, U. & Yatigammana, S. (2009b) Knit together for a better service; Towards a culture of collegiality in teaching science in Sri Lanka. In M. T. Tatto (Ed.) Reforming teaching and learning: Comparative perspectives in a global era. Rotterdam: Sense Publishers. ISBN 978-94-6091-033-3

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Karunaratne, S. (2008). Capacity building through activity-based workshops (pages 153-166) In F. Adly (Ed.) Community participation, decentralization and education to democracy in the Mediterranean area/countries ISBN 977-438-557 Alexandria: The Modern University Office.

Kersey, A. J., Braham, E. J., Csumitta, K.D., Libertus, M. E., & Cantion, J. F. (2018). No intrinsic gender differences in children’s earliest numerical abilities. Science of Learning, 12, p. 1-10.

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Perera, D. A. (Ed.) (2010). Reforms in science education in the Sri Lankan school system. 1st Ed., Maharagama : National Institute of Education.

Ramanayake, A., Jayamanne, I., Dewapriya, R. Y., & Perera, K. L. R. H. (2013) Graduands employment census, 2012. HETC. Retrieved from http://www.researchgate.net.

Ranaweera, A. M. (1976). Integrated science in junior secondary schools in Sri Lanka. Experiments and innovations in education, No. 27, IBE, Paris: UNESCO.

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Sedere, M.U., Karunaratne, S., Karunanithy, M., and Jayasinghe-Mudalige, U.K. 2014. Study on evaluation and the assessment system in general education in Sri Lanka. Research Series No. 3. Colombo: National Education Commission

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University Grants Commission (2013). UGC university admission 2012/2013. www.ugc.ac.lk.../admissions/2012/2013.

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UNESCO-UIS (2018). Handbook on measuring equity in education. . Montreal: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS).

UNESCO (2017a). Cracking the code: Girls’ and women’s education in Science Technology Engineering and Mathematics (STEM). Paris: UNESCO.

UNESCO (2017b). UNESCO moving forward the 2030 agenda for sustainable development. Paris: UNESCO Task Force on the 2030 agenda for sustainable development. http://en.unesco.org/sdgs.

Wanasinghe, J. (1981). Science education in Sri Lanka. Colombo: Institute of Fundamental Studies.

59

NgUiuahsu; njhlu;ghf...

tpj;jpayq;fhu gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; capupay; njhlu;ghd

tpQ;Qhdkhzp gl;lj;ijg; ngw;w RNdj;uh fUzhuj;d> vy;gpba

Mde;j kfh tpj;jpahyaj;jpy; cjtp Mrpupauhf jdJ jdpg;gl;l

njhopy; tho;f;ifapid Muk;gpj;jhu;. gpd;du; fhyp k`pe;j

tpj;jpahyaj;jpYk; cau;ju ,urhadtpay; kw;Wk; tpyq;fpay;

ghlj;jpd; ghl Mrpupauhf Nritahw;wpdhu;. Nguhjidg;

gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; fy;tpf;fhd gl;lg; gpd;gbg;ig gapd;w mtu;>

ghlnewpapy; mjpjpwik rpj;jpapidg; ngw;Wf;nfhz;L mjpjpwd;

rhjidf;fhd fhd; (Kahn) jq;fg; gjf;fj;jpidg; ngw;Wf;

nfhz;lhu;. gj;jynfju fy;tpapaw; fy;Y}upapy; tpupTiuahsuhf

Nritahw;wpa mtu;> tpQ;Qhdkhzp gl;lj;jpid ntw;wpfukhf

epiwT nra;jjd; gpd;du; fy;tpaikr;rpd; njhiyepiyf;

fy;tpg; gpuptpy; Nrit nra;jhu;. mf;fhyj;jpy; gpupl;b\;

fTd;rpypd; Gyikg;guprpy; ngw;W If;fpa ,uhr;rpaj;jpd;

gpup];ly; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpw;Fs; gpuNtrpj;J tpQ;Qhdf; fy;tp

njhlu;ghd KJkhzp gl;lj;ijg; ngw;Wf;nfhz;lhu;. mtu;

kPz;Lk; ,yq;iff;Fj; jpUk;gp fiyj;jpl;l mgptpUj;jp kj;jpa

epiyaj;jpYk; fy;tp mikr;rpd; Ma;Tg; gpuptpYk; fy;tp epUthf

Nritapd; juk; %d;W mjpfhupahf flikahw;wpdhu;.

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;ljd; gpd;du;> mjd;

Ma;Tg; gpuptpy; ,ize;J nfhz;l mtu; If;fpa mnkupf;f

Fbaurpd; kpr;rpfd; gpuhe;jpa gy;fiyf; fofj;jpy; fyhepjpg;

gl;lj;jpidg; G+u;j;jp nra;jhu;. fw;wy; jpwikapd; fhuzkhf

mtu; Phi beta Delta Honor Society Mrpupau; xd;wpaj;jpYk;

mq;fj;Jtj;ijg; ngw;Wf;nfhz;lhu;. kPz;Lk; Njrpa fy;tp

epWtfj;jpd; Ma;Tg; gpupTf;F tUif je;j mtu; Gtprhu;

Nfhl;ghl;bid ikag;gLj;jpg; gz;Gj;jukpf;f Ma;Tfs;

60

njhlu;ghd Ma;Tj; jpwd;fis Nkk;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjpy;

gq;fspg;G toq;fpdhu;. ~~r%f fl;likTthjk;|| njhlu;ghd

mtupd; khehl;L tpupTiufs; kpfTk; gpurpj;jpg; ngw;wit.

ehl;Lf;fhf kpfTk; rpwg;ghd Nritapid Mw;Wtjw;fhfg;

Nguhjidg; gy;fiyfofj;jpd; tpQ;Qhd gPlj;jpy; rpNu\;l

tpupTiuahsuhf ,ize;J nfhz;l mtu;> tpQ;Qhd fy;tp

njhlu;ghd KjyhtJ fyhepjpahf gy;fiyf;foff; fl;likg;gpy;

Eioe;J> Kjd; Kiwahf tpQ;Qhdf; fy;tp njhlu;ghd fyhepjp

kw;Wk; gl;lg;gpd; fy;tpg; ghlnewpfis Muk;gpj;jhu;. tpQ;Qhdk;

njhlu;ghd gl;lg;gpd; fy;tp epWtdk; (PGIS) gl;lg;gpd; gbg;G ghlnewpfs; ,uz;bid (tpQ;Qhdf; fy;tp njhlu;ghd gl;lg;gpd;

gbg;G bg;Nshkh kw;Wk; tpQ;Qhdkhzp) Muk;gpj;j mtu;

tpQ;Qhdkhzp kw;Wk; jj;Jtkhzp fw;iff;fhd khztu;fspd;

MNyhridahsuhfTk; flikahw;wpdhu;.

NARST, CIES, IOCES, CESA, MESCE, AERA and SLAAS Nghd;w nraw;wpl;l epWtdq;fspy; mq;fj;jtuhfTk;

,yq;if jpwe;j gy;fiyf;fofj;jpd; tpQ;Qhdg; gPl rigapd;

mq;fj;jtuhfTk; 10 tUlq;fs; gzpahw;wpdhu;. Njrpa kw;Wk;

ru;tNjr khehLfspy; Ma;T mwpf;iffis Kd;itj;j fyhepjp

fUzhuj;d> tpQ;Qhdg; ghlE}y;fisj; jahupf;Fk;NghJ mjd;

MNyhridahsuhfTk; nraw;gl;L ghlE}y;fs; kw;Wk; gy;NtW

ntspaPLfspy; fl;Liufis vOjpAk; gq;fspj;Js;shu;. kpr;rpfd;

gpuhe;jpa gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; tUifjU MNyhridahs

uhfTk;> If;fpa mnkupf;f Fbaurpd; Njrpa tpQ;Qhd

kd;wj;jpd; mDruizAld; eilngw;w gpur;rpidrhu; fw;wy;

nraw;wpl;lj;jpYk; gq;fspg;G toq;fpdhu;. gpur;rpidfs;rhu;

fw;wy; njhlu;ghd MNyhrfuhf kNyrpahtpd; <Ngh

gy;fiyf;fofj;jpw;Fk; miof;fg;gl;lhu;. ,e;J rKj;jpuj;jpd;

xg;gPl;L fy;tpr; r%fj;ijf; (IOCES) fl;bnaOg;Gtjpy;

Kd;epd;w mtu;> mjd; KjyhtJ jiytuhf ,yq;ifapy;

mjd; khehl;il elj;jpdhu;. tpQ;Qhdk; njhlu;ghd gl;lg;gpd;

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gbg;G epWtdk; kw;Wk; Nrgpy;l; `yhk; (Sheffield Hallam) gy;fiyf;fofj;jpw;fpilapy; cau; fy;tp ,izg;ghsuhf

,Ue;J tpQ;Qhdf; fy;tp nraw;ghLfis gutyilar;

nra;jhu;. Science and Mathematics Centre of Curtin University of Technology, School of Education of Edith Cowen University, Perth, Western Australia kw;Wk; MA in Iternational Education programme of the University of Sussex, U.K. Nghd;w epWtdq;fspy; tpQ;Qhdk;

kw;Wk; fzpjk; njhlu;ghd Ma;thsuhf jkJ Ra mwptpidg;

gfpu;e;Jf; nfhz;lhu;. 2009,y; tpQ;Qhdf; fy;tp njhlu;ghd

G+uzj;Jtkpf;f Nguhrpupau; gjtp ngw;w mtu; mj;Jiwapy;

Nguhrpupau; gjtpapidg; ngw;w Kjyhk; egu; vd;w ngUikiag;

ngw;whu;.

rkhjhdk;> epiyNgz; mgptpUj;jp kw;Wk; G+Nfhs gpuir

njhlu;ghd fy;tp “The State of Education for Peace, Sustainable Development and Global Citizenship (EPSG) njhlu;ghd UNESCO/MGIEP nraw;wpl;lq;fspd; MNyhridahsuhf Ngq;nfhf;

And];Nfhtpd; ~~,ize;J tho;tjw;fhd fw;wy; njhlu;ghd

gd;dhl;L tiugl nraw;wpl;lj;jpy; (Involvement of Sri Lanka in a multi – country mapping of learning to live together) Nritahw;wpdhu;.

“Human Rights: Enhancing Equal Citizenship Rights in Education” vDk; njhdpg;nghUspd; fPo; fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itg;gjw;F

n[dpth efupd; Centre for Human Rights Advancement and Global Dialogue epWtdj;jpw;Fk; miof;fg;gl;lhu;. fy;tp fl;likg;gpw;F

mtu; nra;j Nritapid ikag;gLj;jp cyfpd; HRA fhq;fpu]; mtUf;F 2016,y; South Asian Partnership Summit and Business Awards tpUJ tpohtpy; ~~fy;tp jiyikj;Jtk;||

vDk; tpUjpid toq;fpaJ. Xa;T ngw;whYk; mtu; gy;NtW

epWtdq;fspd; MNyhridahsuhf nraw;gLfpd;whu;. Mrpupau;

mgptpUj;jpf;fhd njw;fhrpa epiyaj;jpd; jpl;lkply; FOtpd;

mq;fj;jtuhf nraw;gLk; mtu; ,yq;ifapd; ];nlk; (STEM) fy;tp epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lj;jpd; nraw;ghl;L cWg;gpdUkhthu;.

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C. W. W. Kannangara Memorial Lectures in the Series

01. Prof. J. E. Jayasooriya (1988). Democratization of Education:ContributionofDr.C.W.W.Kannangara

02. Prof. Swarna Suraweera (1989). Extension of EducationalOpportunity–TheUnfinishedTask.

03. Prof. K. W. Gunawardena (1990). Dr. C. W. W. Kannangara’sVisionofthePast-Education,Religion,CultureandSocietyunderColonialRule

04. Deshabandu Bogoda Premaratne (1991). Free EducationRedefined:EducationinDefenseofFreedom

05. Dr. Ananda W. P. Guruge (1992). Control of Education:ImplicationsforQualityandRelevance

06. Prof.G.L.Peiris(1993).TheKannangaraReforms:AFoundation forNationalDevelopment

07. Prof. Lakshman Jayathillake (1994). Education for Freedom –IssuesofDevelopment,IndividualGoalsandSocialPriorities

08. Prof.W. Ariyadasa de Silva (1995). The Concept of NationalSystemofEducation.

09. Prof.ChandraGunawardena(1996).EducationinSriLanka:AToolforEmpowermentoranInstrumentofSocietyMobility

10. Mr.D.A.perera(1997).TheFreedomtoTeachandtheFreedomtoLearn

11. Ms. Sivanandiri Duraiswamy (1998). Hindu Perspectives onEducationandDr.Kannangara’sEducationalPhilosophy

12. Dr.PremadasaUdagama(2001).Colonialism,GlobalizationandEducation

63

13. Prof. J. B.Dissanayake (2002). A Languageat theCrossroads:TheCaseofSinhala

14. Prof.A.V.D.DeS.Indraratna(2003).EducationandDevelopmentRoleofC.W.W.Kannangara

15. SusilSiriwardana(2004).TheKannangaraLegacy-AsSourceTextforRe-ConstructingSriLankaSocietyandState

16. Mr. M. C. Pant (2005). Open Schooling Concept, EvolutionApplication(IndianPerspective)

17. Deshamanya H. L. de Silva (2006). Envisioning a Sri LankanIdentityinaMulticulturalSociety

18. Dr.A.G.HussainIsmail(2007).EqualOpportunityinEducationbetween Communities A Vision Of Kannangara. SomeReflections on the Education of the Muslim Community in SriLanka

19. Prof. NaradaWarnasuriya (2008). The Kannangara Legacy inToday’sContext:TheRoleoftheStateinHigherEducation

20. Prof.CarloFonseka(2009).ReformingEducation:FinishingtheUnfinishedTask

21. Prof.GaminiSamaranayake(2010).ProblemsandChallengesinUniversityEducationinSriLanka:AnOverview

22. Prof. A.V. Suraweera (2011). Dr. Kannangara’s Fee EducationProposalsinrelationtothesubsequentexpansionoftheTuitionIndustry

23. Dr.G.B.Gunawardena(2012).Kannangaravision:ChallengeinReformingEducation

24. Prof.A.K.W.Jayawardane(2013).TowardsknowledgeHubandCitizenAttributesAimedEducationthroughEducationReforms

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25. Mr.R.S.Medagama(2014).AReviewofEducationalReformsinthepostKannangaraEra

26. Mr. S. Sandarasegaram (2015). Dr. Kannangara’s Reforms andEmergingKnowledgeEconomyinSriLanka

27. Dr. Upali M. Sedere (2016). Educational Reforms BeyondKannangaraforthe21stCentury

28. Prof. Sujeewa Amarasena (2017). Medical Education andKannangaraPhilosophy

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