+ All Categories
Home > Documents > IT QM Bratislava IT QM Part2 Lecture 5 Dr. Withalm 7-Sep-15.

IT QM Bratislava IT QM Part2 Lecture 5 Dr. Withalm 7-Sep-15.

Date post: 26-Dec-2015
Category:
Upload: griffin-reeves
View: 216 times
Download: 1 times
Share this document with a friend
68
IT QM Bratislava IT QM Part2 Lecture 5 Dr. Withalm Mar 17, 2022
Transcript

IT QM BratislavaIT QM Bratislava

IT QM Part2 Lecture 5IT QM Part2 Lecture 5

Dr. Withalm Apr 19, 2023

IT QM Bratislava19.04.23 Dr.Withalm3

Lectures at the University of Bratislava/Spring 2014

27.02.2014 Lecture 1 Impact of Quality-From Quality Control to Quality Assurance

06.03.2014 Lecture 2 Organization Theories-Customer satisfaction-Quality Costs

13.03.2014 Lecture 3 Leadership-Quality Awards

20.03.2014 Lecture 4 Creativity-The long Way to CMMI level 4

27.03.2014 Lecture 5 System Engineering Method-Quality Related Procedures

03.04.2014 Lecture 6 Quality of SW products

10.04.2014 Lecture 7 Quality of SW organization

IT QM Bratislava19.04.23 Dr.Withalm6

Today’s Agenda

• Testing• Definition• Structuring• V-Model• Testlevels• Types of Tests (Black Box- White Box)

• White Box (C0, C1, C2)• Testcases• End of Test Criteria• Conducting Tests• Test Evaluation

• SW Quality Evaluation• Motivation• Quality Characteristics (Subcharacteristics, List of Criteria, Evaluation Procedures)• Conclusions

• Technology Management Process

IT QM Bratislava19.04.23 Dr.Withalm7

Problem

Bill Gates: “50 % of development effort

goes into software testing“

Without professional testing• “old” errors are repeated• hardly any methods & tools are used

What we need:“Best practices” for test planning and test management(methods, tools, etc.)

IT QM Bratislava19.04.23 Dr.Withalm8

10 FAQs about testing

1. What is the purpose of testing?

2. What is being tested?

3. How does testing fit into the development

process?

4. How do you test?

5. How are test cases prepared?

6. How much testing do you need?

7. How are tests conducted?

8. How are tests evaluated?

9. Prerequisites for successful testing?

10. What tools does the SC Test offer?

IT QM Bratislava19.04.23 Dr.Withalm9

Definition of the term “test”

Two points of view:

Systematic verification of design and implementation for compliance with specified requirements.

The purpose of testing is to find bugs

The key motive for testing is to provide verifiableevidence of quality to the customer.

IT QM Bratislava19.04.23 Dr.Withalm10

Structuring of testing

Testing of functional and non-functional requirements

• Functionality, user interface behavior, input field syntax, installation, etc.

• Performance, reliability and availability,

usability etc.

It is necessary to break down the test budgetaccordingly.

IT QM Bratislava19.04.23 Dr.Withalm11

Testing in SEM

Draw up test plan

Design test cases

Set up test infrastructure

Conduct test

Evaluate test

Fault management

Prepare test reports

Initiation

Prototyping

Definition Design Implementation Operations

Termin-ation

Themes relating to multiple phases

IT QM Bratislava19.04.23 Dr.Withalm12

“V” model

Black boxTestSW Req. Spec.

Design

Detailed Design

System Test

Black boxand

White box Test

Integration &Integration Test

Component Test

DevelopmentDocuments

Test LevelsCoding

IT QM Bratislava19.04.23 Dr.Withalm13

General process model

SW req. spec.

Arch. design

Detailed design

System test

Integration test

Unit test(stand-alone test)

VerificationValidation

Implementation

User req. spec. Acceptance test

IT QM Bratislava19.04.23 Dr.Withalm14

Test levels (1)

Stand-alone test (component test): Test of a single component or of groups of components

Integration test: Test to verify interfaces and how components

interact via such interfaces

System test: Test of the finished system against the functional and non functional

requirements as i.e. performance defined in the requirements specification.

IT QM Bratislava19.04.23 Dr.Withalm15

Breaking the tests down into different levels

helps to bring complexity under control.

Test levels (2)

Acceptance test:Test cases are a subset of System Test

Should be established by customer

Usually performed on customer site

IT QM Bratislava19.04.23 Dr.Withalm16

Types of tests

White box (structure oriented test):• Control flow oriented

– Instruction coverage (C0)– Branch coverage (C1)– Path coverage and other types of coverage

• Data flow oriented

Black box (function oriented test):• Functions as laid down in SW requirements specification• Syntax• States, state transitions

Non-functional requirements e.g. performance, stability, usability

IT QM Bratislava19.04.23 Dr.Withalm17

White box(structure oriented) test

Detailed design

Code structure

Test data

Test results

Flow of control

Flow of data

IT QM Bratislava19.04.23 Dr.Withalm18

Possible goals:

• Go through as large parts of code as possible (coverage test)

• Identify memory leaks

• Identify conflicts between different threads and processes

• Analyze performance behavior

• Check robustness

White box test/1What is dynamic code analysis ?What is dynamic code analysis ?

In contrast to static analysis, the code is executed and tested with a set of test data

IT QM Bratislava19.04.23 Dr.Withalm19

Test Planning

Define goals, scope, methods, resources,time schedule, responsibilities

Test Design

• Define how the goals in the test plan can be reached

• e.g. what goal will be reached by which test method

• Elaborate details of test methods

• Define test objects, environment and test end criteria

White box test/2Test planning / Test designTest planning / Test design

IT QM Bratislava19.04.23 Dr.Withalm20

White box test/3Types of coverage/1Types of coverage/1

C0 coverageEach statement is executed once

void CoverMe (int a, int b){ printf("A"); if (a < 1) printf("B"); printf("C"); if (b < 2) printf("D"); printf("E");}

In this example, 1 test case will be sufficient(a=0, b=1 => ABCDE)

A

C

B

E

D

IT QM Bratislava19.04.23 Dr.Withalm21

C1 coverageEach branch is executed once (‘if’ or ‘case’ statements)

void CoverMe (int a, int b){ printf("A"); if (a < 1) printf("B"); printf("C"); if (b < 2) printf("D"); printf("E");}

For C1 coverage, you need at least 2 test cases in this example (a=0, b=1 => ABCDE, a=1, b=2 => ACE)

White box test/4Types of coverage/2Types of coverage/2

A

C

B

E

D

IT QM Bratislava19.04.23 Dr.Withalm22

White box test/5Types of coverage/3Types of coverage/3

C2 coverageEvery possible path is executed once

void CoverMe (int a, int b){ printf("A"); if (a < 1) printf("B"); printf("C"); if (b < 2) printf("D"); printf("E");}

For C2 coverage, you need 4 test cases(a=0, b=1 => ABCDE, a=1, b=2 => ACE, a=0, b=2 =>

ABCE, a=1, b=1 => ACDE)

A

C

B

E

D

IT QM Bratislava19.04.23 Dr.Withalm23

White box test/6Types of coverage/4Types of coverage/4

Sub-condition coverageEach sub-condition must be at least once true and once false.

if ((a < 1) && (b < 2)) requires 2 test cases

Sub-condition combination coverageEvery possible true/false combination of sub-conditions is verified once

if ((a < 1) && (b < 2)) requires 4 test cases

IT QM Bratislava19.04.23 Dr.Withalm24

White box test/7Defining the required coverageDefining the required coverage

For each code part, you have to decide which type ofcoverage is required and what percentage has to becovered.

Key criteria in this context:

• How complex is the code ? (e.g. McCabe complexity)

• Is the code new or reused ?

• How security-critical is the module ?

• How often is the module executed ?

• How experienced are the developers ?

Code for handling situations that occur only very rarely can be tested by including additional control variables in the code.

IT QM Bratislava19.04.23 Dr.Withalm25

Black box (function oriented) test

Requirements spec.

Preliminary/detailed design

Test data

Test results

IT QM Bratislava19.04.23 Dr.Withalm26

Preparing test cases

• Define end-of-test criteria (in the test plan)

• Create a test structure

• Define the different types of test

• Implement test cases for each type of test

• Never forget: Test cases should be entered in CM

Test structure for system test:

• generated through import of SW requirements

specification (chapter structure) or manually

• contains test packages (for each test type)

as well as test cases

IT QM Bratislava19.04.23 Dr.Withalm27

Test package, test case

Test package:• Unambiguous name• Test type

Test case:• Unambiguous name• Goal/purpose of test case• OK/Not OK• Manual/automated• Hardware / software configuration• Initial state of test object• All input data• Test sequence, individual test steps• Expected result for each test step• To which Requirement it belongs

IT QM Bratislava19.04.23 Dr.Withalm28

End-of-test criteria (examples)

Test type End-of-test criterion

Instruction coverage (C0): 100% and function fulfillment

Branch coverage (C1): 50%-95% (module type)

and function fulfillment

Functions as specified: 100% of test cases “OK“

Syntax: 100% of test cases “OK“

State-based: All states and transitions covered

Performance: Response time under load conditions (< x sec)

IT QM Bratislava19.04.23 Dr.Withalm29

Conducting tests

Execute the manual and automated test

cases

Prepare a test suite by selecting suitable test cases

Record test results in a test management tool to beable to report on test progress at the simple push ofa button. Integration with CM?

IT QM Bratislava19.04.23 Dr.Withalm30

Test evaluation (ongoing)

Draw up test reports

Analyze unsuccessful test cases

Collect diagnostic data for fault identification

Record the faults you found in a fault management system (Important: link between test run, test case, and fault number)

Update regression tests (CM!?)

Enter the faults found in each phase in PROWEB

IT QM Bratislava19.04.23 Dr.Withalm31

Success factors

Project team strives for quality

Sufficient budget (recommendations)

20 to 30% of total effort

During maintenance: up to 50 %

Testability has been taken into account of in

design

Use standards and checklists !

Regard testing as a major part of the project

Milestones have been defined

Test infrastructure is available

IT QM Bratislava19.04.23 Dr.Withalm36

TestSummary

Testing is supposed to verify functional and non-functional requirements find the most important bugs

Testing is an integral part of the development process

Testing needs defined quality requirements defined end-of-test criteria suitable tools

 

IT QM Bratislava19.04.23 Dr.Withalm37

•Software Quality Evaluation up to now •predominantly focused on errors

•Residual error probability

but

•Quality is more than freedom from error

Software Quality Evaluation/1

Motivation

IT QM Bratislava19.04.23 Dr.Withalm38

Software Quality Evaluation/2Quality Characteristics

reliability

functional performance

user friendliness

time behavior

consume behavior

maintainability

portability

IT QM Bratislava19.04.23 Dr.Withalm39

Software Quality Evaluation/3 Actions in SEM phases

Application of SEMQuality Evaluation

Definition of qualityobjectives

Direction for technicaland quality assuranceactivities

Examination if qualityobjectives are reached

SEM Phases

InitiationStudy

System DesignDetailed DesignImplementationIntegration

System TestAcceptance

IT QM Bratislava19.04.23 Dr.Withalm40

Software Quality Evaluation/4Proceeding

Definition Quality characteristics Subcharacteristics

List of criteria / checklists

Evaluation procedures

IT QM Bratislava19.04.23 Dr.Withalm41

Software Quality Evaluation/5Subcharacteristics / 1

Quality characteristicsin terms of SN 77 350

reliability

functional performance

user friendliness

time behavior

Subcharacteristics

availabilitysafety

completenessCorrectness

learnabilityease of handling

response timestart-up timethroughput rateholding timeCPU-requirementCPU-load

back up

IT QM Bratislava19.04.23 Dr.Withalm42

Software Quality Evaluation/6Subcharacteristics / 2

Quality characteristicsin terms of SN 77 350

consume behaviour

maintainability

portability

Subcharacteristics

primary storage requirementperipheral storage requirementperipheral device requirementoutput volume

-

technical portabilityadaptability

back up

IT QM Bratislava19.04.23 Dr.Withalm43

Software Quality Evaluation/7Evaluation Procedures

measuring point scaling system evaluation tree

functional performance project specific procedures

back up

IT QM Bratislava19.04.23 Dr.Withalm44

Software Quality Evaluation/8Point scaling system/1

• Criteria have been defined and may be summarized in criteria groups

• To each criteria points are allocated

0 Not satisfied at all1 Rarely satisfied2 Partly satisfied3 Satisfied to a large degree4 Completely satisfied

IT QM Bratislava19.04.23 Dr.Withalm45

Software Quality Evaluation/13Ease of Handling/2 Accessibility

1) Conformity2) Transparency 3) Consistent behavior4) Consistent terminology5) Clarity6) Uniformity7) Easy access to functions8) Easy start9) Self-explanatory features

IT QM Bratislava19.04.23 Dr.Withalm46

Software Quality Evaluation/9Point scaling system/2

• Not relevant criteria will be omitted

• The points are added up for every criteria group and standardized•Sum total of the points is divided by the maximum number of points•value range of 0 to 1

• The quality index of a subcharacteristic is determined by forming the mean of all the criteria groups involved.

• The specification of the quality index must always be accompanied by the evaluations of the individual criteria

IT QM Bratislava19.04.23 Dr.Withalm47

Software Quality Evaluation/10Important Quality Characteristics/1

•User friendliness•Learnability•Ease of handling

•Reliability•Availability•Safety

•Functional performance•Completeness•Correctness

IT QM Bratislava19.04.23 Dr.Withalm48

Software Quality Evaluation/11User friendliness/1

Definition (SN 77 350):

Ability of the unit under examination to require a minimum operating effort from its prospective users and to give the users a positive impression of its handling.

Note 1:Operation in this contexts extends also to the preparation of the

application and the utilization of its results.

Note 2:Operation efforts are also incurred by the users when learning how

to operate the unit under examination.

Subcharacteristics: LearnabilityEase of handling

IT QM Bratislava19.04.23 Dr.Withalm49

Software Quality Evaluation/12User friendliness/2 Ease of Handling/1

Definition:

Ease of handling is the extent to which the unit under examination is able to enable an experienced user to use the provided functions with a minimum handling effort.

Criteria groups:

AccessibilityRobustnessConvenience

IT QM Bratislava19.04.23 Dr.Withalm50

Software Quality Evaluation/14Ease of Handling/3 Robustness

1) Tolerance with respect to unexpected operator interventions

2) Tolerance with respect to environment failures

3) Damage minimization

4) Reset ability

IT QM Bratislava19.04.23 Dr.Withalm51

Software Quality Evaluation/15Ease of Handling/4 Convenience

1) Ergonomic output (SN 77 351: Screen form design) 2) Attractive Design 3) Graphic symbols 4) Small number of input characters 5) Early plausibility checks 6) Flexibility 7) Convenient operator control elements 8) Expert mode 9) Response time10) Capability of controlled abortion11) Small number of parameters12) Programming language specific interfaces

IT QM Bratislava19.04.23 Dr.Withalm52

Software Quality Evaluation/16Important Quality Characteristics/2

•User friendliness•Learnability•Ease of handling

•Reliability•Availability•Safety

•Functional performance•Completeness•Correctness

IT QM Bratislava19.04.23 Dr.Withalm53

Software Quality Evaluation/17Functional Performance Assessment Tree

FV= 0,8218

p= 100

F 1

V 1= 0,847p 1 = 40

F 2 V2= 0,805

p 2= 60

F 11

V11= 0,83p 11= 90

F 12

V12= 1p 12= 10

F 21

V21= 0,9p 21= 50

F 22

V22= 0,75p 22= 10

F 23

V23= 0,7 p 23= 40

F 211

V211= 1p 211= 30

F 212

V212= 0p 212= 10

F 213

V213= 1p 213= 60

v J=

(p, x V,)j

100

v 21=30 x 1 + 10 x 0 + 60 x 1

100= 0,9

Fi…function identifier

Pi….function weight

Vi….completeness index

IT QM Bratislava19.04.23 Dr.Withalm54

Software Quality Evaluation/18Cost/Benefits

Exact definition of requirements savesCongestionWrong assignment of development capacityUnexpected requests during acceptance

Early counter measures through better reviews savings

Practical experience for developers

Better products

IT QM Bratislava19.04.23 Dr.Withalm55

Software Quality Evaluation/19Conclusion/1

are indicators

exact evaluation by means of single criteria

Indicators support in

Steering of the development processComparing of different versions of a product

IT QM Bratislava19.04.23 Dr.Withalm56

Software Quality Evaluation/20Conclusion/2

Definition of Quality characteristics in requirements specificationProject accompanying forecast about the anticipatory qualityObjective criteria during acceptance

IT QM Bratislava19.04.23 Dr.Withalm57

Technology Management-Process/1

Technology management ensures: the detecting of new technology trends, the selecting of appropriate technologies, the expanding of the know-how required with regard to

the selected technologies, the profitable applying of those technologies.

The phases result from the definition consists of: detecting selecting expanding applying

IT QM Bratislava19.04.23 Dr.Withalm58

Technology Management-Process/2

Networking involves four steps: Call for Network One ore more persons show their interest in a certain subject for

which no network exists yet by posting a Call for Network. Interest Net A group of people that is interested in a certain subject. The focus is on

getting to know each other and everybody’s particular strengths. The network finances

itself. At least 3 people (typically 5 - 50) are required from at least 2 different

subdivisions. Expert Net A networking group of experts in a certain subject field offering coaching

and consulting within PSE and professional handling of inquiries. At least 3 people

(typically 5 - 20) are required from at least 2 different subdivisions. Support Centers A core team and a PSE-wide competence network for long-term and

strategically important subjects. They offer 3 hours of support for projects without

charge; if more time is required, this will be charged to the respective project account.

IT QM Bratislava19. April 2023 Dr.Withalm59

1990: Study "performance Measurement in enterprises of the future" (e.g. General Electric, Hewlett-Packard, Shell, Canada, Apple computer, Bell South)

History of the Balanced Scorecard

1992: "Balanced Scorecard" by Kaplan and Norton in Harvard developed and in the mean time introduced by many considerable enterprises world-wide very successfully

IT QM Bratislava19. April 2023 Dr.Withalm60

Balanced scorecard (BSC)

Kaplan and Norton, Harvard BusinessSchool, 1992:

Managing based on balance sheets (i.e. outcomes, post facto) is too inertIt is necessary to address the factors that lead tooutcomes:

- Identify impacting factors (drivers) - Strategically define objectives- Monitor achievement (metrics)

Not just keep an eye on finances, but also on- Customers/market- People / innovation- Internal processes

The focus is on business strategy

IT QM Bratislava19. April 2023 Dr.Withalm61

Balanced Scorecard (BSC) at PSE

Joint definition of strategic goals, relatedobjectives and their interrelations(strategy map) by the management

- Overall BSC at the PSE level- Business-specific BSCs in the subdivisions and business

units

Ongoing monitoring of a limited number ofquantities at all levels

- "BSC cockpit" with traffic light representation, early warning

indicators, need for action

IT QM Bratislava19. April 2023 Dr.Withalm62

What is Balanced Scorecard (BSC)?

• Comprehensive strategic control instrument

• Holistic, interlaced view on the enterprise

• Integrates modern management beginnings

•Customer orientation

•Process orientation

•Coworker orientation

•Innovation and learning

• Common systematic development of

•Business drivers

•Goals and measures

Basis is a clear, well prepared strategy!

IT QM Bratislava19. April 2023 Dr.Withalm63

Late indicatorsMonetary characteristic numbersExternal perspective Results (= effect)

Early indicatorsNot-monetary characteristic numbersInternal perspective Causes

Why "balanced"?

IT QM Bratislava19. April 2023 Dr.Withalm64

Elements of the Balanced Scorecard

Visionand

Strategy

Customer Market

Coworker Innovation

Finances

Internal Processes

4 Quadrants

IT QM Bratislava19. April 2023 Dr.Withalm65

Proceeding for the development of a BSC

• Determine the substantial success factors for the successful conversion of the strategy

•business drivers• Development of the effect connections

•driver tree

• Formulation of goals

•quantifiable, scheduling

• Determination of metrics

• Resolution of measures

IT QM Bratislava19. April 2023 Dr.Withalm66

Domaincompetence

DomainKnow How

Care & increaseOf market

TechnicalCompetence

(ICT)

Customersatisfaction

Motivation ofemployees

Training of employeesFocused on new

products

Customersatisfaction

Identifikation ofemployees

Allround- and broad Know-How

Adherence ofaccomplishment

Adherence ofexpenditures

Adherence ofdelivery

Fast reaction to inquiries

Acquisition ofprojects

Many mainpillars

Newacquisitions

Increase ofmarket

Acquisition

Motivation of employeese.g.. by setting-up

of new main pillars

Motivation ofemployees

Knowledge of newSW-technologies

technical authority in technology,

products and industry

Know-how with the integration

of adjacent systems

Training of newtechnologies

Success factors - example

IT QM Bratislava19. April 2023 Dr.Withalm67

Success factors<>Business driver

Portfolioanalysis of the success factors

passive

ac

tiv

e

Access to market

Successfull cooperations

Competitiveness

Asset Management

Motivated employees/managers

Position on Market

Suitable new orders

Appropriate employees/managers

Customer relationship

Knowledge of market

Fullfillment of project plans

Know How

Improvement of costs

reactive

active

inactive

critical

IT QM Bratislava19. April 2023 Dr.Withalm68

Employees /Knowledge/Innovation

Finances

Customer / Market

Processes

value of the business contribution

Customer loyalty

OntimeSupply

ProcessQuality

ProcessCycle time

Knowledge ofemployees

Bring your statements in cause effect connection: The more largely..., the...

Cause-and-Effect chain Example

IT QM Bratislava19. April 2023 Dr.Withalm69

PSE's strategy map

Learning / growth

Customer/market Finances

Internal processes

Expand and improve customer

relations

Focus growthon corebusiness

Expand external

partnerships

Achieve competitive

prices

Safeguard long-term business

success

Improve cost management

Increase innovative strength

Optimizestaff

competence

Increasestaff

motivation

Expand cooperation

in international PSE group

Expand knowledge networking

Optimizing the quality of services

Expand entire PSE marketing activities

"Live"leadership

PSE quality goal

IT QM Bratislava19. April 2023 Dr.Withalm70

FinancesCustomer/Market

EVA

Domaincompetence

TechnicalCompetence

(ICT)

Innovation-oriented

Internalcooperation

Leadershipskills

Close to theEnd customer

Motivation ofemployees

(International) Care & Increase

Of Market

Internationality

Process optimizationIn regard of market

Strat. CooperationsBuilding of partnerships

Employee / Innovation Internal Processes

Driver Tree - Example

IT QM Bratislava19. April 2023 Dr.Withalm71

Driver Measurement/entity

% turnover of new

Products(< 5 years))

% Status green„To Plan“

Barometer:% Commitment . % rate of return

Old/new products

Mio. €

% from turnover

Mio. DEM #Turns

EVA(Economic Value

Added)

Account balance

EBIT(Earnings before interest

And taxes)

EBIT-Assets EBIT Asset turn

Mio. € cumulative

% gap to CMMI level 3

closed

Benchmarking

Savings from BIP

Market/CustomerMarket/Customer FinancesFinances

ProcessesProcessesEmployeer / InnovationsEmployeer / Innovations

Actual

05/06

Target

05/06

Actual05/06

Target

05/06

Driver Measurement/entity

Driver Measurement/entity

DriverMeasurement/entity

% gap of cost closed

Turnover in Mio €

% in USA % in China

Upgrading systems/servicesMarket share in new focus markets

Keep #1 Position/RWS

% deliveries „on time“% building of team proces

finalized

Mio. €

A-Projects acc. R&D Plan

Skills & Competences

Corporate Identity/Culture

-30.5

-13.5

1.3

4662.4

% internal RG/BG % external customer

Customer satisfaction

30.2

28.0

1.7

4082,7

374

-

78.8

75

0

43

6650

30 -

CC

CC

CC

CC

21.3 6.2

BD

BD

BD

GZ374

23 -

150RWS

80

0

GZ-MS

6229

0

86

43

CC

HR

BD

00

62

0

60.9

LO

BMT

CC

Aherence of delivery

(2 days tolerance)

SW Process Improvement BD

Responsibility

Respo

nsibility

Target

05/06Actual05/06

Responsibility

Responsibility

Target

05/06

Actual05/06

Balanced Scorecard - Example

- -

IT QM Bratislava19. April 2023 Dr.Withalm72

BSC –Tool representation

Scorecard Layout

IT QM Bratislava19. April 2023 Dr.Withalm73

Benefit of Balanced Scorecard?

• Broad consent and common understanding of the strategy

• Clear adjustment on the substantial common goals

• Balance of the relevant success factors of the business

•business driver

• Clarify the effect connections of the business

• Strategy well communicatable

• Simple position-fixing

Important: Take time !

IT QM BratislavaIT QM Bratislava

Thank youfor your attention!

IT QM Bratislava19.04.23 Dr.Withalm75

Farbpalette mit Farbcodes

Primäre Flächenfarbe:

R 215G 225B 225

R 130G 160B 165

R 170G 190B 195

R 220G 225B 230

R 145G 155B 165

R 185G 195B 205

R 255G 210B 078

R 229G 025B 055

R 245G 128B 039

R 000G 133B 062

R 000G 000B 000

R 000G 084B 159

R 255G 255B 255

Sekundäre Flächenfarben:

Akzentfarben:

R 255G 221B 122

R 236G 083B 105

R 248G 160B 093

R 064G 164B 110

R 064G 064B 064

R 064G 127B 183

R 255G 232B 166

R 242G 140B 155

R 250G 191B 147

R 127G 194B 158

R 127G 127B 127

R 127G 169B 207

R 255G 244B 211

R 248G 197B 205

R 252G 223B 201

R 191G 224B 207

R 191G 191B 191

R 191G 212B 231

R 255G 250B 237

R 252G 232B 235

R 254G 242B 233

R 229G 243B 235

R 229G 229B 229

R 229G 238B 245


Recommended