Hedy Lamarr • Hedwig Kiesler, Vienna (Austria) • 1933 film Ecstasy (steamy)
Hedy Lamarr • Hedwig Kiesler, Vienna (Austria) • 1933 film Ecstasy (steamy) • married Fritz Mandl, arms mfg.
Hedy Lamarr • Hedwig Kiesler, Vienna (Austria) • 1933 film Ecstasy (steamy) • married Fritz Mandl, arms mfg. • very rich
Hedy Lamarr • Hedwig Kiesler, Vienna (Austria) • 1933 film Ecstasy (steamy) • married Fritz Mandl, arms mfg. • very rich • hundreds of dinner parties for clients
Hedy Lamarr • Hedwig Kiesler, Vienna (Austria) • 1933 film Ecstasy (steamy) • married Fritz Mandl, arms mfg. • very rich • hundreds of dinner parties for clients • Mandl was the jealous type
Hedy Lamarr • Hedwig Kiesler, Vienna (Austria) • 1933 film Ecstasy (steamy) • married Fritz Mandl, arms mfg. • very rich • hundreds of dinner parties for clients • Mandl was the jealous type • Hedy drugged the maid, put on her
uniform, walked away
Hedy Lamarr • Hedwig Kiesler, Vienna (Austria) • 1933 film Ecstasy (steamy) • married Fritz Mandl, arms mfg. • very rich • hundreds of dinner parties for clients • Mandl was the jealous type • Hedy drugged the maid, put on her
uniform, walked away • Signed with MGM, changed name
Hedy Lamarr • Hedwig Kiesler, Vienna (Austria) • 1933 film Ecstasy (steamy) • married Fritz Mandl, arms mfg. • very rich • hundreds of dinner parties for clients • Mandl was the jealous type • Hedy drugged the maid, put on her
uniform, walked away • Signed with MGM, changed name • Hooked up with composer George
Antheil
Hedy Lamarr • Hedwig Kiesler, Vienna (Austria) • 1933 film Ecstasy (steamy) • married Fritz Mandl, arms mfg. • very rich • hundreds of dinner parties for clients • Mandl was the jealous type • Hedy drugged the maid, put on her
uniform, walked away • Signed with MGM, changed name • Hooked up with composer George
Antheil • Piano episode, frequency hopping
Hedy Lamarr • Hedwig Kiesler, Vienna (Austria) • 1933 film Ecstasy (steamy) • married Fritz Mandl, arms mfg. • very rich • hundreds of dinner parties for clients • Mandl was the jealous type • Hedy drugged the maid, put on her
uniform, walked away • Signed with MGM, changed name • Hooked up with composer George
Antheil • Piano episode, frequency hopping • Antheil suggested piano rolls
Hedy Lamarr • Hedwig Kiesler, Vienna (Austria) • 1933 film Ecstasy (steamy) • married Fritz Mandl, arms mfg. • very rich • hundreds of dinner parties for clients • Mandl was the jealous type • Hedy drugged the maid, put on her
uniform, walked away • Signed with MGM, changed name • Hooked up with composer George
Antheil • Piano episode, frequency hopping • Antheil suggested piano rolls • 1940 applied for patent • 1942 granted
• Frequency hopping for anti-jam
• Frequency hopping for anti-jam • Reproducible hopping pattern that
appears to be random
• Frequency hopping for anti-jam • Reproducible hopping pattern that
appears to be random • Pseudo-noise or pseudo-random
hopping pattern
• Frequency hopping for anti-jam • Reproducible hopping pattern that
appears to be random • Pseudo-noise or pseudo-random
hopping pattern • Lamarr system was never built
• Frequency hopping for anti-jam • Reproducible hopping pattern that
appears to be random • Pseudo-noise or pseudo-random
hopping pattern • Lamarr system was never built
1950-60: Many experimental systems (all classified) by Sperry, Sylvania, Bureau of Ships, MIT, NSA, etc:
• Frequency hopping for anti-jam • Reproducible hopping pattern that
appears to be random • Pseudo-noise or pseudo-random
hopping pattern • Lamarr system was never built
1950-60: Many experimental systems (all classified) by Sperry, Sylvania, Bureau of Ships, MIT, NSA, etc: But some people knew …
“What?” said the missile expert. “I guess I was off base about the jamming. Suddenly it seems to me that’s so obvious. It must have been tried and it doesn’t work.” “Right. It doesn’t. That’s because the frequency and amplitude of the control pulses make like pure noise—they’re genuinely random. So trying to jam them is like trying to jam FM with an AM signal. You hit it so seldom, you might as well not try.” “What do you mean, random? You can’t control anything with random noise.” The captain thumbed over his shoulder at the Luanae Galaxy. “They can. There’s a synchronous generator in the missiles that reproduces the same random noise, peak by pulse. Once you do that, modulation’s no problem. I don’t know how they do it. They just do. The Luanae can’t explain it: the planetoid developed it. England put his head down, almost to the table. “The same random,” he whispered from the very edge of sanity.
The Pod in the Barrier, by Theodore Sturgeon, Galaxy magazine, September 1957.
U.S.
DEPARTMENT OF COMMERC
ENA
TION
AL TELEC
OM
M
UNICATIONS & INFORMATION
AD
MIN
ISTR
ATI
ON
MO
BILE
(AE
RONA
UTIC
AL T
ELEM
ETER
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)
S)
5.68
5.73
5.90
5.95
6.2
6.52
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6.68
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7.0
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7.35
8.1
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8.81
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8.96
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9.4
9.5
9.9
9.99
510
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10.0
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.15
11.1
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.275
11.4
11.6
11.6
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12.0
5
12.1
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12.2
3
13.2
13.2
613
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13.4
113
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13.6
13.8
13.8
714
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14.3
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14.9
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15.0
1015
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15.6
15.8
16.3
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17.4
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17.4
817
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17.9
17.9
718
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18.0
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18.7
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19.6
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19.9
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20.0
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21.0
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21.9
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22.8
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24.8
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25.0
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25.0
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25.2
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25.5
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26.1
26.1
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26.9
526
.96
27.2
327
.41
27.5
428
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29.7
29.8
29.8
929
.91
30.0
UNITEDSTATES
THE RADIO SPECTRUM
NON-GOVERNMENT EXCLUSIVE
GOVERNMENT/ NON-GOVERNMENT SHAREDGOVERNMENT EXCLUSIVE
RADIO SERVICES COLOR LEGEND
ACTIVITY CODE
NOT ALLOCATED RADIONAVIGATION FIXED
MARITIME MOBILEFIXED
MARITIME MOBILE
FIXED
MARITIME MOBILE
Radiolocation RADIONAVIGATION
FIXED
MARITIMEMOBILE
Radiolocation
FIXED
MARITIMEMOBILE
FIXED
MARITIMEMOBILE
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Aero
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(Rad
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acon
s)
3 9 14 19.9
5
20.0
5
30 30 59 61 70 90 110
130
160
190
200
275
285
300
3 kHz 300 kHz
300 kHz 3 MHz
3 MHz 30 MHz
30 MHz 300 MHz
3 GHz
300 GHz
300 MHz
3 GHz
30 GHz
AeronauticalRadionavigation(Radio Beacons)
MARITIMERADIONAVIGATION(RADIO BEACONS)
Aero
naut
ical
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navig
ation
(Rad
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AERONAUTICALRADIONAVIGATION(RADIO BEACONS)
AeronauticalMobile
Aero
naut
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ONA
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LLIN
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(250
0kHz
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STAN
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(R)
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Earth
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l.Sa
tellite
(Acti
ve)
Stan
dard
Freq
uenc
y an
dTim
e Si
gnal
Satel
lite (E
-S)
Earth
Explo
ratio
nSa
tellit
e(S
-S)
MOB
ILE
FIXE
D
MO
BIL
E
FIX
ED
Earth
Explo
ratio
nSa
tellite
(S-S
)
FIX
ED
MO
BIL
EFI
XE
DSA
T (E
-S)
FIXE
D SA
TELL
ITE
(E-S
)M
OBIL
E SA
TELL
ITE
(E-S
)
FIXE
DSA
TELL
ITE
(E-S
)
MOB
ILE
SATE
LLIT
E(E
-S)
Stan
dard
Freq
uenc
y an
dTim
e Si
gnal
Satel
lite (S
-E)
Stan
d. Fr
eque
ncy
and
Time
Sign
alSa
tellite
(S-E
)FI
XED
MOB
ILE
RADI
OAS
TRO
NOM
YSP
ACE
RESE
ARCH
(Pas
sive)
EART
HEX
PLOR
ATIO
NSA
T. (P
assiv
e)
RADI
ONA
VIG
ATIO
N
RADI
ONA
VIG
ATIO
NIN
TER-
SATE
LLIT
E
RADI
ONA
VIG
ATIO
N
RADI
OLO
CATI
ON
Radi
oloc
atio
n
SPAC
E R
E..(
Pass
ive)
EART
H EX
PL.
SAT.
(Pas
sive)
FIX
ED
MO
BIL
E
FIX
ED
MO
BIL
E
FIX
ED
MOB
ILE
Mob
ileFi
xedFIXE
DSA
TELL
ITE
(S-E
)
BR
OA
D-
CA
STI
NG
BC
ST
SA
T.
FIXE
DM
OBIL
E
FX
SAT(
E-S)
MO
BIL
EFI
XE
D
EART
HEX
PLO
RATI
ON
SATE
LLIT
EFI
XED
SATE
LLITE
(E-S
)MO
BILE
SATE
LLITE
(E-S
)
MO
BIL
EFI
XE
D
SP
AC
ER
ES
EA
RC
H(P
assi
ve)
EART
HEX
PLOR
ATIO
NSA
TELL
ITE
(Pas
sive)
EART
HEX
PLOR
ATIO
NSA
T. (P
assiv
e)
SPAC
ERE
SEAR
CH(P
assiv
e)
INTE
R-SA
TELL
ITE
RADI
O-LO
CATIO
N
SPAC
ERE
SEAR
CHFI
XE
D
MOBILE
F IXED
MOBILESATELLITE
(E-S)
MOB
ILESA
TELL
ITE
RADI
ONA
VIGA
TION
RADI
O-NA
VIGA
TION
SATE
LLIT
E
EART
HEX
PLOR
ATIO
NSA
TELL
ITE F IXED
SATELLITE(E-S)
MOB
ILE
FIXE
DFI
XED
SATE
LLIT
E (E
-S)
AMAT
EUR
AMAT
EUR
SATE
LLIT
E
AMAT
EUR
AMAT
EUR
SATE
LLIT
E
Amat
eur
Sate
llite
Amat
eur
RA
DIO
-LO
CAT
ION
MOB
ILE
FIXE
DM
OBIL
ESA
TELL
ITE
(S-E
)
FIXE
DSA
TELL
ITE
(S-E
)
MOB
ILE
FIXE
DBR
OAD
-CA
STIN
GSA
TELL
ITE
BRO
AD-
CAST
ING
SPACERESEARCH
(Passive)
RADIOASTRONOMY
EARTHEXPLORATION
SATELLITE(Passive)
MOBILE
FIX
ED
MOB
ILE
FIXE
DRA
DIO
-LO
CATI
ONFI
XED
SATE
LLIT
E(E
-S)
MOBILESATELLITE
RADIO-NAVIGATIONSATELLITE
RADIO-NAVIGATION
Radio-location
EART
H E
XPL.
SATE
LLIT
E (P
assiv
e)SP
ACE
RESE
ARCH
(Pas
sive)
FIX
ED
FIX
ED
SA
TELL
ITE
(S-E
)
SPACERESEARCH
(Passive)
RADIOASTRONOMY
EARTHEXPLORATION
SATELLITE(Passive)
FIXED
MOBILE
MO
BIL
EIN
TER-
SATE
LLIT
E
RADIO-LOCATION
INTER-SATELLITE
Radio-location
MOBILE
MOBILESATELLITE
RADIO-NAVIGATION
RADIO-NAVIGATIONSATELLITE
AMAT
EUR
AMAT
EUR
SATE
LLIT
E
Amat
eur
Amat
eur S
atel
liteRA
DIO
-LO
CATI
ON
MOB
ILE
FIXE
DFI
XED
SATE
LLIT
E (S
-E)
MOB
ILE
FIXE
DFI
XED
SATE
LLIT
E(S
-E)
EART
HEX
PLOR
ATIO
NSA
TELL
ITE
(Pas
sive)
SPAC
E RE
S.(P
assiv
e)
SPAC
E RE
S.(P
assiv
e)
RADI
OAS
TRO
NOM
Y
FIXEDSATELLITE
(S-E)
FIXED
MOB
ILE
FIXE
D
MOB
ILE
FIXE
D
MOB
ILE
FIXE
D
MOB
ILE
FIXE
D
MOB
ILE
FIXE
D
SPAC
E RE
SEAR
CH(P
assiv
e)RA
DIO
ASTR
ONO
MY
EART
HEX
PLOR
ATIO
NSA
TELL
ITE
(Pas
sive)
EART
HEX
PLOR
ATIO
NSA
T. (P
assiv
e)
SPAC
ERE
SEAR
CH(P
assiv
e)IN
TER-
SATE
LLIT
EINTE
R-SA
TELL
ITE
INTE
R-SA
TELL
ITE
INTE
R-SA
TELL
ITE
MOBILE
MOBILE
MOB
ILEMOBILE
SATELLITE
RADIO-NAVIGATION
RADIO-NAVIGATIONSATELLITE
FIXEDSATELLITE
(E-S)
FIXED
FIXE
DEA
RTH
EXPL
ORAT
ION
SAT.
(Pas
sive)
SPAC
E RE
S.(P
assiv
e)
SPACERESEARCH
(Passive)
RADIOASTRONOMY
EARTHEXPLORATION
SATELLITE(Passive)
MOB
ILE
FIXE
D
MOB
ILE
FIXE
D
MOB
ILE
FIXE
D
FIXE
DSA
TELL
ITE
(S-E
)
FIXE
DSA
TELL
ITE(
S-E) FI
XED
SATE
LLIT
E (S
-E)
EART
H EX
PL.
SAT.
(Pas
sive)
SPAC
E RE
S.(P
assiv
e)
Radi
o-lo
catio
n
Radi
o-lo
catio
n
RADI
O-
LOCA
TION
AMAT
EUR
AMAT
EUR
SATE
LLIT
E
Amat
eur
Amat
eur S
atel
lite
EART
H EX
PLO
RATI
ON
SATE
LLIT
E (P
assiv
e)SP
ACE
RES.
(Pas
sive)
MOBILE
MOBILESATELLITE
RADIO-NAVIGATION
RADIO-NAVIGATIONSATELLITE
MOBILE
MOBILE
FIXED
RADIO-ASTRONOMY
FIXEDSATELLITE
(E-S)
FIXED
3.0
3.02
5
3.15
5
3.23
0
3.4
3.5
4.0
4.06
3
4.43
8
4.65
4.7
4.75
4.85
4.99
55.
003
5.00
55.
060
5.45
MARITIMEMOBILE
AMAT
EUR
AMAT
EUR
SATE
LLIT
EFI
XED
Mob
ileM
ARIT
IME
MOB
ILE
STAN
DARD
FRE
QUEN
CY &
TIM
E SI
GNAL
(20,
000
KHZ)
Spac
e Re
sear
ch
AERO
NAUT
ICAL
MO
BILE
(OR)
AMAT
EUR
SATE
LLIT
EAM
ATEU
R
MET.
SAT.
(S-E
)MO
B. S
AT. (S
-E)
SPAC
E RE
S. (S
-E)
SPAC
E OP
N. (S
-E)
MET.
SAT.
(S-E
)Mo
b. Sa
t. (S-
E)SP
ACE
RES.
(S-E
)SP
ACE
OPN.
(S-E
)ME
T. SA
T. (S
-E)
MOB.
SAT
. (S-E
)SP
ACE
RES.
(S-E
)SP
ACE
OPN.
(S-E
)ME
T. SA
T. (S
-E)
Mob.
Sat. (
S-E)
SPAC
E RE
S. (S
-E)
SPAC
E OP
N. (S
-E)
MOBILE
FIXED
FIXE
DLa
nd M
obile
FIXE
DM
OBIL
E
LAN
D M
OBIL
E
LAN
D MO
BILE
MAR
ITIM
E MO
BILE
MAR
ITIM
E MO
BILE
MAR
ITIM
E M
OBIL
E
MAR
ITIM
E MO
BILE
LAN
D M
OBIL
E
FIXE
DM
OBI
LEMO
BILE
SATE
LLITE
(E-S
)
Radi
oloc
atio
n
Radio
locat
ionLA
ND M
OBIL
EAM
ATEU
R
MOB
ILE S
ATEL
LITE
(E-S
) R
ADIO
NAVI
GATI
ON S
ATEL
LITE
MET
. AID
S(R
adios
onde
)
MET
EORO
LOGI
CAL
AIDS
(RAD
IOSO
NDE)
SPAC
E R
ESEA
RCH
(S-S
)FI
XED
MO
BILE
LAND
MO
BILE
FIXE
DLA
ND M
OBI
LE
FIXE
DFI
XED
RADI
O A
STRO
NOM
Y
RADI
O A
STRO
NOM
YM
ETEO
ROLO
GIC
ALAI
DS (R
ADIO
SOND
E)
MET
EORO
LOG
ICAL
AIDS
(Rad
ioso
nde)
MET
EORO
LOG
ICAL
SATE
LLIT
E (s
-E)
Fixed
FIXED
MET. SAT.(s-E)
FIX
ED
FIXE
D
AERO
NAUT
ICAL
MOB
ILE S
ATEL
LITE
(R) (
spac
e to
Earth
)
AERO
NAUT
ICAL
RAD
IONA
VIGAT
ION
RADI
ONAV
. SAT
ELLIT
E (S
pace
to E
arth)
AERO
NAUT
ICAL
MOB
ILE S
ATEL
LITE
(R)
(spac
e to E
arth)
Mobile
Sate
llite (
S- E
)
RADI
O DE
T. SA
T. (E
-S)
MO
BILE
SAT(
E-S)
AERO
. RAD
IONA
VIGAT
ION
AERO
. RAD
IONA
V.AE
RO. R
ADIO
NAV.
RADI
O DE
T. SA
T. (E
-S)
RADI
O DE
T. SA
T. (E
-S)
MOBIL
E SA
T. (E
-S)
MOBIL
E SAT
. (E-S
)Mo
bile S
at. (S
-E)
RADI
O AS
TRON
OMY
RADI
O A
STRO
NOM
Y M
OBIL
E SA
T. (
E-S)
FIXE
DM
OBI
LE
FIXE
D
FIXE
D(L
OS)
MOBI
LE(LO
S)SP
ACE
RESE
ARCH
(s-E)
(s-s)
SPAC
EOP
ERAT
ION
(s-E)
(s-s)
EART
HEX
PLOR
ATIO
NSA
T. (s-
E)(s-
s)
Amat
eur
MO
BILE
Fixe
dRA
DIOL
OCAT
ION
AMAT
EUR
RADI
O A
STRO
N.SP
ACE
RES
EAR
CH
EART
H E
XPL
SAT
FIXE
D SA
T. (S
-E)
FIXED
MOBILE
FIXEDSATELLITE (S-E)
FIXE
DM
OBIL
EFI
XED
SATE
LLIT
E (E
-S)
FIXE
DSA
TELL
ITE
(E-S
)M
OBIL
EFI
XED
SPAC
ERE
SEAR
CH (S
-E)
(Dee
p Sp
ace) AE
RONA
UTIC
AL R
ADIO
NAVI
GATI
ON
EART
HEX
PL. S
AT.
(Pas
sive)
300
325
335
405
415
435
495
505
510
525
535
1605
1615
1705
1800
1900
2000
2065
2107
2170
2173
.521
90.5
2194
2495
2501
2502
2505
2850
3000
RADIO-LOCATION
BRO
ADCA
STIN
G
FIXED
MOBILE
AMAT
EUR
RADI
OLOC
ATIO
N
MO
BILE
FIXE
DM
ARIT
IME
MO
BILE
MAR
ITIM
E M
OBI
LE (T
ELEP
HONY
)
MAR
ITIM
EM
OBIL
ELA
NDM
OBIL
EM
OBIL
EFI
XED
30.0
30.5
6
32.0
33.0
34.0
35.0
36.0
37.0
37.5
38.0
38.2
5
39.0
40.0
42.0
43.6
9
46.6
47.0
49.6
50.0
54.0
72.0
73.0
74.6
74.8
75.2
75.4
76.0
88.0
108.
0
117.
975
121.
9375
123.
0875
123.
5875
128.
8125
132.
0125
136.
0
137.
013
7.02
513
7.17
513
7.82
513
8.0
144.
014
6.0
148.
014
9.9
150.
05
150.
815
2.85
5
154.
0
156.
2475
157.
0375
157.
1875
157.
4516
1.57
516
1.62
516
1.77
516
2.01
25
173.
217
3.4
174.
0
216.
0
220.
022
2.0
225.
0
235.
0
300
ISM – 6.78 ± .015 MHz ISM – 13.560 ± .007 MHz ISM – 27.12 ± .163 MHz
ISM – 40.68 ± .02 MHz
ISM – 24.125 ± 0.125 GHz 30 GHz
ISM – 245.0 ± 1GHzISM – 122.5 ± .500 GHzISM – 61.25 ± .250 GHz
300.
0
322.
0
328.
6
335.
4
399.
9
400.
0540
0.15
401.
0
402.
0
403.
040
6.0
406.
1
410.
0
420.
0
450.
045
4.0
455.
045
6.0
460.
046
2.53
7546
2.73
7546
7.53
7546
7.73
7547
0.0
512.
0
608.
061
4.0
698
746
764
776
794
806
821
824
849
851
866
869
894
896
9019
01
902
928
929
930
931
932
935
940
941
944
960
1215
1240
1300
1350
1390
1392
1395
2000
2020
2025
2110
2155
2160
2180
2200
2290
2300
2305
2310
2320
2345
2360
2385
2390
2400
2417
2450
2483
.525
0026
5526
9027
00
2900
3000
1400
1427
1429
.5
1430
1432
1435
1525
1530
1535
1544
1545
1549
.5
1558
.515
5916
1016
10.6
1613
.816
26.5
1660
1660
.516
68.4
1670
1675
1700
1710
1755
1850
MARI
TIME
MOBIL
E SA
TELL
ITE(sp
ace t
o Eart
h)MO
BILE
SATE
LLITE
(S-E
)
RADI
OLO
CATI
ON
RADI
ONA
VIG
ATIO
NSA
TELL
ITE
(S-E
)
RADI
OLO
CATI
ON
Amat
eur
Radi
oloc
atio
nAE
RONA
UTIC
ALRA
DIO
NAVI
GAT
ION
SPA
CE
RESE
ARCH
( P
assiv
e)EA
RTH
EXP
L SA
T (Pa
ssive
)RA
DIO
A
STRO
NOMY
MO
BILE
MOB
ILE
**FI
XED-
SAT
(E
-S)
FIXE
D
FIXE
D FIXE
D**
LAND
MOB
ILE (T
LM)
MOBI
LE SA
T.(S
pace
to E
arth)
MARI
TIME
MOBI
LE S
AT.
(Spa
ce to
Eart
h)Mo
bile
(Aero
. TLM
)
MO
BILE
SAT
ELLI
TE (S
-E)
MOBIL
E SA
TELL
ITE(S
pace
to E
arth)
AERO
NAUT
ICAL
MOB
ILE S
ATEL
LITE
(R)
(spac
e to E
arth)
3.0
3.1
3.3
3.5
3.6
3.65
3.7
4.2
4.4
4.5
4.8
4.94
4.99
5.0
5.15
5.25
5.35
5.46
5.47
5.6
5.65
5.83
5.85
5.92
5
6.42
5
6.52
5
6.70
6.87
5
7.02
57.
075
7.12
5
7.19
7.23
57.
25
7.30
7.45
7.55
7.75
7.90
8.02
5
8.17
5
8.21
5
8.4
8.45
8.5
9.0
9.2
9.3
9.5
10.0
10.4
5
10.5
10.5
510
.6
10.6
8
10.7
11.7
12.2
12.7
12.7
5
13.2
513
.4
13.7
514
.0
14.2
14.4
14.4
714
.514
.714
5
15.1
365
15.3
5
15.4
15.4
3
15.6
315
.716
.6
17.1
17.2
17.3
17.7
17.8
18.3
18.6
18.8
19.3
19.7
20.1
20.2
21.2
21.4
22.0
22.2
122
.5
22.5
5
23.5
5
23.6
24.0
24.0
5
24.2
524
.45
24.6
5
24.7
5
25.0
5
25.2
525
.527
.0
27.5
29.5
29.9
30.0
ISM – 2450.0 ± 50 MHz
30.0
31.0
31.3
31.8
32.0
32.3
33.0
33.4
36.0
37.0
37.6
38.0
38.6
39.5
40.0
40.5
41.0
42.5
43.5
45.5
46.9
47.0
47.2
48.2
50.2
50.4
51.4
52.6
54.2
555
.78
56.9
57.0
58.2
59.0
59.3
64.0
65.0
66.0
71.0
74.0
75.5
76.0
77.0
77.5
78.0
81.0
84.0
86.0
92.0
95.0
100.
0
102.
0
105.
0
116.
0
119.
98
120.
02
126.
0
134.
0
142.
014
4.0
149.
0
150.
0
151.
0
164.
0
168.
0
170.
0
174.
5
176.
5
182.
0
185.
0
190.
0
200.
0
202.
0
217.
0
231.
0
235.
0
238.
0
241.
0
248.
0
250.
0
252.
0
265.
0
275.
0
300.
0
ISM – 5.8 ± .075 GHz
ISM – 915.0 ± 13 MHz
INTE
R-SA
TELL
ITE
RADI
OLOC
ATIO
NSA
TELL
ITE (E
-S)
AERO
NAUT
ICAL
RADI
ONAV
.
PLEASE NOTE: THE SPACING ALLOTTED THE SERVICES IN THE SPEC-TRUM SEGMENTS SHOWN IS NOT PROPORTIONAL TO THE ACTUAL AMOUNTOF SPECTRUM OCCUPIED.
AERONAUTICALMOBILE
AERONAUTICALMOBILE SATELLITE
AERONAUTICALRADIONAVIGATION
AMATEUR
AMATEUR SATELLITE
BROADCASTING
BROADCASTINGSATELLITE
EARTH EXPLORATIONSATELLITE
FIXED
FIXED SATELLITE
INTER-SATELLITE
LAND MOBILE
LAND MOBILESATELLITE
MARITIME MOBILE
MARITIME MOBILESATELLITE
MARITIMERADIONAVIGATION
METEOROLOGICALAIDS
METEOROLOGICALSATELLITE
MOBILE
MOBILE SATELLITE
RADIO ASTRONOMY
RADIODETERMINATIONSATELLITE
RADIOLOCATION
RADIOLOCATION SATELLITE
RADIONAVIGATION
RADIONAVIGATIONSATELLITE
SPACE OPERATION
SPACE RESEARCH
STANDARD FREQUENCYAND TIME SIGNAL
STANDARD FREQUENCYAND TIME SIGNAL SATELLITE
RADI
O A
STRO
NOM
Y
FIXED
MARITIME MOBILE
FIXED
MARITIMEMOBILE Aeronautical
Mobile
STAN
DARD
FRE
Q. A
ND T
IME
SIG
NAL
(60
kHz)
FIXE
DM
obile
*
STAN
D. F
REQ.
& T
IME
SIG.
MET.
AIDS
(Rad
ioson
de)
Spac
e Op
n. (S
-E)
MOBIL
E.SA
T. (S
-E)
Fixe
d
Stan
dard
Freq
. and
Time S
ignal
Satel
lite (E
-S)
FIXE
D
STAN
DARD
FRE
Q. A
ND T
IME
SIG
NAL
(20
kHz)
Amate
ur
MO
BIL
E
FIXE
D S
AT. (
E-S)
Spac
eRe
sear
ch
ALLOCATION USAGE DESIGNATION
SERVICE EXAMPLE DESCRIPTION
Primary FIXED Capital Letters
Secondary Mobi le 1st Capital with lower case letters
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCENational Telecommunications and Information AdministrationOffice of Spectrum Management
October 2003
MO
BILE
BRO
ADCA
STIN
G
TRAVELERS INFORMATION STATIONS (G) AT 1610 kHz
59-64 GHz IS DESIGNATED FORUNLICENSED DEVICES
Fixed
AE
RO
NA
UTI
CA
LR
AD
ION
AV
IGA
TIO
N
SPAC
E RE
SEAR
CH (P
assiv
e)
* EXCEPT AERO MOBILE (R)
** EXCEPT AERO MOBILE WAVELENGTH
BANDDESIGNATIONS
ACTIVITIES
FREQUENCY
3 x 107m 3 x 106m 3 x 105m 30,000 m 3,000 m 300 m 30 m 3 m 30 cm 3 cm 0.3 cm 0.03 cm 3 x 105Å 3 x 104Å 3 x 103Å 3 x 102Å 3 x 10Å 3Å 3 x 10-1Å 3 x 10-2Å 3 x 10-3Å 3 x 10-4Å 3 x 10-5Å 3 x 10-6Å 3 x 10-7Å
0 10 Hz 100 Hz 1 kHz 10 kHz 100 kHz 1 MHz 10 MHz 100 MHz 1 GHz 10 GHz 100 GHz 1 THz 1013Hz 1014Hz 1015Hz 1016Hz 1017Hz 1018Hz 1019Hz 1020Hz 1021Hz 1022Hz 1023Hz 1024Hz 1025Hz
THE RADIO SPECTRUMMAGNIFIED ABOVE3 kHz 300 GHz
VERY LOW FREQUENCY (VLF)Audible Range AM Broadcast FM Broadcast Radar Sub-Millimeter Visible Ultraviolet Gamma-ray Cosmic-ray
Infra-sonics Sonics Ultra-sonics Microwaves Infrared
P L S XC RadarBands
LF MF HF VHF UHF SHF EHF INFRARED VISIBLE ULTRAVIOLET X-RAY GAMMA-RAY COSMIC-RAY
X-ray
ALLOCATIONSFREQUENCY
BR
OA
DC
AS
TIN
GFI
XE
DM
OB
ILE
*
BR
OA
DC
AS
TIN
GF
IXE
DB
RO
AD
CA
ST
ING
F
IXE
D
M
obile
FIX
ED
BR
OA
DC
AS
TIN
G
BROA
DCAS
TING
FIXE
D
FIXE
D
BRO
ADC
ASTI
NG
FIXE
DBR
OADC
ASTIN
GFI
XED
BROA
DCAS
TING
FIXE
D
BROA
DCAS
TING
FIXE
DBR
OADC
ASTIN
GFI
XED
BROA
DCAS
TING
FIXE
D
FIXE
D
FIXE
D
FIXE
DFI
XED
FIXE
D
LAN
DM
OBI
LE
FIX
ED
AERO
NAUT
ICAL
MO
BILE
(R)
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ATEU
R MOB
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ITIM
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Earth
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es.
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AT. (
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ATE
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(TLM
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pace
to E
arth)
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ATEL
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AT (S
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AT (
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AT
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TER-
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FX-S
AT (S
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BCST
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SAT
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FX-S
AT
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CH
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S..
This chart is a graphic single-point-in-time portrayal of the Table of Frequency Allocations used by theFCC and NTIA. As such, it does not completely reflect all aspects, i.e., footnotes and recent changesmade to the Table of Frequency Allocations. Therefore, for complete information, users should consult theTable to determine the current status of U.S. allocations.
1970’s:
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) or
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
Spread spectrum communication
Signature sequence: 0010111
Send 1: 0010111 Send 0: 1101000
00101110010111110100000101111101000
0010111
The correlator counts
#(agreements) - #(disagreements)
in each window
Given periodic sequences of period T
a = (a0, a1, · · · ) and b = (b0, b1, · · · )Their cross correlation is
Ca,b(τ) =r−1∑
i=0
(−1)ai(−1)bi+τ
Autocorrelation Aa(τ) = Ca,a(τ)
Idea: Each user has a different signature sequence.
These sequences have low cross-correlations. The
receiver (correlator) knows your sequence. Re-
ceived signal will look like this:
Now what about all those errors?
Some common CDMA systems GPS: 24 satellites Each has its own spreading code
1.57542 GHz common carrier 1.023 MHz chiprate (C/A code) 1023 bit spreading code 1000 bits/sec information 50 bits/sec after error correction 30 sec (1500 bits) for full frame 15 watt transmitter GPS Pcode (military only)
1.2276 GHz carrier 10.23 Mhz chiprate
Wi FI: 2.4 GHz carrier 11 MHz chiprate 11 bit spreading code 1 Mb/sec information rate CDMA cell phones: 860 MHz, 1.8 Ghz, 1.9 Ghz 1.2288 MHz chiprate 128 bit spreading code 9600 bits/sec information rate 3G CDMA cell phones: 8 and 16 MHz chiprate
6-Channel, 10-Model MemoryDSM Parkflyer and Micro Helicopter System
Advantages • No frequency control pins
Advantages • No frequency control pins • No interference from motors
Advantages • No frequency control pins • No interference from motors • Smaller antennas
Advantages • No frequency control pins • No interference from motors • Smaller antennas • Fast response time
Advantages • No frequency control pins • No interference from motors • Smaller antennas • Fast response time • Latest sexy thing
Advantages • No frequency control pins • No interference from motors • Smaller antennas • Fast response time • Latest sexy thing
Disadvantages
• Reduced range
Advantages • No frequency control pins • No interference from motors • Smaller antennas • Fast response time • Latest sexy thing
Disadvantages
• Reduced range • Momentary signal loss is deadly
Advantages • No frequency control pins • No interference from motors • Smaller antennas • Fast response time • Latest sexy thing
Disadvantages
• Reduced range • Momentary signal loss is deadly • Very directional signal: install
receiver very carefully
Advantages • No frequency control pins • No interference from motors • Smaller antennas • Fast response time • Latest sexy thing
Disadvantages
• Reduced range • Momentary signal loss is deadly • Very directional signal: install
receiver very carefully • Latest sexy thing
Who else uses 2.4 GHz?
Who else uses 2.4 GHz? • Wi-Fi (802.11a,b,g)
Who else uses 2.4 GHz? • Wi-Fi (802.11a,b,g) • Bluetooth
Who else uses 2.4 GHz? • Wi-Fi (802.11a,b,g) • Bluetooth • Cordless Phones
Who else uses 2.4 GHz? • Wi-Fi (802.11a,b,g) • Bluetooth • Cordless Phones • Microwave Ovens
Who else uses 2.4 GHz? • Wi-Fi (802.11a,b,g) • Bluetooth • Cordless Phones • Microwave Ovens • Trees
Who else uses 2.4 GHz? • Wi-Fi (802.11a,b,g) • Bluetooth • Cordless Phones • Microwave Ovens • Trees (Higher frequencies do not penetrate wood very well.)
Who else uses 2.4 GHz? • Wi-Fi (802.11a,b,g) • Bluetooth • Cordless Phones • Microwave Ovens • Trees (Higher frequencies do not penetrate wood very well.) Yes, spread spectrum is great! But there is one problem it can’t solve.
Pilot Error
The End
The End