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Physik dichter Kernmaterie – von SPS zu FAIR
Claudia Höhne, GSI Darmstadt
2 Claudia Höhne DPG Frühjahrstagung, Bonn, März 2010
Outline: “Physik dichter Kernmaterie”
• Introduction & Motivation
• QCD phase diagram → phase transitions, critical point → region of high baryon densities!
• Lessons learned at SPS
• search for the onset of deconfinement• search for the critical point• study of the strongly interacting medium with medium probes
• CBM experiment at FAIR
• feasibility studies• detector R&D
3 Claudia Höhne DPG Frühjahrstagung, Bonn, März 2010
Phasediagram
• normal matter exists in different phases depending on p,T
• phasediagram for hot and dense nuclear matter?
crossover
1st
ord
er P
T
4 Claudia Höhne DPG Frühjahrstagung, Bonn, März 2010
Phasediagram of strongly interacting matter
temperature
pressure
0
~ 2 ∙1012 K (center of sun ~107 K)
quarks (quasi-)free particles, dissolved from assembly in hadrons
crossover
critical point
1st order PT
/0 ~ 5-10
5 Claudia Höhne DPG Frühjahrstagung, Bonn, März 2010
Phasediagram of strongly interacting matter
temperature
pressure
0
Big Bang & early universe
neutron stars
Nucleus+Nucleus collisions in lab
6 Claudia Höhne DPG Frühjahrstagung, Bonn, März 2010
Phasediagram of strongly interacting matter
temperature
pressure
0
Fundamental questions of QCD • Equation of state of strongly interacting matter?
• Structure of strongly interacting matter as function of T and B?
• In medium properties of hadrons as function of T and B?
→ address with heavy-ion collisions
7 Claudia Höhne DPG Frühjahrstagung, Bonn, März 2010
energy
What do we know from experiment and theory?
AGS Brookhaven2-10 GeV/nucleon
SPS CERN20 -160 GeV/nucleon
RHIC Brookhaven√s = 130 - 200 GeV/nucleon future: LHC
• since 1980s heavy ion collision experiments at AGS, SPS• 2000 start of RHIC, 2009 LHC• ongoing experiments at SIS exploring „resonance matter“
SIS18 GSI< 2 GeV/nucleon
●▼■ “freeze-out” points: final hadron yields described by statistical model: T, B, V
8 Claudia Höhne DPG Frühjahrstagung, Bonn, März 2010
What do we know from experiment and theory?
• freeze out curve
• B=0 MeV: T=164 MeV
• partonic degrees of freedom at RHIC and top SPS
→ first quantitative characterizations of matter
→ detailed studies upcoming at LHC: B=0 MeV and high T
• evidence for onset of deconfinement at lower SPS energies (30 AGeV)
●▼■ “freeze-out” points: final hadron yields described by statistical model: T, B, V
9 Claudia Höhne DPG Frühjahrstagung, Bonn, März 2010
What do we know from experiment and theory?
Lattice-QCD
• TC = 151 ± 3 ± 3 MeV (chiral PT) TC = 175 ± 2 ± 4 MeV (deco. PT) (Z. Fodor, JHEP 0906:088,2009. )
• TC = 171 ± 10 ± 17 MeV (chiral & deco. PT)
(M. Cheng et al., arXiv:0911.3450)
• crossover transition at μB=0 (Z. Fodor, arXiv:0712.2930 hep-lat)
• 1. order phase transition with critical endpoint at μB > 0 ?
?
[A. Andronic et al., arXiv:0911.4806 ]
quarkyonic phase: L. McLerran, R. Pisarski, Nucl. Phys. A 796 (2007)83
10 Claudia Höhne DPG Frühjahrstagung, Bonn, März 2010
Future experimental programs
1) exploring properties of the QGP at highest T and B=0: LHC
2) searching for structures in the QCD phase diagram at high net-baryon densities; characterization of this matter
experience:
field driven by experimental data!
11 Claudia Höhne DPG Frühjahrstagung, Bonn, März 2010
Limiting temperature at √sNN ~ 10 GeV
• statistical model fit: T, B, V: temperature saturates for √sNN > 10 GeV although energy density (and initial T) still increases
→ deconfinement phase boundary reached, additional energy goes into heating the QGP
• occurs at the same energy at which mesons start to carry the larger part of the entropy
[A. Andronic et al., Phys. Lett. B 673 (2009) 142] [H.Oeschler et al., J.Phys.G 32, 223 (2006)]
s/T
3
SIS
100
SIS
300
SIS
100
SIS
300
12 Claudia Höhne DPG Frühjahrstagung, Bonn, März 2010
Structures in particle ratios
• statistical model: very succesful description of particle yields
• equilibrated hadron gas!
• multistrange hadrons are important – very sensitive!
vicinity of phase boundary required?
• however: for low energies multistrange hadrons are missing!
• also freeze-out at phase boundary? or rescattering hadron gas?
[A. Andronic et al., Phys. Lett. B 673 (2009) 142]
SIS
100
SIS
300
p/+
K+/+
K-/-
/-
/-
/-
13 Claudia Höhne DPG Frühjahrstagung, Bonn, März 2010
Maximum in relative s-production
HG
QGP
Statistical model of the early stage (SMES)
[Gazdzicki, Gorenstein, Acta. Phys. Polon. B30, 2705 (1999)]
[A.
And
roni
c pr
iv.
com
.,
ana
lysi
s in
Phy
s. L
ett.
B 6
73 (
2009
) 14
2]
• maximum in relative strangeness production
• different energy dependence than in pp
• details of dependence not captured by statistical hadron gas model
• data best described assuming a phase transition: prediction of SMES
14 Claudia Höhne DPG Frühjahrstagung, Bonn, März 2010
• bag model EoS with a strong 1st order phase transition (UrQMD + hydro)
Plateau in slopes of pt-distributions
• mixed phase: pressure and T independent of → weak increase of slopes of pt-spectra
• behavior can only be explained assuming a phase transition
[H. Petersen et al., arXiv:0902.4866]
[M. Gazdzicki et al, Braz. J. Phys. 34, 322 (2004)]
[L. van Hove, Phys.Lett.B 118, 138 (1982)][M. Gorenstein et al., Phys. Lett. B 567, 175 (2003)]
• hydrodynamic calculation including a phase transition
• similar behavior in <mt> seen for other particles: , K, p, , ,
• however: low energy data missing
[NA
49:
Ph
ys.R
ev.
C77
:024
903,
200
8]
15 Claudia Höhne DPG Frühjahrstagung, Bonn, März 2010
Search for the critical point: Event-by-event fluctuations
• phase transition of 2nd order at critical point: fluctuations?
• study of event-by-event fluctuations of• mean-pt • multiplicity• net electric charge • particle ratios
• experimentally difficult, many contributions can contribute
• no data for lower energies
• not conclusive
[NA49: Phys.Rev.C79:044910,2009.][STAR: Phys.Rev.Lett.103:092301,2009.]
16 Claudia Höhne DPG Frühjahrstagung, Bonn, März 2010
Exploring nuclear matter with penetrating probes
pn
++
p
e+, μ+
e-, μ-
• dileptons are penetrating probes – direct radiation from the created hot and dense matter
- meson
• vacuum lifetime 0 = 1.3 fm/c
• couples to the medium → change of hadronic properties: "melts" close to Tc and at high B
• connection to chiral symmetry restoration?
"SPS""FAIR"
[R. Rapp, priv. com. (CBM physics book)]
17 Claudia Höhne DPG Frühjahrstagung, Bonn, März 2010
Exploring nuclear matter with penetrating probes
%2MM
NA60: Phys.Rev.Lett. 96 (2006) 162302
• SPS: dilepton spectra measured by NA60 (µ+µ-) and CERES (e+e-)
• excess spectrum shows strong modification of -meson in medium
calculations: H. v. Hees, R. Rapp, Nucl.Phys.A806:339,2008
“excess spectrum”: di-lepton radiation from the high-density phase
18 Claudia Höhne DPG Frühjahrstagung, Bonn, März 2010
Exploring nuclear matter with penetrating probes• measurement of di-electron channel: access to lowest masses→ strength of dilepton yield at low masses is due to coupling to baryons!
• importance of baryon density: data at 40 show higher excess than at 158 AGeV!
[CERES: Phys.Lett.B 666, 425 (2008)][calculations: H. v. Hees, R. Rapp, Nucl.Phys.A806:339,2008 ]
preliminary
N*
N
*
e+
e-
explains C+C!
HADES, arXiv: 0907.3690 – QM09
+
N-1
π
Δ(1232)
>
>
N*(1520)
N-1
19 Claudia Höhne DPG Frühjahrstagung, Bonn, März 2010
Charmonium suppression
• charm newly produced: mc ~ 1.3 GeV ! → new scale, production in initial hard scattering
• distribution among charmed hadrons depending on medium
• appealing early idea: charmonia will be dissolved in QGP
→ suppressed yield compared to hadron gas
[R. Arnaldi, NA60, QM09]
NA60, preliminary, 158 AGeV
• J/ suppression measured
• difficult corrections, many open questions
• no good open-charm (D-meson) measurement
• no data at lower energies
Pb+Pb
In+In
20 Claudia Höhne DPG Frühjahrstagung, Bonn, März 2010
Charm propagation
[HSD: O. Linnyk et al., Int.J.Mod.Phys.E17, 1367 (2008)] [SHM: A. Andronic et al., Phys. Lett. B 659 (2008) 149]
Propagation of produced charm quarks in the dense phase –quark like or (pre-)hadron like?
• charmonium to open charm ratio as indicator – measure both!• indications of collectivity?
• first charm measurements in A+A below 158 AGeV!
• aim at detailed information including phase space distributions, flow!
21 Claudia Höhne DPG Frühjahrstagung, Bonn, März 2010
Future explorations
complete scan of the QCD phase diagram with modern, 2nd generation experiments on the horizon!
30A GeV
• RHIC beam energy scan- evolution of medium properties- “turn-off” of established signatures- search for CP and PT
• NA61 at SPS- search for CP and PT in energy-system size scan
• both essentially limited to high yield observables
• FAIR and NICA- new accelerator projects- FAIR: high intensities! → rare probes!
22 Claudia Höhne DPG Frühjahrstagung, Bonn, März 2010
Highest net-baryon densities at FAIR
• high (net-)baryon and energy densities created in central Au+Au collisions
beam energy
max. /0
max [GeV/fm3]
time span
~FWHM
5 AGeV 6 1.5 ~ 8 fm/c
40 AGeV 12 > 10 ~ 3.5 fm/c
[J.
Ra
ndru
p, J
. C
leym
ans
PR
C7
4, 0
4790
1 (2
006
)]
23 Claudia Höhne DPG Frühjahrstagung, Bonn, März 2010
CBM: Physics topics and Observables
Onset of chiral symmetry restoration at high B
• in-medium modifications of hadrons (,, e+e-(μ+μ-), D)
Deconfinement phase transition at high B • excitation function and flow of strangeness (K, , , , )• excitation function and flow of charm (J/ψ, ψ', D0, D, c)• charmonium suppression, sequential for J/ψ and ψ' ?
The equation-of-state at high B
• collective flow of hadrons• particle production at threshold energies (open charm)
QCD critical endpoint• excitation function of event-by-event fluctuations (K/π,...)
Systematics & precision!!
→ characterization of the created medium!
CBM Physics B
ook
submitt
ed!
24 Claudia Höhne DPG Frühjahrstagung, Bonn, März 2010
Particle multiplicity ∙ branching ratio for min. bias Au+Au collisions at 25 GeV (from HSD and thermal model)
SPS Pb+Pb 30 A GeV
Particle multiplicities
25 Claudia Höhne DPG Frühjahrstagung, Bonn, März 2010
CBM @ FAIR
+ HADES
CBM and HADES at SIS 100 and SIS 300
• systematic exploration of high baryon density matter in A+A collisions from 2 – 45 AGeV beam energy with 2nd generation experiments
• explore the QCD phase diagram, chiral symmetry restauration
26 Claudia Höhne DPG Frühjahrstagung, Bonn, März 2010
Module 0:SIS100
Module 1:CBM Cave,APPA hall
Module 2:SFRS + R3BModule 3:
Anti-proton facilityModule 4:Low-E NUSTAR, NESR, FLAIR, APPA-cave
Module 5:RESR
HADES and CBM startversion at SIS 100
27 Claudia Höhne DPG Frühjahrstagung, Bonn, März 2010
The CBM experiment• tracking, momentum determination, vertex reconstruction: radiation hard silicon pixel/strip detectors (STS) in a magnetic dipole field
• hadron ID: TOF (& RICH)• photons, 0, : ECAL
• electron ID: RICH & TRD suppression 104
• PSD for event characterization• high speed DAQ and trigger → rare probes!
• muon ID: absorber + detector layer sandwich move out absorbers for hadron runs
RICHTRD
TOF ECAL
magnet
absorber +
detectorsSTS + MVD
HK 41.1, Do 14:00, T. Galatyuk
28 Claudia Höhne DPG Frühjahrstagung, Bonn, März 2010
STS tracking – heart of CBM
Challenge: high track density: 600 charged particles in 25o @ 10MHz
Task
• track reconstruction: 0.1 GeV/c < p 10-12 GeV/c p/p ~ 1% (p=1 GeV/c)
• primary and secondary vertex reconstruction (resolution 50 m)
• V0 track pattern recognition
c = 312 m
radiation hard and fast silicon pixel and strip detectors
self triggered FEE
high speed DAQ and trigger
online track reconstruction!
fast & rad. hard detectors!
29 Claudia Höhne DPG Frühjahrstagung, Bonn, März 2010
Parallelization in CBM Reconstruction !
Vector SIMD
MultiThreading
NVIDIA CUDA
OpenCL
STS + + + +
MuCh + +
RICH + +
TRD + +
Vertexing +
Open Charm Analysis
+
+ March 2009+ October 2009
DELL Server with: DELL Server with: • Core i7/NehalemCore i7/Nehalem 22x(Xeon X5550 44x2.66 GHz, 8 MB L3 cache)• DDR3-1333 36 GB36 GB main memory• NVIDIA NVIDIA GTX 295 2x240 FPUs2x240 FPUs, 1792 MB• optional LRBLRB
• fast event reconstruction is a must for CBM! HK 41.2, Do 14:30, I. Kisel
30 Claudia Höhne DPG Frühjahrstagung, Bonn, März 2010
CBM feasibility studies
• feasibility studies performed for all major channels including event reconstruction and semirealistic detector setup
J/ J/
di-electrons di-muons
' '
c
1010 events
D0
HK 41.3, Do 14:45, A. LebedevHK 41.4, Do 15:00, S. LebedevHK 41.6, Do 15:30, S. SeddikiHK 41.7, Do 15:45, I. Vassiliev
31 Claudia Höhne DPG Frühjahrstagung, Bonn, März 2010
Sensor development:double-sided micro-strips, stereo angle 15o, pitch 60 μm300 μm thick, bonded toultra-thin micro-cables,radiation hardness
STS in thermalenclosure
Detector planes: ultra-light weight ladder structure
Prototypes: full CBM sensor, ultrathin cables
Development of the Silicon Tracking System (STS)
HK 21.6, Di 15:30, S. ChatterjiHK 57.2, Do 17:00, A. LymanetsHK 57.8, Do18:30, A. Kotynia
32 Claudia Höhne DPG Frühjahrstagung, Bonn, März 2010
Monolithic Acitive Pixel Sensors in commercial CMOS processCBM: 5 µm single point resolution
Micro Vertex Detecor (MVD) Development
• first station 5cm downstream of target
• high position resolution!
HK 21.4, Di 15:00, D. DoeringHK 21.5, Di 15:15, S. Amar.YoucefHK 57.1, Do 16:30, M. Deveaux
first demonstrator tested in beam!
33 Claudia Höhne DPG Frühjahrstagung, Bonn, März 2010
RICH – TRD – TOF development
• RICH and TRD detectors for electron identification
• large size time-of-flight detector (RPCs) for hadron identification
MAPMT H8500
HK 31.2, Di 17:00, J. Eschke
testbeam
HK 58.3, Do 17:15, P. ReicheltHK 58.7, Do 18:15, C. Bergmann
HK 48.1, Do 14:00, H. DeppeHK 48.6, Do 15:15, S. ManzHK 48.7, Do 15:30, P. LoizeauHK 58.6, Do 18:00, I. Deppner
fast readout electronicsdouble-sided TRD prototypes
34 Claudia Höhne DPG Frühjahrstagung, Bonn, März 2010
Self-triggered readout electronics
• self-triggered readout electronics
• data-push architecture
• trigger evaluation with online tracking on large PC farm
HK 10.2, Mo 16:45, J. GebeleinHK 48.2, Do 14:15, S. LöchnerHK 70.3, Fr 14:30, F. Lemke
35 Claudia Höhne DPG Frühjahrstagung, Bonn, März 2010
STSSTSGEMGEMRICHRICH
DABC + Go4, Slow Control DABC + Go4, Slow Control
TriggerTrigger S3+S4S3+S4
1st system test in CBM testbeam @ GSI (Sep 2009)
• combined beam time CBM & PANDA • 9 days of ~ 2 hours beam per day • protons, 2.0 GeV, ~ 104 p/s
HK 49.1, Do 14:00, S. Linev
self-triggered FEE,self-triggered FEE,
36 Claudia Höhne DPG Frühjahrstagung, Bonn, März 2010
CBM@FAIR – high B, moderate T:
• exploration of QCD phase diagram at high baryon densities at SIS 100 and SIS 300 (2-45 AGeV beam energy)
• together with HADES unique possibility of characterizing properties of baryon dense matter
SummaryLessons from SPS:
• evidence for onset of deconfinement
• medium properties? – medium influences seen: more data, statistics missing → characterization of medium needed!
• evidence for critical point? – not conclusive [A. Andronic et al., arXiv:0911.4806 ]
37 Claudia Höhne DPG Frühjahrstagung, Bonn, März 2010
CBM collaboration
Russia:IHEP ProtvinoINR TroitzkITEP MoscowKRI, St. Petersburg
China:Tsinghua Univ., BeijingCCNU WuhanUSTC Hefei
Croatia:
University of SplitRBI, Zagreb
Portugal: LIP Coimbra
Romania: NIPNE BucharestBucharest University
Poland:Krakow Univ.Warsaw Univ.Silesia Univ. KatowiceNucl. Phys. Inst. Krakow
Ukraine: INR, KievShevchenko Univ. , Kiev
Univ. MannheimUniv. MünsterFZ RossendorfGSI DarmstadtUniv. WuppertalCzech Republic:
CAS, RezTechn. Univ. Prague
Germany: Univ. Heidelberg, Phys. Inst.Univ. HD, Kirchhoff Inst. Univ. Frankfurt
Hungaria:KFKI BudapestEötvös Univ. Budapest
India:Aligarh Muslim Univ., AligarhIOP BhubaneswarPanjab Univ., ChandigarhGauhati Univ., Guwahati Univ. Rajasthan, JaipurUniv. Jammu, JammuIIT KharagpurSAHA KolkataUniv Calcutta, KolkataVECC KolkataUniv. Kashmir, SrinagarBanaras Hindu Univ., Varanasi
Norway:Univ. Bergen
Kurchatov Inst. MoscowLHE, JINR DubnaLPP, JINR Dubna
Cyprus: Nikosia Univ.
56 institutions, > 400 members Split, Oct 2009
LIT, JINR DubnaMEPHI MoscowObninsk State Univ.PNPI GatchinaSINP, Moscow State Univ. St. Petersburg Polytec. U.
Korea:Korea Univ. SeoulPusan National Univ.
France: IPHC Strasbourg
CBM @ DPG 2010:
23 Voträge
6 Poster
38 Claudia Höhne DPG Frühjahrstagung, Bonn, März 2010
CBM presentationsVorträge:HK 10.2 Mo 16:45: FPGA Fault Tolerance in Particle Physics Experiments — Jano GebeleinHK 21.4 Di 15:00: Annealing studies with ionizing, non-ionizing and combined radiation irradiated MAPS — Dennis DoeringHK 21.5 Di 15:15: In-beam performance of the MAPS demonstrator — Samir Amar-Youcef,HK 21.6 Di 15:30: Development of radiation hard microstrip detectors for the CBM silicon tracking system —Sudeep ChatterjiHK 31.2 Di 17:00: Results from first beam tests for the development of a RICH detector for CBM — Jürgen EschkeHK 41.1 Do 14:00: Exploring QCD matter at highest baryonic densities with CBM — Tetyana GalatyukHK 41.2 Do 14:30: Parallel approach to online event reconstruction in the CBM experiment — Ivan KiselHK 41.3 Do 14:45: Muon detection in the CBM experiment at FAIR — Andrey LebedevHK 41.4 Do 15:00: Electron identification capabilities of the CBM experiment at FAIR —Semen LebedevHK 41.6 Do 15:30: Feasibility of open charm elliptic flow measurement in CBM — Selim SeddikiHK 41.7 Do 15:45: Open charm measurement in the CBM experiment — Iouri VassilievHK 48.1 Do 14:00: The GSI Event-Driven TDC with 4 Channels GET4 — Harald DeppeHK 48.2 Do 14:15: Radiation Studies on the UMC 180nm CMOS Process at GSI — Sven Löchner,HK 48.6 Do 15:15: Design and Implementation of the Read-Out-Controller for the GET4 chips — Sebastian ManzHK 48.7 Do 15:30: A demonstrator for the CBM Time Of Flight wall electronic readout chain — Pierre-Alain LoizeauHK 49.1 Do 14:00: Data Acquisition Backbone Core DABC release v1.0 — Sergey LinevHK 57.1 Do 16:30: Status of the CBM Micro Vertex Detector — Michael DeveauxHK 57.2 Do 17:00: Beam tests with first prototypes of the CBM Silicon Tracking System — Anton LymanetsHK 57.8 Do 18:30: Performance studies of the CBM Silicon Tracking System — Anna KotyniaHK 58.3 Do 17:15: Study on TR-Efficiency of the CBM Transition Radiation Detector — Patrick ReicheltHK 58.6 Do 18:00: A differential RPC prototype for CBM — Ingo Martin DeppnerHK 58.7 Do 18:15: Performance of High-Rate TRD Prototypes for CBM in Source Tests and Simulation — Cyrano BergmannHK 70.3 Fr 14:30: Time synchronization and measurements of a hierarchical DAQ network — Frank Lemke
Poster – HK 36 Mi 14:00:HK 36.1: Electromagnetic probes of matter under extreme conditions — Elena BelolaptikovaHK 36.5: Parallel Kalman filter track fit based on vector classes — Igor KulakovHK 36.6: A parallel algorithm for reconstruction of short-lived particles — Maksym ZyzakHK 36.7: (Ξ0Λ)-dibaryon detectability study in the CBM experiment — Iouri VassilievHK 36.52: Studies on MAPS being irradiated with ionizing, non-ionizing and combined radiation doses — Michael DeveauxHK 36.54: Electronical and mechanical integration of the MVD Demonstrator for CBM — Tobias Tischler