transcript
List of language abbreviations in the IED
"lc. "lo!incian "lk. "lo!ak "ln. "lo!ene "ogd. "ogdian ". "anish
"1ic. "outh 1icenian ""l. "outh "la!ic "um. "umerian (non-I%)
"& "iss &erman ("chei$erdeutsch) "Iran. "outhest Iranian
6a0. 6a0ik 6hrac. 6hracian 6reg. 6regorrois 5kr.
5krainian Van. Vannetais Vand. Vandal Ved. Vedic elsh a. akhi Bl.
est Baltic " est-"a4on "l. est "la!ic 7agh. 7aghnobi
7a$. 7a$gulami 7i. 7idgha 8hem. 8hemaitian
6he database reresents the udated te4t o2 9. 1okorny:s
;Indogermanisches %tymologisches <rterbuch; scanned and
recogni$ed by &eorge "tarostin (osco) ho has also added the
meanings. 6he database as 2urther re2urnished and corrected by A.
+ubotsky. 1okorny:s te4t is gi!en ractically unchanged (only a 2e
ob!ious tyos ere corrected) e4cet 2or some rearrangement o2 the
material. 6he numbers in the lemmata are gi!en a2ter the root (e.g.
1okorny:s >. bher- aears as bher->) because automatic
alhabeti$ation ould otherise too much a?ect the order o2 the
lemmata.
Laryngeals
+aryngeals are sounds that occurred in the 1roto-Indo-%uroean
language caused changes to neighbouring sounds and disaeared. 6hey
ere ostulated to e4lain anomalies in the !erb system and they ro!ed
use2ul 2or e4laining other henomena. It as many decades be2ore
con3rmation o2 their e4istence as 2ound in the nely decihered
,ittite language. +inguists are still not agreed on ho many there
ere or ho they ere ronounced.
consonant - e - consonant- the base !oel -e- surrounded by
consonants. Other !oels ere deri!ed 2rom them.
6he anomalous !erb stems ere those that had no consonant
receding such as Ded- :eat: or a long !oel and no 2olloing
consonant such as Dd hee- :ut: and those that had the !oels a and
o. 6hose ith other !oels also lacked consonants and had the same
attern as the e-stemsE Dag- :dri!e: Dok- :look: Dstaa- :stand: and
Ddoo- :gi!e:.
I2 a and o had been normal !oels hy ere there no normal-shaed stems
a- and o-F hy ere these to !oels also associated ith lack o2
consonantF I2 long !oels ere normal hy ere there no stems o2 the
shae ee consonant - or consonant ee consonant -F 6he roosed
solution *erdinand de "aussure roosed the e4istence o2 elements he
called coeGcients sonantiques in >H an abstract term not
committing himsel2 to any de3nite honetic 2orm. 6hese stood in the
lace normally occuied by consonants and caused one or both o2 to
changesE shi2ting the neighbouring !oel@ and lengthening it i2 they
2olloed. 6hen they disaeared lea!ing their mark on the altered
!oels.
+ater the same year ,ermann <ller seeking to make a conne4ion
beteen the Indo-%uroean and "emitic 2amilies introduced the name
laryngeal suggesting that the hyothetical coeGcients ere ronounced
like the "emitic laryngeals. 6he term strictly means ronounced
ithin the laryn4 and is synonymous ith glottalE "emitic languages
contain h and the glottal stop. But in Indo-%uroean the
;laryngeals; might ha!e been those or might ha!e been other
guttural sounds such as haryngeals or !elars. e still ha!e no clear
e!idence.
At least three laryngeals are usually ostulated. A more abstract
notation is to use scha ith a subscrit number. An alternati!e much
more common these days is to use some kind o2 H ith subscrit.
1 is e-coloured 2 is a-coloured and 3 is o-coloured. "o
the si4 roots gi!en abo!e come 2rom earlier 2orms ith laryngealsE
Ded- 2rom 1ed- Ddhee- 2rom dhe dhe1- Dag- 2rom 2eg- Dstaa- 2rom
ste2- Dok- 2rom 3ek- Ddoo- 2rom de3-
"ometimes e!idence shos a laryngeal but the !oel colouring has been
lost so e can:t tell hich one it asE this is annotated ithout
subscrit as ,. 1roo2 in ,ittite 6he regularity o2 the ablaut
grades described abo!e as the initial moti!ation 2or ostulating
laryngeals but many other niggling e4cetions in other arts o2 the
grammar and !ocabulary became simler to e4lain i2 laryngeals ere
in!oked. %ach henomenon could hoe!er ha!e a di?erent e4lanation.
6here as no direct e!idence 2or 32ty years. But in >H 9er$y
/uryJoic$ announced that ,ittite contained consonants in 0ust those
ositions here laryngeals ere redicted. 6his had been o!erlooked hen
,ittite as 3rst decihered in >H>K.
to those redicted 2or the Indo-%uroean laryngeals. 6he e4act !alue
o2 the ,ittite sounds is unclear. 6here as only one letter no
transcribed h or h but it as sometimes ritten doubled as
in pahhur corresonding to &reek pyr
and %nglish fre. In some ,ittite consonants the use o2 doubling
indicated a !oicing contrast such as p !ersus b but it is
not knon hether this is true o2 h. 6hat is though the laryngeals
ere 2ound e:re not sure ho many o2 them ,ittite reser!ed as
distinct sounds or hat e4actly they ere.
It also aears to imly a 2ourth laryngeal because in some cases here
an a- coloured laryngeal is ostulated there is no h in ,ittite
though the !oel did become a. Other instances o2 2e do hoe!er
sho u as ha.
"anskrit e!idence In "anskrit the 1roto-Indo-%uroean (1I%) !oels
e and o both became a iing out the basic e!idence 2or
!oel-colouring@ but laryngeals are con!incing as e4lanation o2 at
least three disarate henomena restricted to the "anskrit branch.
6hey are the di?erence beteen set and
anit stems@ the e4cetions to Brugmann:s +a@ and the
e4istence o2 !oiceless asirated stos.
Set and anit are ancient Indian grammatical
terms 2rom sa-i :ith i: and an-i :ithout i: re2erring to the
in3niti!e. "ome are like bhavitum :to become: 2rom the root
bhu and others are like kartum :to do: 2rom kr . 6hose
ith i come 2rom roots e4tended by a laryngealE bheweH-. hen the
unaccented !oel as reduced to $ero grade beteen consonants gi!ing
DbhéwHtum the laryngeal 2ound itsel2 beteen consonants so turned
into a !oel in order to remain ronounceable. In most I%
languages this so-called scha indogermanicum became a but it is
characteristic o2 "anskrit that it became i .
6he resumed laryngeal also triggered !oel lengthening. ith
the ast articile suG4 -tós the accent is remo!ed 2rom the stem
and both stem !oels are reduced to $ero gi!ing DbhwHtós. In this
osition the w then turns into a !oel Dbhu,tLs and then
lengthening and loss o2 the laryngeal (as in the original ablaut
attern laryngeals ere in!ented 2or) gi!e the actual "anskrit
bhuutás.
In later (lassical) "anskrit the range o2 set roots as e4tended by
analogy so not all set roots mark laryngeals. All languages undergo
e4tensi!e loughing- o!er and early atterns are o2ten
obscured.
Normally 1I% o became "anskrit a. Brugmann:s +a says that hen
this haened in an oen syllable be2ore a resonant (a liquid or
nasal) it as also lengthened. "o Dkekore :she Mhe made:
regularly becomes cakaara. omarison ith &reek shos that the
3rst erson :I made: should ha!e been D kekora hich should ha!e also
become cakaara but the actual 2orm is cakara. "omething re!ented
Brugmann:s +a oerating. It might ha!e been an analogy ith some
other :I: 2orm in order to kee the to ersons distinct@ but the
unusual thing about the er2ect tense ending -a :I: is that
hile the !oel a is common in 1I% stems it:s !ery rare in
inections. 6his suggests it only occurred here created by a
laryngeal. 6hen the 1I% 2orm Dkekor2e ould contain a closed
syllable -kor - not oen -ko- so Brugmann doesn:t aly.
"o the "anskrit root stha- :stand: came 2rom ste,- and the ne
consonant th as then generali$ed to all 2orms o2 the ord.
&reek and Armenian e!idence Armenian is a solitary branch o2
the Indo-%uroean 2amily markedly di?erent 2rom all others but in
se!eral resects it and &reek share unusual 2eatures. "ome ords
articularly in 2ront o2 n l r ha!e an e4tra (rothetic) !oel comared
to other branches.
&reek Lnoma Armenian anun c2. %nglish name +atin nomen "anskrit
naaman. &reek odos Armenian atamn c2. %nglish tooth +atin dens
"anskrit dantah. &reek astPr Armenian astJ %nglish star +atin
stella. &reek eletheros +atin liber :2ree:.
*rom the !oel reser!ed in &reek e can see hich laryngeal as
originally thereE ,>leudh- :2ree: ,ster- :star: ,Qnom-
:name:.
&reek and "anskrit share the augment an initial !oel e-
(becoming a- in "anskrit) on some ast tenses. Armenian also has
this though only on the third ersonal singular o2 monosyllables.
6hey also ha!e redulication in the er2ect tense. 6he luer2ect is
2ormed ith both augment then redulication. here there as a
laryngeal this sometimes causes lengthening. "o ,>leudh- :2ree:
gi!es eleeluutha :I loosened: 2rom e-,>le-,>leudh-,e. In a 2e
cases the !oel-colouring e?ect o2 the laryngeal is also
reser!ed.
6he lengthening e?ect seems to e4lain the to &reek ords
ikhthuus :3sh: and muus :mouse:. e can susect that there as a
laryngeal here because the Armenian ords are 0ukn and mukn. 6his
also shos that it:s not strictly true that the laryngeals disaeared
2rom all modern languages.
6here are more direct sur!i!als in ArmenianE +atin anus =
,ittite hannas = Armenian han +atin a!us = ,ittite huhhas =
Armenian ha +atin !entus = ,ittite huantsa = Armenian hogi
Other branches Albanian is another unique and distant branch o2
Indo-%uroean and also reser!es some actual descendants o2 the
laryngeals in ords like hidhur :bitter: hidhR :nettle: hut :emty:
and herdhe :testicle:.
"ome +atin er2ect tenses are 2ormed by redulication but others are
2ormed by lengthening the !oelE these may be in laces here
laryngeals are redicted. "o edS :I eat: TdU :I ate: 2rom originally
redulicated 1e-1d-.
%truscan is not an Indo-%uroean language but might be distantly
related to the 2amily as a hole. 6he ord 2or :be2ore: is
hant - hereas +atin has ante.
6he attemt to link Indo-%uroean to other 2amilies called the
Nostratic theory has a roblem ith laryngeals. Although Nostratic
ould connect Indo- %uroean to "emitic the conne4ion is not !ery
close e!en ithin Nostratic. All the other grous that ould belong
somehere in the suer2amily - such as /art!elian 5ralic Altaic and
#ra!idian - sho little or no e!idence o2 e!er ha!ing had
laryngeals.
1ronunciation
6he Nostraticist Allen Bomhard rites that e can no state ith
comlete con3dence the !alues o2 the laryngeals. 6his o2 course
means e can:t do anything o2 the kind. 6hey could be almost
anything.
One good idea is that 1 2 and 3 ere resecti!ely alatal !elar
and rounded !elar 2ricati!es that is WX 4X and 4X. 6his 3ts the
attern o2 stos k0 k kX that e already kno about and also makes them
quite easy 2or us to ronounce. None o2 those akard
haryngeals.
But 1 as more easily lost so erhas it as something eaker like
a glottal sto. 4 i2 it e4isted could ha!e been hX. 2 and
3 might ha!e been haryngeal. 3 might ha!e been !oiced
(because o2 the ,ittite riting)@ as it caused o-colouring it as
!ery likely rounded (labiali$ed).
+.'. 1almer >HC 6he &reek +anguage *aber Y *aber in2red
+ehmann >HHQ 6heoretical Bases o2 Indo-%uroean +inguistics
'outledge
&ender category in Indo-%uroean.
Z >. Origin o2 gender in 1roto-Indo-%uroean.
It is ro!ed that it ould be rong to mi4 the categories o2 gender
and se4 in 1roto-Indo-%uroean noun system. odern Indo-%uroean
languages hich ha!e gender at all usually make these to categories
the sameE hat is 2emale in se4 is 2emale in gender. hat has no se4
is neuter - 2or those languages hich use neuter like "la!ic and
&erman.
1roto-Indo-%uroean shos a comletely di?erent system o2 gender. And
though linguistic schools argue about the more likely structure o2
noun genders in the 1roto-language some 2acts can be stated 2or
sure.
*irst 1roto-Indo-%uroean had no gender. At that time the language
consisted not o2 morhological items like nouns !erbs and ad0ecti!es
but 0ust o2 ords hich acted indeendently in the sentence. 6he main
grammar means o2 the language as not the declension and con0ugation
but the combination o2 ords and the ord order. Nouns lacked any
endings case suG4es 2ormants o2 gender o2 number.
+ater hen the language acquired the ergati!e structure here all
ords should be clearly distinguished beteen acti!e and inacti!e (or
animate and inanimate) classes. ,ere on this stage nouns 3rst get
the declension. ost scientists belie!e there ere to or three noun
cases at that time in 1roto-Indo- %uroeanE ergati!e case hich
denoted the sub0ect and indirect ob0ects absoluti!e case hich meant
sub0ect and direct ob0ects and maybe geniti!e hich could e4ist in
the stage o2 2orming. e must stress that only acti!e animate nouns
could be declined and nouns denoting things did not ha!e cases at
all.
art o2 seech as di!ided into to onesE nouns hich marked the sub0ect
and ob0ect and the ad0ecti!e marking the attribute o2 a noun.
6his di!ision as logicalE eole ere going to searate
attributi!e and sub0ecti!e ords those hich determine and those hich
state. Ad0ecti!es ne!ertheless could not comletely a!oid the
inuence o2 nouns and since then they had to 2ollo the noun in case
and number.
6his as the time 2or the gender to aear. And here the oinions
o2 leading orld linguists do not agree. "ome o2 them try to ro!e
rather success2ully that there as to genders in %arly
1roto-Indo-%uroean and then one o2 them di!ided into to. Other
argue there ere three genders originally. +et us see the arguments
o2 each o2 the sides 0ust in order to seem ob0ecti!e.
6he 3rst !ersion means the 2olloing. 6o genders hich aeared
in the 1roto-Indo-%uroean language ere in!ented to searate acti!e
and inacti!e nouns 2rom each other to di!ide nouns meaning animate
ob0ects (eole sacred animals deities) 2rom simle inanimate things
(trees ground eaons). 6he acti!e gender or acti!e class o2
nouns acquired the ending -s M -os in nominati!e singular
and could be declined according to case and number. 6he lural
number denoted se!eral animate nouns their real lurality. 6he
inacti!e class !ice !ersa could not be declined its characteristic
ending as -m M -om and e!en though it had lural number it did
not mean lurality but 0ust collecti!eness. +ater rocesses o2 the
language de!eloment generated a- stems o2 nouns stems in long
i and u. 6hese three kinds o2 noun stems sooner or later
started to denote 2eminine nouns - no they ere equal to the se4.
6hat is ho the acti!e class as di!ided into masculine and
2eminine.
6here are se!eral solid roo2s o2 such a oint o2 !ie. In most
Indo-%uroean languages many noun stems include both masculine and
2eminine nounsE like short i -stems (+atin hostis masc ossis
2em). "uch nouns though di?erent in gender ha!e absolutely the same
declension and only ad0ecti!es attributes ne4t to them can distinct
their gender. %!en a-stems (+atin 2emina +ithuanian motina
&reek gunh) made secially 2or 2eminine include many masculine
nouns (+atin nauta oeta). "uch a situation o2 mi4ture cannot e4ist
ith neuter nouns hich do not mi4 in declension ith masculine or
2eminine. hile masculine and 2eminine nouns in most o2 stems (e4cet
a-) still use -s ending in all classical Indo-%uroean tongues
neuter nouns ha!e -m. 6his !ery -m is alays reeated in
accusati!e singular together ith nominati!e singularE this ne!er
haens to other genders.
&reek and +atin being tyical Indo-%uroean languages sho one
more interesting 2eature called ;to ending ad0ecti!es;. Ordinary
ad0ecti!es use all three gendersE +atin bonus bona bonum@ but this
haens only to ad0ecti!es o2 o- and a-stems hich cooerate and ith
all other stems ad0ecti!es use only to 2ormsE the same 2or
masculine and 2eminine and another 2or neuter. "uch ad0ecti!es as
+atin 2ortis 2ortis 2orte are called to ending ad0ecti!es and also
sho the main thesis o2 all ho state original genders o2 1roto-Indo-
%uroeanE di?erences beteen masculine and 2eminine in Indo-%uroean
are not as big as those beteen masculine-feminine and
neuter.
some interesting archaic moments hich e cannot 2ound in other Indo-
%uroean languages. Anatolian languages sho no feminine or
masculine languages and e!en no a-stems and genders are
two - e4actly 2or animate and inanimate nouns. 6he
animate gender used -s' ending (as:s:us: - good) and the other
one either had -n (deri!ed 2rom Indo-%uroean -m) or no ending
at all subsequently did not decline (as:s:u - good (neut.)).
6his makes us belie!e that such a system is the %arly Indo-%uroean
oneE Anatolian languages ere the only grou to reser!e the -gender
structure.
6he third roo2 concerns the lural number. asculine and
2eminine nouns and ad0ecti!e in Indo-%uroean use the ending
-es in nominati!e lural and -ns in accusati!e lural. All
other cases also ha!e their inections. As 2or neuter ords their
ending -a is used both in nominati!e and in accusati!e. 1lural
neuter nouns denoted collecti!e unity in 1roto-Indo-%uroean like
modern 'ussian nebesa ;skies; hich does not mean ;se!eral skies;
but ;sky in a collecti!e meaning;. "uch nouns in the 1roto-language
included many ords hich later ill be included into the 2eminine
a-stems - their endings in nominati!e ere the same. *or e4amle
+atin aqua (ater) is originally a collecti!e neuter noun in
luralE ;aters;. In &reek ancient Indo-Iranian languages and in
,ittite the sub0ect in neuter lural 2orm alays use their redicate
in singular. 6his is maybe the most imortant e!idence o2 the secial
osition o2 neuter in 1roto-Indo-%uroeanE it as inacti!e.
Besides a-stems Indo-%uroean 2ormed the 2eminine gender
dierent 2rom masculine ith one more tye o2 noun stemsE long
i -stems. Ob!iously the suG4 -i - meant the ossession on
archaic stages o2 the language ("anskrit rathah ;a chariot; rathih
;something belonging to a chariot;). +ater this meaning could go in
to aysE it might begin to mean the possessive genitive
case (remember -i in +atin Venetic and eltic) and
to 2orm the 2eminine gender i2 Indo-%uroeans looked at the oman as
a ossession o2 the man. 6hat is ho long i -stems turned out to
be all 2eminine.
"o 2rom that moment hen Anatolian languages already migrated to
Asia inor hen a-stems and i -stems aeared and the oosition
emerged beteen masculine and 2eminine nouns e can seak about three
genders in Indo-%uroeanE masculine 2eminine neuter.
6here are linguistic schools hich do not agree to the 2act
that the 1roto- language used to genders and not three. 6hey say
that Anatolian 0ust united masculine and neuter 2or its a-stems
honetically coincided ith masculine o- stems so the genders
coincided as ell. Other e4lain this uni3cation by the substratum
inuence. But anyay the -gender !ersion seems much better
ro!en.
Z . &enders in ancient and modern Indo-%uroean languages.
hen the 1roto-language disaeared trans2orming into di?erent grous
the gender system chose its on ay in each o2 them. But the general
trend in e!ery Indo-%uroean language as quite clearE the number o2
genders as going to reduce.
classical neuter endings in -n [ D-m. In &reek neuter
lural sub0ects ha!e usually a singular redicateE loia lei (shis
mo!e). 6he Ne &reek language also shos three genders and their
oosition is strengthened by the e4tensi!e use o2 articles also
declined in three genders.
Italic can be called classical in this meaning as ell. +atin shos
no sign o2 reduction o2 genders and its neuter lays an imortant
role in the language. 6he reduction o2 some 3nal consonants
in 5mbrian inuenced the so-called 1oular +atin hich as quickly
mo!ing toards the analytism in morhology lost many endings and so
many gender 2orms coincided ith each other hich could not but lead
ne 'omance languages in their ma0ority to the -gender oosition ith
the loss o2 neuter. In many modern 'omance tongues the 2unction o2
di?erentiating genders assed 2rom the inection to the article
usageE *rench has no other signs o2 genders but un une le la some
reositional 2orms like du - de and ad0ecti!e endings gros -
grosse. In some languages hoe!er the rocess o2 secondary
morhologisation o2 genders is going on noadaysE "anish generated ne
endings 2or masculine and 2eminineE hermano - hermana
cabron - cabra. 6his interesting 2eature seems to make us
think that the gender de!eloment history goes the same ay as the
case system de!eloment.
&ermanic languages are called the most analytic among all
modern Indo- %uroean tongues. hile all ancient !arieties o2
&ermanic (&othic Old Norse Old %nglish) used three cases
the modern languages reduced their number. %nglish and A2rikaans
remo!ed genders at all 2rom their morhologyE %nglish reser!ed them
only as a ;hidden category; hich can be seen in ersonal ronouns he
she it (2or e4amle shis are alays she). &erman uses both some
in2ections and 3rst o2 all the article de3nite and inde3nite (der -
die - das ein - eine). An interesting thing haened in "candina!ian
languagesE they lost the oosition beteen masculine and 2eminine and
returned to the ancient system o2 to noun classes 2or animate -
inanimate nouns. 6his ro!es once more that 2eminine and masculine
in 2act are similar in the language.
Iranian languages used to ha!e all three genders in ancient tongues
(A!estan Old 1ersian) but under the inuence o2 analytic trend the
system as destroyed or reduced and many modern Iranian languages do
not ha!e genders at all. It can be also connected ith the adstratum
and substratum languages hich inuenced Indo-%uroean structural
2eatures. &enders are comletely lost also in Armenian.
Baltic linguistics shos that Old 1russian had neuter hich as not
about to disaear at all. But +ithuanian lost it someho not !ery
long ago. "ome relics take lace hoe!er in ad0ecti!es and in ronouns
but in 2act no +ithuanian knos only 2eminine and masculine (see
,istorical &rammar o2 +ithuanian).
In 1olish e!en 2urther comlication o2 gender structure haenedE
masculine has animate and inanimate 2orms and animate has in its
turn ersonal and imersonal 2orms in lural. "oE
dom (nom. sg. inanimate) dom (acc. sg.) ;a house; ies (nom. sg.
animate) sa (acc. sg.) sy (nom. l.) sy (acc.l.) ;a dog; chlo (nom.
sg. animate ersonal) chloa (acc. sg.) chloy (nom. l.) chloo (acc.
l.) ;a easant;
According to these rocesses hich indeendently mo!e on in di?erent
grous o2 the Indo-%uroean 2amily e can make a conclusion that
genders do not beha!e e4actly the ay noun cases do i.e. the
reduction rocess is sometimes substituted by the comle4 changes
("la!ic "anish). But in general e can state that genders are
noadays less synthetic and less sread than they used to be in the
1roto-Indo-%uroean language.
Root lemma! abhro-
(D2abhro-) English meaning! strong mighty "ote! Root
lemma! abhro- (D2abhro-)! ] strong mighty : deri!ed
2rom Root lemma! ig ! 2orce e4tended in -r -
2ormant (see gr. ^_` ]tender 2ine luscious:) #aterial! (^_`
]tender 2ine luscious:) iddle Irish 1re34 abor
cymr. a!r ] !ery much :@ &othic abrs ] get
strong !iolent : ad!. abraba ] !ery much
: biabr"an ] be2ore ere astonished beside onesel2 : Old
Icelandic 1re34 a!ar ] !ery much :@ Illyrian VN _`f
thrak. 1N _`-.
,ere maybe &othic aba (n- stem) ] husband:.
"oteE
6he root abhro- ! :strong mighty: E Root
lemma! ab(n) ! (ae aquatic demon) E Root
lemma! ab- ! (ater ri!er) E Root
lemma! (enebh-2)E nebh- embh- m bh- ! (et dam@ ater@
clouds) Old Indic abhrá m. (Dm# bhros) A!estan awra n.
References! 1. I > *eist > b 2. KH a. . "chul$e /8. K
Q>> = /l. "chr. QH. $ee also! abh
%age&s'!
,ere at most Old hurch "la!ic ab%"e ] straight aay
directly : but uncertainly Old Indic ahn&ya ] directly
straight aay instantly seedily : (rather
to áhar áhan ]day : . ).
References! 1. I > *eist > b 2. KH a. . "chul$e /8. K
Q>> = /l. "chr. QH. $ee also! abhro
%age&s'!
Root lemma! ab(n) (D2ab-) English meaning! ae Dater
demon "ote! Root lemma! ab(n) (D2ab-)! ] ae Dater
demon : deri!ed 2rom Root lemma! abh- (D2abh-)! ]
quick abrut : [ Root lemma! abhro- (D2abhro-)! ]
strong mighty : [ root m bh-(ro-)E [ ith l -2ormant (nebhel)E
[ Root lemma! (enebh-2)E nebh- embh- m bh- ! ] et
dam@ ater@ clouds :. "ote! (eltic neologism). 6he animal
introduced by tra!eling merchants can ha!e been named by the elts
ith the name o2 her aquatic demon (see abo!e ab-).
#aterial! ,es. _`j p p`vfwx is maybe __j (Akk. 1l.) to read
and still be2ore the consonatic mutation in &ermanic stubby@
hence in. api m. ] monkey gate : Old "a4on apo Old
,igh &erman a'o m. a'a a(n 2. Old
%nglish apa m. ]monkey: Old $ech opice comes
Old 'ussian opica 2rom the &ermanic
References! 1. I K> 2. $ee also! comare ab]ater: and
"chrader 'ealle4. ,oos 'ealle4. s. !. ae.
%age&s'! -Q
Root lemma! ab- English meaning! ater ri!er "ote!
Root lemma! ab- ! ] ater ri!er : deri!ed 2rom Root
lemma! ab(n) (D2ab-)! ] ae Dater demon : [ Root
lemma! abh- (D2abh-)! ] quick abrut : [ Root
lemma! abhro- (D2abhro-)! ] strong mighty : [ root m
bh- (ro-)E [ ith l -2ormant (nebhel)E [ Root
lemma! (enebh-2)E nebh- embh- m bh- ! ] et dam@
ater@ clouds :. #aterial! +atin amnis 2. late m.
c ()abnis)@ Old Irish ab ()aba)
&en. abae ]ri!er: besides abann (common eltic
-ns- z -nn-) cymr. a!on orn. bret. auon gall. brit.
*lN *bona deri!ed cymr. a!anc ] bea!er ater demon
dar2 : to iddle Irish abac ()abankos) ] bea!er dar2 :
"iss -*rench ava+ ]asture: ()abanko)@ +at!ian
*lN *bava.
6he est &erman *lN in apa odern ,igh &ermana'a
robably go back artly to usually lost est &ermanic
)ap(Indo &ermanic )ab) artly in
Venetic-Illyrian ap (Indo &ermanic )ap).
References! 1. I {\ 2. ,. I {C *eist >Ha KHa &I1at"'.
II >Q{. $ee also! comare also &p2 ]ater ri!er: and
ab,(n) ]ae:. %age&s'! >
6ocharian AB &ti ] grass : B atiyo (2.l.)
]grass: (Adams H)X (di?erently 1edersen 6ocharian \{>).
about gr. wx` ] an ear o2 corn : see belo andh. 1erhas
Armenian! hat ]grain:
Hittite! hattar n. :cereal: NoteE It seems Root
lemma! a!es-" a!os- ! ]sort o2 cereal: e!ol!ed 2rom
an older root )he#h- ] a kind o2 grain :. 6his root as suG4ed
ith common ska 2ormant in &ermanic branch
(ermanic! Datiska hile in Anatolian branch the root as suG4ed
ith common 1I% tar 2ormant. 6he old laryngeal (centum a
e E satem s ) as lost e4cet in ,ittite and Armenian learly
&ermanic tongues borroed the cognate 2rom a reduced +atin (D
hattar) adris (ermanic! Datiska.
*inally $ero grade in alb. ()ad,-ris) )dris dri05 ]thorny
lant: ()dris) drith5 :grain: here the +atin -is ending has
been solidi3ed. 6he surrise is the 6h d 2ound only in
A!estan - Illyrian - Baltic languages. References! 1. I {K
*eist \> a anders ,. I >{. %age&s'! Q
Root lemma! a!-$ (Dhed-) English meaning! to by at
#aterial! 1hrygian j|-|jp ] he does :@ maked. |-|jf }~•
("chy$er &r. &r. I \H)@ +atin ad ] to ith in :
re!erb and reosition m. Akk. also &en. at7ue ac ] and
in addition and also and : ()ad7ue@
not at € 7ue@ also 5mbrian ap ] in
hich lace in hat lace here hen a2ter since although :
chronologically ith e4tended 8 in ape)
5mbrian a9 re!erb ar
ostosition m. Akk. Oscan adp:d ] as 2ar as : otherise ith
s- e4tension Oscan a0 ] to toard : reosition m. Akk .@
Old Irish ad re!erb (e.g. ad ;l&dur ]call
uon aeal to :) cymr. add gall. ad re34 (e.g.
N *diant<E
cymr. addiant ]longing: *dm&rusE Old
Irish már ]large :)@ cymr. = ith !oel
a; ]ith: (ad € 6he Old Indic ha not =
+atin at7ue :and as ell as together ith:)@
&ermanic )at re!erb and reosition mostly ith
]dati!e: = +ok. rare m. Akk. (&othic est &ermanic 2rom the
time Old %nglish also 2rom the lace) Old Icelandic also ith
&en.E &othic at ] to by : Old Icelandic
at ] to by against a2ter : Old %nglish >t Old
"a4on at Old ,igh &erman a0 ] to by in
:.
$ero gradeE !ed. tsárati ] crees crees u : Old ,igh
&erman 0a;?n (E &othic )a;an ]2ear:)
Old ,igh &erman 0ou;en iddle ,igh &erman 0,u;en
Old "a4on t,;ian comared ith
&othic atau;"an ] ith raised u eyes oint sho :.
References! 1.I {{ 2. ,.I >> 2. $ee also! 1erhas to
ad2. %age&s'! Q
suitable use2ul : as n. ] goodness suitability : = Old ,igh
&erman 0il ] urose : reosition Old %nglish Old
Icelandic til ] to 2or :.
References! %. I > #e!oto ‚l. 1edersen {.
%age&s'! Q
Root lemma! a!(u)-" a!-ro- (Dhe#hero) English
meaning! ater current NoteE *rom Root
lemma! ang(h)i- ! ]snake orm: deri!ed Root
lemma! ak- (more roerly %k)E k- ! ]ater ri!er:@
Root lemma! e#hero- ! ]lake inner sea:@ Root
lemma! a!(u)-" a!-ro- ! ]ater current:E Illyrian
1annonian VN ƒ„p`f…p common alb.- Illyrian-Baltic -#h- & -!-"
--X. *rom Root lemma! ak- ]ater ri!er: nasali$ed in
Daku@ent (suG4ed in er or ) deri!ed Root lemma! au
(e)-" aue!-" auer- ! ]to o to et@ ater etc.:
#aterial! A!estan aAu ] ater run brook canal :
Venetic-Illyrian *lN *d.d/ua (2or
1o) )*duli@az *ttel (to #anube in Ba!aria) Bons
o! *dula ] "t. &otthard : (robably named a2ter the ri!ers
streaming there) ober<sterr. *lN )*draz
*ttersee *tter;au *lN *drana
z der (,essen) maybe also 1N *dria in
Venetien (a2terards mare *driaticum) si$il. *lN |`j and
Venetic-Illyrian name o2 Oder ƒ†f-j|‡j@ 2urther +at!ian
*lN *dula. NoteE 6he name o2 the rimordial hill in
%gytian mythology the 3rst mountain that raised 2rom the ocean. 6he
mountain god as borroed by ,itties ho called the dreaming god
5elluri. &reeks recei!ed Atlas 2rom ,ittites. Atlas ]Dmountain
robably named a2ter the ri!ers streaming there :E j -j m. ]Atlas:
(Od. ,es. ,dt. A. etc.) name o2 a &od ho carries the columns o2
the sky@ originally robably name o2 Arcadian mountains hich ere
sread then by the eic in general and esecially (by Ionic
sea2arersF) as trans2erred to the Atlas ountains in est A2rica see
"olmsen ort2orsch. {@ about Atlas as a ersoni3cation o2 the orld
a4is 6iˆche us. ,el!. \K?. Berber ádr&r ] mountain
:. Derivatives! O2 it :j• 2. (,es. etc.) name o2 a mythical
island according to Brandenstein Atlantis (ien >HK> = Arb.
Inst. "rach. Q) = rete@ 2urther :jf (%. 1l. Arist. etc.) and :pf
(/ritias). References! Vasmer 8sl1h. >>{ 2. 1okorny
5rill. { C HQ >CH >{. %age&s'! {
Root lemma! agh-(lo-) English meaning! disgusting
NoteE Root lemma! agh-(lo-) ! ]disgusting: deri!ed
2rom an e4tended Root lemma! agos- ! ] 2ault sin:
roduced. #aterial! &othic a;ls ]orobrious
ignominious: a;liCa a;l, ] hardshi : us
a;l"an ] ress : Old %nglish e;.e/le ] o?ensi!e
unieldy un2ortunate : e;lan add ] ain :
(engl. ail ] hurt@ indisosed his :) e;lian ] to
be 2elt ain2ully : iddle +o &erman e;elen ] cause
grie2 : &othic a;lus Ad!. a;luba ] |‡„
diGcult :@ also (ith u$$ling suG4) &othic
a;laitei 2. i n. ] licentiousness anton !iolence
insolence se4ual o?ense : Old ,igh &erman
a;alei0i 2.i n. ] discom2ort@ $eal : a;alei0o Old
"a4on a;l?to a;al?to Ad!. ] sedulous keen :.
,ere maybe to iddle Irish &lad n.
]ound: ()a;loton) mcymr. aele.u/
]ain2ul: aeleu m. ]ain: ()a;lou@).
References! 1. I {> *eist >K a "echt #ekl. >Q\ +oth
'. Q K\. %age&s'!
Root lemma! aghl(u)- (Dhe;hel) English
meaning! rainy eather #aterial! &r. ‰‡Š ] 2og
darkness : aybe alb. a;ull ]bad !ision: agu ] dan : Old
1russian a;lo n. ]rain: (u- stem) Armenian Dal"- in
aF"aF" aF"amuF"kh ]darkness: (eillet "+. >C H).
References! 1. I {>. comare 1etersen Aryan and Armenian
"tud. >\. %age&s'!
Root lemma! agh- (Dhe;h-) English meaning! to 2ear
#aterial! &r. ‰ n. ] 2ear ain grie2 : ‰~jf ‰~jf ] grie!ing
sorroing mourning : (Aor. ‹j‰p Œj‰~ 1er2. ‰~jf) ‰p‡ ‰ ] mourning
groaning : j‰• ]sadden:@ here robably ‰w ] load grie2 : (D ‰)
thereo2 ‰wp„wjf ] to be loaded be deressed :. aybe nasali$ed alb.
(Da;hos) ankth ]2ear: common alb. s thX.
Old %nglish e;e m. ]2ear: e;isi;rima gl.
] ghost sectre e!il sirit : n. es- stem Da;i0 = gr.
‰ ]get a 2right:@
NoteE common gr. 6h G
comare Old ,igh &erman e;isl8h : dread2ul
: e;is,n ] get a 2right : and to o and en
stems e4tended &othic a;is n. ] 2ear an4iety 2right :
Old ,igh &erman
a;iso e;iso m. e;isa 2. ] 2ear 2right 3gure :
Old %nglish e;esa m. ] 2ear :@ Old
Norse a;i m. (-en- stem) :*ear: Old ,igh
&erman e;8 @ iddle ,igh &erman e;e 2.
] 2ear 2right unishment :@ &othic -a;an in
un-a;ands ] are not a2raid : a! a;"an ]
2righten: usa;"an ] 2righten somebody : ] in-a;"an ]
snub somebody :@ reterit resent &othic ,; .,;um/ ]
2ears me : ni ,;s ] 2ear nothing : (old short !ocal
sub0uncti!e D,;i0 ) Old Norse ,ask ] be a2raid
:@ &othic ,;"an ] snub somebody : = Old
Norse >;"a ]get a 2right:@ Old Norse ,;n 2.
] 2right : ,tti m. ] 2ear : Old %nglish ,;a 2.
] 2right :.
Old Irish ada;ora;ur ] 2ear : (because o2
the ablaut equality ith &othic ,; suoses Brugmann
&rdr. II Q {{ origins 2rom older 1er2.) !erbal noun
&i;thiunder
References! 1. I {C *eist >{ QC. $ee also! hereuon
belongs robably alsoE a;h.lo/ %age&s'! -
Root lemma! agos- (Dhege-) English meaning! 2ault
sin Dblood guilt #aterial! Old Indic & ;as- n.
]o?ence in0ury sin 2ault: change by ablaut ith gr. ] hea!y guilt
blood guilt :@ Old Indic án&;as gr. jx ] innocent
guiltless : @ x ‘jx ] curses : f ~fj`.
References! 1. I Q. %age&s'!
Root lemma! agro- (egro-) (Dekr3uo) English
meaning! to 3rst beginning #aterial! Old
Indic á;ra n. ]oint 2oremost oint or art ti 2ront :
a;r? (+ok.) ]at the to in 2ront ahead o2 : also timeise
]in the beginning 3rst: a;rimá ]3rst receding 2oremost
: A!estan aDra ]3rst uermost a2ter time sace etc.: n.
]beginning@ the uermost oint:@ +at!ian a;rs (Ad0.)
]early: a;ri Ad!. ]early early on: a;rums ]the
early morning:.
hether here +atin
N *;rippa 2rom )a;rip.e/d ] breech birth (one
ho causes great ain at his birth : . "chul$e /8. Q >> in
>> doubting +atin %ig. QCKF
I2 Old Indic á;ra on
)o;ro or )e;ro retrograde one could comare
,ittite J kur J;ur :cli? summit rock crag
:.
aybe *;rianes Illyrian 6N *;ron ]Illyrian
king:. References! 1. I Q 2. 1edersen ,ittite >Q.
%age&s'! -H
Root lemma! agu (e)s* aks* English
meaning! a4e #aterial! &othic a7i0i Old
Norse KL Old %nglish acus >L Old
"a4on acus accus Old ,igh &erman achhus accus aches
odern ,igh &erman *Lt (&ermanic
2orms )a7wi0i and )akusi ha!e maybe deri!ed
according to 8uit$a &&. H 2rom a
gradating Da;u@Js8 E )a;usi@& s) gr. ’“ ]
a4 hatchet : NoteE common gr. 6h “ +atin ascia ] a4
o2 the carenters :
(2rom )acsi& like viscusM ’“ vespa 2rom
)veps&). aybe alb. (Dasca) ashka ]sha!ings ood slinter:
()viscus) vishk fshk ]make thin ither:.
References! 1. I QH ,. I > *eist K{ b "echt #ekl. >KC
"chy$er &r. &r. I {\K{. %age&s'! H
Root lemma! a#h- English meaning! lough animal
#aterial! Old Indic ah8 ]co:
A!estan a08 2. Ad0. ]regnant: (2rom cos and mares)
iddle Irish a; (s- stem) m. 2. ] bo!ine animal co : a;
allaid :deer: (actually ] ild o4 :) ál ] brood thro
: (Da;lo-) cymr. ael ds. mcymr. aelaw ] abundance 2ertility
: eilion .)a;liones/ ] 2allo deer horses :@ here ith
e- !ocalism Armenian e0n ]bo!ine animal:F References! 1.
I Q +oth '. Q KK. %age&s'!
#aterial! a#E Old Indic á"ati ]dri!e: a"á m. ]a
dro!e troo@ a dri!er:@ &"N m.M2. ]running match combat:
A!estan a0aiti ] dri!e lead aay :
Armenian acem ] lead bring :@ aybe alb. &eg (D)
a;o ]leader chie2:@
gr. :lead: (Aor. Aor. ”j ”“j are ne) +atin a;, ] to set
in motion dri!e lead negotiate : (12. ?; 8 ith
ablaut inno!ation) Oscan Imer. actud =
5mbrian aitu ] o set in !iolent motion dri!e onard mo!e
imel urge : Oscan acum ] dri!e urge : Old Irish adai;
()a;et ) ] to dri!e bring or take a erson or thing to a lace
o2 cattle : acymr. a;it he;it more
recently 5yt .)a;8ti/ besides the strong inection in cymr.
corn. bret. a ()a;et ) ]goes:@ t -
1reterit Old Irish rodaacht ] dri!en aay :
cymr. aeth ()a;t ) ]to ut in motion: etc. see
1edersen /&. II {K> 2olloing Old Irish &in ]
acti!ity lay : (2rom )a;nis) gallo- rom. )anda;nis ] big
ste : *rench andain ] sath scythe slash : Old *rench ]ide
ste: Old Norse aka ]dri!ing:
(1reterit ,k like Old Indic
&ram. &"a)@ Old %nglish ac ]hoe!er but yet:
(<rtl. ]go: like +atin a;e)@ 6ocharian B ak AB
&k ]tra!el lead:@ R
to articileE +atin &ctus : ut in motion mo!ed
dri!en tended conducted: )amb .i/aktos actually ] sent around
(E Old Irish immai;) messenger ser!ant : in gall.
(-+atin) ambactus ] !assal sla!e :
cymr. amaeth ] ser!us arans : (2rom eltic deri!es
&othic andbahts Old ,igh
&erman ambaht ] ser!ant : 2rom hich the kinshi
ith odern ,igh &erman *mt ).
As Indo &ermanic Instrumental noun intr& here
Old Indic aOPQr& ]goad to dri!e the li!estock :
A!estan aRtr& ] hi scourge :.
aybe )o*harian! B &k n. ]$eal: (Adams QK) AB
&k ]lead guide dri!e: (Q\).
lengthened grade 2ormationsE Old Indic &"N m. 2.
]race 3ght : iddle Irish
&; (&en. &;a u- stem)
]3ght: &;a &i;e ]leaders: (c2 also
gall. 1N *;om&rus = Old Irish
á;mar ]arlike:@ Tom&;ius) +atin only in
comoundsE amb&;?s around ] a roundabout ay inding. ,ence
in seech etc. either circumlocution or obscurity : (conser!ati!e
stem like Old Indic á"? :to lead: =
+atin a;8 In2. 1ass. and like Old Indic
a" in pr#tan& " ] in the 3ght ulling
: hoe!er ith stretch in the
comosition) ind&;?s and ind&;oinis ]
surrounding and dri!ing o2 game : co&;ulum ] a means
o2 coagulation a coagulum or coagulator (the curdled milk in the
stomach o2 a sucking animal the stomach itsel2 etc.) rennet or
runnet@ the curdled milk@ that hich holds or binds together a bond
tie : Old Indic sam&"a ]meeting society: gr. ]leading
leadingly : x ]guidance management 2reight: ,es. –jj ]sokes: „`j-
(see belo). about #oric — (Old Indic &"am) ]I lead: see
ne!ertheless "chy$er &r. &r. I \K{ {.
o- stemE !ed. a"á U ] acti!ity train@ dri!er : gr.
] leader military leader : „`j-jŠ Attic Ionian „`j- :military
leader: ‰jŠ (originally #oric) ] leader : +atin pr,di;o i;ere
e;i actum ]to dri!e 2orth@ to send
aste: pr,di;us ]ro2use e4tra!agant@ rich abounding in.
Ad!. rodige : (2rom
pr,di;ere) abi;a ] lant hich has the oer o2
roducing abortion@ ground- ine : (] close to miscarriage :
2rom abi;ere = v Old Indic apaá"ati ] to dri!e aay
dri!e o? :).
io- stemE Irish ai;e ]race: Old Indic
in pr#tan&"yam ]cometition:.
] a dri!ing mo!ement or a mass in (orderly) mo!ement a stream band
train@ es. milit. an army on the march : (to
neologism a;, 2or )ammen) eL&men ] a
sarm@ a throng crod shoal. () the tongue o2 a balance@ testing
consideration :@ then ] to check to eigh@ to consider :
(2rom )a;smen) ammentum ()a;mentom) ] in loo 2orm -
ossibly in the middle o2 the sear - 34ed ith thro stras :@ maybe
("ch. &r. &r. I {H >C) ith o graduation
gr. ˜~ ] 3eld 2urro road o2 hea!enly bodies@ sath by moing :.
lo- stemE Old Indic a"irá ] quick nimble : (hoe!er
+atin a;ilis ] e4ible nimble : is a neologism)@ gr. ]
herd crod : +atin a;olum ] sheherd:s stick :.
&r. ™ ] race cometition :@ fj :street: (art. 1er2.) 2rom
hich about neer Dpfj +atin a;?a : a gangay in a shi:@
lak. retan štol. ] leads brings : e. Ionian fŠ~pjf fŠ ds. (E and
like ›`fŠ- toards ˜`--~f and œ`-~ also 2rom an 8- ending root
2orm@ c2 "chy$er &r. &r. I \H{ \H\). about p~™ see "chy$er
&r. &r. I K and under s&;.
+atin r?meL r?mi;&re r?mi;ium
l8ti;&re ] a roer oarsman : and other !erbs in
-.i/;&re. - 1resumably +atin indi;it?s ] the local
di!inities and heroes : (indi;it&re ] a di!inity call
: indi;it&menta :in!ocation 2ormulae:)
as )end.o/ a;et E the indigenous nati!e :.
2ormation de!eloment to :to eigh: (2rom ] bring in oscillation :)
in +atin eLa;ium ] a eighing eight@ a balance
: eLi;ere eL € a;oX :to dri!e out ush 2orth
thrust out take out e4elE -- 6o eigh try ro!e measure e4amine
ad0ust estimate consider:E among other things ] eigh measure :
eL&ctus ] recise accurate e4act : eLi;uus ]
strict e4act scanty small little etty short oor mean inadequate
inconsiderable altry : eL8lis ()eLa; slis) ] strict narro thin
slender lank small meagre oor : eL&men (see
abo!e) a;8na ] the oening in the uer art o2 a balance in
hich the tongue mo!es : (2ormation as 2or e4amle co7u8na) gr.
pf also ]eigh: (ith Akk. o2 the eight) “f ]eighing as much o2 like
!alue orth as much as: (2rom Df on the grounds o2
)a;tis ]eight: actuallyE) ] 2rom suitable eight : hence ] orth
solemnly : “f :orth 0ust as much as equally:.
still c2 ,. I H >C { about acnua &ctus
7uadr&tus ] a 3eld measure o2 >C 2eet in the square :
and act<tum :straight aay immediately 2orthith :
a;&s, ]2ootman dri!er hostler : a;, ,nis ]o2 the
riests killing the sacri3cial animal: (2rom a;ere in
meaning ] sacri3ce:) a;,nium ] a !ictim beast 2or
sacri3ce : belo likeise
,ere maybe gall. eLacum ] the herb centaury : i2
rescribed 2or )eLa;um (= )eLa;o-] ure-cra!ing :).
But better to )ak V ] shar : see
there.
*urther belong hereE
a#es-+ ak + s . . . ] (2ulcrum i!otE)
a4is - shoulder :E
Old Indic ákOPa- ] a4is: gr. “ ds. ~-j“j ]carriage
agon: &l. > >@ /8. {C > 2.)@
NoteE common gr. 6h “
in. YLull (2rom 1roto &erman )ahsula0 )
:a4is:@ iddle Irish ais :a4is: (Daksi-l& in cymr.
echel 2. :a4is: bret. ahel).
E +atin aLilla] ala] ascilla] ascella E Italian
ascella E "anish aLial E *rench aisselle E alabrese
mascidda] sciddra] titiddra] titilla E Albanian &eg
s7etlla 6osc s7etull ] armit :. common alabrese ll dd E
"ardinian ll dd.
a#-r ] rush hunt : a#-ro-s ] dri!ing rushing
:E
Old Indic in ;has?-a"ra- ] to dri!e consuming e4citing
aetite : A!estan (vehrk^m) a0r,daiA8m ] doing the hunt
outgoing on rey (she-ol2) :@ gr. `jŠ Ionian ` ] hunt catch : vj` ]
catching e!erything catching : `p`j ] meat tongs : v``j ] tongs :
v|`j ] rostration enuection : Ÿpj` originally name o2 a ] demon
hich as a quick-temered 2e!er sei$es the limbs : (F) `p‡ ] hunter :
`p‡ ] catch :@ but ` ] take : according to "chy$er &r. &r.
I > 2rom D^-`-@ Irish &r n. ] de2eat
: (Da;ron) ] battle 3ght : ()a;r&) actually ] rush :
acorn. hair ] destruction in0ury mischie2 harm
mis2ortune disaster loss detriment calamity : abret. airou 1I.
] an o!erthro destruction ruin de2eat slaughter massacre butchery
carnage : gall. VN _era;ri ] the immense combatants
:.
aybe Illyrian *;ron 1N.
a#-ro-s ] 3eld cam : (to )a;, as herd to
dri!e ie also originally ] lace here the cattle is being dri!en
asture :).
Old Indic á"ra- ]sur2ace cam 3elds : (ithout resect on
agriculture) gr. ` ] 3eld land : (in contrast to ton) +atin
5mbrian a;er ]3eld: &othic (etc.) akrs Old
,igh &erman ackar ahhar odern ,igh
&erman *cker ( *cker and Old
%nglish >cer also a certain land measure ] so
much a bottom late can o4en lo during one day :)
Armenian art :3eld: (ith
u$$ling t about )at;r )atr see 1edersen
/8. QH QK@ thereo2 artak :s ] out : re34 artaE
2rom:).
Old Indic a"rNya- ] located in the lain : = gr. `f ] on the
3eld outside groing or li!ing ildly :@ `p` ] ildly li!ing :
+atin a;restis ] a countryman easant rustic rural crude
:. (about &othic akran &erman ckern ]
beechnut : hoe!er see belo ),; ]gro:.)
aybe alb. e;5r ]ild rural crude: Illyrian
6N *;rianes.
]lamb: common alb. ;h ;l ;" E lith. ;h d0X.
%nglish lamb
+atin agnus z Italian agnello *rench agneau Bolognese agnˆl
Bresciano agnil
(desonari$ed ((e)knedd Albanian &eg kin4h 6osc qeng0
alabrese gneddu @ agnellu @ agneddu @ agniellu atalan anyell @ 4ai
+adin agnel orsican agnellu *errarese
agnˆl *urlan agnel &alician a¡o &reek j`¢ &riko
"alentino arn +ithuanian
"lo!ak 0ahµa "lo!enian 0°gn0e "omali nayl "ahili mana kondoo "edish
lamm "iss &erman +šmmli 6agalog kordero 6hai
6igrinya siem¶ 6raditional hinese
6riestino agnel 6urkish ku$u 6urkmen ·¸¹º»
5krainian ¼§½¼ 5rdu ¾¿ÀÁ Valencian corder Venetian agnelo Viestano
a0n: allon agnea elsh oen olo2 kharre 8enei$e bÃ
gr. ~ m. 2. ~x 2. ]lamb:@ &r. ()a;`nos abnos) ~ deri!ed 2rom an
earlier Dabnos ]lamb: common gr. k` p ;` b later b mb
m common Illyrian -gr.X +atin a;nus 8
2em.a ]lamb: (a;n8le ]shee stable: lacking suG4 aGnity
ith Old hurch "la!ic "a;nilo ] lace here the shee lamb :
a deri!ati!e o2 the !erb "a;niti ]to lamb:)@ common
"la!ic old laryngeal "X Old Irish <an cymr. oen
acorn. oin bret. oan ]lamb: (1roto
eltic )o;nos ith -;n- ould ha!e deri!ed 2rom );`hn
not);`n in site o2 1edersen /&. I >CH- bn-@ o robably
inuence 2rom )ou@ is ]shee:)@ Old %nglish ?anian
engl. to yean ]to lamb: #utch oonen ds.
(2rom )aun,n 2rom Dauna- = Indo &ermanic
)a;`hno)@ Old hurch "la!ic ."/a;ne ]lamb: (ith 2ormants
-et - broadened around oular names o2 young
animals) ."/a;n%c% ]lambkins: contain 2ull gradation. Or
is laced Indo &ermanic D,;`.h/no- E to D;`.h/no-F
6hrough the &ermanic and eltic resumed !oiced-asirated
also ould underlie the basis o2 +atin and "la!ic 2orms so that gr.
~ (at 3rst 2rom D_) remains the only deendable indication in
!oiced-nonasirated ;`. I2 5mbrian habina.!/ ] o2 a
lamb : could be e4lained 2rom intersection 2rom Dh?d8no- =
+atin haed8nus ]o2 a kid: and )abn8no +atin
a;ninus ]o2 a lamb@ 2. as subst. lamb:s esh: hoe!er it ould
oint 5mbrian b to !oiced- nonasirated. But maybe it has
become ;`h in Oscan-5mbrian to b.
NoteE 6he old laryngeal in centum languages a e E
"la!ic " E Albanian k- E Italic h.
+atin avillus ]lambkin: because o2 the suG4
2ormation not to ovis but 2rom )a;`hnelos.
NoteE
common +atin - Italic ;w vX +atin avillus (Dabillus)
]lambkin: E 'umanian (Da;`enus) a;eamiu ]lamb:.
References! 1. I QH ,. I. Q. %age&s'! H
Root lemma! ai-dh-" i-dh-" nasali$ed
i-n-dh- (Da,i-dh-) English meaning! to burn NoteE ommon
Illyrian -#h- & -!h- #aterial! Old Indic inddh ]
inamed is aroused : (ass. idhyáte 1er2. 8dh art. 1er2.
1ass iddhá) indhanam ] lighting :.
&r. jÄw ] lights burns : (j’w~p) jÄw jÅwÆ ] igneous
sarkling : ’wj•p„wjf wp`~j•p„wjf ,es. hylleisch j’|Ç„„j jÄw„j ] to
light u kindle :@ changing by ablaut j-fwx ,es. :ra!enously: (.
"chul$e /8. H \H = /l. "chr. QH). common gr.- Illyrian ks ss
aybe alb. (D|Ç„„j) nde0 ] to light u kindle :.
o-&radeEgr. jÅw m. ]3re: (j’w ]burntly:) = Old
Indic ?dha Èm. ]*ireood: = Old %nglish &d Old
,igh &erman iddle ,igh &erman eit m. ] glo
yre :E $ero grade robably Noregian "edish id ] leuciscus
idus : (a bright car kind) c2 odern ,igh &erman
dial. aitel ] leuciscus cehalus: as the ] shining :@
besides u- stem Daidhu- in gall. VN *edui Old
Irish áed ]3re: also as N@ +atin aed?s ] a
delling o2 the gods a sanctuary a temle : ursrÉngl. ] the domestic
sto!e : also aedis = maked. |f ‘„‰`j Hes
*rom the !erbal ad0ecti!e in to deri!ed robably
+atin aest&s &tis ]arm season summer :
(2rom )aistot&t Indo
&ermanic )aidhto)@ aestus
- <s (2rom )aidhtu) ]heat glo
sur2: aestu&re ] cook surge roar :@
Old &ermanic N *istom,dius (] ith quick-temered
courage :) Old %nglish &st 2. ]dried sto!e:
engl. oast ]drying room drying lo2t:.
r 2ormantsE gr. j’wx` ]the uer air: (maked. |Ê) jÄw`j
]the cheer2ul sky: (maked. |`jf) jÄw`f ]brightly cheer2ully (2rom
the eather): 2or hat changing by ablaut ’wj` :cheer2ully: Old
Indic v8dhrá (=viidhrá) ds.
l- 2ormantsE gr. j’w jÄwj ]soot: maked. |j@ under accetance o2 a
de!eloment 2rom ]shining aearing: ] too aarently : one uts a little
bit constrainedly here Old %nglish 8del ]!ain ointless
triing: Old ,igh &erman 8tal odern ,igh
&erman eitel.
s-2ormantsE es-stem gr. jÄw n. ]&lo 3re: = Old Indic
dhas n. ]3reood:.
ontinuing 2ormationE Old Icelandic eisa 2.
(Daidh-s-,n) ]3re: Noregian ],earth: iddle +o &erman
?se 2. ]chimney 3re sto!e : (hoe!er Old ,igh
&erman essa : chimney hearth : see
belo &-s ] burn :)@ A!estan a?sma m. ]*ireood:
()aidhsmo c2 ithout s Old Indic idhmá- m. ds.)@ in
addition Baltic Daismi& in +ithuanian Nesmg ]3reood:@
+ithuanian aistr 2. ] assion :@ Old
$ech niest" (2em. 1l.) ] sto!e :
later nNst" (ith n- suggestion by rong decomosition
o2 the connections DvXn-st"e Ë vXnst"achX Berneker
K) 2rom )aidhsto@ in addition $ero grades )idhsto in
slo!. istg "e stg "e 1l. ] sto!e hole :@ to
9ohansson I*. >H >Q\ also Old Indic iOPQak& ] o2
burnt bricks : A!estan iRtya n. ] brick (baked brick)
:.
aybe alb. (Diska) hith ] blight burning nettle : (Diskra)
hithra ]nettle: common alb k th.
In )indh goes backE alb. &eg idhunj 6osc
idh5t5 ]bitter: 6osc idhjrNm ]bitterness anger
irritation: h\dhit5 hithra 1l. ]nettle: (9okl studies
H).
NoteE
Alb. and gr. are the only I% languages to reser!e the old laryngeal
.
References! 1. I K ,. >K C {Q 6rautmann Q "chy$er &r.
&r. I Q{.
1robably to &-i4.
,ere also belongs aisk i2 originated
2rom aidhsk .
%age&s'! >>->
Root lemma! ai!- (Da,i!-) English #eaning! ] sell :
$ee also! s. oid-. %age&s'! >>
Root lemma! aig-$" nasali$ed ing- (Da,ig-$) English
meaning! dissirited sick ill #aterial! Alb. k5Jk
ke7 ]nasty bad e!il: (2rom )ai;i@o)@ common alb. old laryngeal
k. +atin ae;er ae;ra -um ae;rotus ] unell ill sick
diseased su?ering 2eeble :@ Old Norse eikenn dismays ]
ild 2urious : (inuenced by common eltic -ns- z -nn-)Old
%nglish &col ] e4cited dismayed : Ne
Noregian eik"a eikla ] continually ith attacks
contradictions assertions torment : eik"en
]argumentati!e:@ 6ocharian Ì aik.a/re (= +atin )ae;ro) A
ekro ]ill:@
nasali$edE Din;-E +ithuanian Wn;is ]lounger idler
: Wn;as and an;s ] idle sluggish :@
Old Icelandic ekki ]ain grie2 : = Old
%nglish inca ] ain susicion quarrel : Old
*risian inc (d. i. "inc) ]angry: also
nengl. inkle ]anticiate 2oresee : inklin; ]
hisering notion indication sign :.
References! 1. I H ,. I >\ {Q 6rautmann C.
%age&s'! >Q
Root lemma! aig-2 English meaning! oak
#aterial! &r. j’•Æ ] an oaken kind : (see belo) resumably
also `- jf `j-jf™ ] an uncertain tye o2 tree : (ossibly ]hard
oak:).
6he outcome 2rom j’•Æ aears ™Æ ™Æ ‰j~‡ ,es. c2 . v• ™v v ]
bol bark : and 1lin. n. h. >\ \ >Q ae;ilops !ert pannos
arentes non in cortice modo verum et e ramis dependentes /retschmer
&l. Q QQK.
Old Norse eik (conser!ati!e stem) 2. ]oak: Old "a4on
?k Old %nglish &c (engl. oak ) Old ,igh
&erman eih iddle ,igh &erman eich eiche odern ,igh
&erman iche@
All other cognates are dubiousE gr. ffŠ` (more roerly than jÄpf` s.
*ick BB. QC Q) ossibly :asen: could be created as : tree trembler
(Doak shaker) : also deri!ati!e like ’•Š` 2rom Dj’•Š` ] sing
tremble : (E )ai; ] mo!e !iolently :)@
+atin aesculus ](mountain oak) the inter or
Italian oak : ()ai;sklosF) is still unclear a2ter its 2ormation
maybe editerranean ord.
aybe alb. &eg (Dasi
) ahi ahu ]beech: the common alb. s & h in the middle
o2 the ord ("ee Root
lemma! suekr .- #eaning! ]mother-in la or
2ather-in- la: shi2t s & h in alb. (Dváura-)
v"eh5rr ] 2ather-in-la :). Root lemma! /s s-i-s
0s-en- os-k- ! ]ash tree (alb. ahi ]beech:): must
ha!e deri!ed 2rom Root lemma! aig-2 ! ]oak (alb.
ahu ]oak:):. References! 1. >>C ,. I C {{ "echt /8.
\ >HK 2. ". unten ". > 8. >M.
%age&s'! >Q
6he !ery name o2 the root lemma 2or goat deri!ed 2rom the
shield o2 8eus hich a2ter the crash ith clouds created
thunderstorm. "ince the shield o2 8eus as co!ered ith goat:s skin
the !ery name o2 the goat as stamed ith the name o2 the cloud
shaker. ,ence Root lemma! ai#- ! (goat) is identical
ith Root lemma! aig-1 ! (to mo!e si2tly mo!e
!iolently sing !ibrate). in addition &ermanic name o2 the
squirrelE Old ,igh &erman eihhurno eihhorn iddle ,igh
&erman eichorn (odern ,igh
&erman ichhorn ith suort o2 iche ]oak: and
Horn ]horn: Old %nglish &cweornawern iddle +o
&erman ?keren ?khorn Old Norse 8korne .8k old ablaut
or imairment 2rom aik - in additionF) Ne Noregian
also eikorne Old "edish ?korne (as based on the
concet ] e4ible singing itsel2 2rom branch to branch :@ in earliest
ith one to )u@er u@?u@er ] squirrel easel : the belonging
second limbE )aikwerna)@ Old hurch "la!ic i;rX i;ra ] lay
: i;rati er2ecti!e vX0i;rati ] „f`jÒ ho 0um
dance : (2rom )%;r@ +ithuanian ith Berneker {).
References! 1. I >> 6rautmann >CQ.
%age&s'! >Q->{
Root lemma! ai#- (Da,i#-) English meaning! goat
NoteE *rom the older root Root
lemma! ai#- (Dh2e,i#-)! ]goat: deri!ed Root
lemma! agh-no-s (Dhegh-no-s )! ]lamb: and Root
lemma! 0#- ! ]goat: E Root lemma! ka#o- or
ko#o- -- ! ]goat:. #aterial! &r. jē - :nanny
goat: Armenian aic :nanny goat:@ $ero grade
A!estan i0a?na ] 2rom leather : (actually ] 2rom goatskin : as
gr. jÄpf c2 the same imortance relations ith )a6o ] goat :).
References! 1. I "echt /8. \\ >Q.
%age&s'! >Q
Root lemma! aigh- English meaning! to be ashamed
#aterial! #irectly 2rom the root ordE Old
%nglish wan :desise: :be disgusted: also iddle +o
&ermaneichelen ?chelen ?;elen (2rom )aiwil,n) (2rom
it borros iddle ,igh &erman ekeln :be disgusted:).
&r. jÅ„‰ n. ]disgrace: (2rom )ai;`hskos k -
deri!ati!e o2 a s- stem )ai;`hes asE)
&othic aiwiski n. ]disgrace embarrassment :@ c2
2urther j’„‰‡ ]shame sense o2 honor disgrace: j’„‰‡ ]dishonors
!iolates dis3gures: med. ]a!oids me is ashamed o2 me: j’„‰`
]ignominious 2ull o2 disgrace@ rebarbati!e:@
&othic unaiwisks ]unharmed: aiwisk,n act
]shame2ul: Old %nglish wisc.e/ n. ]disgrace o?ense: Ad0.
]shameless: iddle +o &erman eisch ]nasty hideous:
nnd. eisk aisch ]re!olting rebarbati!e:.
References! 1. I *eist QC. %age&s'! >{
Root lemma! aik- English meaning! to call (F)
#aterial! &r. j’pf jpÎ ,es. +at!ian acin=t ]
load shout :.
But jpÎ can be rescribed 2or j’pf ]atters:
and acin=t a deri!ati!e 2rom a
]hears: e4lain (c2 vaic&t ]ask:
to vai).
References! 1. I Éhlenbach-%nd$elin I >.
%age&s'! >K
Root lemma! ai-2 (Da,i-2 ) English meaning! to
dri!e to o!erhelm harm #aterial! resent D(a)i-neu-mi E
Old Indic inóti Nnvati Imer. inuhN articile
inita (:penita ] ushed cut into :) ] enetrate into
something master : A!estan inaoiti In2. a?naqhe ]
!iolate hurt : ainita (2rom )aninita by
halology) ] not !iolated not ainedly : (2rom Old Indic Jnas-
n. ] rime sin mis2ortune : = A!estan a?nah ] act o2
!iolence crime : in addition m. : e!ildoer:F)
A!estan intayE rae in0ury@ torture : Old Indic iná-
]strong@ m. master : maybe also 8ti- 2. ]lague need:@ gr.
j’ ]tremendous:@
maybe herein in &othic !aNrina ]guilt reroach:
Old ,igh &erman frin,n ]sin: Old
Icelandic frn n. 1l. ]the e4traordinary: (c2 eiseiler I*.
{> H 2.) i2 original meaning ] act o2 !iolence :.
References! 1. I > *eist >QHM>{C.
%age&s'! >C
Root lemma! ai-1" (Dhei heiu@&) English
meaning! to gi!e NoteE Root lemma! ap-$ (e4act %p-)
E p- ! ]to take grab reach Dgi!e: z Root
lemma! pi- ! ]comrade: z Root
lemma! ai-1 ! ]to gi!e:. #aterial! &r.
(Davinumai) jÄ~jf ]take ack touch: only resent and imer2ect
tense.
Venetic N (Davimos) *imos Illyrian N
(Davetar
) *etor .
+atin (Davemulus) aemulus ] emulous ri!alling@ in bad
sense 0ealous. . or 2. as subst. a ri!al es. in lo!e : robably as ]
reaches 2or something : (*risk %ranos {> KQ).
6ocharian Ì (Davi
) ai- Ó in3niti!e Ì (Davitsi) aitsi
Ó essi ]gi!e:@ ,ittite pa- a-i ] he gi!es : Q.
1l. pN (-ia)-an- 0i ith
re!erb pe ]there:.
NoteE
common ,ittite 1e E "la!ic 3o- E Albanian 2a- z
R re34.
References! 1edersen &rouement C ,ittitisch >>K
6ocharisch @ *risk Indo-&ermanic >C 2. $ee also! ,ere
belongs certainlyE aiti aito %age&s'! >C->>
%age&s'! >>
Root lemma! ai-r English meaning! a k. o2 grass
NoteE Root lemma! ai-r ! ]a k. o2 grass: is a
reduced root Daitra 2rom hich deri!ed also Root
lemma! ai-tro- ! ]bitter shar:. #aterial! Old
Indic ?rak& ] a grass kind : gr. jÅ`j ] eed in the
heat ryegrass darnel : j’`f jÄ`f ] 2rom ryegrass darnel :) +at!ian
ares arenes : ryegrass darnel :. maybe through
metathesis alb. (Dares ?ser ) e;"5r ]+olium
temulentum ryegrass darnel: common alb. s ;" shi2tX.
References! 1. I > "echt #ekl. C\>.
%age&s'! >\
Root lemma! aisk- (Da,isk-) English meaning! bright
shining #aterial! Anord. eiskra ] rage be2ore hot
e4citement : nisl. iskra also 2rom burning ain.
+ithuanian áiRkus here beside $ero grade Old
+ithuanian iRks ]clear bright :.
'uss. dial. "áska demin. "ásoka ] bright star
: beside it Old Bulgarian "asno Ad!. ]clear bright
distinct: russ. "ásny" ]light clear bright: 2rom Daiskno@
oln.
"askry "askrawy ]blinding da$$ling brilliant :
2rom Daiskro@ Old Bulgarian iskra ] sark : etc. 2rom
Diskr&
Also alb. $ero grade (D "askry
]melt burn: articile Dscrum z shkrumb ]ashes: common
alb. m mb shi2tX loaned in 'umanian scrum ]ashes:.
'uss. dial. "áska demin. "ásoka ] bright star
: besides Old Bulgarian "asno Ad!. ] clear distinct :
russ. "ásny" ] bright clear : 2rom )aiskno@
oln. "askry
"askrawy ] brilliant sarkling : 2rom )aiskro@
Old Bulgarian iskra ]sark: etc.
2rom )iskr&
,ere the *lN odern ,igh
&erman *isch (Ba!aria) ysch.en) (+u4embourg)
nengl. *Le 2rom eltic or
Venetic-Illyrian )*isk&
References! 1. I 6rautmann { 1okorny 5rill. C >>Q .
*<rster 6hemse QH. $ee also! erhas originated 2rom
)aidhsk or 2rom )aisk in 0i-4.
%age&s'! >\->
Armenian aicU ()aissk V &)
]in!estigation:@ 5mbrian eiscurent (Bugge /8. QC
{C) ]they ill ha!e caused to come called sent 2or in!ited summoned
2etched : (robably as )ehiscurent : they ill ha!e
dri!en out ushed 2orth thrusted out taken out e4elled :)@
+atin aerusc&re ]to beg to get money by going about
and e4hibiting tricks o2 legerdemain to lay the 0uggler :
as )aisosk V o ]demanding : to A!estan
Im. iRas& ]longs 2or: (esk V
o besides sk V oM isaiti ]ishes:)@
Old ,igh &erman eisc,n ] research ask demand (odern
,igh &erman heischen ]demand: ith h a2ter
heissen ]hot:) Old "a4on ?sc,n ?scian ]demand: Old
%nglish &scian &Lian ] try demand ask: Old ,igh
&erman eisca ]demand: Old
%nglish >sce 2. ]in!estigation:@ in Balto-"la!ic ith
non-alatal k o2 the resent suG4-sk, (toards
Aryan Armenian -sk Ô-) hat is not to be e4lained
by borroing 2rom &ermanic@ +ithuanian NeRkau
ieRkóti ]look: +at!ian ixsk=t ] to delouse :
Old hurch "la!ic iskY (and iRtY)
iskati ]look: iska ]ish:. References! 1. I >
,. >H 6rautmann \. %age&s'! >\
Root lemma! ais-2 English meaning! to be in ae to
orshi NoteE 6he Root lemma! ais-2 ! ]to be in
ae to orshi: is a truncated root o2 ai- ska. 6he 2ormant
ska is a common &ermanic suG4 added to Root lemma!
ai-1 ! ]to gi!e: #aterial! Old ,igh
&erman ?ra odern ,igh &erman hre Old
%nglish &r ] 'elie2 considerate treatment
honour luck : Old Norse eir ] considerate
treatment eace also name o2 the medicine goddess :@ o2 it Old ,igh
&erman ?r?n ?r,n ] honor sare betake : Old
%nglish &rian ] honor sare betake : Old
Norse eira :sare:.
Oscan aisusis Abl. 1l. ]sacri3ces: arrucinian
aisos #. 1l. ] gods: 1aelignian aisis ] gods :
Volscan esaristrom ] sacri3ce : 5mbrian esono ]
di!ine sacred : come 2rom %truscan. #i?erently #e!oto "t. %tr. K HH
2.
d- e4tensionE gr. jÄ|~jf (2rom )ai0d) ] shies re!eres : j’|™
-Õ ] re!erence shyness shame : j’|~jf (Dj’|„-~jf) ]jÄ|~jf:@
&othic aistan -aida ] a!oid ay attention :@ $ero grade Old
Indic 8 ] re!eres raises imlores :.
References! 1. I >Q ,. I C {>H {{@ *eist a /retschmer
&l. QC . %age&s'! >\
Root lemma! ai-ti-" ai-to- E oi-to- English
meaning! art share allotment quantity quota ortion stake stock
roortion cut contribution omentsE Root
lemma! ai-ti-" ai-to- E oi-to- ! ]art
share allotment quantity quota ortion stake stock roortion cut
contribution: is a truncated root D aitra into the suG4ed
Root lemma! ai-2 ! ]to dri!e to o!erhelm harm: ith
the 2ormant tra. #aterial! A!estan a?ta ] the roer
art :(: unishment :@ dual ] guilt and unishment :).
roer : jf„f~ ] aly use consume : j’„~ ] disenses 0ustice it rules
:@
|fjf (maybe dissimilated 2rom D|fjff) ] be a re2eree leads@ di!ide
(the ay o2) li2e = leads a certain ay o2 li2e@ rescribe a certain
measure in 2ood and drinking : hence |•jfj : re2eree:s oGce : and ]
li2e-style li2e arrangement : Ø“jf ] ell-chosen articular :.
Oscan &en. aeteis ]artis:
aNttN:m ]ortionum:.
*rom &r. here robably also jÄf ] resonsible guilty : ( a2ter
j’) 2rom hich later j’•j ] guilt cause :@ also j’ j’• :demands: as
] requires his interest :@ ablaut. Å m. :#estiny:.
Old Irish &es n. cymr. oes 2. ]
eriod age : 2rom Dait -to- Old Irish &es m.
:1eole: 2rom )aittu cymr. oed m. :Age:
2rom )aito.
References! 1. I ,irt Indo &ermanic &r. II 2. "chy$er
&r. &r. > {>Q \H\H CK.
%age&s'! >>
Root lemma! ai-tro- English meaning! bitter sharX
omentsE Root lemma! ai-tro- E ]bitter shar: is a
truncated root Daitra into the suG4ed Root
lemma! ai-2 ! ]to dri!e to o!erhelm harm: ith the
2ormant tra. #aterial! +ithuanian aitrs ] bitterly
harsh : aitr 2. ]sharness: (also 3gurati!e)@ the nasal
2ormation )intro erhas in Old Bulgarian obtriti ]set on
3re : ru. 0a"át9i ]anger: klr. ro0"atrzti
Ra ]2ester:. References! 1. I Q Berneker \H. $ee
also! erhas in 0i-4. %age&s'! >
Root lemma! aiu-" aiu- #eaning! ]!ital energy
!itality: NoteE Root lemma! aiu-" aiu- ! ]!ital
energy !itality: deri!ed 2rom reduced Root lemma! gei
-1 and gei %- E g(i)i- E g(i)i- E g*- 2requent
o2ten ith -u- e4tended! to li!e #aterial! Old Indic
& yu- n. a nominali$ed ad0ecti!e
to &{: ] e4ibe acti!e :@
&yu Ù- m. ] &enius o2 the !itality :
thereo2 deri!ed s-stem & yu n. &en.
&yuRa ] !itality : ()& iu@os &en.
Dai@us-Js)@ n-stem in the locati!e. &yuni
Instr. &yun&@
y:h U] !itality :@
A!estan &y< n. :+i2e san:
&en. yaoR dat. yav,i Instr. yav& o2
it yava?t&t ] duration : yava?"8 ] li!ing alays
:@ yuR m :+i2e san:@
&r. s-stemE yriot *jf j (= |fÏ _•)@ locati!e ithout
suG4. lakon. j’ :alays:@ hom. j’p• Attic p• (Djf*p„f) Akk. Attic
j’Ç (Djf*„j)@ #at.-+ok. ithout e4tension in Ionian j’• +esbian f
(Djf*f) (a2terards •Š|f :2ore!er: |-jf :long-li!ing:)@ n-stemE
j’™ m. (and 2. a2ter j’™) ] !itality li2e san : j’ :alays:@
+atin o-stem aevus m. and aevum n.
]eternity age time li2etime or time o2 li2e a eriod o2 li2e :@
hoe!er are based aetas 2. :ageE o2 human li2e either a
li2etime or time o2 li2e age a eriod o2 time eoch:
old aevitas (2rom it Oscan &en. aNtateNs
Akk. aNtat:m 1aelignian Abl. aetatu) ] age time o2 li2e
: aeternus ] o2 an age lasting enduring ermanent endless
2ore!er: in ad!erbial )aiu@ i.
&othic o-stem aiws m. ] time eternity orld
:@ i stem ad!erbial aiw (Daiu@i) = Old Icelandic
> ei (also in ei;i :not:) Old
%nglish & , Old ,igh &erman io ] e!er alays
: &othic ni aiw :ne!er: Old ,igh &erman neo
nio odern ,igh &erman nie@ Old %nglish n& engl. no ]
not no :@
aybe alb. (D,) "o ]not no: (common alb. Úsla!. 0-
re34.
Old Icelandic lan;r +atin lon;aevus ] o2 great age
aged ancient :@ i-stem also in Old Icelandic f vi 2.
(Daiu@i-) ] li2e age :@ &-stem in Old ,igh
&erman ?wa 2. ] time eternity : thereo2 Old ,igh
&erman ?wid, :eternity: ?w8; :2ore!er:@
&othic a"ukd<Cs 2. ]eternity:
2rom )a"uki (= Old %nglish ?ce ]2ore!er:) ith
Indo &ermanic ;-suG4 € Indo &ermanict<ti@
6ocharian A &ym ]mind li2e: hich m
attributed to &+m ] li2e :.
References! 1. I \ ,. I > %. > *eist QC Q Ben!eniste B"+
Q >CQ ? #um‚$il B"+ QH >HQ "echt /8. \ >H\ #ekl. ?. Van
indekens >K. $ee also! *rom this deri!ed
)i@uu@en (i@eu@3) :young:@ "echt also ants !ery much risqu‚ly
be ut in addition Dai;- oak : (= ] !itality :F).
%age&s'! >->
Root lemma! ai > #eaning! ]e4clamation:
#aterial! Old Indic ? e4clamation o2 remembering
address comassion@
Old Indic ai the same@ ayi inter0ection
ith the !ocati!e@
A!estan &i inter0ection o2 the hone call
(be2ore the !ocati!e)@
gr. jÄ jÅ j’jÅ e4clamation o2 the surrise o2 astonishment or
ain (thereo2 j’ ] sighs delores : jÄj~j :sigh:)@
+ithuanian a and ái ] oh blos : and
be2ore !ocati!es.
References! 1. I > ,. I QH\ Ben!eniste Origines >QC 2.
$ee also! see also /aik-. %age&s'! >C
Root lemma! aios- (Da,i os-) #eaning! ]metal (coer@
iron): NoteE Root lemma! aios- ! ]metal (coer@
iron): deri!ed 2rom Root lemma! eis- $ ! ]to mo!e
raidly Deaon iron:. #aterial! Old Indic áyas n. A!estan
ayaqh n. ]metal iron:@
) and B e+cuwo (i+cuwo is !ariant on the same order as
inte is to ente q.!.) reect 16ch De+cuwo. *urther connections
are uncertain. "char$ (>H{E{CH) comares Ossetic
Indon ]steel: or horasmian hnw ]id.: and suggests that
the Iranian and 6ocharian ords might be borroings 2rom some
adstratum language in the shae €Û Danuwan.
thereo2 A!estan ayaqha?na ] metallic iron : +atin
a?nus ()ai@esno = 5mbrian ahesnes ] o2 coer o2
bron$e :) a?neus Old %nglish ren Old "a4on Old ,igh &erman
iddle ,igh &erman ?r8n odern ,igh &erman ?ren (ehern).
desite 1okorny /8. {\ H 2. is not Indo &ermanic
ai@os old borroing 2rom
*"as"a older *Fas."a/ the old name o2 yrus as +atin
cuprum E ‡v` there according to #. #a!is (B"A. QC {-\ >HQ)
the coer its ere tackled in yrus only in late ycenaean time.
,ere +atin aestim, old aestum, ] to araise
rate estimate the !alue o2@ to assess the damages in a lasuit@ in a
ider sense to !alue a thing or erson@ hence in gen. to 0udge :
#enomin. 2rom )aistemos ] he cuts the ore : (to
temn,).
References! 1. I { ,. I >H C *eist Q>. $ee also! 6o
0i-4 ] burn :F %age&s'! >K->\
Root lemma! akk #eaning! ]mother (children:s
seech): #aterial! Old Indic akk& :mother:
(gram.) gr. ™ ] nurse o2 #emeter : ™ : ghost : •p„wjf ] be coy
osition onesel2 stuidly : +atin *cca }&rentia ]
+aren mother 'oman hall goddess : (robably %truscan)@ also into
"mall-Asian languages@ comare la. Badderakka :earth
mother:. aybe alb. *"kuna ]great mother: in alb. eos.
References! 1. I Q{ ,. I K. about 6ocharian ammaki see
belo am.m/a. %age&s'! Q
Root lemma! ak +
-" ok + - (Dek + -)
#eaning! ]shar@ stone: #aterial! >. e5o- and
-"tE
Ners. &s (lengthened-grade 2orm) ]millstone
grindstone:@ gr. x ]oint: lengthened-grade 2orm Ionian Œx x ‘vf|`j•
Œ~x ,es. redul. x ] oint edge : (as x E )@ a2ter /retschmer /8. QQ
K\ and "chy$er &r. &r. I Q{ belongs ‡ ]hears: as D--
]ha!ing shar ear: here see hoe!er >. keu-@ alb.
ath5t5 ]shar sour: common alb. k thX.
+atin ac?re ]shar cutting keen. ,ence to taste biting@ to
touch shar@ o2 sounds shrill@ o2 smells enetrating@ o2 sight keen@
o2 emotions ain2ul@ o2 understanding quick !igorous
energetic: acidus ] sour acid tart : ac?tum ]
!inegar :@
aybe alb. acar ]2rost shar steel: E 'omanian
acar ] signalman ointman sitchman in cushion :.
hetstone : (ith the unclear second comonent@ to e4lain bret.
!ocalism o2 the initial sound by the retone)@ (common eltic -ns- z
-nn-) mc. cy!o;i ] !omit 3ght : ith
secondary i@o-suG4 acymr. cemecid ncymr.
cy!e;ydd ()k V om ok V Ni@o)
] icka4e :@
ith $ero gradeE acymr. diauc ncymr. dio;
mbr. dieuc (Dd?-&k V o-) ]decayed
soiled :
mcymr. ymamo;awr (D-&k V
&-r ) ] one stirs is acti!e : (+oth '. {K >H>) and
mbr. eau; nbret. eok ] rie made so2t :
()eks&k V o) to gall. eL&cum ]
centaurion leton : (%rnault &loss. Bret. C>)@ comare also
abo!e ". K@
"edish a; m. ]marsh grass ladium mariscus edge
blade: ()ak V o ) iddle ,igh
&erman a; ]erch: e;le e;linc ds. odern
,igh &erman "iss e;el #emin. e;li Old
"edish a;hborre ds. maybe also
"edish a;; ]rancor hatred : a;;a ]sting
torment: Noregian dial. a;;e ]tooth oint:
()ak V uko or e4ressi!e &eminationF) as
ell as (ith secondary &ermanic !oel gradation a E
u or 2rom )ak V uko ith
assimilation a in uF) Noregian dial. u;; ]sting
2rightening: "edish dial. u;; ]oint tooth: Old
Norse u;;r ]2ear: Noregian
dial. u;;e ]3n:@ +ithuanian
ak:otasD ]an: ~Raka ()ak V ok&)
]3sh bone bran: = russ. osoka ]sedge: Old 1russian
ackons ()ak V ,no) ds.
aybe alb. (De;el) e;"
----------------------
----------------------
. i and "- stemsE
Armenian aseFn ]needle: (2rom )asiFn eillet
%squisse {Q)@ gr. • -•| ] oint sting :@ +atin aci?s ]
keenness edge@ o2 the mind enetration insight@ o2 the eye a iercing
look or keen !ision@ sometimes the uil o2 the eye or the eye
itsel2. ilit. battle line@ hence battle battle3eld :@ Old "a4on
e;;"a 2. Old ,igh &erman etc ekka ]oint sord edge:
odern ,igh &erman cke (roto &ermanic Da•i@, Old
Norse e;; ]edge cli? backs: e;;"a ]sharen sur on:
Old %nglish ec; ] edge blade sord: (2rom it borros iddle
Irish ec; ]edge:
nbret. ek ]oint:) e;le 1l. ]ans:
engl. ails@ Old hurch "la!ic osla ()osXla) russ.
os5Fok m. ]hetstone: $ech osina 2. ]an:.
about Old %nglish eher ]ear : see belo s-
2ormant.
Q. u-stemE
]land o2 the eagles Albania: sh7ip ]language o2 the
eagle-men Albanian language:.
"anish a;ui"ón E *rench ai;uillon E atalan a;ulló E
1ortuguese a;uilh~o E 'omagnolo a;uci€n da tJsta E
'omanian (D(a/;himpe) ;himpe E Albanian ;lemb ;"5mb ]
sting : 2rom Vulgar +atin a7uileo -onis [ a7uileus [
acus ] needle :. %nglish needle
Italian ago "anish agu0a *rench aiguille Albanian &eg g0yl-anR
6osc g0il-RrR Aragones agulla Bergamasco gogia Bresciano ocia @
ucia alabrese acu @ saccurale @ $accura2a atalan aculla *urlan
gusiele &alician agulla &riko "alentino !elÜni
Irish sn°thaid +atin acus udn‚s g¶ccia Naulitano aco Nissart agÝlha
1aduan ago 1iemontese gucia 1ortuguese agulha 'omagnolo agÜccia
'omanian ac "ardinian amidanesu acu @ sigoni "ardinian +ogudoresu
acu @ agu "icilian ugghia @ ugliola @ $accura2a 6rentino u$a
Valencian agulla Venetian ago @ ucia @ gucia
gall. acaunum ()akounon) ]rock :@
Illyrian ON *cumincum today S0lankamen
]salt stone: (Banat)@
odern ,igh &erman *chel 2. ]ear oint an: 2rom
ndd. a;;el (ith sirant. ;) 2rom Indo
&ermanic Dak V u-l&@ Old %nglish
&wel m. ]2ork: Old Norse so&ll ]meat 2ork:
(&ermanic )ahwala Indo &ermanic Dák V
u@-olo-)@ i2 here gallo-+atin opulus ]common male :
(arstrander orr. &ermanic-celt. >) ould be laced Indo
&ermanic )ok V u@olo @ about Old
Norse u;;r etc. see eMo-stem about Old
%nglish Jar see s-2ormant@
cymr. ebill ]drill: mbr. ebil ]eg nail :
(Dak V u Ö- 8li@o-)@
NoteE
Baltic )aRus in +at!ian ass ] shar ointed :
+ithuanian aRuta m. 1l. ] coarse horse hair : =
"la!ic )oRuta m. ] thistle : in hurch "la!ic sXtX
russ. osót . On account o2 here 6ocharian
A &c&we ]rough: (Van indekens +e4ique
>K)F
see belo ),k V us ] 2ast (shar in
the mo!ement) :.
{. ith m-2ormantE
ak + mo-5-
&r. ~x ] oint edge sharness@ the highest oint clima4 decisi!e
oint : (~x Ad!. ~jÎ ~)@ "edish dial. ‚m ] marsh grass
ladium mariscus: (&ermanic )ahma comare *innish
loanord ahma ] equisetum :).
ak + -men-5-mer-
Old Indic aman- n. ] stone sky : (as a stone !ault 'eichelt
I*. Q Q ?.) amará ] stone : A!estan asman]
stone sky : (Old Indic &en. ána Instr. án& A!estan
&en. aRn, Abl. aRn&at ƒ ith -n- 2rom
-mn-@ Instr. 1l. Old Indic an&ih
U a2ter o-stem)@ 1hrygian 1N ~•j@ gr. ~ : an!il meteor
hea!en : ~ Þ †`j@ +ithuanian ~Rmens m. 1l. : edge : akmu„
e+s m. : stone :.
K. ith n-2ormantE
ak + en-
Old Indic aáni ] head o2 the arro missile:@ A!estan
sq; Old ers. a…an;a ] stone : (Dak -en-;o
Ben!eniste Orig. )@ gr. jfj ] oint sting@ longitudinal dimension :
(hoe!er about +atin acuna ] a ca!ity hollo di@ es. a ool
ond. 6rans2. ga de3ciency loss: see ,. I H) ] hetstone : - ] sear :
(2or older D- a2ter the articiles) • ] thro the sear : j ] thistle
kind rickly head lant : j•pf ] 2ruit carry rickly heads : jw
]thistle: (2rom D j-jw ]sting oer:) jwj ] thistle sting thorn sine
es. o2 the 3sh : jjw• : gold3nch : (2rom Djwj•) jw ] barque : f ]
oman:s shoe : ()ak V nQo robably 2rom the ointed
2orm)@ +atin a;na ] ear o2 grain : (2rom
Dak V n&)@ &othic ahana 2. ] cha? :
Old Norse Y;n Old %nglish e;enu 2. and
Ie;nan 1l. Old ,igh &erman a;ana ds. odern ,igh
&erman *hne dial. *;en ]stalk slinter o2 the a4
or hem: (&ermanic )a; )ahan, Indo &ermanic
Dak†n&)@ +ithuanian ßem. aRnWs ] edge srouting germinating
soing : +at!ian asns m. ] germ bursting out :.
\. ith r -2ormantE
NoteE
- 2ormant deri!ed the labio!elarsE ak + er-"
ok + er- hose $ero grade roduced alb.
(Dk V `erna) ;urr5 ]stream: common alb. rn
rr shi2tX (Dk V
`er) ;ur ]stone:@
,ere also maybe the name o2 the male (due to the ointed lea2
sections)E
+atin acer -eris n. ] the male tree or male ood :
(2rom acer arbor became Vulgar +atin acerabulus
eyer-+Ébke '%. HQ) #anish >r ds. (&ermanic
Dahira-)@ odern ,igh &erman dial. *cher ds.
(&ermanic Dahura-)@
gr. j„ „|j~ ,es. (Dj`„ meaning as vjf„ beside vj@ to stem comare
also j`j | ,es.)@ gallo 'ome. )akaros )akarnos ]
male : (,ubschmied '. KC \Q 2.)@ Old ,igh &erman ahorn
]male:
(2rom "iss and other oral kinds ould de!o certainly & -
hoe!er & -ould ha!e arisen also o2 eole:s etymological
distortion like iddle +o &erman &nhorn
&lhorn]ahorn (Indo
&ermanic )ak V rno) is u to the
declension class = j`j hile +atin acernus ] o2 male : is
syncoated 2rom )acerinos@ hoe!er that n has robably also
arisen 2rom the 2ormer ad0ecti!e material de!eloing 2ormants
-no- and not 2rom r$n-stem by accumulation o2 both
elements.
'ather that c