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Volume 20(4), 1- 4, 2016 JOURNAL of Horticulture, Forestry and Biotechnology
www.journal-hfb.usab-tm.ro
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First results on phytosanitary status of Chinese jujube in Romania Mardare Elena Ştefania1*, Ciceoi Roxana1, Jerca I.O.1, Stănică F.2
1Laboratory of Diagnosis and Plant Protection.Research Center for Studies of Food Quality and Agricultural
Products.University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, Bdul.Mărăşti, nr. 59, 011464, Bucureşti;
2University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, Bdul.Mărăşti,
nr. 59, 011464, Bucureşti Corresponding author email: elenamardare184@yahoo.com Abstract Chinese jujube (Ziziphus jujube Mill.), was introduced to Europe during Octavian Augustus, Roman emperor. Two biotypes of Chinese jujube are found in Dobrogea Region at Ostrov, on Danube shore and at Jurilovca, close to the Black Sea. At the Faculty of Horticulture, within the University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, 11 genotypes of Ziziphus jujuba were introduced from Shanxi Province, China, after 1996. Trees were planted, in the experimental field at 4.0 x 2.5 m and lead as slender spindle. Since then, each genotype was studied regarding the phenology, tree growth and fruit production. The results proved that, in the southern part of Romania, there are suitable natural conditions for jujube growing. Until now, Chinese jujube showed to be resistant to pests and diseases, being cultivated without phytosanitary treatments for 19 years. Our field observations during 2016, demonstrated the existence of four fungus species on the fruits, before the full ripening, fungus that belongs to the Alternaria spp., Rhizopus spp., Fusarium spp. and Monilinia spp. The micromycetes identification was performed by successive isolation and subculturing, using PDA (Potato Dextrose Agar) medium and incubation at 22
0C. The results showed an indirect correlation between the fungus
incidence and the jujube fruit resistance to cracking.
Key words Ziziphus jujuba, genotypes, pathogens, PDA (Potato Dextrose Agar) medium
The Chinese jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) is
recognized as the most important fruit species
belonging to the Rhamnaceae family. Jujube originates
from China, with a history of over 4.000 years and
recently was widely distributed in Europe, USA, South
and East Asia and Australia. The fruits are consumed
as traditional and functional food, having numerous
beneficial effects on human health, as they contain 23
types of amino acids that are not found in most other
fruits (2). Jujube is rich in amino acids, as tryptophan,
which is very important for the optimal function of the
brain, maintaining a balanced mental state and
preventing ageing process (20). Ziziphus jujuba is
generally known as a source of bioactive compounds,
remarkable both for pharmaceuticals and nutritional
values. The dried jujube fruits are used as food, food
additives and flavours for thousands of years due to
them nutritive values (6). China is the only country
known as jujube exporter; the cultivated area has
reached over 1.5 million hectares (16). The annual
production of fresh jujube fruit reached 400,000 tons
while China exports about 4,700 tons of dried jujube,
of a value of $ 5 million annually (19).
If compared with other fruit species, Ziziphus
jujuba is tolerant to diseases and pests, so its fruits are
less treated with pesticides during the growing season
(11). The ripened fruits are sensitive to infections with
different pathogens, making the post-harvest difficult if
not complied with optimal storage conditions (2,17).
During the storage period, the jujube fruits are
sensitive to diseases caused by various pathogens as
Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissl, the most important
pathogen causing infections leading to major losses of
stored production. Also, fruit can be infected by
Monilinia fructicola (G. Wint.) Honey, Penicillium
expansum (Link) and Rhizopus stolonifer (Ehrenb.Fr.)
Vuill. through wounds that occur during the harvest or
packing process (7, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14).
The Chinese jujube fruit cracking is a physiological
disorder during ripening, related to water excess, which
can destroy the crops entirely. The percentage of fruit
yield affected by cracking depends on the water
management during the growing season, the rain falls
and the resistance of each variety to cracking. Guo &
Shan (2010), mentioned cracked fruits attacked by rot
in Laoling County, Shandong Province, in some years,
causing 40% production loss (3). The drip irrigation is
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the most efficient method of water supply for a
balanced jujube fruit growth and development (15).
Material and Method
The aim of the study was to identify and quantify
the pathogens present on Chinese jujube fruits
immediately after harvest. Samples from 11 Ziziphus
jujuba genotypes grown in the south-eastern Romania,
in the climatic conditions of the year 2016 were
analysed at harvest.
The biological material was represented by 11
genotypes Ziziphus jujuba, namely: Hu Ping Zao,
R1P5, R1P6, R2P5, R2P6, R2P7, R2P8, Hong, R3P2,
R3P3, R3P6, R1P10, introduced in Romania starting
with 1996 (8).
The incidence of existing pathogens was proved by
collecting the mycelium installed on fruits epidermis
and inoculated in Petri dishes with a diameter of 90
mm, on PDA culture medium (potato dextrose agar).
The culture medium (PDA) was prepared according to
the classical recipe (1, 5). After preparation, the
medium was sterilized by autoclaving at 121°C for 20
min.
100 fruits were examined from each studied
genotype. The plates were incubated at 22°C for 10
days. To identify the fungus, the Euromex stereo
microscope and the Euromex Ox Range microscope
were used, following the identification criteria
according to the literature (5).
Results and Discussions
The pathogen species identified on the fruits of
Ziziphus jujube in 2016 belong to Alternaria genus,
Monilinia spp., Fusarium spp. and Rhizopus spp.
Table 1
The incidence of detected micoflora on Ziziphus jujube fruits
Genotypes Alternaria spp (%) Rhizopus spp (%) Monilinia spp (%) Fusarium spp (%)
Hu Ping Zao 6,75 61,5 27,25 4,5
R1P5 5 55 30 10
R2P5 30 50,5 22,5 14,5
R2P6 4 56 30 10
R2P7 2 75 12 11
R2P8 10 20 0 70
Hong 23 35 32 10
R3P2 19 47 27 7
R3P3 20 55 25 0
R3P6 2 25 68 5
R1P10 12 60 28 0
The data presented in the table 1, shows the
development of the four pathogens on PDA medium
collected from the fruit epidermis of the 11 studied
genotypes. The observations made on the incidence of
the microflora detected on Ziziphus jujuba fruits in
2016 indicates that the Rhizopus spp. fungus was
present on all the fruits of the studied genotypes.
Rhizopus had the highest incidence values on R2P7
genotype (75%), followed by genotypes: Hu Ping
Zao(61, 5) and R1P10 (60%). The R3P6 genotype had
the lowest incidence value for Rhizopus spp. (25%).
The highest incidence value obtained was 75% for
Rhizopus spp. on R2P7, 70% for Fusarium spp. on
R2P8, 30 % for Alternaria spp. (R2P5 genotype) and
for Monilinia spp. 68% (R3P6 genotype).
The Monilinia spp. fungus was present with the
highest incidence rates on genotypes R3P6 (68%), and
R1P10 (28%), while the lowest incidence was observed
on R2P7 genotype (12%).
For Alternaria spp., highest incidence values were
noticed at R2P5 genotype (30%) and the lowest values
were found to R2P7 and R3P6 genotypes (2%).
The Fusarium spp. fungus was not detected on
R3P3 and R1P10. The highest incidence values were
found instead, for R2P8 (70%) and the lowest values
were found at R3P2 genotype (7%) and R3P6
genotypes (5%).
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Fig.1 The fungus development on the Chinese jujube fruit on PDA medium, after 10 days from inoculation
a - Fusarium spp.; b - Alternaria spp.; c - Monilinia spp. (original)
Fig. 2 Attack of Rhizopus spp. on Chinese jujube fruiton Hu Ping Zao genotype (a, b) and R2P7 genotype (c) (original)
Fig. 3 Attack of Monilinia spp. on the Chinese jujube fruit R2P8 (a) and Hu Ping Zao (b) (original)
Conclusion
Through the analysis on fruits samples from the
Chinese jujube plantation in Bucharest, were identified
the following pathogens: Alternaria spp.,
Rhizopusspp., Fusarium spp. and Monilinia spp. The
highest incidence of pathogens presence was
determined for Rhizopus spp. on genotype R2P7,
followed by genotype Hu Ping Zao. Monilinia spp. was
present on Hu Ping Zao, with the highest value at R3P6
genotype.
The fungus Fusarium spp. has been identified with
the highest incidence on R2P8 genotype. Hu Ping Zao
genotype had incidence values below 4,5%.
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