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Development of SciFi/CheFi detectors with SiPM readoutKen Suzuki1, Stefan Fossati1, Matthias Schafhauser1,Johann Marton1, Paul Bühler1, Johann Zmeskal1
1 Stefan Meyer Institute of Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna
Stefan Meyer Institut für subatomare PhysikÖsterreichsche Akademie der Wissenschaften
http://www.oeaw.ac.at/smi
Ken Suzuki <ken.suzuki@oeaw.ac.at>
Boltzmanngasse 3, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
Multi-pixel Geiger-mode Avalanche Photo Diode
= Silicon Photo Multiplier
PMT has been a great friend of nuclear/particle physicist for many years in photo sensing �eld . Recently new type of Avalanche Photo Diode started to compete with PMT. It’s operated in a Geiger-mode and has multiple pixels.
PMT SiPMGain ~106 105~6
Bias Voltage 1-2k 20~100
Dark Count low high
Cost ~800 ~80
Size 1inch< 1mm2 ~ 10mm2
Magnetic Field sensitive (< 1mT) insensitive (< 15T)
P.D.E. ~0.25 0.25~0.65
Comparison of PMT and SiPM
Hamamatsu S10362-11-100U
minimum IOR of standard cladding material (Flouracrylic)
IOR of Fiber Core
Max
. IO
R o
f cla
ddin
g fo
r tot
al re
flect
ion
1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
proton at 3.0GeVpion at 1.15GeV/cpion at 1.7GeV/c
Teflon®AF
Plexi Glass
IOR for total reflection
Lead Glass
Vacuum
proton or pion~0.95 ch
n2
n1
n1
n2
Photon Counting with SiPM
Hamamatsu S10362-11-100U
Fiber ConfigurationSquare
Trapping Efficiency 7.3% @ double clad.
Cladding Thickness 2% of fiber size
Fiber Configuration
Material Thickness 4mm = 8ppm of X0
0=1.4mrad for p@1GeV/c
1mm
Number of Photons
Momentum [MeV/c]
Num
ber o
f pho
ton
0 1000 2000 3000 0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
Proton
Pion
Kaon
for 1mm Plastic Scintillator
Simulation code: leps
20~30 photon electrons at SiPM
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46
U bias [V]
I leak
[A]
0.3°C
4.4°C
9.4°C
15.0°C
20.1°C
25.0°C
Ileak vs T (SSPM050701)
1,0E-02
1,0E-01
1,0E+00
1,0E+01
0,0 5,0 10,0 15,0 20,0 25,0 30,0
T [°C]
I leak
[A]
38V
39V
40V
41V
42V
43V
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
67,5 68,0 68,5 69,0 69,5 70,0 70,5 71,0 71,5 72,0
U bias [V]
I lea
k [
A]
0.6°C
4.7°C
10.1°C
15.1°C
20.0°C
24.9°C
Ileak vs T
0,01
0,1
1
10
100
0,0 5,0 10,0 15,0 20,0 25,0
T/°C
Ileak
/A
U=69V
U=69.5V
U=70V
U=70.5V
U=71V
10m
v/di
v
15mv
SiPM: Photonique SSPM_050107GR_TO18
Vbias: 40V
1 p.e.
2 p.e.
3 p.e.
4 p.e.
5 p.e.
Preamp: Photonique
1 p.e. noise
10ns/div
Application 1: Scintillating �ber with SiPM readoutLeakage current measurement
Each pixel functions as independent Geiger tube, the outputs of all pixels are connected in parallelwhich results in excellent photon counting capability
It can be operated with much lower voltages than PMT. It can be operated under extreme magnetic�eld. They are great advantages. It is very compact. This can be also a unique feature.
SiPMs from two manufacturers show totally di�erent behavior at around break-down voltages.Break-down voltage is strongly temperature dependent.
This nature requires active regulation on temperature and careful operation of voltage.
Hamamatsu S10362-11-50UPhotonique SSPM050701
Compact size of SiPM matches perfectly with Scintillating �ber readout. Sensitive area canbe easily large which Silicon strip detector cannot cover. Self-triggerable as an advantageover gas chamber
Beam pro�le monitor, (Lambda trigger counter) based on that idea are under construction
Application 2: Cherenkov �ber detector with SiPM readoutfor high rate fast timing counter under magnetic �eld
Timing resolution of ordenary counter like scintillator+PMT is normallydetermined by statistical e�ect of photon production process, di�erentlight path, PMT signal rise time...
These detectors being developped will be used in an experimet
„Kaonic nuclear cluster“ search at FOPI/GSI in the reactionp + p K−pp + K+ @ Tp=3.0GeV
In order to ful�ll the total re�ection condition, either a combination of higely doped Lead Glass+Te�on® AF, or just radiator rod in a vacuum.
Λ + p
π− + p
-1.0 0.0 1.0 2.0-2.0
distance [fm]
K density(arbitrary)
-
.
p-p distance = 2.0 fm
1.35 f
m
1.36 fmrms distance
1.90 fmrms distance
[3] K. Suzuki, FOPI Collaboration Meeting, 2007
[4] Y. Akaishi and T. Yamazaki, Phys. Rev. C 65 (2002) 44005
[5] T. Yamazaki and A. Yamazaki, Phys. Rev. C 76 (2007) 45201
[6] Experimental Proposal to GSI (2007)
“Kaonic nuclear cluster” is an antikaon - nucleusbound system formed by strong attractive KN interaction.
Antikaon sits at the center of the system and compresswhole system --> “cluster”
01020304050
0 1 2 30
1020304050
0 1 2 30
1020304050
0 1 2 3
p from ppK - p from Λ π from Λ
θlab
(deg
)
θlab
(deg
)
θlab
(deg
)
Momentum (GeV/c) Momentum (GeV/c) Momentum (GeV/c)
Central Detectors
ForwardDetectors
K th
eta
lab
(deg
)
+
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
2.52.01.51.00.500
K Momentum (GeV/c)+
p + p ppK + K @Tp=4.5GeVv +-p + p ppK + K @Tp=4.0GeVv +-p + p ppK + K @Tp=3.5GeVv +-p + p ppK + K @Tp=3.0GeVv +-
Barrel AcceptanceRPC Acceptance
[1] Multi-Pixel Photon Counter, Hamamatsu Photonics, Jan 2007
[1]
[2] S. Fossati, M. Schafhauser et al., unpublished
[2]
Δ(dark count) / 9deg = 10% Δ(dark count) / 9deg = 50%
[3]
Beam Pro�le Monitor
z
y
1 m
Start CounterTarget (LH2)
Veto Counter
Lambda Trigger Counters
Central DC Forward DC
TOF Barrel (RPC)TOF Barrel (plastic) TOF Wall (plastic)
proton beamTp=3.0GeV, I=107/s
2000 2100 2200 2300 2400 25000.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
MppK- [MeV/c2]
p+p ppK - + K+ @ Tp=3.0GeVv
d2σ
/dΩ
dM [μ
b/sr
/MeV
]
θlab = 0.0ºθlab = 10.0ºθlab = 20.0ºθlab = 30.0ºθlab = 40.0º
p + p --> K + p + Λ+ *
p
p
K+
p*Λ*Λ
p
In the process p+p-> [p+Λ(1405)] + K+ where Λ(1405) behaves as a “door-way” to such compact system.
Λ(1405) as a bound state of proton and antikaon(BE.=27MeV, Γ=40MeV) as the core Ansatz
Experimental Setup
From pp reaction Λ(1405) is created always at shortdistance to the proton, and due to its high density the momentum transfer (Δq~1.6 GeV/c) stays appro-priate region to trap the proton, and therefore a large cross section is expected.
Up to ~8 photons, the number of photons is discretely counted in a charge spectrum
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]Experimental Task is to detect and identify all decayed particles from ppK− (Invariant Mass Spectroscopy) and to detect K+ for missing mass spectroscopy
Invariant Mass SpectroscopyPhase space distribution of ppK− decayed particles and acceptance
Missing Mass SpectroscopyPhase space distribution of K+ and acceptance
Fast photon production process of Cherenkov e�ect to match with the fast pulse output of the SiPM.
Beamline TOF-start counter with decent timing resolution (<100ps) which works for MIP, high rate (<107Hz) under magnetic �eld is required.
Financial supports of this work by INTAS (Ref. Nr. 05-1000008-8114) and the EU Project DIRACsecondarybeams are greatfully acknowledged